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Liongue C, Sobah ML, Ward AC. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Proteins at the Nexus of Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity and Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 12:45. [PMID: 38255152 PMCID: PMC10813391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins has been demonstrated to perform pivotal roles downstream of a myriad of cytokines, particularly those that control immune cell production and function. This is highlighted by both gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations being implicated in various diseases impacting cells of the immune system. These mutations are typically inherited, although somatic GOF mutations are commonly observed in certain immune cell malignancies. This review details the growing appreciation of STAT proteins as a key node linking immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Mohamed Luban Sobah
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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2
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Zhang H, Ouyang C. BTB protein family and human breast cancer: signaling pathways and clinical progress. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16213-16229. [PMID: 37682360 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is considered the number one killer of women both in China and abroad, and the leading cause of cancer death. It severely affects female health-related quality of life. Broad-complex, tramtrack, bric à brac (BTB) protein family was first discovered in drosophila as early as in 1993 by Godt D and peers, since then, more family members and their critical biological functions were uncovered. Moreover, researchers around the world have recently demonstrated that numerous signaling pathways connect BTB family members and human breast cancer. PURPOSE In this review, we critically discuss these findings regarding the essential mechanisms and functions of the BTB protein family in mediating the organic processes of human breast cancer. Meanwhile, we summarize the signaling pathways the BTB protein family participates in. And we address that BTB proteins regulate the growth, apoptosis, and other behaviors of breast cancer cells. We also point out the future directions for further studies in this field. METHODS The relevant online literatures have been reviewed for this article. CONCLUSION This review could offer an update on novel molecular targets for treating human breast cancer and new insights into BTB protein family research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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3
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McLachlan T, Matthews WC, Jackson ER, Staudt DE, Douglas AM, Findlay IJ, Persson ML, Duchatel RJ, Mannan A, Germon ZP, Dun MD. B-cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6): From Master Regulator of Humoral Immunity to Oncogenic Driver in Pediatric Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1711-1723. [PMID: 36166198 PMCID: PMC9716245 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a protooncogene in adult and pediatric cancers, first identified in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) where it acts as a repressor of the tumor suppressor TP53, conferring survival, protection, and maintenance of lymphoma cells. BCL6 expression in normal B cells is fundamental in the regulation of humoral immunity, via initiation and maintenance of the germinal centers (GC). Its role in B cells during the production of high affinity immunoglobins (that recognize and bind specific antigens) is believed to underpin its function as an oncogene. BCL6 is known to drive the self-renewal capacity of leukemia-initiating cells (LIC), with high BCL6 expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and glioblastoma (GBM) associated with disease progression and treatment resistance. The mechanisms underpinning BCL6-driven therapy resistance are yet to be uncovered; however, high activity is considered to confer poor prognosis in the clinical setting. BCL6's key binding partner, BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), is frequently mutated in pediatric cancers and appears to act in concert with BCL6. Using publicly available data, here we show that BCL6 is ubiquitously overexpressed in pediatric brain tumors, inversely to BCOR, highlighting the potential for targeting BCL6 in these often lethal and untreatable cancers. In this review, we summarize what is known of BCL6 (role, effect, mechanisms) in pediatric cancers, highlighting the two sides of BCL6 function, humoral immunity, and tumorigenesis, as well as to review BCL6 inhibitors and highlight areas of opportunity to improve the outcomes of patients with pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha McLachlan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William C. Matthews
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evangeline R. Jackson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dilana E. Staudt
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia M. Douglas
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Izac J. Findlay
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mika L. Persson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Duchatel
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul Mannan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zacary P. Germon
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Dun
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Corresponding Author: Matthew D. Dun, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, Life Sciences Bldg, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Phone: 612-4921-5693; E-mail:
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4
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Li K, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Feng J, Hu J, Chen J, Lian Z, Chen Y, Hu K, Chen Z, Cai Z, Liu M, Pang X. BCL6 is regulated by the MAPK/ELK1 axis and promotes KRAS-driven lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:161308. [PMID: 36377663 PMCID: PMC9663163 DOI: 10.1172/jci161308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer, yet effective therapies are still lacking. Here, we identify B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) as a lynchpin in KRAS-driven lung cancer. BCL6 expression was increased upon KRAS activation in lung tumor tissue in mice and was positively correlated with the expression of KRAS-GTP, the active form of KRAS, in various human cancer cell lines. Moreover, BCL6 was highly expressed in human KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas and was associated with poor patient survival. Mechanistically, the MAPK/ERK/ELK1 signaling axis downstream of mutant KRAS directly regulated BCL6 expression. BCL6 maintained the global expression of prereplication complex components; therefore, BCL6 inhibition induced stalling of the replication fork, leading to DNA damage and growth arrest in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Importantly, BCL6-specific knockout in lungs significantly reduced the tumor burden and mortality in the LSL-KrasG12D/+ lung cancer mouse model. Likewise, pharmacological inhibition of BCL6 significantly impeded the growth of KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings reveal a crucial role of BCL6 in promoting KRAS-addicted lung cancer and suggest BCL6 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
- Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yi Ding
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengke Lian
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
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5
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Milardi G, Di Lorenzo B, Gerosa J, Barzaghi F, Di Matteo G, Omrani M, Jofra T, Merelli I, Barcella M, Filippini M, Conti A, Ferrua F, Pozzo Giuffrida F, Dionisio F, Rovere‐Querini P, Marktel S, Assanelli A, Piemontese S, Brigida I, Zoccolillo M, Cirillo E, Giardino G, Danieli MG, Specchia F, Pacillo L, Di Cesare S, Giancotta C, Romano F, Matarese A, Chetta AA, Trimarchi M, Laurenzi A, De Pellegrin M, Darin S, Montin D, Marinoni M, Dellepiane RM, Sordi V, Lougaris V, Vacca A, Melzi R, Nano R, Azzari C, Bongiovanni L, Pignata C, Cancrini C, Plebani A, Piemonti L, Petrovas C, Di Micco R, Ponzoni M, Aiuti A, Cicalese MP, Fousteri G. Follicular helper T cell signature of replicative exhaustion, apoptosis, and senescence in common variable immunodeficiency. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1171-1189. [PMID: 35562849 PMCID: PMC9542315 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent primary antibody deficiency whereby follicular helper T (Tfh) cells fail to establish productive responses with B cells in germinal centers. Here, we analyzed the frequency, phenotype, transcriptome, and function of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells in CVID patients displaying autoimmunity as an additional phenotype. A group of patients showed a high frequency of cTfh1 cells and a prominent expression of PD-1 and ICOS as well as a cTfh mRNA signature consistent with highly activated, but exhausted, senescent, and apoptotic cells. Plasmatic CXCL13 levels were elevated in this group and positively correlated with cTfh1 cell frequency and PD-1 levels. Monoallelic variants in RTEL1, a telomere length- and DNA repair-related gene, were identified in four patients belonging to this group. Their blood lymphocytes showed shortened telomeres, while their cTfh were more prone to apoptosis. These data point toward a novel pathogenetic mechanism in CVID, whereby alterations in DNA repair and telomere elongation might predispose to antibody deficiency. A Th1, highly activated but exhausted and apoptotic cTfh phenotype was associated with this form of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Milardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Jolanda Gerosa
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataVia Cracovia 50Rome00133Italy
- Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Academic Department of PediatricsBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSPiazza di Sant'Onofrio 4Rome00165Italy
| | - Maryam Omrani
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Systems and Communication, University of Milano‐BicoccaPiazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1Milan20126Italy
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Department of BioinformaticsInstitute for Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research CouncilVia Fratelli Cervi 93Segrate20090Italy
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Matteo Filippini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Anastasia Conti
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Francesco Pozzo Giuffrida
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Francesca Dionisio
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere‐Querini
- Department of ImmunologyTransplantation and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Sarah Marktel
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Andrea Assanelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Simona Piemontese
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Immacolata Brigida
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Matteo Zoccolillo
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II University of NaplesCorso Umberto I, 40, 80138Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II University of NaplesCorso Umberto I, 40, 80138Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Danieli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular SciencesMarche Polytechnic University of AnconaClinica MedicaVia Tronto 10/aAncona60126Italy
| | - Fernando Specchia
- Department of PediatricsS. Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaVia Giuseppe Massarenti 9Bologna40138Italy
