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Chawla YM, Bajpai P, Saini K, Reddy ES, Patel AK, Murali-Krishna K, Chandele A. Regional Variation of the CD4 and CD8 T Cell Epitopes Conserved in Circulating Dengue Viruses and Shared with Potential Vaccine Candidates. Viruses 2024; 16:730. [PMID: 38793612 PMCID: PMC11126086 DOI: 10.3390/v16050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As dengue expands globally and many vaccines are under trials, there is a growing recognition of the need for assessing T cell immunity in addition to assessing the functions of neutralizing antibodies during these endeavors. While several dengue-specific experimentally validated T cell epitopes are known, less is understood about which of these epitopes are conserved among circulating dengue viruses and also shared by potential vaccine candidates. As India emerges as the epicenter of the dengue disease burden and vaccine trials commence in this region, we have here aligned known dengue specific T cell epitopes, reported from other parts of the world with published polyprotein sequences of 107 dengue virus isolates available from India. Of the 1305 CD4 and 584 CD8 epitopes, we found that 24% and 41%, respectively, were conserved universally, whereas 27% and 13% were absent in any viral isolates. With these data, we catalogued epitopes conserved in circulating dengue viruses from India and matched them with each of the six vaccine candidates under consideration (TV003, TDEN, DPIV, CYD-TDV, DENVax and TVDV). Similar analyses with viruses from Thailand, Brazil and Mexico revealed regional overlaps and variations in these patterns. Thus, our study provides detailed and nuanced insights into regional variation that should be considered for itemization of T cell responses during dengue natural infection and vaccine design, testing and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadya M. Chawla
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Prashant Bajpai
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Keshav Saini
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Elluri Seetharami Reddy
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
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2
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Waickman AT, Newell K, Endy TP, Thomas SJ. Biologics for dengue prevention: up-to-date. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:73-87. [PMID: 36417290 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is a worsening global public health problem. The vector-viral-host interactions driving the pathogenesis of dengue are multi-dimensional. Sequential dengue virus (DENV) infections with different DENV types significantly increase the risk of severe disease. Treatment is supportive in nature as there are no licensed anti-DENV antivirals or immuno-therapeutics. A single dengue vaccine has widely been licensed with two others in advanced clinical development. Dengvaxia® has been licensed in numerous countries but uptake has been slow as a result of safety signals noted in the youngest recipients and those who were dengue naïve at the time of vaccination. AREAS COVERED In this review, the current state of dengue vaccine and antiviral drug development will be discussed as well as new developments in controlled human infection models to support product development. EXPERT OPINION The world needs a safe and efficacious tetravalent dengue vaccine capable of protecting multiple different populations across a broad age range and different flavivirus immunologic backgrounds. Safe and effective antivirals are also needed to prevent or attenuate dengue disease in the unvaccinated, in cases of vaccine failure, or in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Krista Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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3
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Marzan-Rivera N, Serrano-Collazo C, Cruz L, Pantoja P, Ortiz-Rosa A, Arana T, Martinez MI, Burgos AG, Roman C, Mendez LB, Geerling E, Pinto AK, Brien JD, Sariol CA. Infection order outweighs the role of CD4 + T cells in tertiary flavivirus exposure. iScience 2022; 25:104764. [PMID: 35982798 PMCID: PMC9379573 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between CD4+ T and B cells during immune responses to DENV and ZIKV and their roles in cross-protection during heterologous infection is an active area of research. Here we used CD4+ lymphocyte depletions to dissect the impact of cellular immunity on humoral responses during a tertiary flavivirus infection in macaques. We show that CD4+ depletion in DENV/ZIKV-primed animals followed by DENV resulted in dysregulated adaptive immune responses. We show a delay in DENV-specific IgM/IgG antibody titers and binding and neutralization in the DENV/ZIKV-primed CD4-depleted animals but not in ZIKV/DENV-primed CD4-depleted animals. This study confirms the critical role of CD4+ cells in priming an early effective humoral response during sequential flavivirus infections. Our work here suggests that the order of flavivirus exposure affects the outcome of a tertiary infection. Our findings have implications for understanding the complex flavivirus immune responses and for the development of effective flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Marzan-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Crisanta Serrano-Collazo
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Lorna Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Alexandra Ortiz-Rosa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Teresa Arana
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Melween I. Martinez
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Toa Baja, PR 00952, USA
| | - Armando G. Burgos
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, Toa Baja, PR 00952, USA
| | - Chiara Roman
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
| | - Loyda B. Mendez
- Department of Science & Technology, Universidad Ana G. Mendez, Recinto de Carolina, Carolina, PR 00985, USA
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 631204, USA
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 631204, USA
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 631204, USA
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, USA
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4
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Buckley PR, Lee CH, Pereira Pinho M, Ottakandathil Babu R, Woo J, Antanaviciute A, Simmons A, Ogg G, Koohy H. HLA-dependent variation in SARS-CoV-2 CD8 + T cell cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses. Immunology 2022; 166:78-103. [PMID: 35143694 PMCID: PMC9111820 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditions and extent of cross-protective immunity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and common-cold human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remain open despite several reports of pre-existing T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals without prior exposure. Using a pool of functionally evaluated SARS-CoV-2 peptides, we report a map of 126 immunogenic peptides with high similarity to 285 MHC-presented peptides from at least one HCoV. Employing this map of SARS-CoV-2-non-homologous and homologous immunogenic peptides, we observe several immunogenic peptides with high similarity to human proteins, some of which have been reported to have elevated expression in severe COVID-19 patients. After combining our map with SARS-CoV-2-specific TCR repertoire data from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls, we show that public repertoires for the majority of convalescent patients are dominated by TCRs cognate to non-homologous SARS-CoV-2 peptides. We find that for a subset of patients, >50% of their public SARS-CoV-2-specific repertoires consist of TCRs cognate to homologous SARS-CoV-2-HCoV peptides. Further analysis suggests that this skewed distribution of TCRs cognate to homologous or non-homologous peptides in COVID-19 patients is likely to be HLA-dependent. Finally, we provide 10 SARS-CoV-2 peptides with known cognate TCRs that are conserved across multiple coronaviruses and are predicted to be recognized by a high proportion of the global population. These findings may have important implications for COVID-19 heterogeneity, vaccine-induced immune responses, and robustness of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Buckley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chloe H. Lee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mariana Pereira Pinho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rosana Ottakandathil Babu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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5
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Low Activation of CD8+ T Cells in response to Viral Peptides in Mexican Patients with Severe Dengue. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9967594. [PMID: 35372587 PMCID: PMC8975689 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9967594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that antiviral immune response contributes to dengue immunopathogenesis. To identify immunological markers that distinguish dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 113 patients with confirmed dengue infection were analyzed at 6 or 7 days after fever onset. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, lymphocyte subsets and activation biomarkers were identified by flow cytometry, and differentiation of T helper (Th) lymphocytes was achieved by the relative expression analysis of T-bet (Th1), GATA-3 (Th2), ROR-γ (Th17), and FOXP-3 (T regulatory) transcription factors quantified by real-time PCR. CD8+, CD40L+, and CD45+ cells show higher numbers in DF compared to DHF patients, whereas CD4+, CD19+, and CD25+ cells show higher numbers in DHF than DF patients. High expression of GATA-3 accompanied by low expression of T-bet indicates predominance of Th2 response. In addition, higher expression of FOXP-3 and reduced functional cytotoxic T cells (CD8+perforin+) were observed in DHF patients. In further experiments, PBMC were stimulated ex vivo with dengue virus E, NS3, NS4, and NS5 peptides, and proliferating T cell subsets were determined. Lower proliferative responses to NS3 and NS4 peptides and reduced CD8+ cytotoxic T cells were observed in DHF patients. Our results suggest that immune response to dengue is dysregulated with predominance of CD4+ T cells, low activation of Th1 cells, and downregulation of the antiviral cytotoxic activity during severe dengue, likely induced by regulatory T cells.
