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Hou Y, Deng G, Cui P, Zeng X, Li B, Wang D, He X, Yan C, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma J, Li Y, Wang X, Tian G, Kong H, Tang L, Suzuki Y, Shi J, Chen H. Evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343912. [PMID: 38629574 PMCID: PMC11060016 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Human infections with the H7N9 influenza virus have been eliminated in China through vaccination of poultry; however, the H7N9 virus has not yet been eradicated from poultry. Carefully analysis of H7N9 viruses in poultry that have sub-optimal immunity may provide a unique opportunity to witness the evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination. Between January 2020 and June 2023, we isolated 16 H7N9 viruses from samples we collected during surveillance and samples that were sent to us for disease diagnosis. Genetic analysis indicated that these viruses belonged to a single genotype previously detected in poultry. Antigenic analysis indicated that 12 of the 16 viruses were antigenically close to the H7-Re4 vaccine virus that has been used since January 2022, and the other four viruses showed reduced reactivity with the vaccine. Animal studies indicated that all 16 viruses were nonlethal in mice, and four of six viruses showed reduced virulence in chickens upon intranasally inoculation. Importantly, the H7N9 viruses detected in this study exclusively bound to the avian-type receptors, having lost the capacity to bind to human-type receptors. Our study shows that vaccination slows the evolution of H7N9 virus by preventing its reassortment with other viruses and eliminates a harmful characteristic of H7N9 virus, namely its ability to bind to human-type receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwen He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiongjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, CAAS, Changji, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, CAAS, Changji, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS,Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Chiang HJ, Peng HH, Weng KF, Hsiung KC, Liang CY, Kuo SL, Ojcius DM, Young JDE, Shih SR. Mineralo-organic particles inhibit influenza A virus infection by targeting viral hemagglutinin activity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39320315 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2403326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mineralo-organic particles, naturally present in human body fluids, participate in ectopic calcification and inflammatory diseases. These particles coexist with influenza A virus (IAV) in the same microenvironment during viral infection. Our objective was to investigate the functional consequences of the potential interactions between these particles and the virions.Materials & methods: We used in vitro models, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, hemagglutination assay and viral infection assays to examine the interactions.Results: Mineralo-organic particles bind to IAV virions through interactions involving particle-bound fetuin-A and mineral content, effectively engaging viral hemagglutinin. These interactions result in hindered viral infection.Conclusion: These findings uncover the novel interactions between mineralo-organic particles and IAV, highlighting the impact of virus microenvironment complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jung Chiang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University SOM, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kuei-Ching Hsiung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shun-Li Kuo
- Division of Chinese Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food & Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
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3
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Lyashko AV, Timofeeva TA, Rudneva IA, Lomakina NF, Treshchalina AA, Gambaryan AS, Sorokin EV, Tsareva TR, Adams SE, Prilipov AG, Sadykova GK, Timofeev BI, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Antigenic Architecture of the H7N2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Belonging to the North American Lineage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:212. [PMID: 38203384 PMCID: PMC10779424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The North American low pathogenic H7N2 avian influenza A viruses, which lack the 220-loop in the hemagglutinin (HA), possess dual receptor specificity for avian- and human-like receptors. The purpose of this work was to determine which amino acid substitutions in HA affect viral antigenic and phenotypic properties that may be important for virus evolution. By obtaining escape mutants under the immune pressure of treatment with monoclonal antibodies, antigenically important amino acids were determined to be at positions 125, 135, 157, 160, 198, 200, and 275 (H3 numbering). These positions, except 125 and 275, surround the receptor binding site. The substitutions A135S and A135T led to the appearance of an N-glycosylation site at 133N, which reduced affinity for the avian-like receptor analog and weakened binding with tested monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the A135S substitution is associated with the adaptation of avian viruses to mammals (cat, human, or mouse). The mutation A160V decreased virulence in mice and increased affinity for the human-type receptor analog. Conversely, substitution G198E, in combination with 157N or 160E, displayed reduced affinity for the human-type receptor analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Lyashko
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Tatiana A. Timofeeva
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Irina A. Rudneva
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Natalia F. Lomakina
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Anastasia A. Treshchalina
- Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia (A.S.G.)
| | - Alexandra S. Gambaryan
- Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, 108819 Moscow, Russia (A.S.G.)
| | - Evgenii V. Sorokin
- The Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana R. Tsareva
- The Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simone E. Adams
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey G. Prilipov
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Galina K. Sadykova
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Boris I. Timofeev
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- The Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia (T.A.T.)
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4
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Alasiri A, Soltane R, Hegazy A, Khalil AM, Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1628. [PMID: 38005960 PMCID: PMC10675773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with H5Nx viruses have been identified since its emergence in 1996. Few countries with endemic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have implemented vaccination as a control strategy, while most of the countries have adopted a culling strategy for the infected flocks. To date, China and Egypt are the two major sites where vaccination has been adopted to control avian influenza H5Nx infections, especially with the widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. This virus is currently circulating among birds and poultry, with occasional spillovers to mammals, including humans. Herein, we will discuss the history of AIVs in Egypt as one of the hotspots for infections and the improper implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic control strategies, leading to continuous flock outbreaks with remarkable virus evolution scenarios. Along with current pre-pandemic preparedness efforts, comprehensive surveillance of H5Nx viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, including humans, in endemic areas is critical to explore the public health risk of the newly emerging immune-evasive or drug-resistant H5Nx variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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5
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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6
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wong KH, Lal SK. Alternative antiviral approaches to combat influenza A virus. Virus Genes 2023; 59:25-35. [PMID: 36260242 PMCID: PMC9832087 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (IAV) is a major human respiratory pathogen that contributes to a significant threat to health security, worldwide. Despite vaccinations and previous immunisations through infections, humans can still be infected with influenza several times throughout their lives. This phenomenon is attributed to the antigenic changes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins in IAV via genetic mutation and reassortment, conferring antigenic drift and antigenic shift, respectively. Numerous findings indicate that slow antigenic drift and reassortment-derived antigenic shift exhibited by IAV are key processes that allow IAVs to overcome the previously acquired host immunity, which eventually leads to the annual re-emergence of seasonal influenza and even pandemic influenza, in rare occasions. As a result, current therapeutic options hit a brick wall quickly. As IAV remains a constant threat for new outbreaks worldwide, the underlying processes of genetic changes and alternative antiviral approaches for IAV should be further explored to improve disease management. In the light of the above, this review discusses the characteristics and mechanisms of mutations and reassortments that contribute to IAV's evolution. We also discuss several alternative RNA-targeting antiviral approaches, namely the CRISPR/Cas13 systems, RNA interference (RNAi), and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) as potential antiviral approaches against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Zhong W, Gao L, Wang X, Su S, Lin Y, Huang K, Zhou S, Fan X, Zhang Z. Influenza A (H6N6) viruses isolated from chickens replicate in mice and human lungs without prior adaptation. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100086. [PMID: 36189435 PMCID: PMC9516452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The H6H6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently prevalent in wild birds and poultry. Its host range has gradually expanded to mammals, such as swines. Some strains have even acquired the ability to bind to human-like SAα-2,6 Gal receptors, thus increasing the risk of animal to human transmission. To investigate whether the H6N6 AIV can overcome interspecies barriers from poultry to mammals and even to humans, we have assessed the molecular characteristics, receptor-binding preference, replication in mice and human lungs of three chicken-originated H6N6 strains. Among these, the A/CK/Zhangzhou/346/2014 (ZZ346) virus with the P186T, H156R, and S263G mutations of the hemagglutinin molecule showed the ability to bind to avian-like SAα-2,3 Gal and human-like SAα-2,6 Gal receptors. Moreover, H6N6 viruses, especially the ZZ346 strain, could replicate and infect mice and human lungs. Our study showed the H6N6 virus binding to both avian-like and human-like receptors, confirming its ability to cross the species barrier to infect mice and human lungs without prior adaptation. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous and intense monitoring of the H6N6 evolution in terrestrial birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lingxi Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shanggui Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yugui Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Tarrahimofrad H, Rahimnahal S, Zamani J, Jahangirian E, Aminzadeh S. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine to provoke the robust immune response against influenza A H7N9. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24485. [PMID: 34966175 PMCID: PMC8716528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strain of Influenza A Virus (IAV), so-called "H7N9 Avian Influenza", is the first strain of this virus in which a human is infected by transmitting the N9 of influenza virus. Although continuous human-to-human transmission has not been reported, the occurrence of various H7N9-associated epidemics and the lack of production of strong antibodies against H7N9 in humans warn of the potential for H7N9 to become a new pandemic. Therefore, the need for effective vaccination against H7N9 as a life-threatening viral pathogen has become a major concern. The current study reports the design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins of H7N9 Influenza A virus by prediction of Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Helper T lymphocyte (HTL), IFN-γ and B-cell epitopes. Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) and pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) sequence were considered as adjuvant. EAAAK, AAY, GPGPG, HEYGAEALERAG, KK and RVRR linkers were used as a connector for epitopes. The final construct contained 777 amino acids that are expected to be a recombinant protein of about ~ 86.38 kDa with antigenic and non-allergenic properties after expression. Modeled protein analysis based on the tertiary structure validation, docking studies, and molecular dynamics simulations results like Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), Gyration, Root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) and Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) showed that this protein has a stable construct and capable of being in interaction with Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), TLR8 and m826 antibody. Analysis of the obtained data the demonstrates that suggested vaccine has the potential to induce the immune response by stimulating T and Bcells, and may be utilizable for prevention purposes against Avian Influenza A (H7N9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Rahimnahal
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Li X, Liu J, Qiu Z, Liao Q, Peng Y, Chen Y, Shu Y. Host-Adaptive Signatures of H3N2 Influenza Virus in Canine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740472. [PMID: 34746280 PMCID: PMC8564371 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs), although a small number of viruses can spill over to mammals and circulate. The focus of IAV infection in mammals was largely limited to humans and swine variants, until the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs), which provides new perspective for interspecies transmission of the virus. In this study, we captured 54 canine-adaptive signatures in H3N2 CIVs through entropy computation, which were largely concentrated in the interaction region of polymerase proteins on ribonucleoprotein complex. The receiver operating characteristic curves of these sites showed >95% accuracy in distinguishing between the hosts. Nine of the 54 canine-adaptive signatures were shared in avian–human/equine or equine–canine (PB2-82; PB1-361; PA-277; HA-81, 111, 172, 196, 222, 489), suggesting their involvement in canine adaptation. Furthermore, we found that IAVs can establish persistent transmission in lower mammals with greater ease compared to higher mammals, and 25 common adaptation signatures of H3 IAVs were observed in diverse avian–mammals comparison. There were few human-like residues in H3N2 CIVs, which suggested a low risk of human infection. Our study highlights the necessity of identifying and monitoring the emerging adaptive mutations in companion animals by enhanced surveillance and provides a basis for mammal adaptation of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengzhao Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yani Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Du W, de Vries E, van Kuppeveld FJM, Matrosovich M, de Haan CAM. Second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase: binding receptors for efficient release. FEBS J 2021; 288:5598-5612. [PMID: 33314755 PMCID: PMC8518505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of human respiratory tract infections and cause significant disease and mortality. Human IAVs originate from animal viruses that breached the host species barrier. IAV particles contain sialoglycan receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) in their envelope. When IAV crosses the species barrier, the functional balance between HA and NA needs to be adjusted to the sialoglycan repertoire of the novel host species. Relatively little is known about the role of NA in host adaptation in contrast to the extensively studied HA. NA prevents virion aggregation and facilitates release of (newly assembled) virions from cell surfaces and from decoy receptors abundantly present in mucus and cell glycocalyx. In addition to a highly conserved catalytic site, NA carries a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS). The 2SBS preferentially binds α2,3-linked sialic acids and enhances activity of the neighboring catalytic site by bringing/keeping multivalent substrates in close contact with this site. In this way, the 2SBS contributes to the HA-NA balance of virus particles and affects virus replication. The 2SBS is highly conserved in all NA subtypes of avian IAVs, with some notable exceptions associated with changes in the receptor-binding specificity of HA and host tropism. Conservation of the 2SBS is invariably lost in human (pandemic) viruses and in several other viruses adapted to mammalian host species. Preservation or loss of the 2SBS is likely to be an important factor of the viral host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. Importantly, the H7N9 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) evolved into highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poultry industry. Fortunately, nationwide vaccination of chickens with an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated avian influenza vaccine since September 2017 has successfully controlled H7N9 avian influenza infections in poultry and, importantly, has also prevented human infections. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of the H7N9 viruses, specifically their genetic evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis, receptor binding, transmission, drug resistance, and antigenic variation, as well as the prevention and control measures. The information obtained from investigating and managing the H7N9 viruses could improve our ability to understand other novel AIVs and formulate effective measures to control their threat to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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13
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Wu Y, Hu J, Jin X, Li X, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen J, Xie S, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. Accelerated Evolution of H7N9 Subtype Influenza Virus under Vaccination Pressure. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1124-1132. [PMID: 33974230 PMCID: PMC8112217 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
No avian H7N9 outbreaks have occurred since the introduction of H7N9 inactivated vaccine in the fall of 2017. However, H7N9 is still prevalent in poultry. To surveil the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and antigenic changes of H7N9, over 7000 oropharyngeal and cloaca swab specimens were collected from live poultry markets and farms in 15 provinces of China from 2017 to 2019. A total of 85 influenza virus subtype H7N9 strains were isolated and 20 representative strains were selected for genetic analysis and antigenicity evaluation. Results indicated the decreased prevalence of low-pathogenic H7N9 strains while highly-pathogenic H7N9 strains became dominated since the introduction of vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strains from 2019 formed an independent small branch and were genetically distant to strains isolated in 2013-2018. Analysis of key amino acid sites showed that the virus strains may adapt to the host environment evolutionally through mutation. Our analysis predicted additional potential glycosylation sites for HA and NA genes in the 2019 strains. Sequence analysis of HA gene in strains isolated from 2018 to 2019 showed that there were an increased nucleotide substitution rate and an increased mutation rate in the first and second nucleotides of coding codons within the open reading frame. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay showed that H7-Re1 and H7-Re2 exhibited a lower HI titer for isolates from 2019, while H7-Re3 and rLN79 showed a high HI titer. The protective effect of the vaccine decreased after 15 months of use. Overall, under vaccination pressure, the evolution of influenza virus subtype H7N9 has accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingkai Hu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuanjiang Jin
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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14
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Avian Influenza H7N9 Virus Adaptation to Human Hosts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050871. [PMID: 34068495 PMCID: PMC8150935 DOI: 10.3390/v13050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus A (H7N9), after circulating in avian hosts for decades, was identified as a human pathogen in 2013. Herein, amino acid substitutions possibly essential for human adaptation were identified by comparing the 4706 aligned overlapping nonamer position sequences (1–9, 2–10, etc.) of the reported 2014 and 2017 avian and human H7N9 datasets. The initial set of virus sequences (as of year 2014) exhibited a total of 109 avian-to-human (A2H) signature amino acid substitutions. Each represented the most prevalent substitution at a given avian virus nonamer position that was selectively adapted as the corresponding index (most prevalent sequence) of the human viruses. The majority of these avian substitutions were long-standing in the evolution of H7N9, and only 17 were first detected in 2013 as possibly essential for the initial human adaptation. Strikingly, continued evolution of the avian H7N9 virus has resulted in avian and human protein sequences that are almost identical. This rapid and continued adaptation of the avian H7N9 virus to the human host, with near identity of the avian and human viruses, is associated with increased human infection and a predicted greater risk of human-to-human transmission.