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataVia Cracovia 50Rome00133Italy
- Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Academic Department of PediatricsBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSPiazza di Sant'Onofrio 4Rome00165Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataVia Cracovia 50Rome00133Italy
- Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Academic Department of PediatricsBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSPiazza di Sant'Onofrio 4Rome00165Italy
| | - Carmela Giancotta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataVia Cracovia 50Rome00133Italy
- Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Academic Department of PediatricsBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSPiazza di Sant'Onofrio 4Rome00165Italy
| | - Francesca Romano
- Pediatric Immunology DivisionDepartment of PediatricsAnna Meyer Children's University HospitalViale Gaetano Pieraccini 24Florence50139Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Department of Respiratory MedicineSanti AntonioBiagio and Cesare Arrigo HospitalVia Venezia 16Alessandria15121Italy
| | - Alfredo Antonio Chetta
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryRespiratory Disease and Lung Function UnitUniversity of ParmaStr. dell'Università 12Parma43121Italy
| | - Matteo Trimarchi
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathology UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Andrea Laurenzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Maurizio De Pellegrin
- Unit of Orthopaedics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Silvia Darin
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Department of Pediatrics and Public HealthRegina Margherita HospitalPiazza Polonia 94Turin10126Italy
| | - Maddalena Marinoni
- Pediatric UnitOspedale “F. Del Ponte”Via Filippo del Ponte 19Varese21100Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Dellepiane
- Department of PediatricsFondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoUniversity of MilanVia Francesco Sforza 35Milan20122Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesPediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. NocivelliUniversity of BresciaPiazza del Mercato 15Brescia25121Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of Bari Medical SchoolPiazza Umberto I, 1Bari70121Italy
| | - Raffaella Melzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Rita Nano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Pediatric Immunology DivisionDepartment of PediatricsAnna Meyer Children's University HospitalViale Gaetano Pieraccini 24Florence50139Italy
| | - Lucia Bongiovanni
- Pathology UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II University of NaplesCorso Umberto I, 40, 80138Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataVia Cracovia 50Rome00133Italy
- Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Academic Department of PediatricsBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSPiazza di Sant'Onofrio 4Rome00165Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesPediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. NocivelliUniversity of BresciaPiazza del Mercato 15Brescia25121Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity Vita‐Salute San RaffaeleVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health9000 Rockville PikeBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity Vita‐Salute San RaffaeleVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity Vita‐Salute San RaffaeleVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
- Pathogenesis and therapy of primary immunodeficiencies UnitSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene TherapySr‐TIGETIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesDiabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalVia Olgettina 60Milan20132Italy
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6
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Liu Y, Feng J, Yuan K, Wu Z, Hu L, Lu Y, Li K, Guo J, Chen J, Ma C, Pang X. The oncoprotein BCL6 enables solid tumor cells to evade genotoxic stress. eLife 2022; 11:69255. [PMID: 35503721 PMCID: PMC9064299 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic agents remain the mainstay of cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the clinical benefits are often countered by a rapid tumor adaptive response. Here, we report that the oncoprotein B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a core component that confers solid tumor adaptive resistance to genotoxic stress. Multiple genotoxic agents promoted BCL6 transactivation, which was positively correlated with a weakened therapeutic efficacy and a worse clinical outcome. Mechanistically, we discovered that treatment with the genotoxic agent etoposide led to the transcriptional reprogramming of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, among which the interferon-α and interferon-γ responses were substantially enriched in resistant cells. Our results further revealed that the activation of interferon/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 axis directly upregulated BCL6 expression. The increased expression of BCL6 further repressed the tumor suppressor PTEN and consequently enabled resistant cancer cell survival. Accordingly, targeted inhibition of BCL6 remarkably enhanced etoposide-triggered DNA damage and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings highlight the importance of BCL6 signaling in conquering solid tumor tolerance to genotoxic stress, further establishing a rationale for a combined approach with genotoxic agents and BCL6-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhen Wu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longmiao Hu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chengbin Ma
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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7
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McIlwain DR, Chen H, Rahil Z, Bidoki NH, Jiang S, Bjornson Z, Kolhatkar NS, Martinez CJ, Gaudillière B, Hedou J, Mukherjee N, Schürch CM, Trejo A, Affrime M, Bock B, Kim K, Liebowitz D, Aghaeepour N, Tucker SN, Nolan GP. Human influenza virus challenge identifies cellular correlates of protection for oral vaccination. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1828-1837.e5. [PMID: 34784508 PMCID: PMC8665113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing new influenza vaccines with improved performance and easier administration routes hinges on defining correlates of protection. Vaccine-elicited cellular correlates of protection for influenza in humans have not yet been demonstrated. A phase-2 double-blind randomized placebo and active (inactivated influenza vaccine) controlled study provides evidence that a human-adenovirus-5-based oral influenza vaccine tablet (VXA-A1.1) can protect from H1N1 virus challenge in humans. Mass cytometry characterization of vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses identified shared and vaccine-type-specific responses across B and T cells. For VXA-A1.1, the abundance of hemagglutinin-specific plasmablasts and plasmablasts positive for integrin α4β7, phosphorylated STAT5, or lacking expression of CD62L at day 8 were significantly correlated with protection from developing viral shedding following virus challenge at day 90 and contributed to an effective machine learning model of protection. These findings reveal the characteristics of vaccine-elicited cellular correlates of protection for an oral influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McIlwain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; WCCT Global, Cypress, CA, USA.
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zainab Rahil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neda Hajiakhoond Bidoki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zach Bjornson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brice Gaudillière
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julien Hedou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nilanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelica Trejo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Kim
- Ark Clinical Research, LLC, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Awasthi N, Liongue C, Ward AC. STAT proteins: a kaleidoscope of canonical and non-canonical functions in immunity and cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:198. [PMID: 34809691 PMCID: PMC8607625 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT proteins represent an important family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play key roles in diverse biological processes, notably including blood and immune cell development and function. Classically, STAT proteins have been viewed as inducible activators of transcription that mediate cellular responses to extracellular signals, particularly cytokines. In this 'canonical' paradigm, latent STAT proteins become tyrosine phosphorylated following receptor activation, typically via downstream JAK proteins, facilitating their dimerization and translocation into the nucleus where they bind to specific sequences in the regulatory region of target genes to activate transcription. However, growing evidence has challenged this paradigm and identified alternate 'non-canonical' functions, such as transcriptional repression and roles outside the nucleus, with both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated STATs involved. This review provides a revised framework for understanding the diverse kaleidoscope of STAT protein functional modalities. It further discusses the implications of this framework for our understanding of STAT proteins in normal blood and immune cell biology and diseases such as cancer, and also provides an evolutionary context to place the origins of these alternative functional modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Awasthi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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9
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Guo J, Liu Y, Lv J, Zou B, Chen Z, Li K, Feng J, Cai Z, Wei L, Liu M, Pang X. BCL6 confers KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer resistance to BET inhibitors. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:133090. [PMID: 33393503 DOI: 10.1172/jci133090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are promising therapeutic targets to treat refractory solid tumors; however, inherent resistance remains a major challenge in the clinic. Recently, the emerging role of the oncoprotein B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) in tumorigenesis and stress response has been unveiled. Here, we demonstrate that BCL6 was upregulated upon BET inhibition in KRAS-mutant cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We further found that BRD3, not BRD2 or BRD4, directly interacted with BCL6 and maintained the negative autoregulatory circuit of BCL6. Disrupting this negative autoregulation by BET inhibitors (BETi) resulted in a striking increase in BCL6 transcription, which further activated the mTOR signaling pathway through repression of the tumor suppressor death-associated protein kinase 2. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of either BCL6 or mTOR improved the tumor response and enhanced the sensitivity of KRAS-mutant NSCLC to BETi in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Overall, our findings identify a mechanism of BRD3-mediated BCL6 autoregulation and further develop an effective combinatorial strategy to circumvent BETi resistance in KRAS-driven NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Won HY, Kim HK, Crossman A, Awasthi P, Gress RE, Park JH. The Timing and Abundance of IL-2Rβ (CD122) Expression Control Thymic iNKT Cell Generation and NKT1 Subset Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642856. [PMID: 34054809 PMCID: PMC8161506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like T cells, comprised of three distinct subsets with divergent effector functions. The molecular mechanism that drives the lineage trifurcation of immature iNKT cells into the NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 subsets remains a controversial issue that remains to be resolved. Because cytokine receptor signaling is necessary for iNKT cell generation, cytokines are proposed to contribute to iNKT subset differentiation also. However, the precise roles and requirements of cytokines in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we show that IL-2Rβ, a nonredundant component of the IL-15 receptor complex, plays a critical role in both the development and differentiation of thymic iNKT cells. While the induction of IL-2Rβ expression on postselection thymocytes is necessary to drive the generation of iNKT cells, surprisingly, premature IL-2Rβ expression on immature iNKT cells was detrimental to their development. Moreover, while IL-2Rβ is necessary for NKT1 generation, paradoxically, we found that the increased abundance of IL-2Rβ suppressed NKT1 generation without affecting NKT2 and NKT17 cell differentiation. Thus, the timing and abundance of IL-2Rβ expression control iNKT lineage fate and development, thereby establishing cytokine receptor expression as a critical regulator of thymic iNKT cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Ye Y, Wang M, Huang H. Follicular regulatory T cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:239-255. [PMID: 33938586 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-601rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response, especially modulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and GC-B cells, thereby affecting the production of antibodies. Tfr cells are involved in the generation and development of many immune-related and inflammatory diseases. This article summarizes the advances in several aspects of Tfr cell biology, with special focus on definition and phenotype, development and differentiation, regulatory factors, functions, and interactions with T/B cells and molecules involved in performance and regulation of Tfr function. Finally, we highlight the current understanding of Tfr cells involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and describe some drugs targeting Tfr cells. These latest studies have answered some basic questions in Tfr cell biology and explored the roles of Tfr cells in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Papillion A, Ballesteros-Tato A. The Potential of Harnessing IL-2-Mediated Immunosuppression to Prevent Pathogenic B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667342. [PMID: 33986755 PMCID: PMC8112607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs can partially control Antibody (Ab)-dependent pathology. However, these therapeutic regimens must be maintained for the patient's lifetime, which is often associated with severe side effects. As research advances, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of auto-reactive B cell responses has significantly advanced. As a result, novel immunotherapies aimed to restore immune tolerance and prevent disease progression in autoimmune patients are underway. In this regard, encouraging results from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that subcutaneous administration of low-doses of recombinant Interleukin-2 (r-IL2) has potent immunosuppressive effects in patients with autoimmune pathologies. Although the exact mechanism by which IL-2 induces immunosuppression remains unclear, the clinical benefits of the current IL-2-based immunotherapies are attributed to its effect on bolstering T regulatory (Treg) cells, which are known to suppress overactive immune responses. In addition to Tregs, however, rIL-2 also directly prevent the T follicular helper cells (Tfh), T helper 17 cells (Th17), and Double Negative (DN) T cell responses, which play critical roles in the development of autoimmune disorders and have the ability to help pathogenic B cells. Here we discuss the broader effects of rIL-2 immunotherapy and the potential of combining rIL-2 with other cytokine-based therapies to more efficiently target Tfh cells, Th17, and DN T cells and subsequently inhibit auto-antibody (ab) production in autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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Sewastianik T, Straubhaar JR, Zhao JJ, Samur MK, Adler K, Tanton HE, Shanmugam V, Nadeem O, Dennis PS, Pillai V, Wang J, Jiang M, Lin J, Huang Y, Brooks D, Bouxsein M, Dorfman DM, Pinkus GS, Robbiani DF, Ghobrial IM, Budnik B, Jarolim P, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Carrasco RD. miR-15a/16-1 deletion in activated B cells promotes plasma cell and mature B-cell neoplasms. Blood 2021; 137:1905-1919. [PMID: 33751108 PMCID: PMC8033455 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 13q deletion [del(13q)], harboring the miR-15a/16-1 cluster, is one of the most common genetic alterations in mature B-cell malignancies, which originate from germinal center (GC) and post-GC B cells. Moreover, miR-15a/16 expression is frequently reduced in lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM) cells without del(13q), suggesting important tumor-suppressor activity. However, the role of miR-15a/16-1 in B-cell activation and initiation of mature B-cell neoplasms remains to be determined. We show that conditional deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in murine GC B cells induces moderate but widespread molecular and functional changes including an increased number of GC B cells, percentage of dark zone B cells, and maturation into plasma cells. With time, this leads to development of mature B-cell neoplasms resembling human extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP) as well as follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The indolent nature and lack of bone marrow involvement of EP in our murine model resembles human primary EP rather than MM that has progressed to extramedullary disease. We corroborate human primary EP having low levels of miR-15a/16 expression, with del(13q) being the most common genetic loss. Additionally, we show that, although the mutational profile of human EP is similar to MM, there are some exceptions such as the low frequency of hyperdiploidy in EP, which could account for different disease presentation. Taken together, our studies highlight the significant role of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in the regulation of the GC reaction and its fundamental context-dependent tumor-suppression function in plasma cell and B-cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Multigene Family
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Neoplasms, Plasma Cell/genetics
- Neoplasms, Plasma Cell/pathology
- Plasma Cells/metabolism
- Plasma Cells/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Mehmet K Samur
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Keith Adler
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Helen E Tanton
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vignesh Shanmugam
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Peter S Dennis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vinodh Pillai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meng Jiang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mary Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Geraldine S Pinkus
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Hao H, Nakayamada S, Yamagata K, Ohkubo N, Iwata S, Inoue Y, Zhang M, Zhang T, Kanda Satoh Y, Shan Y, Otsuka T, Tanaka Y. Conversion of T Follicular Helper Cells to T Follicular Regulatory Cells by Interleukin‐2 Through Transcriptional Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:132-142. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Hao
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan, and The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Hebei China
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Naoaki Ohkubo
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yoshino Inoue
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Mingzeng Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan, and The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Hebei China
| | - Tong Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yurie Kanda Satoh
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yu Shan
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Takashi Otsuka
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Japan
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15
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Czerwinska P, Rucinski M, Wlodarczyk N, Jaworska A, Grzadzielewska I, Gryska K, Galus L, Mackiewicz J, Mackiewicz A. Therapeutic melanoma vaccine with cancer stem cell phenotype represses exhaustion and maintains antigen-specific T cell stemness by up-regulating BCL6. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1710063. [PMID: 32002306 PMCID: PMC6959432 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1710063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a therapeutic, gene-modified, allogeneic melanoma vaccine (AGI-101H), which, upon genetic modification, acquired melanoma stem cell-like phenotype. Since its initial clinical trial in 1997, the vaccine has resulted in the long-term survival of a substantial fraction of immunized patients (up to 20 years). Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the long-lasting effect of AGI-101H using transcriptome profiling of patients' peripheral T lymphocytes. Magnetically-separated T lymphocytes from AGI-101H-immunized long-term survivors, untreated melanoma patients, and healthy controls were subjected to transcriptome profiling using the microarray analyses. Data were analyzed with a multitude of bioinformatics tools (WebGestalt, DAVID, GSEA) and the results were validated with RT-qPCR. We found substantial differences in the transcriptomes of healthy controls and melanoma patients (both untreated and AGI-101H-vaccinated). AGI-101H immunization induced similar profiles of peripheral T cells as tumor residing in untreated patients. This suggests that whole stem cells immunization mobilizes analogous peripheral T cells to the natural adaptive anti-melanoma response. Moreover, AGI-101H treatment activated the TNF-α and TGF-β signaling pathways and dampened IL2-STAT5 signaling in T cells, which finally resulted in the significant up-regulation of a BCL6 transcriptional repressor, a known amplifier of the proliferative capacity of central memory T cells and mediator of a progenitor fate in antigen-specific T cells. In the present study, high levels of BCL6 transcripts negatively correlated with the expression of several exhaustion markers (CTLA4, KLRG1, PTGER2, IKZF2, TIGIT). Therefore, Bcl6 seems to promote a progenitor fate for cancer-experienced T cells from AGI-101H-vaccinated patients by repressing the exhaustion markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Czerwinska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nikola Wlodarczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Jaworska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iga Grzadzielewska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gryska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Galus
- Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, Heliodor Swiecicki University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Chemotherapy, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Mackiewicz
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, Heliodor Swiecicki University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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16