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6
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Nasar S, Nasar Z, Iftikhar S. A novel strategy for developing a tetravalent vaccine (dvac) against dengue utilizing conserved regions from all DENV proteins. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105447. [PMID: 35181476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a global health issue which is infecting millions of people each year and number of reported infections are constantly increasing. Though the only commercialized vaccine i.e. dengvaxia has banned in several countries due to its potential health risk, overall vaccine holds promising potential against viruses. In this study, we have developed a novel formulation of multi-epitope peptide vaccine (dvac), which utilizes peptides from each dengue protein with >80% sequence conservancy within each serotype and their respective genotypes. Simultaneous utilization of all dengue proteins and their conservancy among dengue virus genome is targeted to evoke balanced immunity against dengue serotypes without eliciting antibody-dependent enhancement and antigenic sin like response, which are primarily responsible for severe dengue fever. Immunoinformatic approaches are used to identify the potential of dvac in inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocytes, Interleukin-4, Interferon-gamma and B-cell immune responses without inducing allergic responses. Cross-reactivity of dvac with human cellular machinery is also taken into consideration to avoid any cross-reactive pathogenicity. Furthermore, interaction of dvac with immune receptors i.e. toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) using molecular docking studies revealed favorable interaction between synthetic peptide and immune receptors. Our findings suggest that designed multi-epitope peptide holds great potential to evoke balanced immunity against all dengue serotypes without eliciting any significant harmful side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Nasar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zara Nasar
- Punjab University College of Information and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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7
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Mapalagamage M, Weiskopf D, Sette A, De Silva AD. Current Understanding of the Role of T Cells in Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020242. [PMID: 35215836 PMCID: PMC8878350 DOI: 10.3390/v14020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) are a major disease burden in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and there are no effective vaccinations or therapeutic drugs available at this time. Understanding the role of the T cell response is very important when designing effective vaccines. Currently, comprehensive identification of T cell epitopes during a DENV infection shows that CD8 and CD4 T cells and their specific phenotypes play protective and pathogenic roles. The protective role of CD8 T cells in DENV is carried out through the killing of infected cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, as CD4 T cells enhance B cell and CD8 T cell activities. A limited number of studies attempted to identify the involvement of T cells in CHIKV and ZIKV infection. The identification of human immunodominant ZIKV viral epitopes responsive to specific T cells is scarce, and none have been identified for CHIKV. In CHIKV infection, CD8 T cells are activated during the acute phase in the lymph nodes/blood, and CD4 T cells are activated during the chronic phase in the joints/muscles. Studies on the role of T cells in ZIKV-neuropathogenesis are limited and need to be explored. Many studies have shown the modulating actions of T cells due to cross-reactivity between DENV-ZIKV co-infections and have repeated heterologous/homologous DENV infection, which is an important factor to consider when developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Mapalagamage
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo 10390, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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8
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Reguzova A, Fischer N, Müller M, Salomon F, Jaenisch T, Amann R. A Novel Orf Virus D1701-VrV-Based Dengue Virus (DENV) Vaccine Candidate Expressing HLA-Specific T Cell Epitopes: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121862. [PMID: 34944678 PMCID: PMC8698572 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dengue virus (DENV) affects almost half of the world’s population there are neither preventive treatments nor any long-lasting and protective vaccines available at this time. The complexity of the protective immune response to DENV is still not fully understood. The most advanced vaccine candidates focus specifically on humoral immune responses and the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. However, results from several recent studies have revealed the protective role of T cells in the immune response to DENV. Hence, in this study, we generated a novel and potent DENV vaccine candidate based on an Orf virus (ORFV, genus Parapoxvirus) vector platform engineered to encode five highly conserved or cross-reactive DENV human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02- or HLA-B*07-restricted epitopes as minigenes (ORFV-DENV). We showed that ORFV-DENV facilitates the in vitro priming of CD8+ T cells from healthy blood donors based on responses to each of the encoded immunogenic peptides. Moreover, we demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from clinically confirmed DENV-positive donors stimulated with ORFV-DENV generate cytotoxic T cell responses to at least three of the expressed DENV peptides. Finally, we showed that ORFV-DENV could activate CD8+ T cells isolated from donors who had recovered from Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. ZIKV belongs to the same virus family (Flaviviridae) and has epitope sequences that are homologous to those of DENV. We found that highly conserved HLA-B*07-restricted ZIKV and DENV epitopes induced functional CD8+ T cell responses in PBMCs isolated from confirmed ZIKV-positive donors. In summary, this proof-of-concept study characterizes a promising new ORFV D1701-VrV-based DENV vaccine candidate that induces broad and functional epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Reguzova
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Nico Fischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) & Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Melanie Müller
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Ferdinand Salomon
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) & Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.M.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-707-1298-7614
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9
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Sanchez-Vargas LA, Anderson KB, Srikiatkhachorn A, Currier JR, Friberg H, Endy TP, Fernandez S, Mathew A, Rothman AL. Longitudinal Analysis of Dengue Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Responses and Their Association With Clinical Outcome in Subsequent DENV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710300. [PMID: 34394112 PMCID: PMC8355709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells resulting from primary dengue virus (DENV) infection are hypothesized to influence the clinical outcome of subsequent DENV infection. However, the few studies involving prospectively collected blood samples have found weak and inconsistent associations with outcome and variable temporal trends in DENV-specific memory T cell responses between subjects. This study used both ex-vivo and cultured ELISPOT assays to further evaluate the associations between DENV serotype-cross-reactive memory T cells and severity of secondary infection. Using ex-vivo ELISPOT assays, frequencies of memory T cells secreting IFN-γ in response to DENV structural and non-structural peptide pools were low in PBMC from multiple time points prior to symptomatic secondary DENV infection and showed a variable response to infection. There were no differences in responses between subjects who were not hospitalized (NH, n=6) and those who were hospitalized with dengue hemorrhagic fever (hDHF, n=4). In contrast, responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were more reliably detectable prior to secondary infection and showed more consistent increases after infection. Responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were higher in individuals with hDHF (n=8) compared to NH (n=9) individuals before the secondary infection, with no difference between these groups after infection. These data demonstrate an association of pre-existing DENV-specific memory responses with the severity of illness in subsequent DENV infection, and suggest that frequencies of DENV-reactive T cells measured after short-term culture may be of particular importance for assessing the risk for more severe dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Sanchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn B Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States.,Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
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10
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Lehmann AA, Kirchenbaum GA, Zhang T, Reche PA, Lehmann PV. Deconvoluting the T Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2: Specificity Versus Chance and Cognate Cross-Reactivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635942. [PMID: 34127926 PMCID: PMC8196231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection takes a mild or clinically inapparent course in the majority of humans who contract this virus. After such individuals have cleared the virus, only the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory can reveal the exposure, and hopefully the establishment of immune protection. With most viral infections, the presence of specific serum antibodies has provided a reliable biomarker for the exposure to the virus of interest. SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, does not reliably induce a durable antibody response, especially in sub-clinically infected individuals. Consequently, it is plausible for a recently infected individual to yield a false negative result within only a few months after exposure. Immunodiagnostic attention has therefore shifted to studies of specific T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2. Most reports published so far agree that a T cell response is engaged during SARS-CoV-2 infection, but they also state that in 20-81% of SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, T cells respond to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (mega peptide pools), allegedly due to T cell cross-reactivity with Common Cold coronaviruses (CCC), or other antigens. Here we show that, by introducing irrelevant mega peptide pools as negative controls to account for chance cross-reactivity, and by establishing the antigen dose-response characteristic of the T cells, one can clearly discern between cognate T cell memory induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. cross-reactive T cell responses in individuals who have not been infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Laboratorio de Inmunomedicina & Inmunoinformatica, Departamento de Immunologia & O2, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
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11
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Conserved epitopes with high HLA-I population coverage are targets of CD8 + T cells associated with high IFN-γ responses against all dengue virus serotypes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20497. [PMID: 33235334 PMCID: PMC7687909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are key for immune protection against viral infections. The breadth and cross-reactivity of these responses are important against rapidly mutating RNA viruses, such as dengue (DENV), yet how viral diversity affect T cell responses and their cross-reactivity against multiple variants of the virus remains poorly defined. In this study, an integrated analysis was performed to map experimentally validated CD8+ T cell epitopes onto the distribution of DENV genome sequences across the 4 serotypes worldwide. Despite the higher viral diversity observed within HLA-I restricted epitopes, mapping of 609 experimentally validated epitopes sequences on 3985 full-length viral genomes revealed 19 highly conserved epitopes across the four serotypes within the immunogenic regions of NS3, NS4B and NS5. These conserved epitopes were associated with a higher magnitude of IFN-γ response when compared to non-conserved epitopes and were restricted to 13 HLA class I genotypes, hence providing high coverage among human populations. Phylogeographic analyses showed that these epitopes are largely conserved in most of the endemic regions of the world, and with only some of these epitopes presenting distinct mutated variants circulating in South America and Asia.This study provides evidence for the existence of highly immunogenic and conserved epitopes across serotypes, which may impact design of new universal T-cell-inducing vaccine candidates that minimise detrimental effects of viral diversification and at the same time induce responses to a broad human population.