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15
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Chiang YW, Li CJ, Su HY, Hsieh KT, Weng CW, Chen HW, Chang SC. Development of mouse monoclonal antibody for detecting hemagglutinin of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus and preventing virus infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3235-3248. [PMID: 33770244 PMCID: PMC7995400 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Many cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans have been reported since its first emergence in 2013. The disease is of concern because most patients have become severely ill with roughly 30% mortality rate. Because the threat in public health caused by H7N9 virus remains high, advance preparedness is essentially needed. In this study, the recombinant H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) was expressed in insect cells and purified for generation of two monoclonal antibodies, named F3-2 and 1C6B. F3-2 can only recognize the H7N9 HA without having cross-reactivity with HA proteins of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and H7N7. 1C6B has the similar specificity with F3-2, but 1C6B can also bind to H7N7 HA. The binding epitope of F3-2 is mainly located in the region of H7N9 HA(299–307). The binding epitope of 1C6B is located in the region of H7N9 HA(489–506). F3-2 and 1C6B could not effectively inhibit the hemagglutination activity of H7N9 HA. However, F3-2 can prevent H7N9 HA from trypsin cleavage and can bind to H7N9 HA which has undergone pH-induced conformational change. F3-2 also has the ability of binding to H7N9 viral particles and inhibiting H7N9 virus infection to MDCK cells with the IC50 value of 22.18 μg/mL. In addition, F3-2 and 1C6B were utilized for comprising a lateral flow immunochromatographic test strip for specific detection of H7N9 HA. Key points • Two mouse monoclonal antibodies, F3-2 and 1C6B, were generated for recognizing the novel binding epitopes in H7N9 HA. • F3-2 can prevent H7N9 HA from trypsin cleavage and inhibit H7N9 virus infection to MDCK cells. • F3-2 and 1C6B were developed as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test for specific detection of H7N9 HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yi Su
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Weng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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16
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Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Other Pathogen Glycoprotein Interactions with NK Cell Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020156. [PMID: 33494528 PMCID: PMC7911750 DOI: 10.3390/v13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immunity repertoire, and function in the recognition and destruction of tumorigenic and pathogen-infected cells. Engagement of NK cell activating receptors can lead to functional activation of NK cells, resulting in lysis of target cells. NK cell activating receptors specific for non-major histocompatibility complex ligands are NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, NKG2D, and CD16 (also known as FcγRIII). The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, have been implicated in functional activation of NK cells following influenza virus infection via binding with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In this review we describe NK cell and influenza A virus biology, and the interactions of influenza A virus HA and other pathogen lectins with NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We review concepts which intersect viral immunology, traditional virology and glycobiology to provide insights into the interactions between influenza virus HA and the NCRs. Furthermore, we provide expert opinion on future directions that would provide insights into currently unanswered questions.
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17
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Zhang T, Du H, Guo L, Liu F, Su H, Yang F. Identifying novel amino acid substitutions of hemagglutinin involved in virulence enhancement in H7N9 virus strains. Virol J 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33430903 PMCID: PMC7798331 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify site-specific features of amino acid substitutions that confer enhanced H7N9 virulence in humans, we independently generated mammalian-adapted variants of A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH-H7N9) and A/Shanghai/2/2013 (SH-H7N9) by serial passaging in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Methods Virus was respectively extracted from cell culture supernatant and cells, and was absolutely quantified by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Viral RNAs were extracted and subjected to sequencing for identifying mutations. Then, site-specific mutations introduced by viral passaging were selected for further constructing HA7 or NA9 mutant plasmids, which were used to generate recombinant viruses. The interaction between the recombinant HA and receptors, H7N9-pseudotyped viruses and receptors were detected. Results Both subtypes displayed high variability in replicative capability and virulence during serial passaging. Analysis of viral genomes revealed multiple amino acid mutations in the hemagglutinin 7 (HA7) (A135T [AH-H7N9], T71I [SH-H7N9], T157I [SH-H7N9], T71I-V223I [SH-H7N9], T71I-T157I-V223I [SH-H7N9], and T71I-T157I-V223I-T40I [SH-H7N9]), and NA9 (N171S [AH-H7N9] and G335S [AH-H7N9]) proteins in various strains of the corresponding subtypes. Notably, quite a few amino acid substitutions indeed collectively strengthened the interactions between H7N9 strains and sialic acid receptors. Moreover, some of the amino acid substitutions identified were highly and specifically cytopathogenic to MDCK cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated that AH-H7N9 and SH-H7N9 subtypes can acquire enhanced receptor affinity for sialic receptors through novel amino acid substitutions. Such changes in affinitive interactions are conferred by site-specific mutations of HA7 proteins that affect the virulence and pathology of the virus strain, and/or limited compatibility between the host and the virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Haiwei Du
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Guo
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxiang Su
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogen, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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18
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Morimoto R, Yoshioka K, Nakayama M, Nagai E, Okuno Y, Nakashima A, Ogawa T, Suzuki K, Enomoto T, Isegawa Y. Juice of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (wild watermelon) inhibits the entry and propagation of influenza viruses in vitro and in vivo. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:544-552. [PMID: 33473315 PMCID: PMC7802580 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and various anti-influenza drugs are clinically used to prevent and treat influenza infections. However, with the antigenic mismatch of vaccines and the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains, new approaches for treating influenza are warranted. This study focused on natural foods as potential candidates for the development of new treatment options for influenza infections. The screening of plants from the Cucurbitaceae family revealed that the juice of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (wild watermelon) had the strongest ability to inhibit the replication of influenza virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The results of a time-of-addition assay indicated that wild watermelon juice (WWMJ) inhibits the adsorption and late stages of viral replication, suggesting that WWMJ contains multiple constituents with effective anti-influenza activity. A viral adsorption analysis showed that WWMJ reduces the amount of viral RNA in the cells at 37°C but not at 4°C, confirming that WWMJ inhibits viral entry into the host cells at 37°C. These results suggest that a mechanism other than the inhibition of viral attachment is involved in the anti-influenza action of WWMJ, which is perhaps responsible for a reduction in internalization of the virus. Administration of WWMJ into the nasal mucosa of BALB/c mice infected with the A/PR/8/34 mouse-adapted influenza virus was seen to significantly improve the survival rate. The findings of this study, therefore, demonstrate the anti-influenza potential of WWMJ in vitro and in vivo, thereby suggesting the candidature of WWMJ as a functional food product that can be used to develop anti-influenza agents and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Morimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and NutritionSchool of Human Environmental SciencesMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
- Faculty of Human Life ScienceShikoku University TokushimaTokushimaJapan
- Present address:
Faculty of Human Life ScienceShikoku University TokushimaTokushimaJapan
| | - Kae Yoshioka
- Department of Food Sciences and NutritionSchool of Human Environmental SciencesMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Department of Food Sciences and NutritionSchool of Human Environmental SciencesMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Emiko Nagai
- Department of Food ScienceIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiJapan
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshiki Enomoto
- Department of Food ScienceIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiJapan
| | - Yuji Isegawa
- Department of Food Sciences and NutritionSchool of Human Environmental SciencesMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