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Mountz JD, Hsu HC, Ballesteros-Tato A. Dysregulation of T Follicular Helper Cells in Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:1649-1658. [PMID: 30833421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple and overlapping mechanisms are ultimately responsible for the immunopathology observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, autoreactive Abs secreted by autoreactive plasma cells (PCs) are considered to play a critical role in disease progression and immunopathology. Given that PCs derive from the germinal centers (GC), long-term dysregulated GC reactions are often associated with the development of spontaneous autoantibody responses and immunopathology in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this review, we summarize the emerging evidence concerning the roles of T follicular helper cells in regulating pathogenic GC and autoreactive PC responses in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and .,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Andre Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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17
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Abstract
The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling pathways that allow IL-2 to control the differentiation and homeostasis of both pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells is fundamental to determining the molecular details of immune regulation. The IL-2 receptor couples to JAK tyrosine kinases and activates the STAT5 transcription factors. However, IL-2 does much more than control transcriptional programs; it is a key regulator of T cell metabolic programs. The development of global phosphoproteomic approaches has expanded the understanding of IL-2 signaling further, revealing the diversity of phosphoproteins that may be influenced by IL-2 in T cells. However, it is increasingly clear that within each T cell subset, IL-2 will signal within a framework of other signal transduction networks that together will shape the transcriptional and metabolic programs that determine T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Ross
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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18
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Than VT, Tran HTT, Ly DV, Dang HV, Nguyen MN, Truong AD. Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis of the chicken B cell lymphoma (BCL) gene. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1195-1206. [PMID: 31313104 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell lymphoma (BCL) families play an important role in apoptosis as a growth factor, cell death programming, cytokine expression and immune-related genes expression. OBJECTIVES In this study, to investigate the roles of BCLs, we performed genome-wide identification, expression and functional analyses of the BCL family in chicken. METHODS Chicken BCLs genes were identified and analyzed by using bioinformatics approach. Expression profiles and Hierarchical cluster analysis of the BCLs genes in different chicken tissues were obtained from the genome-wide RNA-seq in the GEO, and Cluster and Java Treeview, respectively. RESULTS A total of 16 BCLs genes were identified from the chicken genome, which could be further classified into five distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree. On the other hand, the interaction among BCLs proteins and between BCLs proteins with NF-κB subunits are limited, indicating that the remaining the functions of BCLs protein could be investigated in chicken. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that BCL gene family was involved in regulation of apoptotic and immune response. Finally, BCL gene family was differentially expressed in chicken tissues, pathogen infection and growth stages of early chicken early embryo. CONCLUSION This study provides significant insights into the potential functions of BCLs in chicken, including the regulation of apoptosis, cell death and expression of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thai Than
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ly
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Nam Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
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19
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Erban T, Sopko B, Kadlikova K, Talacko P, Harant K. Varroa destructor parasitism has a greater effect on proteome changes than the deformed wing virus and activates TGF-β signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9400. [PMID: 31253851 PMCID: PMC6599063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee workers undergo metamorphosis in capped cells for approximately 13 days before adult emergence. During the same period, Varroa mites prick the defenseless host many times. We sought to identify proteome differences between emerging Varroa-parasitized and parasite-free honeybees showing the presence or absence of clinical signs of deformed wing virus (DWV) in the capped cells. A label-free proteomic analysis utilizing nanoLC coupled with an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer provided a quantitative comparison of 2316 protein hits. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the combination of Varroa parasitism and DWV clinical signs caused proteome changes that occurred in the same direction as those of Varroa alone and were approximately two-fold higher. Furthermore, proteome changes associated with DWV signs alone were positioned above Varroa in the RDA. Multiple markers indicate that Varroa activates TGF-β-induced pathways to suppress wound healing and the immune response and that the collective action of stressors intensifies these effects. Furthermore, we indicate JAK/STAT hyperactivation, p53-BCL-6 feedback loop disruption, Wnt pathway activation, Wnt/Hippo crosstalk disruption, and NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling conflict in the Varroa–honeybee–DWV interaction. These results illustrate the higher effect of Varroa than of DWV at the time of emergence. Markers for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Klara Kadlikova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 00, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
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20
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Kuang J, Yan X, Genders AJ, Granata C, Bishop DJ. An overview of technical considerations when using quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression in human exercise research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196438. [PMID: 29746477 PMCID: PMC5944930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analysis by quantitative PCR in skeletal muscle is routine in exercise studies. The reproducibility and reliability of the data fundamentally depend on how the experiments are performed and interpreted. Despite the popularity of the assay, there is a considerable variation in experimental protocols and data analyses from different laboratories, and there is a lack of consistency of proper quality control steps throughout the assay. In this study, we present a number of experiments on various steps of quantitative PCR workflow, and demonstrate how to perform a quantitative PCR experiment with human skeletal muscle samples in an exercise study. We also tested some common mistakes in performing qPCR. Interestingly, we found that mishandling of muscle for a short time span (10 mins) before RNA extraction did not affect RNA quality, and isolated total RNA was preserved for up to one week at room temperature. Demonstrated by our data, use of unstable reference genes lead to substantial differences in the final results. Alternatively, cDNA content can be used for data normalisation; however, complete removal of RNA from cDNA samples is essential for obtaining accurate cDNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ujvari D, Nagy N, Madapura HS, Kallas T, Kröhnke MCL, Stenke L, Klein E, Salamon D. Interferon γ is a strong, STAT1-dependent direct inducer of BCL6 expression in multiple myeloma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:502-508. [PMID: 29510136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional master regulator that can repress more than 1200 potential target genes. It exerts oncogenic effects through the inhibition of differentiation, DNA damage sensing and apoptosis in several human hematopoietic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). The multifunctional cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) exerts pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on MM cells in vitro, at least partially through the inhibition of the effects of interleukin 6 (IL6), one of the most important growth factor of MM and a strong inducer of BCL6 expression. However, IFNγ was also reported to directly upregulate BCL6 in several cell types. These observations prompted us to analyze the effect of IFNγ on BCL6 expression in MM cells. We discovered that among several myeloma growth/survival factors tested (including IL6, oncostatin M, insulin-like growth factor 1, tumor necrosis factor α and IFNα) IFNγ was the strongest inducer of BCL6 mRNA and protein expression in MM cell lines. IFNγ induced upregulation of BCL6 was dependent on the classical STAT1 signaling pathway, and affected both major BCL6 variants. Interestingly, although IFNα induced stronger STAT1 phosphorylation than IFNγ, it only slightly upregulated BCL6 in MM lines. We proved that IFNα induced BCL6 upregulation was limited by the concomitant activation of STAT5 signaling. We assume that BCL6 upregulation may represent a potentially pro-tumorigenic effect of IFNγ signaling in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Ujvari
- Department of Women`s and Children`s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harsha S Madapura
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marijke C L Kröhnke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Stenke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Salamon
- Department of Women`s and Children`s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Shi Y, Kuai Y, Lei L, Weng Y, Berberich-Siebelt F, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Ren G, Pan H, Mao Z, Zhou R. The feedback loop of LITAF and BCL6 is involved in regulating apoptosis in B cell non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77444-77456. [PMID: 27764808 PMCID: PMC5363597 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway is widely recognized as a key step in lymphomagenesis. Notably, LITAF was initially identified as a p53-inducible gene, subsequently implicated as a tumor suppressor. Our previous study also showed LITAF to be methylated in 89.5% B-NHL samples. Conversely, deregulated expression of BCL6 is a pathogenic event in many lymphomas. Interestingly, our study found an oppositional expression of LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. In addition, LITAF was recently identified as a novel target gene of BCL6. Therefore, we sought to explore the feedback loop between LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. Here, our data for the first time show that LITAF can repress expression of BCL6 by binding to Region A (-87 to +65) containing a putative LITAF-binding motif (CTCCC) within the BCL6 promoter. Furthermore, the regulation of BCL6 targets ( PRDM1 or c-Myc) by LITAF may be associated with B-cell differentiation. Results also demonstrate that ectopic expression of LITAF induces cell apoptosis, activated by releasing cytochrome c, cleaving PARP and caspase 3 in B-NHL cells whereas knockdown of LITAF robustly protected cells from apoptosis. Interestingly, BCL6, in turn, could reverse cell apoptosis mediated by LITAF. Collectively, our findings provide a novel apoptotic regulatory pathway in which LITAF, as a transcription factor, inhibits the expression of BCL6, which leads to activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and tumor apoptosis. Our study is expected to provide a possible biomarker as well as a target for clinical therapies to promote tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Kuai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Lei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Weng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Jinjie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Postgraduate School in Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhengrong Mao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Aghababazadeh M, Dorraki N, Javan FA, Fattahi AS, Gharib M, Pasdar A. Downregulation of Caspase 8 in a group of Iranian breast cancer patients - A pilot study. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2017; 29:191-195. [PMID: 29233452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is now well known that evading apoptosis, as a cancer hallmark, can lead to tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. As a result of genome wide association studies, an initiator protease in this pathway, caspase 8 (CASP8), has been found to be an important gene regarding breast cancer susceptibility. The alterations of the expression of this gene have been reported in breast cancer cell lines. Given that in previous studies expression analysis of this gene had only been done in breast cancer cell lines, in this study we aimed to evaluate the expression of this gene in breast cancer tissues versus adjacent normal tissues, using real-time quantitative method. METHODS Caspase 8 mRNA expression was quantified using comparative RT-qPCR in 27 fresh frozen breast tumours and 27 adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, relationship between the expression changes of CASP8 in tumour tissue and various clinical and pathological features were evaluated in an Iranian population. RESULTS The present study showed that expression of CASP8 was significantly reduced in tumour tissues compared to neighbouring normal tissues (p = .004). CASP8 expression was significantly correlated with the status of hormone receptors (ER and PR). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on reduced expression of CASP8 in breast cancer versus adjacent normal tissues. Our data support previous results obtained from cell lines and therefore highlights the seminal role of the induction of CASP8 expression, as a novel therapeutic approach, in order to sensitize tumour cells to apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Aghababazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Dorraki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Afzal Javan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asieh Sadat Fattahi
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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25
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Majri SS, Fritz JM, Villarino AV, Zheng L, Kanellopoulou C, Chaigne-Delalande B, Grönholm J, Niemela JE, Afzali B, Biancalana M, Pittaluga S, Sun A, Cohen JL, Holland SM, O'Shea JJ, Uzel G, Lenardo MJ. STAT5B: A Differential Regulator of the Life and Death of CD4 + Effector Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:110-118. [PMID: 29187589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the control of Ag restimulation-induced T cell death (RICD), especially in cancer immunotherapy, where highly proliferating T cells will encounter potentially large amounts of tumor Ags, is important now more than ever. It has been known that growth cytokines make T cells susceptible to RICD, but the precise molecular mediators that govern this in T cell subsets is unknown until now. STAT proteins are a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression programs underlying key immunological processes. In particular, STAT5 is known to favor the generation and survival of memory T cells. In this study, we report an unexpected role for STAT5 signaling in the death of effector memory T (TEM) cells in mice and humans. TEM cell death was prevented with neutralizing anti-IL-2 Ab or STAT5/JAK3 inhibitors, indicating that STAT5 signaling drives RICD in TEM cells. Moreover, we identified a unique patient with a heterozygous missense mutation in the coiled-coil domain of STAT5B that presented with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like features. Similar to Stat5b-/- mice, this patient exhibited increased CD4+ TEM cells in the peripheral blood. The mutant STAT5B protein dominantly interfered with STAT5-driven transcriptional activity, leading to global downregulation of STAT5-regulated genes in patient T cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Notably, CD4+ TEM cells from the patient were strikingly resistant to cell death by in vitro TCR restimulation, a finding that was recapitulated in Stat5b-/- mice. Hence, STAT5B is a crucial regulator of RICD in memory T cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S Majri
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Ecole Doctorale Hématologie-Oncogenèse-Biothérapies, Universitè Paris-Diderot, Paris, France 75475.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jill M Fritz
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chrysi Kanellopoulou
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Biancalana
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ashleigh Sun
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - José L Cohen
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France 94000
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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26
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Dynamic regulation of T follicular regulatory cell responses by interleukin 2 during influenza infection. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1249-1260. [PMID: 28892471 PMCID: PMC5679073 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) promotes Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell responses, but inhibits T follicular helper (TFH) cell development. However, it is not clear how IL-2 affects T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, a cell type with properties of both Treg and TFH cells. Using an influenza infection model, we found that high IL-2 concentrations at the peak of the infection prevented TFR cell development by a Blimp-1-dependent mechanism. However, once the immune response resolved, some Treg cells downregulated CD25, upregulated Bcl-6 and differentiated into TFR cells, which then migrated into the B cell follicles to prevent the expansion of self-reactive B cell clones. Thus, unlike its effects on conventional Treg cells, IL-2 inhibits TFR cell responses.
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27
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Advances in the role of follicular T helper cells in graft versus host diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Madapura HS, Nagy N, Ujvari D, Kallas T, Kröhnke MCL, Amu S, Björkholm M, Stenke L, Mandal PK, McMurray JS, Keszei M, Westerberg LS, Cheng H, Xue F, Klein G, Klein E, Salamon D. Interferon γ is a STAT1-dependent direct inducer of BCL6 expression in imatinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:4619-4628. [PMID: 28368400 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) exerts oncogenic effects in several human hematopoietic malignancies including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where BCL6 expression was shown to be essential for CML stem cell survival and self-renewal during imatinib mesylate (IM) treatment. As several lines of evidence suggest that interferon γ (IFNγ) production in CML patients might have a central role in the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, we analyzed if IFNγ modulates BCL6 expression in CML cells. Although separate IFNγ or IM treatment only slightly upregulated BCL6 expression, combined treatment induced remarkable BCL6 upregulation in CML lines and primary human CD34+ CML stem cells. We proved that during combined treatment, inhibition of constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 activation by IM allowed the specific enhancement of the STAT1 dependent, direct upregulation of BCL6 by IFNγ in CML cells. By using colony-forming assay, we found that IFNγ enhanced the ex vivo colony or cluster-forming capacity of human CML stem cells in the absence or presence of IM, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of the transcriptional repressor function of BCL6 in the presence of IM and IFNγ almost completely blocked the cluster formation of human CML stem cells. On the other hand, by using small interfering RNA knockdown of BCL6, we demonstrated that in an IM-treated CML line the antiapoptotic effect of IFNγ was independent of BCL6 upregulation. We found that IFNγ also upregulated several antiapoptotic members of the BCL2 and BIRC gene families in CML cells, including the long isoform of MCL1, which proved to be essential for the antiapoptotic effect of IFNγ in an IM-treated CML line. Our results suggest that combination of TKIs with BCL6 and MCL1 inhibitors may potentially lead to the complete eradication of CML stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Madapura
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Ujvari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M C L Kröhnke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Amu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Björkholm
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Stenke
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P K Mandal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J S McMurray
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Keszei
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Salamon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
STAT5 plays a critical role in the development and function of many cell types. Here, we review the role of STAT5 in the development of T lymphocytes in the thymus and its subsequent role in the differentiation of distinct CD4 + helper and regulatory T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Owen
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael A. Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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30
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Gene expression-based discovery of atovaquone as a STAT3 inhibitor and anticancer agent. Blood 2016; 128:1845-1853. [PMID: 27531676 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-660506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is frequently activated inappropriately in a wide range of hematological and solid cancers, but clinically available therapies targeting STAT3 are lacking. Using a computational strategy to identify compounds opposing the gene expression signature of STAT3, we discovered atovaquone (Mepron), an antimicrobial approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, to be a potent STAT3 inhibitor. We show that, at drug concentrations routinely achieved clinically in human plasma, atovaquone inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, the expression of STAT3 target genes, and the viability of STAT3-dependent hematological cancer cells. These effects were also observed with atovaquone treatment of primary blasts isolated from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia. Atovaquone is not a kinase inhibitor but instead rapidly and specifically downregulates cell-surface expression of glycoprotein 130, which is required for STAT3 activation in multiple contexts. The administration of oral atovaquone to mice inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in a murine model of multiple myeloma. Finally, in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, extended use of atovaquone for Pneumocystis prophylaxis was associated with improved relapse-free survival. These findings establish atovaquone as a novel, clinically accessible STAT3 inhibitor with evidence of anticancer efficacy in both animal models and humans.