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Abstract
Purpose of review As an eminently vaccine-preventable disease, encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has attracted an unusually high degree of attention from those seeking to develop viral vaccines. Since the 1950s, all types of JEV vaccines including inactivated, recombinant and live attenuated ones have been licensed. As an example of an extremely successful endeavour, the time is ripe for reviewing the development of JEV vaccines and probing the reasons behind their uniform success. Recent findings Vaccines against JEV have come a long way since the first licensing in the mid-1950s of the mouse brain-grown-inactivated virus preparations, to the present day live-attenuated virus vaccines. A survey of the various inactivated and live vaccines developed against JEV provides a striking insight into the impressive safety and efficacy of all the vaccines available to prevent encephalitis from JEV. This review juxtaposes studies to understand naturally acquired immunity against JEV that have mostly been published post-2000, compares these with those elicited by vaccines and highlights the paucity of data on cell-mediated immune responses elicited by JEV vaccines. Summary This article not only seeks to make available the immense salient literature on this endeavour in one collection, but also queries the basis for the remarkable success of JEV vaccines, not least of which may be the ease of protecting against encephalitis caused by JEV. To conclude, the true test of the ingenuity of those dedicated to the pursuit of viral vaccines would be success against viral diseases such as HIV-AIDS and dengue that pose a far greater challenge to scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Room SA07, Biology Building, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012 India
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13
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Chokephaibulkit K, Chien YW, AbuBakar S, Pattanapanyasat K, Perng GC. Use of Animal Models in Studying Roles of Antibodies and Their Secretion Cells in Dengue Vaccine Development. Viruses 2020; 12:E1261. [PMID: 33167518 PMCID: PMC7694450 DOI: 10.3390/v12111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is its ability to form memory responses that can be rapidly recalled to contain pathogens upon reencountering. Conferring a robust memory immune response to an infection is a key feature for a successful vaccination program. The plasmablasts are cells that not only can secret non-neutralizing antibodies but also can secrete the specific antibodies essential to neutralize and inactivate the invading pathogens. Dengue has been recognized as one of the most important vector-borne human viral diseases globally. Currently, supportive care with vigilant monitoring is the standard practice since there is as yet no approved therapeutic modality to treat dengue. Even though the approved vaccine has become available, its low efficacy with the potential to cause harm is the major hurdle to promote the widespread usage of the vaccine. Despite the decades of research on dengue, the major challenge in dengue vaccine development is the absence of suitable experimental animal models that reflect the pathological features and clinical symptoms, as seen in humans. Dengue is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes carrying infectious dengue virus (DENV), which has four distinct serotypes. Recently, cases resulting from unconventional transmission routes, such as blood transfusion, organs as well as stem cells and bone marrow transplantations, and mother-to-infant vertical transmission, have been reported, suggesting an alternate route of DENV transmission exists in nature. This review discusses issues and challenges needing to be resolved to develop an effective dengue vaccine. Development of a robust and reliable dengue animal model that can reflect not only dynamic human clinical symptoms but also can answer around why preexisting neutralizing antibodies do not confer protection upon re-infection and immune protection marker for dengue vaccine efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
- Siriraj Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan;
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Research Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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14
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King CA, Wegman AD, Endy TP. Mobilization and Activation of the Innate Immune Response to Dengue Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:574417. [PMID: 33224897 PMCID: PMC7670994 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.574417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is an important human pathogen, infecting an estimated 400 million individuals per year and causing symptomatic disease in a subset of approximately 100 million. Much of the effort to date describing the host response to dengue has focused on the adaptive immune response, in part because of the well-established roles of antibody-dependent enhancement and T cell original sin as drivers of severe dengue upon heterotypic secondary infection. However, the innate immune system is a crucial factor in the host response to dengue, as it both governs the fate and vigor of the adaptive immune response, and mediates the acute inflammatory response in tissues. In this review, we discuss the innate inflammatory response to dengue infection, focusing on the role of evolutionarily conserved innate immune cells, their effector functions, and clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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15
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Shukla R, Ramasamy V, Shanmugam RK, Ahuja R, Khanna N. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: A Challenge for Developing a Safe Dengue Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:572681. [PMID: 33194810 PMCID: PMC7642463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.572681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration accorded restricted approval to Sanofi Pasteur's Dengvaxia, a live attenuated vaccine (LAV) for dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, caused by four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1-4). The reason for this limited approval is the concern that this vaccine sensitized some of the dengue-naïve recipients to severe dengue fever. Recent knowledge about the nature of the immune response elicited by DENV viruses suggests that all LAVs have inherent capacity to predominantly elicit antibodies (Abs) against the pre-membrane (prM) and fusion loop epitope (FLE) of DENV. These antibodies are generally cross-reactive among DENV serotypes carrying a higher risk of promoting Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE). ADE is a phenomenon in which suboptimal neutralizing or non-neutralizing cross-reactive antibodies bind to virus and facilitate Fcγ receptor mediated enhanced entry into host cells, followed by its replication, and thus increasing the cellular viral load. On the other hand, antibody responses directed against the host-cell receptor binding domain of DENV envelope domain-III (EDIII), exhibit a higher degree of type-specificity with lower potential of ADE. The challenges associated with whole DENV-based vaccine strategies necessitate re-focusing our attention toward the designed dengue vaccine candidates, capable of inducing predominantly type-specific immune responses. If the designed vaccines elicited predominantly EDIII-directed serotype specific antibodies in the absence of prM and FLE antibodies, this could avoid the ADE phenomenon largely associated with the prM and FLE antibodies. The generation of type-specific antibodies to each of the four DENV serotypes by the designed vaccines could avoid the immune evasion mechanisms of DENVs. For the enhanced vaccine safety, all dengue vaccine candidates should be assessed for the extent of type-specific (minimal ADE) vs. cross-reactive (ADE promoting) neutralizing antibodies. The type-specific EDIII antibodies may be more directly related to protection from disease in the absence of ADE promoted by the cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shukla
- Translational Health Group, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Ramasamy
- Translational Health Group, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajgokul K Shanmugam
- Translational Health Group, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Ahuja
- Translational Health Group, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Navin Khanna
- Translational Health Group, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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16
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T lymphocyte responses to flaviviruses - diverse cell populations affect tendency toward protection and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:28-34. [PMID: 32810785 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus are medically important flaviviruses transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and circulate in overlapping geographic areas. Cross-reactive immune responses have been demonstrated among the flaviviruses, particularly the four DENV serotypes. The immunological imprint left by a flavivirus infection can therefore have profound effects on the responses to subsequent infections. In this review we summarize recent research focusing on T cell responses to DENV using clinical samples from prospective cohort studies in Asia. These data suggest that durability of different T cell populations after natural infection or vaccination is an important consideration for the outcome of subsequent flavivirus exposures and we argue for continued investigation in the context of longitudinal cohort studies.
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17
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Wilken L, Rimmelzwaan GF. Adaptive Immunity to Dengue Virus: Slippery Slope or Solid Ground for Rational Vaccine Design? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060470. [PMID: 32549226 PMCID: PMC7350362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The four serotypes of dengue virus are the most widespread causes of arboviral disease, currently placing half of the human population at risk of infection. Pre-existing immunity to one dengue virus serotype can predispose to severe disease following secondary infection with a different serotype. The phenomenon of immune enhancement has complicated vaccine development and likely explains the poor long-term safety profile of a recently licenced dengue vaccine. Therefore, alternative vaccine strategies should be considered. This review summarises studies dissecting the adaptive immune responses to dengue virus infection and (experimental) vaccination. In particular, we discuss the roles of (i) neutralising antibodies, (ii) antibodies to non-structural protein 1, and (iii) T cells in protection and pathogenesis. We also address how these findings could translate into next-generation vaccine approaches that mitigate the risk of enhanced dengue disease. Finally, we argue that the development of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine is an attainable goal.