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19
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Du W, Wolfert MA, Peeters B, van Kuppeveld FJM, Boons GJ, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Mutation of the second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase drives compensatory mutations in hemagglutinin. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008816. [PMID: 32853241 PMCID: PMC7480853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Most pandemics occurred upon adaptation of avian IAVs to humans. This adaptation includes a hallmark receptor-binding specificity switch of hemagglutinin (HA) from avian-type α2,3- to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acids. Complementary changes of the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) are considered to restore the precarious, but poorly described, HA-NA-receptor balance required for virus fitness. In comparison to the detailed functional description of adaptive mutations in HA, little is known about the functional consequences of mutations in NA in relation to their effect on the HA-NA balance and host tropism. An understudied feature of NA is the presence of a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) in avian IAVs and absence of a 2SBS in human IAVs, which affects NA catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the 2SBS of avian IAV H5N1 disturbs the HA-NA balance. Passaging of a 2SBS-negative H5N1 virus on MDCK cells selected for progeny with a restored HA-NA balance. These viruses obtained mutations in NA that restored a functional 2SBS and/or in HA that reduced binding of avian-type receptors. Importantly, a particular HA mutation also resulted in increased binding of human-type receptors. Phylogenetic analyses of avian IAVs show that also in the field, mutations in the 2SBS precede mutations in HA that reduce binding of avian-type receptors and increase binding of human-type receptors. Thus, 2SBS mutations in NA can drive acquisition of mutations in HA that not only restore the HA-NA balance, but may also confer increased zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Ben Peeters
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dunning J, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:566-573. [PMID: 32317736 PMCID: PMC7223327 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are highly transmissible, both within and between host species. The severity of the disease they cause is highly variable, from the mild and inapparent through to the devastating and fatal. The unpredictability of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks is accompanied but the predictability of seasonal disease in wide areas of the Globe, providing an inexorable toll on human health and survival. Although there have been great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the disease that they cause, our knowledge of the effects they have on the host and the ways that the host immune system responds continues to develop. This review highlights the importance of the mucosa in defence against infection and in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. Although vaccines have been available for many decades, they remain suboptimal in needing constant redesign and in only providing short-term protection. There are real prospects for improvement in treatment and prevention of influenza soon, based on deeper knowledge of how the virus transmits, replicates and triggers immune defences at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Dong Z, Ya X, Wang D, Liu C, Shen Q, Xia Y. Genetic Characterization of a Novel Reassortant H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Identified from a 10-Year-Old Girl. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:36-43. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Dong
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Xuerong Ya
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Di Wang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Cheng Liu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Qiang Shen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Yu Xia
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
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22
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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23
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A Single Amino Acid Substitution at Residue 218 of Hemagglutinin Improves the Growth of Influenza A(H7N9) Candidate Vaccine Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00570-19. [PMID: 31270231 PMCID: PMC6744242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00570-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulating avian influenza A(H7N9) has caused recurrent epidemic waves with high mortality in China since 2013, in which the alarming fifth wave crossing 2016 and 2017 was highlighted by a large number of human infections and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) strains in human cases. We generated low-pathogenic reassortant CVVs derived from the emerging A(H7N9) with improved virus replication and protein yield in both MDCK cells and eggs by introducing a single substitution, G218E, into HA, which was associated with reducing HA receptor binding and subsequently balancing HA-NA functions. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated comparable antigenicity of the G218E CVVs with that of their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and both the WT and the G218E CVVs fully protected ferrets from parental HPAI virus challenge. With high yield traits and the anticipated antigenicity, the G218E CVVs should benefit preparedness against the threat of an A(H7N9) influenza pandemic. The potential avian influenza pandemic remains a threat to public health, as the avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus has caused more than 1,560 laboratory-confirmed human infections since 2013, with nearly 40% mortality. Development of low-pathogenic candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) for vaccine production is essential for pandemic preparedness. However, the suboptimal growth of CVVs in mammalian cells and chicken eggs is often a challenge. By introducing a single adaptive substitution, G218E, into the hemagglutinin (HA), we generated reassortant A(H7N9)-G218E CVVs that were characterized by significantly enhanced growth in both cells and eggs. These G218E CVVs retained the original antigenicity, as determined by a hemagglutination inhibition assay, and effectively protected ferrets from lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic parental virus. We found that the suboptimal replication of the parental H7 CVVs was associated with impeded progeny virus release as a result of strong HA receptor binding relative to weak neuraminidase (NA) cleavage of receptors. In contrast, the G218E-mediated growth improvement was attributed to relatively balanced HA and NA functions, resulted from reduced HA binding to both human- and avian-type receptors, and thus facilitated NA-mediated virus release. Our findings revealed that a single amino acid mutation at residue 218 of the HA improved the growth of A(H7N9) influenza virus by balancing HA and NA functions, shedding light on an alternative approach for optimizing certain influenza CVVs. IMPORTANCE The circulating avian influenza A(H7N9) has caused recurrent epidemic waves with high mortality in China since 2013, in which the alarming fifth wave crossing 2016 and 2017 was highlighted by a large number of human infections and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) strains in human cases. We generated low-pathogenic reassortant CVVs derived from the emerging A(H7N9) with improved virus replication and protein yield in both MDCK cells and eggs by introducing a single substitution, G218E, into HA, which was associated with reducing HA receptor binding and subsequently balancing HA-NA functions. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated comparable antigenicity of the G218E CVVs with that of their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and both the WT and the G218E CVVs fully protected ferrets from parental HPAI virus challenge. With high yield traits and the anticipated antigenicity, the G218E CVVs should benefit preparedness against the threat of an A(H7N9) influenza pandemic.
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24
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The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090461. [PMID: 30154345 PMCID: PMC6164301 DOI: 10.3390/v10090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived directly from an avian influenza virus. Recent avian-origin H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) and Asian H7N9 viruses have caused several hundred human infections with high mortality rates. While these viruses have not spread beyond infected individuals, if they evolve the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person, specifically via the airborne route, they will initiate a pandemic. Therefore, this review examines H5 GsGd and Asian H7N9 viruses that have caused recent zoonotic infections with a focus on viral properties that support airborne transmission. Several GsGd H5 and Asian H7N9 viruses display molecular changes that potentiate transmission and/or exhibit ability for limited transmission between ferrets. However, the hemagglutinin of these viruses is unstable; this likely represents the most significant obstacle to the emergence of a virus capable of efficient airborne transmission. Given the global disease burden of an influenza pandemic, continued surveillance and pandemic preparedness efforts against H5 GsGd and Asian lineage H7N9 viruses are warranted.