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31
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Dupuytren’s disease susceptibility gene, EPDR1, is involved in myofibroblast contractility. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Sibbesen NA, Kopp KL, Litvinov IV, Jønson L, Willerslev-Olsen A, Fredholm S, Petersen DL, Nastasi C, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Gniadecki R, Mongan NP, Sasseville D, Wasik MA, Iversen L, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Woetmann A, Odum N. Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 inhibit expression of miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor microRNA, in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20555-69. [PMID: 26244872 PMCID: PMC4653025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Janus kinase-3 (Jak3) and its key down-stream effectors, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5, is a key feature of malignant transformation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, it remains only partially understood how Jak3/STAT activation promotes lymphomagenesis. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy. Here, we show that (i) malignant T cells display a decreased expression of a tumor suppressor miRNA, miR-22, when compared to non-malignant T cells, (ii) STAT5 binds the promoter of the miR-22 host gene, and (iii) inhibition of Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 triggers increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Curcumin, a nutrient with anti-Jak3 activity and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) also trigger increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Transfection of malignant T cells with recombinant miR-22 inhibits the expression of validated miR-22 targets including NCoA1, a transcriptional co-activator in others cancers, as well as HDAC6, MAX, MYCBP, PTEN, and CDK2, which have all been implicated in CTCL pathogenesis. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that de-regulated Jak3/STAT3/STAT5 signalling in CTCL cells represses the expression of the gene encoding miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Sibbesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina L Kopp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lars Jønson
- Departmen of Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David L Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise M Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Departmen of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Kim H, Choi MS, Inn KS, Kim BJ. Inhibition of HIV-1 reactivation by a telomerase-derived peptide in a HSP90-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28896. [PMID: 27363520 PMCID: PMC4929463 DOI: 10.1038/srep28896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A peptide vaccine designed to induce T-cell immunity to telomerase, GV1001, has been shown to modulate cellular signaling pathways and confer a direct anti-cancer effect through the interaction with heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and 70. Here, we have found that GV1001 can modulate transactivation protein-mediated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transactivation in an HSP90-dependent manner. GV1001 treatment resulted in significant suppression of HIV-1 replication and rescue of infected cells from death by HIV-1. Transactivation of HIV-long terminal repeat (LTR) was inhibited by GV1001, indicating that GV1001 suppressed the transcription from proviral HIV DNA. The anti-HIV-1 activity of GV1001 was completely abrogated by an HSP90-neutralizing antibody, indicating that the antiviral activity depends on HSP90. Further mechanistic studies revealed that GV1001 suppresses basal NF-κB activation, which is required for HIV-1 LTR transactivation in an HSP90-dependent manner. Inhibition of LTR transactivation by GV1001 suggests its potential to suppress HIV-1 reactivation from latency. Indeed, PMA-mediated reactivation of HIV-1 from latent infected cells was suppressed by GV1001. The results suggest the potential therapeutic use of GV1001, a peptide proven to be safe for human use, as an anti-HIV-1 agent to suppress the reactivation from latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Liver Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences and SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Liver Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences and SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Targeted Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibition suppresses murine and human chronic GVHD through a Stat3-dependent mechanism. Blood 2016; 127:2144-54. [PMID: 26983850 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-678706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a major complication following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The discovery of novel therapeutics is dependent on assessment in preclinical murine models of cGVHD. Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) recently was shown to be implicated in regulation of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-17 secretion in mice and humans. Here, we report that the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 effectively ameliorates cGVHD in multiple models: a full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch model of multiorgan system cGVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and a minor MHC mismatch model of sclerodermatous GVHD. Treatment with KD025 resulted in normalization of pathogenic pulmonary function, which correlates with a marked reduction of antibody and collagen deposition in the lungs of treated mice to levels comparable to non-cGVHD controls. Spleens of mice treated with KD025 had decreased frequency of T follicular helper cells and increased frequency of T follicular regulatory cells, accompanied by a reduction in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and concurrent increase in STAT5 phosphorylation. The critical role of STAT3 in this cGVHD model was confirmed by data showing that mice transplanted with inducible STAT3-deficient T cells had pulmonary function comparable to the healthy negative controls. The therapeutic potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition in the clinic was solidified further by human data demonstrating the KD025 inhibits the secretion of IL-21, IL-17, and interferon γ along with decreasing phosphorylated STAT3 and reduced protein expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 and B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from active cGVHD patients. Together these data highlight the potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition for clinical cGVHD therapy.
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35
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Liongue C, Taznin T, Ward AC. Signaling via the CytoR/JAK/STAT/SOCS pathway: Emergence during evolution. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:166-175. [PMID: 26897340 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell signaling represents an essential hallmark of multicellular organisms, which necessarily require a means of communicating between different cell populations, particularly immune cells. Cytokine receptor signaling through the Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription/Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (CytoR/JAK/STAT/SOCS) pathway embodies one important paradigm by which this is achieved. This pathway has been extensively studied in vertebrates and protostomes and shown to play fundamental roles in development and function of immune and other cells. However, our understanding of the origins of the individual pathway components and their assembly into a functional pathway has remained limited. This study examined the origins of each component of this pathway through bioinformatics analysis of key extant species. This has revealed step-wise accretion of individual components over a large evolutionary time-frame, but only in bilateria did a series of innovations allow their final coalescence to form a complete pathway. Assembly of the CytoR/JAK/STAT pathway has followed the retrograde model of pathway evolution, whereas addition of the SOCS component has adhered to the patchwork model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Tarannum Taznin
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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36
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wei T, Naym DG, Fredholm S, Fink-Puches R, Cerroni L, Odum N, O'Malley JT, Gniadecki R, Wolf P. STAT3/5-Dependent IL9 Overexpression Contributes to Neoplastic Cell Survival in Mycosis Fungoides. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3328-39. [PMID: 26851186 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sustained inflammation is a key feature of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Resident IL9-producing T cells have been found in skin infections and certain inflammatory skin diseases, but their role in MF is currently unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed lesional skin from patients with MF for the expression of IL9 and its regulators. To determine which cells were producing IL9, high-throughput sequencing was used to identify malignant clones and Vb-specific antibodies were employed to visualize malignant cells in histologic preparations. To explore the mechanism of IL9 secretion, we knocked down STAT3/5 and IRF4 by siRNA transfection in CTCL cell lines receiving psoralen+UVA (PUVA) ± anti-IL9 antibody. To further examine the role of IL9 in tumor development, the EL-4 T-cell lymphoma model was used in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Malignant and reactive T cells produce IL9 in lesional skin. Expression of the Th9 transcription factor IRF4 in malignant cells was heterogeneous, whereas reactive T cells expressed it uniformly. PUVA or UVB phototherapy diminished the frequencies of IL9- and IL9r-positive cells, as well as STAT3/5a and IRF4 expression in lesional skin. IL9 production was regulated by STAT3/5 and silencing of STAT5 or blockade of IL9 with neutralizing antibodies potentiated cell death after PUVA treatment in vitro IL9-depleted mice exhibited a reduction of tumor growth, higher frequencies of regulatory T cells, and activated CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IL9 and its regulators are promising new targets for therapy development in mycosis fungoides. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3328-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Vieyra-Garcia
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tianling Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gram Naym
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regina Fink-Puches
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John T O'Malley
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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37
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Ballesteros-Tato A. Beyond regulatory T cells: the potential role for IL-2 to deplete T-follicular helper cells and treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 25496335 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 administration suppresses unwanted immune responses in mice and humans, thus evidencing the potential of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disorders. Increased Tregs activity is one of the potential mechanisms by which low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy induces immunosuppression. In addition, recent data indicate that IL-2 may contribute to prevent unwanted self-reactive responses by preventing the developing of T-follicular helper cells, a CD4(+) T-cell subset that expands in autoimmune disease patients and promotes long-term effector B-cell responses. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of low-dose IL-2 administration, focusing on the role of this cytokine in promoting Treg-mediated suppression and preventing self-reactive T-follicular helper cell responses.