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18
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Cutaneous Dengue Virus Inoculation Triggers Strong B Cell Reactions but Contrastingly Poor T Cell Responses. Virol Sin 2020; 35:575-587. [PMID: 32314276 PMCID: PMC7168571 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a global health problem without current specific treatment nor safe vaccines available. While severe dengue is related to pre-existing non-neutralizing dengue virus (DENV) antibodies, the role of T cells in protection or pathology is unclear. Using cutaneous DENV infection in immunocompetent mice we previously showed the generation of PNA+ germinal centers (GCs), now we assessed the activation and proliferation of B and T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). We found a drastic remodelling of DLN compartments from 7 to 14 days post-infection (dpi) with greatly enlarged B cell follicles, occupying almost half of the DLN area compared to ~24% in naïve conditions. Enormous clusters of proliferating (Ki-67+) cells inside B follicles were found 14 dpi, representing ~33% of B cells in DLNs but only ~2% in non-infected mice. Inside GCs, we noticed an important recruitment of tingle body macrophages removing apoptotic cells. In contrast, the percentage of paracortex area and total T cells decreased by 14–16 dpi, compared to controls. Scattered randomly distributed Ki-67+ T cells were found, similar to non-infected mice. CD69 expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was minor, while it was remarkable in B cells, representing 1764.7% of change from basal levels 3 dpi. The apparent lack of T cell responses cannot be attributed to apoptosis since no significant differences were observed compared to non-infected mice. This study shows massive B cell activation and proliferation in DLNs upon DENV infection. In contrast, we found very poor, almost absent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
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19
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Waickman AT, Gromowski GD, Rutvisuttinunt W, Li T, Siegfried H, Victor K, Kuklis C, Gomootsukavadee M, McCracken MK, Gabriel B, Mathew A, Grinyo I Escuer A, Fouch ME, Liang J, Fernandez S, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Srikiatkhachorn A, Endy T, Thomas SJ, Ellison D, Rothman AL, Jarman RG, Currier JR, Friberg H. Transcriptional and clonal characterization of B cell plasmablast diversity following primary and secondary natural DENV infection. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102733. [PMID: 32315970 PMCID: PMC7170960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated humoral immunity is thought to play a central role in mediating the immunopathogenesis of acute DENV infection, but limited data are available on the diversity, specificity, and functionality of the antibody response at the molecular level elicited by primary or secondary DENV infection. In order to close this functional gap in our understanding of DENV-specific humoral immunity, we utilized high-throughput single cell RNA sequencing to investigate B cells circulating in both primary and secondary natural DENV infections. We captured full-length paired immunoglobulin receptor sequence data from 9,027 B cells from a total of 6 subjects, including 2,717 plasmablasts. In addition to IgG and IgM class-switched cells, we unexpectedly found a high proportion of the DENV-elicited plasmablasts expressing IgA, principally in individuals with primary DENV infections. These IgA class-switched cells were extensively hypermutated even in individuals with a serologically confirmed primary DENV infection. Utilizing a combination of conventional biochemical assays and high-throughput shotgun mutagenesis, we determined that DENV-reactive IgA class-switched antibodies represent a significant fraction of DENV-reactive Igs generated in response to DENV infection, and that they exhibit a comparable epitope specificity to DENV-reactive IgG antibodies. These results provide insight into the molecular-level diversity of DENV-elicited humoral immunity and identify a heretofore unappreciated IgA plasmablast response to DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
| | - Gregory D Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wiriya Rutvisuttinunt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hayden Siegfried
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kaitlin Victor
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin Kuklis
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Methee Gomootsukavadee
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael K McCracken
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin Gabriel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | | | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States; Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Timothy Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Damon Ellison
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is a single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid virus with 10,700 bases. The genus Flavivirus includes other arthropod borne viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus. It infects ~50–200 million people annually, putting over 3.6 billion people living in tropical regions at risk and causing ~20,000 deaths annually. The expansion of dengue is attributed to factors such as the modern dynamics of climate change, globalization, travel, trade, socioeconomics, settlement, and also viral evolution. There are four antigenically different serotypes of DENV based on the differences in their viral structural and nonstructural proteins. DENV infection causes a spectrum of illness ranging from asymptomatic to dengue fever to severe dengue shock syndrome. Infection with one serotype confers lifelong immunity against that serotype, but heterologus infection leads to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Diagnosis of dengue infections is based mainly on serological detection of either antigen in acute cases or antibodies in both acute and chronic infection. Viral detection and real-time PCR detection though helpful is not feasible in resource poor setup. Treatment of dengue depends on symptomatic management along with fluid resuscitation and may require platelet transfusion. Although vaccine development is in late stages of development, developing a single vaccine against four serotypes often causes serious challenges to researchers; hence, the main stay of prevention is vector control and management.
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21
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Adaptive immune responses to primary and secondary dengue virus infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:218-230. [PMID: 30679808 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the leading mosquito-borne viral illness infecting humans. Owing to the circulation of multiple serotypes, global expansion of the disease and recent gains in vaccination coverage, pre-existing immunity to dengue virus is abundant in the human population, and secondary dengue infections are common. Here, we contrast the mechanisms initiating and sustaining adaptive immune responses during primary infection with the immune pathways that are pre-existing and reactivated during secondary dengue. We also discuss new developments in our understanding of the contributions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and antibodies to immunity and memory recall. Memory recall may lead to protective or pathological outcomes, and understanding of these processes will be key to developing or refining dengue vaccines to be safe and effective.
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22
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Blight J, Alves E, Reyes-Sandoval A. Considering Genomic and Immunological Correlates of Protection for a Dengue Intervention. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E203. [PMID: 31816907 PMCID: PMC6963661 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over three billion are at risk of dengue infection with more than 100 million a year presenting with symptoms that can lead to deadly haemorrhagic disease. There are however no treatments available and the only licensed vaccine shows limited efficacy and is able to enhance the disease in some cases. These failures have mainly been due to the complex pathology and lack of understanding of the correlates of protection for dengue virus (DENV) infection. With increasing data suggesting both a protective and detrimental effect for antibodies and CD8 T-cells whilst having complex environmental dynamics. This review discusses the roles of genomic and immunological aspects of DENV infection, providing both a historical interpretation and fresh discussion on how this information can be used for the next generation of dengue interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Blight
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.B.); (E.A.)
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.B.); (E.A.)
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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23
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Chng MHY, Lim MQ, Rouers A, Becht E, Lee B, MacAry PA, Lye DC, Leo YS, Chen J, Fink K, Rivino L, Newell EW. Large-Scale HLA Tetramer Tracking of T Cells during Dengue Infection Reveals Broad Acute Activation and Differentiation into Two Memory Cell Fates. Immunity 2019; 51:1119-1135.e5. [PMID: 31757672 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells play important multifaceted roles during dengue infection, and understanding their responses is important for defining correlates of protective immunity and identifying effective vaccine antigens. Using mass cytometry and a highly multiplexed peptide-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) tetramer staining strategy, we probed T cells from dengue patients-a total of 430 dengue and control candidate epitopes-together with key markers of activation, trafficking, and differentiation. During acute disease, dengue-specific CD8+ T cells expressed a distinct profile of activation and trafficking receptors that distinguished them from non-dengue-specific T cells. During convalescence, dengue-specific T cells differentiated into two major cell fates, CD57+ CD127--resembling terminally differentiated senescent memory cells and CD127+ CD57--resembling proliferation-capable memory cells. Validation in an independent cohort showed that these subsets remained at elevated frequencies up to one year after infection. These analyses aid our understanding of the generation of T cell memory in dengue infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mei Qiu Lim
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Angeline Rouers
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Etienne Becht
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laura Rivino
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Modelling the Host Immune Response to Mature and Immature Dengue Viruses. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:4951-4976. [PMID: 31541383 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immature dengue virions contained in patient blood samples are essentially not infectious because the uncleaved surface protein prM renders them incompetent for membrane fusion. However, the immature virions regain full infectivity when they interact with anti-prM antibodies, and once opsonised virion fusion into Fc receptor-expressing cells is facilitated. We propose a within-host mathematical model for the immune response which takes into account the dichotomy between mature infectious and immature noninfectious dengue virions. The model accounts for experimental observations on the different interactions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells with infected cells producing virions with different infectivity. We compute the basic reproduction number as a function of the proportion of infected cells producing noninfectious virions and use numerical simulations to compare the host's immune response in a primary and a secondary dengue infections. The results can be placed in the immunoregulatory framework with plasmacytoid dendritic cells serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response, and pose questions for potential experimental work to validate hypothesis about the evolutionary context whereby the virus strives to maximise its chance for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector.