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25
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Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Guo Z, Stevens J. Structural and Molecular Characterization of the Hemagglutinin from the Fifth-Epidemic-Wave A(H7N9) Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:e00375-18. [PMID: 29848588 PMCID: PMC6069181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus continues to cause human infections in China and is a major ongoing public health concern. Five epidemic waves of A(H7N9) infection have occurred since 2013, and the recent fifth epidemic wave saw the emergence of two distinct lineages with elevated numbers of human infection cases and broader geographic distribution of viral diseases compared to the first four epidemic waves. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses were also isolated during the fifth epidemic wave. Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface hemagglutinin (HA) antigen from viruses isolated during this recent epidemic wave. Results highlight that, compared to the 2013 virus HAs, the fifth-wave virus HAs remained a weak binder to human glycan receptor analogs. We also studied three mutations, V177K-K184T-G219S, that were recently reported to switch a 2013 A(H7N9) HA to human-type receptor specificity. Our results indicate that these mutations could also switch the H7 HA receptor preference to a predominantly human binding specificity for both fifth-wave H7 HAs analyzed in this study.IMPORTANCE The A(H7N9) viruses circulating in China are of great public health concern. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from several recent A(H7N9) influenza viruses. Our results improve the understanding of these evolving viruses and provide important information on their receptor preference that is central to ongoing pandemic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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26
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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27
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Goneau LW, Mehta K, Wong J, L'Huillier AG, Gubbay JB. Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 1: Virology and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Influenzas. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:37. [PMID: 30069735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zoonotic influenza viruses are those that cross the animal-human barrier and can cause disease in humans, manifesting from minor respiratory illnesses to multiorgan dysfunction. They have also been implicated in the causation of deadly pandemics in recent history. The increasing incidence of infections caused by these viruses worldwide has necessitated focused attention to improve both diagnostic as well as treatment modalities. In this first part of a two-part review, we describe the structure of zoonotic influenza viruses, the relationship between mutation and pandemic capacity, pathogenesis of infection, and also discuss history and epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS We are currently witnessing the fifth and the largest wave of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic. Also in circulation are a number of other zoonotic influenza viruses, including avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6); avian influenza A(H7N2); and swine influenza A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v viruses. Most recently, the first human case of avian influenza A(H7N4) infection has been documented. By understanding the virology and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic influenzas, we are better prepared to face a new pandemic. However, continued effort is warranted to build on this knowledge in order to efficiently combat the constant threat posed by the zoonotic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Goneau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A G L'Huillier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. .,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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28
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Development of in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays based on the pseudotyped H7N9 virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8484. [PMID: 29855533 PMCID: PMC5981435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 viral infections pose a great threat to both animal and human health. This avian virus cannot be handled in level 2 biocontainment laboratories, substantially hindering evaluation of prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here, we report a high-titer pseudoviral system with a bioluminescent reporter gene, enabling us to visually and quantitatively conduct analyses of virus replications in both tissue cultures and animals. For evaluation of immunogenicity of H7N9 vaccines, we developed an in vitro assay for neutralizing antibody measurement based on the pseudoviral system; results generated by the in vitro assay were found to be strongly correlated with those by either hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or micro-neutralization (MN) assay. Furthermore, we injected the viruses into Balb/c mice and observed dynamic distributions of the viruses in the animals, which provides an ideal imaging model for quantitative analyses of prophylactic and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Taken together, the pseudoviral systems reported here could be of great value for both in vitro and in vivo evaluations of vaccines and antiviral agents without the need of wild type H7N9 virus.
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29
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Dong Z, Xia Y, Ya X, Chen L, Liu C, Wang R, Shen Q. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of the fifth avian influenza A(H7N9) wave in Suzhou, China, from October 2016 to April 2017. Virus Genes 2018; 54:182-189. [PMID: 29404897 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human infections with H7N9 viruses can cause severe pneumonia and even death. To characterize the epidemiology and genetics of the H7N9 viruses circulating during from October 2016 to April 2017 in Suzhou, China, all pharyngeal swab samples were collected from severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) cases during this fifth wave of infection, and we amplified the H7N9 H7 and N9 genes using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and gene sequencing to analyze the evolution and variation of the H7N9 strains. The epidemiological features of H7N9 patients have not changed and there were no significant mutations in the key sites of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequence, but we identified the K526R and E627 K substitutions in the PB2 protein. In the neuraminidase (NA) protein, drug-resistant mutations (R294 K and H276Y) occurred in a few strains. Most of the H7N9 viruses isolated from Suzhou had no drug resistance mutations, but it is necessary to closely monitor and analyze the probable emergence of mutations and the spread of resistant strains. The reduction of the N-glycosylation site at position 42 of NA was observed in some strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Dong
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xuerong Ya
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Ruyan Wang
- Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, 215004, China.
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30
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Anik Ü, Tepeli Y, Sayhi M, Nsiri J, Diouani MF. Towards the electrochemical diagnostic of influenza virus: development of a graphene–Au hybrid nanocomposite modified influenza virus biosensor based on neuraminidase activity. Analyst 2018; 143:150-156. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective electrochemical influenza A biosensor based on a graphene–gold (Au) hybrid nanocomposite modified Au-screen printed electrode has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Anik
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University
- Faculty of Science
- Chemistry Department
- Kotekli/Mugla
- Turkey
| | - Yudum Tepeli
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University
- Faculty of Science
- Chemistry Department
- Kotekli/Mugla
- Turkey
| | - Maher Sayhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV)
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis
- University of Tunis El Manar
- LR11IPT03
- Tunis-Belvédère 1002
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV)
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis
- University of Tunis El Manar
- LR11IPT03
- Tunis-Belvédère 1002
| | - Mohamed Fethi Diouani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV)
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis
- University of Tunis El Manar
- LR11IPT03
- Tunis-Belvédère 1002
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31
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Imai M, Watanabe T, Kiso M, Nakajima N, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Hatta M, Yamada S, Ito M, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Shirakura M, Takashita E, Fujisaki S, McBride R, Thompson AJ, Takahashi K, Maemura T, Mitake H, Chiba S, Zhong G, Fan S, Oishi K, Yasuhara A, Takada K, Nakao T, Fukuyama S, Yamashita M, Lopes TJS, Neumann G, Odagiri T, Watanabe S, Shu Y, Paulson JC, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y. A Highly Pathogenic Avian H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from A Human Is Lethal in Some Ferrets Infected via Respiratory Droplets. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:615-626.e8. [PMID: 29056430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses have recently evolved to become highly pathogenic, raising concerns of a pandemic, particularly if these viruses acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility. We compared a low pathogenic H7N9 virus with a highly pathogenic isolate, and two of its variants that represent neuraminidase inhibitor-sensitive and -resistant subpopulations detected within the isolate. The highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses replicated efficiently in mice, ferrets, and/or nonhuman primates, and were more pathogenic in mice and ferrets than the low pathogenic H7N9 virus, with the exception of the neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant virus, which showed mild-to-moderate attenuation. All viruses transmitted among ferrets via respiratory droplets, and the neuraminidase-sensitive variant killed several of the infected and exposed animals. Neuraminidase inhibitors showed limited effectiveness against these viruses in vivo, but the viruses were susceptible to a polymerase inhibitor. These results suggest that the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus has pandemic potential and should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masato Hatta
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shirakura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Mitake
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Yasuhara
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakao
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tiago J S Lopes
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Chen TH, Liu YY, Jan JT, Huang MH, Spearman M, Butler M, Wu SC. Recombinant hemagglutinin proteins formulated in a novel PELC/CpG adjuvant for H7N9 subunit vaccine development. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:213-220. [PMID: 28947234 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans infected with H7N9 avian influenza viruses can result in severe pneumonia and acute respiratory syndrome with an approximately 40% mortality rate, and there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. In this study, we used a novel PELC/CpG adjuvant for recombinant H7HA (rH7HA) subunit vaccine development. After immunizing BALB/c mice intramuscularly, rH7HA proteins formulated in this adjuvant instead of an alum adjuvant elicited higher IgG, hemagglutination-inhibition, and virus neutralizing antibodies in sera; induced higher numbers of H7HA-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells and antibody secreting cells in spleen; and provided improved protection against live virus challenges. Our results indicate that rH7HA proteins formulated in PELC/CpG adjuvant can induce potent anti-H7N9 immunity that may provide useful information for H7N9 subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Zhou J, Guo X, Fang D, Yu Y, Si L, Wang Y, Zeng G, Yan H, Wu J, Ke C, Jiang L. Avian Influenza A (H7N9) viruses isolated from patients with mild and fatal infection differ in pathogenicity and induction of cytokines. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:402-409. [PMID: 28826765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, a novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus strain has continued to circulate within poultry and causing human disease. Influenza A (H7N9) virus results in two types of infection: mild and severe. The different results of clinical findings may be related with host susceptibility and characteristics of the virus itself. In order to investigate potential pathogenesis of Influenza A (H7N9) virus, we performed pathogenecity and cytokines analysis of two isolates, A/Guangdong/6/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-6) from a patient with a mild infection, and A/Guangdong/7/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-7) from a patient with a fatal infection. We found that GD-7 replicated to higher levels than GD-6 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lung tissues, and mice. Furthermore, GD-7 infection resulted in more severe lung damage in mice lung tissues than GD-6 infection. GD-7 elicited higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) than GD-6 did. In conclusion, GD-7 was more pathogenic and induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than GD-6 did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Teaching Center of Biology Experiment, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Danyun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yufeng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lulu Si
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081650. [PMID: 28783091 PMCID: PMC5578040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.