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38
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Goodman CR, Sato T, Peck AR, Girondo MA, Yang N, Liu C, Yanac AF, Kovatich AJ, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Mitchell EP, Hyslop T, Rui H. Steroid induction of therapy-resistant cytokeratin-5-positive cells in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer through a BCL6-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2015; 35:1373-85. [PMID: 26096934 PMCID: PMC4800289 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance remains a major problem in estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer. A subgroup of ERα-positive breast cancer is characterized by mosaic presence of a minor population of ERα-negative cancer cells expressing the basal cytokeratin-5 (CK5). These CK5-positive cells are therapy resistant and have increased tumor-initiating potential. Although a series of reports document induction of the CK5-positive cells by progestins, it is unknown if other 3-ketosteroids share this ability. We now report that glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids effectively expand the CK5-positive cell population. CK5-positive cells induced by 3-ketosteroids lacked ERα and progesterone receptors, expressed stem cell marker, CD44, and displayed increased clonogenicity in soft agar and broad drug-resistance in vitro and in vivo. Upregulation of CK5-positive cells by 3-ketosteroids required induction of the transcriptional repressor BCL6 based on suppression of BCL6 by two independent BCL6 small hairpin RNAs or by prolactin. Prolactin also suppressed 3-ketosteroid induction of CK5+ cells in T47D xenografts in vivo. Survival analysis with recursive partitioning in node-negative ERα-positive breast cancer using quantitative CK5 and BCL6 mRNA or protein expression data identified patients at high or low risk for tumor recurrence in two independent patient cohorts. The data provide a mechanism by which common pathophysiological or pharmacologic elevations in glucocorticoids or other 3-ketosteroids may adversely affect patients with mixed ERα+/CK5+ breast cancer. The observations further suggest a cooperative diagnostic utility of CK5 and BCL6 expression levels and justify exploring efficacy of inhibitors of BCL6 and 3-ketosteroid receptors for a subset of ERα-positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Goodman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Sato
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A R Peck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M A Girondo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A F Yanac
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A J Kovatich
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Hooke
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C D Shriver
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E P Mitchell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Hyslop
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Rui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Yeh JE, Kreimer S, Walker SR, Emori MM, Krystal H, Richardson A, Ivanov AR, Frank DA. Granulin, a novel STAT3-interacting protein, enhances STAT3 transcriptional function and correlates with poorer prognosis in breast cancer. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:153-68. [PMID: 26000098 PMCID: PMC4426952 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the neoplastic phenotype of a cell is largely driven by aberrant gene expression patterns, increasing attention has been focused on transcription factors that regulate critical mediators of tumorigenesis such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). As proteins that interact with STAT3 may be key in addressing how STAT3 contributes to cancer pathogenesis, we took a proteomics approach to identify novel STAT3-interacting proteins. We performed mass spectrometry-based profiling of STAT3-containing complexes from breast cancer cells that have constitutively active STAT3 and are dependent on STAT3 function for survival. We identified granulin (GRN) as a novel STAT3-interacting protein that was necessary for both constitutive and maximal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)induced STAT3 transcriptional activity. GRN enhanced STAT3 DNA binding and also increased the time-integrated amount of LIF-induced STAT3 activation in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, silencing GRN neutralized STAT3-mediated tumorigenic phenotypes including viability, clonogenesis, and migratory capacity. In primary breast cancer samples, GRN mRNA levels were positively correlated with STAT3 gene expression signatures and with reduced patient survival. These studies identify GRN as a functionally important STAT3-interacting protein that may serve as an important prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Yeh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Simion Kreimer
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah R Walker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA ; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Megan M Emori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Hannah Krystal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA ; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Ding J, Dirks WG, Ehrentraut S, Geffers R, MacLeod RAF, Nagel S, Pommerenke C, Romani J, Scherr M, Vaas LAI, Zaborski M, Drexler HG, Quentmeier H. BCL6--regulated by AhR/ARNT and wild-type MEF2B--drives expression of germinal center markers MYBL1 and LMO2. Haematologica 2015; 100:801-9. [PMID: 25769544 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity is widespread in tumors, but poorly documented in cell lines. According to immunoglobulin hypermutation analysis, the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line U-2932 comprises two subpopulations faithfully representing original tumor subclones. We set out to identify molecular causes underlying subclone-specific expression affecting 221 genes including surface markers and the germinal center oncogenes BCL6 and MYC. Genomic copy number variations explained 58/221 genes differentially expressed in the two U-2932 clones. Subclone-specific expression of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the resulting activity of the AhR/ARNT complex underlaid differential regulation of 11 genes including MEF2B. Knock-down and inhibitor experiments confirmed that AhR/ARNT regulates MEF2B, a key transcription factor for BCL6. AhR, MEF2B and BCL6 levels correlated not only in the U-2932 subclones but in the majority of 23 cell lines tested, indicting overexpression of AhR as a novel mechanism behind BCL6 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Enforced modulation of BCL6 affected 48/221 signature genes. Although BCL6 is known as a transcriptional repressor, 28 genes were up-regulated, including LMO2 and MYBL1 which, like BCL6, signify germinal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Supporting the notion that BCL6 can induce gene expression, BCL6 and the majority of potential targets were co-regulated in a series of B-cell lines. In conclusion, genomic copy number aberrations, activation of AhR/ARNT, and overexpression of BCL6 are collectively responsible for differential expression of more than 100 genes in subclones of the U-2932 cell line. It is particularly interesting that BCL6 - regulated by AhR/ARNT and wild-type MEF2B - may drive expression of germinal center markers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Stefan Ehrentraut
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Robert Geffers
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Genome Analysis Research Group, Braunschweig
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Stefan Nagel
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Julia Romani
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Michaela Scherr
- Medical School Hannover, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Germany
| | - Lea A I Vaas
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Margarete Zaborski
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | - Hilmar Quentmeier
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
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41
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Boudil A, Matei IR, Shih HY, Bogdanoski G, Yuan JS, Chang SG, Montpellier B, Kowalski PE, Voisin V, Bashir S, Bader GD, Krangel MS, Guidos CJ. IL-7 coordinates proliferation, differentiation and Tcra recombination during thymocyte β-selection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:397-405. [PMID: 25729925 PMCID: PMC4368453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the pre-T cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR) and the receptor Notch1 induces transient self-renewal (β-selection) of TCRβ(+) CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative stage 3 (DN3) and DN4 progenitor cells that differentiate into CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes, which then rearrange the locus encoding the TCR α-chain (Tcra). Interleukin 7 (IL-7) promotes the survival of TCRβ(-) DN thymocytes by inducing expression of the pro-survival molecule Bcl-2, but the functions of IL-7 during β-selection have remained unclear. Here we found that IL-7 signaled TCRβ(+) DN3 and DN4 thymocytes to upregulate genes encoding molecules involved in cell growth and repressed the gene encoding the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6. Accordingly, IL-7-deficient DN4 cells lacked trophic receptors and did not proliferate but rearranged Tcra prematurely and differentiated rapidly. Deletion of Bcl6 partially restored the self-renewal of DN4 cells in the absence of IL-7, but overexpression of BCL2 did not. Thus, IL-7 critically acts cooperatively with signaling via the pre-TCR and Notch1 to coordinate proliferation, differentiation and Tcra recombination during β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Boudil
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Goce Bogdanoski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie S Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen G Chang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bertrand Montpellier
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Gary D Bader
- 1] The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael S Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Lin G, LaPensee CR, Qin ZS, Schwartz J. Reciprocal occupancy of BCL6 and STAT5 on Growth Hormone target genes: contrasting transcriptional outcomes and promoter-specific roles of p300 and HDAC3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 395:19-31. [PMID: 25088465 PMCID: PMC4176921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the Growth Hormone (GH)-stimulated gene Socs2 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2) is mediated by the transcription activator STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5) and the transcription repressor BCL6 (B-Cell Lymphoma 6). ChIP-Sequencing identified Cish (Cytokine-Inducible SH2-containing protein) and Bcl6 as having similar patterns of reciprocal occupancy by BCL6 and STAT5 in response to GH, though GH stimulates Cish and inhibits Bcl6 expression. The co-activator p300 occupied Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters, and enhanced STAT5-mediated activation of Socs2 and Cish. In contrast, on Bcl6, p300 functioned as a repressor and inhibited in conjunction with STAT5 or BCL6. The co-repressor HDAC3 (Histone deacetylase 3) inhibited the Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters in the presence of STAT5. Thus transcriptional outcomes on GH-regulated genes occupied by BCL6 and STAT5 are determined in a promoter-specific fashion by co-regulatory proteins which mediate the distinction between activating and repressive transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lin
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhaohui S Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Schwartz
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Arumugam R, Fleenor D, Freemark M. Knockdown of prolactin receptors in a pancreatic beta cell line: effects on DNA synthesis, apoptosis, and gene expression. Endocrine 2014; 46:568-76. [PMID: 24114406 PMCID: PMC3984618 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogen stimulate beta cell replication and insulin production in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms by which lactogens promote beta cell expansion are unclear. We treated rat insulinoma cells with a PRL receptor (PRLR) siRNA to determine if PRLR signaling is required for beta cell DNA synthesis and cell survival and to identify beta cell cycle genes whose expression depends upon lactogen action. Effects of PRLR knockdown were compared with those of PRL treatment. PRLR knockdown (-80 %) reduced DNA synthesis, increased apoptosis, and inhibited expression of cyclins D2 and B2, IRS-2, Tph1, and the anti-apoptotic protein PTTG1; p21 and BCL6 mRNAs increased. Conversely, PRL treatment increased DNA synthesis, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced expression of A, B and D2 cyclins, CDK1, IRS-2, FoxM1, BCLxL, and PTTG1; BCL6 declined. PRLR signaling is required for DNA synthesis and survival of rat insulinoma cells. The effects of lactogens are mediated by down-regulation of cell cycle inhibitors (BCL6, p21) and induction of A, B, and D2 cyclins, IRS-2, Tph1, FoxM1, and the anti-apoptotic proteins BCLxL and PTTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamani Arumugam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Don Fleenor
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Michael Freemark
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
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44
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Deficiency of the transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is accompanied by dysregulated lipid metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97090. [PMID: 24892698 PMCID: PMC4043531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor B-cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) was recently identified in a profile of genes regulated in adipocytes, suggesting a relationship between Bcl6 and metabolic regulation. As a representative target gene repressed by Bcl6, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (Socs) 2 expression was elevated in Bcl6 deficient (KO) mice, including metabolic tissues liver, adipose tissue and muscle, as well as in spleen and thymus. Bcl6 occupied the Socs2 promoter in wild-type, but not Bcl6 KO mice, suggesting direct regulation of Socs2 by Bcl6 in vivo. Mice deficient in Bcl6 were found to exhibit multiple features of dysregulated lipid metabolism. Adipose tissue mass was dramatically reduced or absent in Bcl6 KO mice. Further, hepatic and serum triglycerides were low. Bcl6 deficiency was accompanied by decreased hepatic expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1) and Fatty acid synthase (Fasn) genes which encode lipogenic enzymes. Expression of the gene for the transcription factor Carbohydrate-Responsive Element Binding Protein (Chrebp), which regulates expression of lipogenic genes, was also reduced in liver of Bcl6 KO mice. Bcl6 deficiency disrupted fasting-induced increases in hepatic triglyceride deposition, but not decreases in lipogenic gene expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that in addition to its well-recognized roles in immune regulation, Bcl6 plays a role in regulatory events of lipid metabolism, and that in the absence of Bcl6, lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue is dysregulated.