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Haltaufderhyde K, Srikiatkhachorn A, Green S, Macareo L, Park S, Kalayanarooj S, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Activation of Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells During Acute Dengue Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1675-1685. [PMID: 29917084 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are specialized CD4 T cells required for B-cell help and antibody production. Methods Given the postulated role of immune activation in dengue disease, we measured the expansion and activation of TFH in the circulation (peripheral TFH [pTFH]) collected from Thai children with laboratory-confirmed acute dengue virus (DENV) infection. Results We found significant expansion and activation of pTFH subsets during acute infection with the highest frequencies of activated pTFH (PD1hi pTFH and PD1+CD38+ pTFH) detected during the critical phase of illness. Numbers of activated pTFH were higher in patients with secondary compared with primary infections and in patients with more severe disease. We also found a positive correlation between the frequencies of activated pTFH and the frequencies of plasmablasts. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first ex vivo analysis of pTFH activation during acute DENV infection. Overall, our study supports the model that pTFH contribute to disease evolution during the critical stage of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Haltaufderhyde
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Sharone Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Louis Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
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Tian Y, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Human T Cell Response to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2125. [PMID: 31552052 PMCID: PMC6737489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DENV is a major public health problem worldwide, thus underlining the overall significance of the proposed Program. The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1-4) cause the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans, with 3 billion people at risk for infection and up to 100 million cases each year, most often affecting children. The protective role of T cells during viral infection is well-established. Generally, CD8 T cells can control viral infection through several mechanisms, including direct cytotoxicity, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Similarly, CD4 T cells are thought to control viral infection through multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of B and CD8 T cell responses, production of inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines, cytotoxicity, and promotion of memory responses. To probe the phenotype of virus-specific T cells, epitopes derived from viral sequences need to be known. Here we discuss the identification of CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes derived from DENV and how these epitopes have been used by researchers to interrogate the phenotype and function of DENV-specific T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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27
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Waickman AT, Friberg H, Gargulak M, Kong A, Polhemus M, Endy T, Thomas SJ, Jarman RG, Currier JR. Assessing the Diversity and Stability of Cellular Immunity Generated in Response to the Candidate Live-Attenuated Dengue Virus Vaccine TAK-003. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1778. [PMID: 31417556 PMCID: PMC6684763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficacious DENV vaccine has been a long-standing public health priority. However, this effort has been complicated significantly due to the hazard presented by incomplete humoral immunity in mediating immune enhancement of infection and disease severity. Therefore, there is a significant need for DENV vaccine platforms capable of generating broad immune responses including durable cellular immunity, as well as novel analytical tools to assess the magnitude, diversity, and persistence of vaccine-elicited immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of the recombinant, tetravalent, live-attenuated DENV vaccine TAK-003 elicits potent and durable cellular immunity against both the structural and non-structural proteins of all four DENV serotypes, which is maintained for at least 4 months post-immunization. Although not contained within the vaccine formulation, significant reactivity against the non-structural (NS) proteins of DENV-1,-3, and-4 is observed following vaccination, to an extent directly proportional to the magnitude of responses to the corresponding vaccine (DENV-2) components. Distinct, quantifiable, and durable patterns of DENV antigen reactivity can be observed in individuals following vaccination. Detailed epitope mapping of T cell reactivity against the DENV-2 proteome using a matrix of overlapping peptide pools demonstrated that TAK-003 elicits a broad response directed across the DENV-2 proteome, with focused reactivity against NS1 and NS3. We conclude that, as measured by an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay, a single dose of TAK-003 generates potent T cell-mediated immunity which is durable in magnitude and breadth through 4 months post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Morgan Gargulak
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Amanda Kong
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Mark Polhemus
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Timothy Endy
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA, United States
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28
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Cipitelli MDC, Amâncio Paiva I, Badolato-Corrêa J, de-Oliveira-Pinto LM. Influence of chemokines on the endothelial permeability and cellular transmigration during dengue. Immunol Lett 2019; 212:88-97. [PMID: 31181280 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During a pathogenic infection, an inflammatory process is triggered in which several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, complement system components, nitric oxide, and others induce integrity alteration on the endothelial barrier. Chemokines are responsible for regulating leukocyte trafficking under homeostatic conditions as well as activating immune system cells under inflammatory conditions. They are crucial molecules in the early stages of infection, leading to the recruitment of immune cells, namely neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T cells (NKT), dendritic cells (DC), T lymphocytes and all cells expressing chemokine receptors for inflammatory sites. Other functions, such as collagen production, tissue repair, a proliferation of hematopoietic precursors and angiogenesis, are also performed by these molecules. Chemokines, amongst inflammatory mediators, play a key role in dengue immunopathogenesis. Dengue fever is a disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV). It is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic cases to mild and severe symptomatic ones. As for the latter, the appearance of hemorrhagic manifestations and changes in vascular permeability may lead the patient to develop cavitary effusions, organ involvement, and even death. As chemokines exert an influence on various homeostatic and inflammatory processes, acting vigorously on vascular endothelial activation and cell migration, the main purpose of this chapter is to discuss the influence of chemokines on the alteration of endothelial permeability and migration of T lymphocytes in DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio da Costa Cipitelli
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iury Amâncio Paiva
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Badolato-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lazo L, Valdes I, Guillén G, Hermida L, Gil L. Aiming at the heart: the capsid protein of dengue virus as a vaccine candidate. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:161-173. [PMID: 30677305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1574575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue fever remains as a health problem worldwide. Although Dengvaxia®, was registered in several countries, the results after the immunization of people suggest an increase of risk in non-immune persons and children younger than 9 years old. No other vaccine is registered so far, thus the development of a safe and effective vaccine continues to be a priority for the WHO and the scientific community. AREAS COVERED This work reviews the structural and antigenic properties of the capsid protein of Dengue virus, along with results of studies performed to assess the immunogenicity and protective capacity in animals of vaccine candidates based on this protein. EXPERT OPINION The generation of a memory cellular immune response alone, after vaccination against Dengue virus, could be advantageous, as there would not be risk of increasing viral infectivity through sub-neutralizing antibodies. However, it is improbable to achieving sterilizing immunity. In this scenario, an infection could stablished but without the appearance of the severe disease. The cell-mediated immunity should keep the virus at bay. The capsid protein induces a protective immune response in animals without the induction of virus-binding antibodies. Vaccine candidates based on this protein could be an attractive strategy to induce protection against the severe Dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lazo
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Iris Valdes
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Lázaro Gil
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
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Friberg H, Beaumier CM, Park S, Pazoles P, Endy TP, Mathew A, Currier JR, Jarman RG, Anderson KB, Hatch S, Thomas SJ, Rothman AL. Protective versus pathologic pre-exposure cytokine profiles in dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006975. [PMID: 30557313 PMCID: PMC6312351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperendemic circulation of all four types of dengue virus (DENV-1-4) has expanded globally, fueling concern for increased incidence of severe dengue. While the majority of DENV infections are subclinical, epidemiologic studies suggest that type-cross-reactive immunity can influence disease outcome in subsequent infections. The mechanisms controlling these differential clinical outcomes remain poorly defined. Methodology/Principal findings Blood samples were collected from a cohort of school-aged Thai children who subsequently experienced a subclinical DENV infection or developed dengue illness. PBMC collected prior to infection were stimulated in vitro with DENV and the secretion of 30 cytokines was measured using a multiplexed, bead-based array. Significant differences were found in cytokine production based on both the type of DENV used for stimulation and the occurrence of clinical illness. Secretion of IL-15 and MCP-1 was significantly higher by PBMC of subjects who later developed symptomatic DENV infection. In addition, IL-6 was produced by PBMC from all subjects who subsequently developed symptomatic infection, versus 59% of subjects who had subclinical infection. Secretion of IL-12, IL-2R, MIP-1α, RANTES, GM-CSF, and TNFα was significantly lower by PBMC from subjects with symptomatic infection. Conclusions/Significance These data demonstrate significant differences in pre-existing immune responses to DENV associated with the clinical outcome of subsequent infection. The finding of higher levels of some cytokines in subjects with symptomatic infection and higher levels of other cytokines in subjects with subclinical infection supports the existence of both protective and pathologic immune profiles. Clinical-immunological correlations identified in the context of natural DENV infection may be useful for evaluating immune responses to dengue vaccines. Dengue is one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne infectious diseases worldwide. It is caused by one of four viruses, types 1–4, and ranges in severity from subclinical (mild or no symptoms) to dengue fever (febrile illness with headache and bone pain), or less frequently, dengue hemorrhagic fever, where patients experience leaky blood vessels, sometimes significant bleeding, and may be severe enough to cause death. While many risk factors have been associated with development of severe dengue, sequential infection with different virus types is a major factor, implying that the immune response generated after an initial infection is partly responsible for making subsequent exposure clinically worse. This study sought to identify profiles of immune markers that correlate with increased or decreased risk of dengue. Using samples from individuals ~5 months prior to dengue virus infection, who later experienced either subclinical infection or overt disease, we modeled virus exposure in vitro and compared the production of various immune proteins between the two outcome groups. Three of the proteins studied were produced at higher levels by subjects who subsequently had dengue, and six of the proteins were produced at higher levels by subjects who subsequently had subclinical infection. These results help define what constitutes beneficial versus potentially harmful immune responses, aiding in the design of effective dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Coreen M. Beaumier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Pamela Pazoles