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Su S, Gu M, Liu D, Cui J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Liu X. Epidemiology, Evolution, and Pathogenesis of H7N9 Influenza Viruses in Five Epidemic Waves since 2013 in China. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:713-728. [PMID: 28734617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza viruses were first isolated in 2013 and continue to cause human infections. H7N9 infections represent an ongoing public health threat that has resulted in 1344 cases with 511 deaths as of April 9, 2017. This highlights the continued threat posed by the current poultry trade and live poultry market system in China. Until now, there have been five H7N9 influenza epidemic waves in China; however, the steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 viruses observed in the fifth wave, beginning in October 2016, the spread into western provinces, and the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 influenza outbreaks in chickens and infection in humans have caused domestic and international concern. In this review, we summarize and compare the different waves of H7N9 regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, evolution, and characteristic features, and speculate on factors behind the recent increase in the number of human cases and sudden outbreaks in chickens. The continuous evolution of the virus poses a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry, and thus it is imperative to strengthen prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Three mutations switch H7N9 influenza to human-type receptor specificity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006390. [PMID: 28617868 PMCID: PMC5472306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian H7N9 influenza outbreak in 2013 resulted from an unprecedented incidence of influenza transmission to humans from infected poultry. The majority of human H7N9 isolates contained a hemagglutinin (HA) mutation (Q226L) that has previously been associated with a switch in receptor specificity from avian-type (NeuAcα2-3Gal) to human-type (NeuAcα2-6Gal), as documented for the avian progenitors of the 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2) human influenza pandemic viruses. While this raised concern that the H7N9 virus was adapting to humans, the mutation was not sufficient to switch the receptor specificity of H7N9, and has not resulted in sustained transmission in humans. To determine if the H7 HA was capable of acquiring human-type receptor specificity, we conducted mutation analyses. Remarkably, three amino acid mutations conferred a switch in specificity for human-type receptors that resembled the specificity of the 2009 human H1 pandemic virus, and promoted binding to human trachea epithelial cells. Influenza A virus of the H7N9 subtype continues to cross the species barrier from poultry to humans. This zoonotic ability is remarkable as the virus retains specificity to avian-type receptors. To effectively transmit between humans, the virus needs to acquire human-type receptor specificity. In this study, we show that recombinant H7 proteins need three amino acid mutations to change specificity to human-type receptors. Although we are not allowed to assess if these mutations would lead to efficient transmission in the ferret model, this knowledge will aid in surveillance. If these amino acid mutations are observed to arise during natural selection in humans, timely actions could be taken.
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Role of Neuraminidase in Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Receptor Binding. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02293-16. [PMID: 28356530 PMCID: PMC5432883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02293-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H7N9) viruses have caused a large number of zoonotic infections since their emergence in 2013. They remain a public health concern due to the repeated high levels of infection with these viruses and their perceived pandemic potential. A major factor that determines influenza A virus fitness and therefore transmissibility is the interaction of the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) with the cell surface receptor sialic acid. Typically, the HA is responsible for binding to the sialic acid to allow virus internalization and the NA is a sialidase responsible for cleaving sialic acid to aid virus spread and release. N9 NA has previously been shown to have receptor binding properties mediated by a sialic acid binding site, termed the hemadsorption (Hb) site, which is discrete from the enzymatically active sialidase site. This study investigated the N9 NA from a zoonotic H7N9 virus strain in order to determine its possible role in virus receptor binding. We demonstrate that this N9 NA has an active Hb site which binds to sialic acid, which enhances overall virus binding to sialic acid receptor analogues. We also show that the N9 NA can also contribute to receptor binding due to unusual kinetic characteristics of the sialidase site which specifically enhance binding to human-like α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. IMPORTANCE The interaction of influenza A virus glycoproteins with cell surface receptors is a major determinant of infectivity and therefore transmissibility. Understanding these interactions is important for understanding which factors are necessary to determine pandemic potential. Influenza A viruses generally mediate binding to cell surface sialic acid receptors via the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, with the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein being responsible for cleaving the receptor to allow virus release. Previous studies showed that the NA proteins of the N9 subtype can bind sialic acid via a separate binding site distinct from the sialidase active site. This study demonstrates for purified protein and virus that the NA of the zoonotic H7N9 viruses has a binding capacity via both the secondary binding site and unusual kinetic properties of the sialidase site which promote receptor binding via this site and which enhance binding to human-like receptors. This could have implications for understanding human-to-human transmission of these viruses.
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Kang M, Jang HK. Genetics and biological property analysis of Korea lineage of influenza A H9N2 viruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:96-103. [PMID: 28532813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses have been detected from wild and domestic avian species including chickens and ducks worldwide. Few studies have compared the biological properties of different H9N2 lineages or determined whether certain lineages might pose a higher risk to mammals, especially H9N2 viruses of Korean lineage. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic and biological properties of 22 Korean H9N2 viruses and assess their potential risks to mammals. Their complete genomes were analyzed. Some Korean H9N2 viruses were found to carry mammalian host-specific mutations. Based on genomic diversities, these H9N2 viruses were divided into 12 genotypes. All 22 showed preferential binding to human-like receptor. Two of eight H9N2 viruses were highly lethal to mice, causing 90-100% mortality without prior adaptation and severe respiratory syndromes associated with diffuse lung injury, severe pneumonia, and alveolar damage. These findings suggest that recent Korean H9N2 viruses might have established a stable sublineage with enhanced pathogenicity to mice. Various H9N2 strains pathogenic to mice were endemic in wild bird, poultry farm, and live bird markets, suggesting that Korean H9N2 viruses could evolve to become a threat to humans. The findings emphasize the necessity of careful, continuous, and thorough surveillance paired with risk-assessment for circulating H9N2 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, South Korea.
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Mutation of the Second Sialic Acid-Binding Site, Resulting in Reduced Neuraminidase Activity, Preceded the Emergence of H7N9 Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00049-17. [PMID: 28202753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00049-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel influenza A virus (IAV) H7N9 since 2013 has caused concerns about the ability of the virus to spread between humans. Analysis of the receptor-binding properties of the H7 protein of a human isolate revealed modestly increased binding to α2,6 sialosides and reduced, but still dominant, binding to α2,3-linked sialic acids (SIAs) compared to a closely related avian H7N9 virus from 2008. Here, we show that the corresponding N9 neuraminidases (NAs) display equal enzymatic activities on a soluble monovalent substrate and similar substrate specificities on a glycan array. In contrast, solid-phase activity and binding assays demonstrated reduced specific activity and decreased binding of the novel N9 protein. Mutational analysis showed that these differences resulted from substitution T401A in the 2nd SIA-binding site, indicating that substrate binding via this site enhances NA catalytic activity. Substitution T401A in the novel N9 protein appears to functionally mimic the substitutions that are found in the 2nd SIA-binding site of NA proteins of avian-derived IAVs that became human pandemic viruses. Our phylogenetic analyses show that substitution T401A occurred prior to substitutions in hemagglutinin (HA), causing the altered receptor-binding properties mentioned above. Hence, in contrast to the widespread assumption that such changes in NA are obtained only after acquisition of functional changes in HA, our data indicate that mutations in the 2nd SIA-binding site may have enabled and even driven the acquisition of altered HA receptor-binding properties and may have contributed to the spread of the novel H7N9 viruses.IMPORTANCE Novel H7N9 IAVs continue to cause human infections and pose an ongoing public health threat. Here, we show that their N9 proteins display reduced binding to and lower enzymatic activity against multivalent substrates, resulting from mutation of the 2nd sialic acid-binding site. This mutation preceded and may have driven the selection of substitutions in H7 that modify H7 receptor-binding properties. Of note, all animal IAVs that managed to cross the host species barrier and became human viruses carry mutated 2nd sialic acid-binding sites. Screening of animal IAVs to monitor their potential to cross the host species barrier should therefore focus not only on the HA protein, but also on the functional properties of NA.