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45
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Bassil R, Orent W, Olah M, Kurdi AT, Frangieh M, Buttrick T, Khoury SJ, Elyaman W. BCL6 controls Th9 cell development by repressing Il9 transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:198-207. [PMID: 24879792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is required for the development of Th follicular cells, and it has been shown to suppress Th2 cell differentiation. We demonstrate that BCL6 is a key regulator of Th9 cell development. BCL6 expression is transiently downregulated in polarized Th9 cells, and forced expression of BCL6 in Th9 cells impairs Th9 cell differentiation. In contrast, BCL6 knockdown upregulated IL-9 production in Th9 cells. The function of BCL6 in Th9 cells is under the control of IL-2/JAK3/STAT5 signaling pathway. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that, in Th9 cells, BCL6 and STAT5 bind to adjacent motifs in the Il9 promoter. Furthermore, we found that STAT5 binding was associated with the abundance of a permissive histone mark at the Il9 promoter, whereas under conditions in which BCL6 binding was predominant, a repressive histone mark was prevalent. The effects of STAT5 and BCL6 on IL-9 transcription were further demonstrated using an IL-9 luciferase reporter assay in which BCL6 repressed STAT5-mediated Il9 transactivation. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, forced expression of BCL6 in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-specific Th9 cells resulted in decreased IL-9 production and induction of IFN-γ, causing an exacerbation of the clinical disease. Our findings demonstrate a novel role of BCL6 in the regulation of Th9 cell development and their encephalitogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribal Bassil
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - William Orent
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Marta Olah
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Ahmed T Kurdi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Michael Frangieh
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Thomas Buttrick
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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46
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Ritz O, Rommel K, Dorsch K, Kelsch E, Melzner J, Buck M, Leroy K, Papadopoulou V, Wagner S, Marienfeld R, Brüderlein S, Lennerz JK, Möller P. STAT6-mediated BCL6 repression in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL). Oncotarget 2014; 4:1093-102. [PMID: 23852366 PMCID: PMC3759668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is characterized by aberrant activation of JAK/STAT-signaling resulting in constitutive presence of phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6). In primary PMBL samples pSTAT6 is only expressed in a sub-population of lymphoma cells in a pattern that is reminiscent of that of the BCL6 oncogene. Double-fluorescence staining was carried out to determine the association between these two proteins in ten primary PMBL cases and three available PMBL cell line models. Surprisingly, only a minute fraction of double-positive nuclei was observed, while each sample contained considerable fractions of single-positive pSTAT6 and BCL6 nuclei. The intratumoral coexistence of BCL6+/pSTAT6− and BCL6−/pSTAT6+ subpopulations suggests a negative interaction between these factors. In silico screening of the STAT6 /BCL6 promoters for DNA consensus binding sites identified five STAT-binding-sites in the BCL6 promoter. We confirmed STAT6 binding to the BCL6 promoter in vitro and in vivo by band shift / super shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitations. Using BCL6 luciferase reporter assays, depletion of STAT6 by siRNA, and ectopic overexpression of a constitutive active STAT6 mutant, we proved that pSTAT6 is sufficient to transcriptionally repress BCL6. Recently developed small molecule inhibitors 79-6 and TG101348 that increases BCL6 target gene expression and decreases pSTAT6 levels, respectively, demonstrate that a combined targeting results in additive efficacy regarding their negative effect on cell viability. The delineated pSTAT6-mediated molecular repression mechanism links JAK/STAT to BCL6-signaling in PMBL and may carry therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ritz
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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47
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Bernt KM, Hunger SP. Current concepts in pediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:54. [PMID: 24724051 PMCID: PMC3971203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(9;22)(q34;q11) or Philadelphia chromosome creates a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene encoding for a chimeric BCR-ABL1 protein. It is present in 3-4% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL), and about 25% of adult ALL cases. Prior to the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), Ph(+) ALL was associated with a very poor prognosis despite the use of intensive chemotherapy and frequently hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in first remission. The development of TKIs revolutionized the therapy of Ph(+) ALL. Addition of the first generation ABL1 class TKI imatinib to intensive chemotherapy dramatically increased the survival for children with Ph(+) ALL and established that many patients can be cured without HSCT. In parallel, the mechanistic understanding of Ph(+) ALL expanded exponentially through careful mapping of pathways downstream of BCR-ABL1, the discovery of mutations in master regulators of B-cell development such as IKZF1 (Ikaros), PAX5, and early B-cell factor (EBF), the recognition of the complex clonal architecture of Ph(+) ALL, and the delineation of genomic, epigenetic, and signaling abnormalities contributing to relapse and resistance. Still, many important basic and clinical questions remain unanswered. Current clinical trials are testing second generation TKIs in patients with newly diagnosed Ph(+) ALL. Neither the optimal duration of therapy nor the optimal chemotherapy backbone are currently defined. The role of HSCT in first remission and post-transplant TKI therapy also require further study. In addition, it will be crucial to continue to dig deeper into understanding Ph(+) ALL at a mechanistic level, and translate findings into complementary targeted approaches. Expanding targeted therapies hold great promise to decrease toxicity and improve survival in this high-risk disease, which provides a paradigm for how targeted therapies can be incorporated into treatment of other high-risk leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Bernt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
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48
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The transcriptional modulator BCL6 as a molecular target for breast cancer therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1073-82. [PMID: 24662818 PMCID: PMC4175367 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate expression or activation of transcription factors can drive patterns of gene expression, leading to the malignant behavior of breast cancer cells. We have found that the transcriptional repressor BCL6 is highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines, and its locus is amplified in about half of primary breast cancers. To understand how BCL6 regulates gene expression in breast cancer cells, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing to identify the BCL6 binding sites on a genomic scale. This revealed that BCL6 regulates a unique cohort of genes in breast cancer cell lines compared with B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, BCL6 expression promotes the survival of breast cancer cells, and targeting BCL6 with a peptidomimetic inhibitor leads to apoptosis of these cells. Finally, combining a BCL6 inhibitor and a signal transducer and activator of transcription3 inhibitor provided enhanced cell killing in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that combination therapy may be particularly useful. Thus, targeting BCL6 alone or in conjunction with other signaling pathways may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating breast cancer.
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49
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BTB-ZF transcription factors, a growing family of regulators of early and late B-cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:481-8. [PMID: 24638067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of early B-cell precursors in the bone marrow into the variety of mature and effector B-cell subsets of the periphery is a complex process that requires tight regulation at the transcriptional level. Different members of the broad complex, tramtrack, bric-à-brac and zinc finger (BTB-ZF) family of transcription factors have recently been shown to have key roles in many phases of B-cell development, including early B-cell development in the bone marrow, peripheral B-cell maturation and specialization into effector cells during an immune response. This review highlights the critical functions mediated by BTB-ZF transcription factors within the B-cell lineage and emphasizes how the deregulation of these transcription factors can lead to B-cell malignancies.
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50
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Xiang M, Birkbak NJ, Vafaizadeh V, Walker SR, Yeh JE, Liu S, Kroll Y, Boldin M, Taganov K, Groner B, Richardson AL, Frank DA. STAT3 induction of miR-146b forms a feedback loop to inhibit the NF-κB to IL-6 signaling axis and STAT3-driven cancer phenotypes. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra11. [PMID: 24473196 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a mechanism by which chronic inflammation can contribute to cancer and is a common oncogenic event. We discovered a pathway, the loss of which is associated with persistent STAT3 activation in human cancer. We found that the gene encoding the tumor suppressor microRNA miR-146b is a direct STAT3 target gene, and its expression was increased in normal breast epithelial cells but decreased in tumor cells. Methylation of the miR-146b promoter, which inhibited STAT3-mediated induction of expression, was increased in primary breast cancers. Moreover, we found that miR-146b inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent production of IL-6, subsequent STAT3 activation, and IL-6/STAT3-driven migration and invasion in breast cancer cells, thereby establishing a negative feedback loop. In addition, higher expression of miR-146b was positively correlated with patient survival in breast cancer subtypes with increased IL6 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation. Our results identify an epigenetic mechanism of crosstalk between STAT3 and NF-κB relevant to constitutive STAT3 activation in malignancy and the role of inflammation in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Xiang
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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