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Endy
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn B. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven Hatch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Saron WAA, Rathore APS, Ting L, Ooi EE, Low J, Abraham SN, St. John AL. Flavivirus serocomplex cross-reactive immunity is protective by activating heterologous memory CD4 T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar4297. [PMID: 29978039 PMCID: PMC6031378 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
How previous immunity influences immune memory recall and protection against related flaviviruses is largely unknown, yet encounter with multiple flaviviruses in a lifetime is increasingly likely. Using sequential challenges with dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), we induced cross-reactive cellular and humoral immunity among flaviviruses from differing serocomplexes. Antibodies against JEV enhanced DENV replication; however, JEV immunity was protective in vivo during secondary DENV1 infection, promoting rapid gains in antibody avidity. Mechanistically, JEV immunity activated dendritic cells and effector memory T cells, which developed a T follicular helper cell phenotype in draining lymph nodes upon secondary DENV1 infection. We identified cross-reactive epitopes that promote recall from a pool of flavivirus serocomplex cross-reactive memory CD4 T cells and confirmed that a similar serocomplex cross-reactive immunity occurs in humans. These results show that sequential immunizations for flaviviruses sharing CD4 epitopes should promote protection during a subsequent heterologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried A. A. Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhay P. S. Rathore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Lim Ting
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Understanding the Human T Cell Response to Dengue Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:241-250. [PMID: 29845537 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how T cells respond to dengue virus has greatly advanced in the last decade but important questions still remain unanswered. Dengue virus infection elicits a broad anti-viral T cell response with NS3, NS4b and NS5 being the main targets for CD8+ T cells, which dominate the response while the structural proteins capsid, envelope and the secreted protein NS1 are the preferential targets for CD4+ T cells. Upon T cell activation during acute dengue infection, dengue-specific T cells acquire expression of the skin-homing marker cutaneous associated antigen (CLA) and they can be found at high frequencies in the skin of infected patients. This suggests that the skin represents an important site for the immuno surveillance of dengue virus. The immunoprotective role of skin-homing dengue-specific T cells, their potential involvement in pathological skin manifestations and their long-term persistence as tissue resident T cells to provide immediate onsite protection are open questions that we are currently investigating. The contribution of pre-existing dengue-specific T cells towards protective immunity and/or immunopathology during secondary dengue infection remains a major knowledge gap. The evidence supporting these opposing outcomes and our current understanding of the characteristics of the human T cell response to dengue virus will be discussed.
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Reginald K, Chan Y, Plebanski M, Poh CL. Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1157-1173. [PMID: 28914200 PMCID: PMC6040172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170913163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections worldwide, infecting up to 390 million people and causing 25,000 deaths annually. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, it is not efficacious against dengue serotypes that infect people living in South East Asia, where dengue is an endemic disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient dengue vaccine for this region. Data from different clinical trials indicate that a successful dengue vaccine must elicit both neutralizing antibodies and cell mediated immunity. This can be achieved by designing a multi-epitope peptide vaccine comprising B, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes. As recognition of T cell epitopes are restricted by human leukocyte antigens (HLA), T cell epitopes which are able to recognize several major HLAs will be preferentially included in the vaccine design. While peptide vaccines are safe, biocompatible and cost-effective, it is poorly immunogenic. Strategies to improve its immunogenicity by the use of long peptides, adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel: +60-3-7491 8622 ext. 7338; E-mail:
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Ricciardi MJ, Magnani DM, Grifoni A, Kwon YC, Gutman MJ, Grubaugh ND, Gangavarapu K, Sharkey M, Silveira CGT, Bailey VK, Pedreño-Lopez N, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Maxwell HS, Domingues A, Martins MA, Pham J, Weiskopf D, Altman J, Kallas EG, Andersen KG, Stevenson M, Lichtenberger P, Choe H, Whitehead SS, Sette A, Watkins DI. Ontogeny of the B- and T-cell response in a primary Zika virus infection of a dengue-naïve individual during the 2016 outbreak in Miami, FL. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006000. [PMID: 29267278 PMCID: PMC5755934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus of significant public health concern. In the summer of 2016, ZIKV was first detected in the contiguous United States. Here we present one of the first cases of a locally acquired ZIKV infection in a dengue-naïve individual. We collected blood from a female with a maculopapular rash at day (D) 5 and D7 post onset of symptoms (POS) and we continued weekly blood draws out to D148 POS. To establish the ontogeny of the immune response against ZIKV, lymphocytes and plasma were analyzed in a longitudinal fashion. The plasmablast response peaked at D7 POS (19.6% of CD19+ B-cells) and was undetectable by D15 POS. ZIKV-specific IgM was present at D5 POS, peaked between D15 and D21 POS, and subsequently decreased. The ZIKV-specific IgG response, however, was not detected until D15 POS and continued to increase after that. Interestingly, even though the patient had never been infected with dengue virus (DENV), cross-reactive IgM and IgG binding against each of the four DENV serotypes could be detected. The highest plasma neutralization activity against ZIKV peaked between D15 and D21 POS, and even though DENV binding antibodies were present in the plasma of the patient, there was neither neutralization nor antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV. Interestingly, ADE against ZIKV arose at D48 POS and continued until the end of the study. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells recognized ZIKV-NS2A and ZIKV-E, respectively. The tetramer positive CD8+ T-cell response peaked at D21 POS with elevated levels persisting for months. In summary, this is the first study to establish the timing of the ontogeny of the immune response against ZIKV. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging viral disease that has the potential to negatively impact future generations by causing birth defects in infected pregnant mothers. While there have been many studies performed in animal models of ZIKV infection, there have only been a limited number of reports studying the immune responses in humans. Ricciardi et. al. analyzed the immune response of a primary ZIKV infection in a dengue virus (DENV) naïve individual during the 2016 outbreak in Miami, Florida. B- and T-cell responses were assessed over multiple time points. Cross-reactive antibodies against DENV, a virus that the patient was never infected with, were generated during the ZIKV infection, but these antibodies failed to neutralize any of the DENV serotypes. Furthermore, while these DENV-cross-reactive antibodies might be expected to cause antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infection, they did not. Interestingly, ADE of ZIKV infection was seen at approximately 1 ½ months after infection. Together, these results establish the timing of the ontogeny of the immune response against a primary ZIKV infection in a DENV-naïve individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Sharkey
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Cassia G. T. Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Varian K. Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Núria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - John Pham
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Paola Lichtenberger
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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High prevalence of dengue antibodies and the arginine variant of the FcγRIIa polymorphism in asymptomatic individuals in a population of Minas Gerais State, Southeast Brazil. Immunogenetics 2017; 70:355-362. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Vatti A, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Chang C, Anaya JM, Gershwin ME. Original antigenic sin: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2017; 83:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McCracken MK, Gromowski GD, Friberg HL, Lin X, Abbink P, De La Barrera R, Eckles KH, Garver LS, Boyd M, Jetton D, Barouch DH, Wise MC, Lewis BS, Currier JR, Modjarrad K, Milazzo M, Liu M, Mullins AB, Putnak JR, Michael NL, Jarman RG, Thomas SJ. Impact of prior flavivirus immunity on Zika virus infection in rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006487. [PMID: 28771605 PMCID: PMC5542404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated cross-reactivity of anti-dengue virus (DENV) antibodies in human sera against Zika virus (ZIKV), promoting increased ZIKV infection in vitro. However, the correlation between in vitro and in vivo findings is not well characterized. Thus, we evaluated the impact of heterotypic flavivirus immunity on ZIKV titers in biofluids of rhesus macaques. Animals previously infected (≥420 days) with DENV2, DENV4, or yellow fever virus were compared to flavivirus-naïve animals following infection with a Brazilian ZIKV strain. Sera from DENV-immune macaques demonstrated cross-reactivity with ZIKV by antibody-binding and neutralization assays prior to ZIKV infection, and promoted increased ZIKV infection in cell culture assays. Despite these findings, no significant differences between flavivirus-naïve and immune animals were observed in viral titers, neutralizing antibody levels, or immune cell kinetics following ZIKV infection. These results indicate that prior infection with heterologous flaviviruses neither conferred protection nor increased observed ZIKV titers in this non-human primate ZIKV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. McCracken
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxu Lin
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rafael De La Barrera
- Pilot Bioproduction Facility, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Eckles
- Pilot Bioproduction Facility, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsey S. Garver
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Boyd
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Jetton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Wise
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Lewis
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Milazzo
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna B. Mullins
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Putnak
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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T Cell Immunity and Zika Virus Vaccine Development. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:594-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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The Role of Heterotypic DENV-specific CD8 +T Lymphocytes in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Secondary Dengue Virus Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 20:202-216. [PMID: 28483582 PMCID: PMC5478214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide and is caused by the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-4). Sequential heterologous DENV infections can be associated with severe disease manifestations. Here, we present an immunocompetent mouse model of secondary DENV infection using non mouse-adapted DENV strains to investigate the pathogenesis of severe dengue disease. C57BL/6 mice infected sequentially with DENV-1 (strain Puerto Rico/94) and DENV-2 (strain Tonga/74) developed low platelet counts, internal hemorrhages, and increase of liver enzymes. Cross-reactive CD8+ T lymphocytes were found to be necessary and sufficient for signs of severe disease by adoptively transferring of DENV-1-immune CD8+T lymphocytes before DENV-2 challenge. Disease signs were associated with production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and elevated cytotoxicity displayed by heterotypic anti-DENV-1 CD8+ T lymphocytes. These findings highlight the critical role of heterotypic anti-DENV CD8+ T lymphocytes in manifestations of severe dengue disease.