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Guo H, de Vries E, McBride R, Dekkers J, Peng W, Bouwman KM, Nycholat C, Verheije MH, Paulson JC, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM. Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5Nx) Viruses with Altered H5 Receptor-Binding Specificity. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:220-231. [PMID: 27869615 PMCID: PMC5324792 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. H5N8 and H5N2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in Europe and North America, and lethal human infections with H5N6 virus have occurred in Asia. Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. We report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in receptor-binding specificity. In contrast to ancestral clade 2.3.4 H5 proteins, novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins bind to fucosylated sialosides because of substitutions K222Q and S227R, which are unique for highly pathogenic influenza virus H5 proteins. North American clade 2.3.4.4 virus isolates have retained only the K222Q substitution but still bind fucosylated sialosides. Altered receptor-binding specificity of virus clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins might have contributed to emergence and spread of H5Nx viruses.
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Shoji M, Woo SY, Masuda A, Win NN, Ngwe H, Takahashi E, Kido H, Morita H, Ito T, Kuzuhara T. Anti-influenza virus activity of extracts from the stems of Jatropha multifida Linn. collected in Myanmar. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:96. [PMID: 28173854 PMCID: PMC5297253 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background To contribute to the development of novel anti-influenza drugs, we investigated the anti-influenza activity of crude extracts from 118 medicinal plants collected in Myanmar. We discovered that extract from the stems of Jatropha multifida Linn. showed anti-influenza activity. J. multifida has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, and the stem has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antitumor activities. However, the anti-influenza activity of this extract has not yet been investigated. Methods We prepared water (H2O), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-hexane (Hex), and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts from the stems of J. multifida collected in Myanmar, and examined the survival of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with the influenza A (H1N1) virus, and the inhibitory effects of these crude extracts on influenza A viral infection and growth in MDCK cells. Results The H2O extracts from the stems of J. multifida promoted the survival of MDCK cells infected with the influenza A H1N1 virus. The EtOAc and CHCl3 extracts resulted in similar, but weaker, effects. The H2O, EtOAc, and CHCl3 extracts from the stems of J. multifida inhibited influenza A virus H1N1 infection; the H2O extract possessed the strongest inhibitory effect on influenza infection in MDCK cells. The EtOAc, Hex, and CHCl3 extracts all inhibited the growth of influenza A H1N1 virus, and the CHCl3 extract demonstrated the strongest activity in MDCK cells. Conclusion The H2O or CHCl3 extracts from the stems of J. multifida collected in Myanmar demonstrated the strongest inhibition of influenza A H1N1 viral infection or growth in MDCK cells, respectively. These results indicated that the stems of J. multifida could be regarded as an anti-influenza herbal medicine as well as a potential crude drug source for the development of anti-influenza compounds.
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Identification of Residues That Affect Oligomerization and/or Enzymatic Activity of Influenza Virus H5N1 Neuraminidase Proteins. J Virol 2016; 90:9457-70. [PMID: 27512075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01346-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A virus (IAV) attachment to and release from sialoside receptors is determined by the balance between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The molecular determinants that mediate the specificity and activity of NA are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to design the optimal recombinant soluble NA protein to identify residues that affect NA enzymatic activity. To this end, recombinant soluble versions of four different NA proteins from H5N1 viruses were compared with their full-length counterparts. The soluble NA ectodomains were fused to three commonly used tetramerization domains. Our results indicate that the particular oligomerization domain used does not affect the Km value but may affect the specific enzymatic activity. This particularly holds true when the stalk domain is included and for NA ectodomains that display a low intrinsic ability to oligomerize. NA ectodomains extended with a Tetrabrachion domain, which forms a nearly parallel four-helix bundle, better mimicked the enzymatic properties of full-length proteins than when other coiled-coil tetramerization domains were used, which probably distort the stalk domain. Comparison of different NA proteins and mutagenic analysis of recombinant soluble versions thereof resulted in the identification of several residues that affected oligomerization of the NA head domain (position 95) and therefore the specific activity or sialic acid binding affinity (Km value; positions 252 and 347). This study demonstrates the potential of using recombinant soluble NA proteins to reveal determinants of NA assembly and enzymatic activity. IMPORTANCE The IAV HA and NA glycoproteins are important determinants of host tropism and pathogenicity. However, NA is relatively understudied compared to HA. Analysis of soluble versions of these glycoproteins is an attractive way to study their activities, as they are easily purified from cell culture media and applied in downstream assays. In the present study, we analyzed the enzymatic activity of different NA ectodomains with three commonly used tetramerization domains and compared them with full-length NA proteins. By performing a mutagenic analysis, we identified several residues that affected NA assembly, activity, and/or substrate binding. In addition, our results indicate that the design of the recombinant soluble NA protein, including the particular tetramerization domain, is an important determinant for maintaining the enzymatic properties within the head domain. NA ectodomains extended with a Tetrabrachion domain better mimicked the full-length proteins than when the other tetramerization domains were used.
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Zou S, Gao R, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen W, Bai T, Dong L, Wang D, Shu Y. Molecular characterization of H6 subtype influenza viruses in southern China from 2009 to 2011. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e73. [PMID: 27436363 PMCID: PMC5141263 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which are prevalent in domestic and wild birds in Eurasian countries, have been isolated from pigs, a dog and a human. Routine virological surveillance at live poultry markets or poultry farms was conducted in southern China from 2009 to 2011. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics, analyzed the receptor-binding properties and evaluated the kinetics of infectivity of the AIVs in A549, MDCK and PK15 cells. A total of 14 H6N6 and 2 H6N2 isolates were obtained from four provinces in southern China. Genetic analysis indicated two distinct hemagglutinin lineages of the H6 strains cocirculating in southern China, and these strains facilitated active evolution and reassortment among multiple influenza virus subtypes from different avian species in nature. None of these isolates grouped with the novel Taiwan H6N1 virus responsible for human infection. Receptor-binding specificity assays showed that five H6 AIVs may have acquired the ability to recognize human receptors. Growth kinetics experiments showed that EV/HB-JZ/02/10(H6N2) and EV/JX/15/10(H6N6) initially reproduced faster and achieved higher titers than other viruses, suggesting that enhanced binding to α-2,6-linked sialic acids correlated with increased viral replication in mammalian cells. Overall, the results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H6 outbreaks and extensive characterization of H6 isolates to better understand genetic changes and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Wenbing Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Tian Bai
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Libo Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
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44
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Zheng M, Qu D, Wang H, Sun Z, Liu X, Chen J, Li C, Li X, Chen Z. Intranasal Administration of Chitosan Against Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Infection in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28729. [PMID: 27353250 PMCID: PMC4926116 DOI: 10.1038/srep28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus evolves constantly in an unpredictable fashion, making it necessary to vaccinate people annually for effective prevention and control of influenza. In general, however, during the first wave of an influenza outbreak caused by a newly emerging virus strain, influenza morbidity and mortality have been observed to rise sharply due to the lack of a matching vaccine. This necessitates the exploration of novel intervention approaches, particularly those prophylactic or therapeutic agents that have a broad range of antiviral activities and are also proven to be non-toxic. Here, we reported that stimulation of the innate immune system by intranasal administration of chitosan as a single agent was sufficient to completely protect BALB/c mice from lethal infection by H7N9 virus, a newly emerged viral strain that is highly pathogenic to humans. Remarkably, animals could still be protected against lethal challenge by H7N9 (10×LD50), even ten days after the intranasal chitosan administration. The significantly enhanced infiltration of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchia/lung tissues revealed the potent activation of mucosal immune responses by intranasally delivered chitosan. We also observed that chitosan can protect mice from three other virus strains. The marked breadth and magnitude of protection against diverse viral strains makes chitosan an attractive candidate as a universal anti-influenza agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Di Qu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology MOE &MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Zhiping Sun
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology MOE &MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
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45