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Sprokholt J, Helgers LC, Geijtenbeek TBH. Innate immune receptors drive dengue virus immune activation and disease. Future Virol 2017; 13:287-305. [PMID: 29937918 PMCID: PMC6004600 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a worldwide disease with 400 million annual infections that can lead to septic shock and viral hemorrhagic fever with internal bleeding. These symptoms are the result of uncontrolled immune activation. Macrophages and dendritic cells are the main target of dengue virus (DENV) and the cellular source of cytokines associated with this immune activation. Macrophages and dendritic cells express several innate immune receptors that have been implicated in DENV immune activation, of which, CLEC5A, RIG-I and MDA5 are most important. Notably, activation of these receptors have profound effects on adaptive immune responses against DENV. This review will focus on how innate immune receptors drive DENV immune activation by inducing inflammatory cytokines and by activating adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Sprokholt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, AMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leanne C Helgers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, AMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, AMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Rivino L, Lim MQ. CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell immunity to Dengue - lessons for the study of Zika virus. Immunology 2016; 150:146-154. [PMID: 27763656 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are rapidly emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses that represent a public health concern. Understanding host protective immunity to these viruses is critical for the design of optimal vaccines. Over a decade of research has highlighted a significant contribution of the T-cell response to both protection and/or disease enhancement during DENV infection, the latter being mainly associated with sub-optimal cross-reactive T-cell responses during secondary infections. Phase IIb/III clinical trials of the first licensed tetravalent dengue vaccine highlight increased vaccine efficacy in dengue-immune as opposed to dengue-naive vaccinees, suggesting a possible immunoprotective role of pre-existing DENV-specific T cells that are boosted upon vaccination. No vaccine is available for ZIKV and little is known about the T-cell response to this virus. ZIKV and DENV are closely related viruses with a sequence identity ranging from 44% and 56% for the structural proteins capsid and envelope to 68% for the more conserved non-structural proteins NS3/NS5, which represent the main targets of the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response to DENV, respectively. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of T-cell immunity to DENV and what it can teach us for the study of ZIKV. The extent of T-cell cross-reactivity towards ZIKV of pre-existing DENV-specific memory T cells and its potential impact on protective immunity and/or immunopathology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivino
- Emerging Infectious Disease Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mei Qiu Lim
- Emerging Infectious Disease Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Drivers of Inter-individual Variation in Dengue Viral Load Dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005194. [PMID: 27855153 PMCID: PMC5113863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease of humans that endemically circulates in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Infection with dengue can result in a range of disease outcomes. A considerable amount of research has sought to improve our understanding of this variation in disease outcomes and to identify predictors of severe disease. Contributing to this research, patterns of viral load in dengue infected patients have been quantified, with analyses indicating that peak viral load levels, rates of viral load decline, and time to peak viremia are useful predictors of severe disease. Here, we take a complementary approach to understanding patterns of clinical manifestation and inter-individual variation in viral load dynamics. Specifically, we statistically fit mathematical within-host models of dengue to individual-level viral load data to test virological and immunological hypotheses explaining inter-individual variation in dengue viral load. We choose between alternative models using model selection criteria to determine which hypotheses are best supported by the data. We first show that the cellular immune response plays an important role in regulating viral load in secondary dengue infections. We then provide statistical support for the process of antibody-dependent enhancement (but not original antigenic sin) in the development of severe disease in secondary dengue infections. Finally, we show statistical support for serotype-specific differences in viral infectivity rates, with infectivity rates of dengue serotypes 2 and 3 exceeding those of serotype 1. These results contribute to our understanding of dengue viral load patterns and their relationship to the development of severe dengue disease. They further have implications for understanding how dengue transmissibility may depend on the immune status of infected individuals and the identity of the infecting serotype. Dengue is an important vector-borne disease that infects four-hundred million individuals annually. Infection results in a wide range of clinical symptoms. Though many risk factors of dengue are known, the mechanisms explaining why an individual will suffer severe symptoms are poorly understood. Clinical studies have shown characteristics of viral load kinetics of dengue-infected individuals may be indicators of disease severity. However, viral load measurements vary considerably by individual. Here we use statistical methods to empirically test hypotheses that may explain variation in dengue viral load patterns by clinical manifestation and by serotype. We show that there is statistical support for antibodies being responsible for higher disease severity during secondary dengue infections and for high viral infectivity rates of dengue serotypes 2 and 3 relative to dengue 1. These results further understanding of the relationship between viral load patterns and severe dengue disease and have important implications for dengue transmissibility.
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43
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Woda M, Friberg H, Currier JR, Srikiatkhachorn A, Macareo LR, Green S, Jarman RG, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Dynamics of Dengue Virus (DENV)-Specific B Cells in the Response to DENV Serotype 1 Infections, Using Flow Cytometry With Labeled Virions. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1001-9. [PMID: 27443614 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of reagents to identify and characterize antigen-specific B cells has been challenging. METHODS We recently developed Alexa Fluor-labeled dengue viruses (AF DENVs) to characterize antigen-specific B cells in the peripheral blood of DENV-immune individuals. RESULTS In this study, we used AF DENV serotype 1 (AF DENV-1) together with AF DENV-2 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children in Thailand with acute primary or secondary DENV-1 infections to analyze the phenotypes of antigen-specific B cells that reflected their exposure or clinical diagnosis. DENV serotype-specific and cross-reactive B cells were identified in PBMCs from all subjects. Frequencies of AF DENV(+) class-switched memory B cells (IgD(-)CD27(+) CD19(+) cells) reached up to 8% during acute infection and early convalescence. AF DENV-labeled B cells expressed high levels of CD27 and CD38 during acute infection, characteristic of plasmablasts, and transitioned into memory B cells (CD38(-)CD27(+)) at the early convalescent time point. There was higher activation of memory B cells early during acute secondary infection, suggesting reactivation from a previous DENV infection. CONCLUSIONS AF DENVs reveal changes in the phenotype of DENV serotype-specific and cross-reactive B cells during and after natural DENV infection and could be useful in analysis of the response to DENV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Woda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Heather Friberg
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Louis R Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharone Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | | | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence
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Turtle L, Bali T, Buxton G, Chib S, Chan S, Soni M, Hussain M, Isenman H, Fadnis P, Venkataswamy MM, Satishkumar V, Lewthwaite P, Kurioka A, Krishna S, Shankar MV, Ahmed R, Begum A, Ravi V, Desai A, Yoksan S, Fernandez S, Willberg CB, Kloverpris HN, Conlon C, Klenerman P, Satchidanandam V, Solomon T. Human T cell responses to Japanese encephalitis virus in health and disease. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1331-52. [PMID: 27242166 PMCID: PMC4925015 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) is an important cause of encephalitis in children of South and Southeast Asia. However, the majority of individuals exposed to JEV only develop mild symptoms associated with long-lasting adaptive immunity. The related flavivirus dengue virus (DENV) cocirculates in many JEV-endemic areas, and clinical data suggest cross-protection between DENV and JEV. To address the role of T cell responses in protection against JEV, we conducted the first full-breadth analysis of the human memory T cell response using a synthetic peptide library. Ex vivo interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to JEV in healthy JEV-exposed donors were mostly CD8(+) and targeted nonstructural (NS) proteins, whereas IFN-γ responses in recovered JE patients were mostly CD4(+) and targeted structural proteins and the secreted protein NS1. Among patients, a high quality, polyfunctional CD4(+) T cell response was associated with complete recovery from JE. T cell responses from healthy donors showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to DENV that was less apparent in recovered JE patients despite equal exposure. These data reveal divergent functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses linked to different clinical outcomes of JEV infection, associated with distinct targeting and broad flavivirus cross-reactivity including epitopes from DENV, West Nile, and Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, England, UK
| | - Tanushka Bali
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gemma Buxton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
| | - Savita Chib
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sajesh Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohammed Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohammed Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - Heather Isenman
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
| | - Prachi Fadnis
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Vishali Satishkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
- Department of Paediatrics, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - Penny Lewthwaite
- Department of Infection and Travel Medicine, University Hospital of St. James, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, England, UK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
| | - Srinivasa Krishna
- Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - M. Veera Shankar
- Department of Paediatrics, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - Riyaz Ahmed
- Department of Paediatrics, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - Ashia Begum
- Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
- Department of Paediatrics, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Science Medical College, Bellary 583104, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Sutee Yoksan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University at Salaya, Bangkok 73170, Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Christian B. Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
| | - Henrik N. Kloverpris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
| | - Christopher Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England, UK
| | - Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, England, UK
- Walton Center National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, England, UK
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45
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Diniz DG, Silva GO, Naves TB, Fernandes TN, Araújo SC, Diniz JAP, de Farias LHS, Sosthenes MCK, Diniz CG, Anthony DC, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Picanço Diniz CW. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Unbiased Sampled Microglia Shows not Continuous Morphological Changes from Stage 1 to 2 after Multiple Dengue Infections in Callithrix penicillata. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:23. [PMID: 27047345 PMCID: PMC4801861 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that microglial morphology and function are related, but few studies have explored the subtleties of microglial morphological changes in response to specific pathogens. In the present report we quantitated microglia morphological changes in a monkey model of dengue disease with virus CNS invasion. To mimic multiple infections that usually occur in endemic areas, where higher dengue infection incidence and abundant mosquito vectors carrying different serotypes coexist, subjects received once a week subcutaneous injections of DENV3 (genotype III)-infected culture supernatant followed 24 h later by an injection of anti-DENV2 antibody. Control animals received either weekly anti-DENV2 antibodies, or no injections. Brain sections were immunolabeled for DENV3 antigens and IBA-1. Random and systematic microglial samples were taken from the polymorphic layer of dentate gyrus for 3-D reconstructions, where we found intense immunostaining for TNFα and DENV3 virus antigens. We submitted all bi- or multimodal morphological parameters of microglia to hierarchical cluster analysis and found two major morphological phenotypes designated types I and II. Compared to type I (stage 1), type II microglia were more complex; displaying higher number of nodes, processes and trees and larger surface area and volumes (stage 2). Type II microglia were found only in infected monkeys, whereas type I microglia was found in both control and infected subjects. Hierarchical cluster analysis of morphological parameters of 3-D reconstructions of random and systematic selected samples in control and ADE dengue infected monkeys suggests that microglia morphological changes from stage 1 to stage 2 may not be continuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros BarretoBelém, Brasil; Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Geane O Silva
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto Belém, Brasil
| | - Thaís B Naves
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto Belém, Brasil
| | | | - Sanderson C Araújo
- Departamento de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas Belém, Brasil
| | - José A P Diniz
- Departamento de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas Belém, Brasil
| | - Luis H S de Farias
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém, Brasil
| | - Marcia C K Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto Belém, Brasil
| | - Cristovam G Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Bragança Pará, Brasil
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | | | - Cristovam W Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros BarretoBelém, Brasil; Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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46
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Rivino L, Kumaran EA, Thein TL, Too CT, Gan VCH, Hanson BJ, Wilder-Smith A, Bertoletti A, Gascoigne NRJ, Lye DC, Leo YS, Akbar AN, Kemeny DM, MacAry PA. Virus-specific T lymphocytes home to the skin during natural dengue infection. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:278ra35. [PMID: 25761891 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dengue, which is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease afflicting human populations, causes a spectrum of clinical symptoms that include fever, muscle and joint pain, maculopapular skin rash, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Patients infected with dengue develop a broad antigen-specific T lymphocyte response, but the phenotype and functional properties of these cells are only partially understood. We show that natural infection induces dengue-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes that are highly activated and proliferating, exhibit antiviral effector functions, and express CXCR3, CCR5, and the skin-homing marker cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA). In the same patients, bystander human cytomegalovirus -specific CD8(+) T cells are also activated during acute dengue infection but do not express the same tissue-homing phenotype. We show that CLA expression by circulating dengue-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells correlates with their in vivo ability to traffic to the skin during dengue infection. The juxtaposition of dengue-specific T cells with virus-permissive cell types at sites of possible dengue exposure represents a previously uncharacterized form of immune surveillance for this virus. These findings suggest that vaccination strategies may need to induce dengue-specific T cells with similar homing properties to provide durable protection against dengue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivino
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore. Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Emmanuelle A Kumaran
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Tun-Linn Thein
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Communicable Disease Centre, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Chien Tei Too
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Victor Chih Hao Gan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Communicable Disease Centre, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Brendon J Hanson
- Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, National Laboratories, Singapore 118230, Singapore
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Communicable Disease Centre, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Communicable Disease Centre, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College of London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David M Kemeny
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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47
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Abstract
Dengue virus infections are increasing at an alarming rate in many tropical and subtropical countries and represent, in some of these areas, a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children. The lack of a clear definition of the correlates of protection from severe dengue disease represents a major hurdle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of T lymphocytes during dengue infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting that these cells may be important for both protective immunity and/or immunopathology. In this review we discuss the findings that support a protective role of T cells versus those supporting their involvement in pathogenesis. A better understanding of T cell immunity is urgently needed for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivino
- a Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
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48
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New insights into the immunopathology and control of dengue virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:745-59. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Dengue virus is the leading cause of vector-borne viral disease with four serotypes in circulation. Vaccine development has been complicated by the potential for both protection and disease enhancement during heterologous infection. Secondary infection triggers cross-reactive immune memory responses that have varying functional and epitope specificities that determine protection or risk. Strongly neutralizing antibodies to quaternary epitopes may be especially important for virus neutralization. Cell-mediated immunity dominated by Th1 functions may also play an important role. Determining an immune correlate of protection or risk would be highly beneficial for vaccine development but is hampered by mechanistic uncertainties and assay limitations. Clinical efficacy trials and human infection models along with a systems approach may provide future opportunities to elucidate such correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- b Dengue Vaccine Initiative , International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park , Seoul , Korea
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50
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Simmons CP, McPherson K, Van Vinh Chau N, Hoai Tam DT, Young P, Mackenzie J, Wills B. Recent advances in dengue pathogenesis and clinical management. Vaccine 2015; 33:7061-8. [PMID: 26458808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review describes and commentates on recent advances in the understanding of dengue pathogenesis and immunity, plus clinical research on vaccines and therapeutics. We expand specifically on the role of the dermis in dengue virus infection, the contribution of cellular and humoral immune responses to pathogenesis and immunity, NS1 and mechanisms of virus immune evasion. Additionally we review a series of therapeutic intervention trials for dengue, as well as recent clinical research aimed at improving clinical diagnosis, risk prediction and disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kirsty McPherson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - D T Hoai Tam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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