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Anik Ü, Tepeli Y, Diouani MF. Fabrication of Electrochemical Model Influenza A Virus Biosensor Based on the Measurements of Neuroaminidase Enzyme Activity. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6151-3. [PMID: 27281347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroaminidase (NA) enzyme is a kind of glycoprotein that is found on the influenza A virus. During infection, NA is important for the release of influenza virions from the host cell surface together with viral aggregates. It may also be involved in targeting the virus to respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, a model electrochemical influenza A viral biosensor in which receptor-binding properties have been based on NA was developed for the first time. The biosensor's working principle is based on monitoring the interactions between fetuin A and NA enzyme. The assay was monitored step by step by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Anik
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University , Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey 48000
| | - Yudum Tepeli
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University , Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey 48000
| | - Mohamed F Diouani
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis Elmanar , LR11 IPT03, PB74, 13 Place Pasteur, Le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage , Tunisia
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46
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Harder T, Stech J, Abdelwhab ESM, Veits J, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC. A pallid rainbow: toward improved understanding of avian influenza biology. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (‘fowl plague’) has been known since the late 19th century as a devastating infection in poultry but of concern primarily to farmers and veterinarians. Mostly sporadic outbreaks occurred and, except for one episode, wild birds were unaffected. This situation changed drastically by the recognition that avian influenza viruses exhibit zoonotic potential leading to fatal infections in mammals including humans. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza gained access to highly mobile, migratory wild bird populations resulting in unprecedented intercontinental spread. The rapid evolution of avian influenza viruses, their adaption to novel hosts and the resulting change in epidemiology are of major concern. Recent advances in understanding influenza virus biology at the interface between wild birds-terrestrial poultry-livestock and humans are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - El-Sayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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47
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Shichinohe S, Itoh Y, Nakayama M, Ozaki H, Soda K, Ishigaki H, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Comparison of pathogenicities of H7 avian influenza viruses via intranasal and conjunctival inoculation in cynomolgus macaques. Virology 2016; 493:31-8. [PMID: 26994587 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China has attracted attention to H7 influenza virus infection in humans. Since we have shown that the pathogenicity of H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses in macaques was almost the same as that in humans, we compared the pathogenicities of H7 avian influenza viruses in cynomolgus macaques via intranasal and conjunctival inoculation, which mimics natural infection in humans. H7N9 virus, as well as H7N7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, showed more efficient replication and higher pathogenicity in macaques than did H7N1 and H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These results are different from pathogenicity in chickens as reported previously. Therefore, our results obtained in macaques help to estimate the pathogenicity of H7 avian influenza viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shichinohe
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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48
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Munoz O, De Nardi M, van der Meulen K, van Reeth K, Koopmans M, Harris K, von Dobschuetz S, Freidl G, Meijer A, Breed A, Hill A, Kosmider R, Banks J, Stärk KDC, Wieland B, Stevens K, van der Werf S, Enouf V, Dauphin G, Dundon W, Cattoli G, Capua I. Genetic Adaptation of Influenza A Viruses in Domestic Animals and Their Potential Role in Interspecies Transmission: A Literature Review. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:171-198. [PMID: 25630935 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-1004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In December 2011, the European Food Safety Authority awarded a Grant for the implementation of the FLURISK project. The main objective of FLURISK was the development of an epidemiological and virological evidence-based influenza risk assessment framework (IRAF) to assess influenza A virus strains circulating in the animal population according to their potential to cross the species barrier and cause infections in humans. With the purpose of gathering virological data to include in the IRAF, a literature review was conducted and key findings are presented here. Several adaptive traits have been identified in influenza viruses infecting domestic animals and a significance of these adaptations for the emergence of zoonotic influenza, such as shift in receptor preference and mutations in the replication proteins, has been hypothesized. Nonetheless, and despite several decades of research, a comprehensive understanding of the conditions that facilitate interspecies transmission is still lacking. This has been hampered by the intrinsic difficulties of the subject and the complexity of correlating environmental, viral and host factors. Finding the most suitable and feasible way of investigating these factors in laboratory settings represents another challenge. The majority of the studies identified through this review focus on only a subset of species, subtypes and genes, such as influenza in avian species and avian influenza viruses adapting to humans, especially in the context of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Further research applying a holistic approach and investigating the broader influenza genetic spectrum is urgently needed in the field of genetic adaptation of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Munoz
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Marco De Nardi
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- SAFOSO AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karen van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristien van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Harris
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK
| | - Sophie von Dobschuetz
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Gudrun Freidl
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Meijer
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Breed
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew Hill
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK
| | | | - Jill Banks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, National Influenza Center (Northern France), Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, National Influenza Center (Northern France), Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaelle Dauphin
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - William Dundon
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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49
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Guo L, Wang D, Zhou H, Wu C, Gao X, Xiao Y, Ren L, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Shu Y, Jin Q, Wang J. Cross-reactivity between avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and divergent H7 subtypic- and heterosubtypic influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22045. [PMID: 26907865 PMCID: PMC4764949 DOI: 10.1038/srep22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of human avian H7N9 influenza infections has been increasing in China. Understanding their antigenic and serologic relationships is crucial for developing diagnostic tools and vaccines. Here, we evaluated the cross-reactivities and neutralizing activities among H7 subtype influenza viruses and between H7N9 and heterosubtype influenza A viruses. We found strong cross-reactivities between H7N9 and divergent H7 subtypic viruses, including H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7. Antisera against H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7 could also effectively neutralize two distinct H7N9 strains. Two-way cross-reactivities exist within group 2, including H3 and H4, whereas one-way cross-reactivities were found across other groups, including H1, H10, H9, and H13. Our data indicate that the hemaglutinins from divergent H7 subtypes may facilitate the development of vaccines for distinct H7N9 infections. Moreover, serologic diagnoses for H7N9 infections need to consider possible interference from the cross-reactivity of H7N9 with other subtype influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R.China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ren
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | | | - Yuelong Shu
- Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R.China
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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50
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Sha J, Chen X, Ren Y, Chen H, Wu Z, Ying D, Zhang Z, Liu S. Differences in the epidemiology and virology of mild, severe and fatal human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1239-59. [PMID: 26887968 PMCID: PMC7101734 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus caused 5-10 % mild and 30.5 % fatal human infections as of December 10, 2015. In order to investigate the reason for the higher rate of fatal outcome of this infection, this study compared the molecular epidemiology and virology of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses from mild (N = 14), severe (N = 50) and fatal (N = 35) cases, as well as from non-human hosts (N = 73). The epidemiological results showed that the average age of the people in the mild, severe and fatal groups was 27.6, 52 and 62 years old, respectively (p < 0.001). Males accounted for 42.9 % (6/14), 58.0 % (29/50), and 74.3 % (26/35) of cases in the mild, severe and fatal group respectively (p = 0.094). Median days from onset to start of antiviral treatment were 2, 5 and 7 days in the mild, severe and fatal group, respectively (p = 0.002). The median time from onset to discharge/death was 12, 40 and 19 days in the mild, severe and fatal group, respectively (p < 0.001). Analysis of whole genome sequences showed that PB2 (E627K), NA (R294K) and PA (V100A) mutations were markedly associated with an increased fatality rate, while HA (N276D) and PB2 (N559T) mutations were clearly related to mild cases. There were no differences in the genotypes, adaptation to mammalian hosts, and genetic identity between the three types of infection. In conclusion, advanced age and delayed confirmation of diagnosis and antiviral intervention were risk factors for death. Furthermore, PB2 (E627K), NA (R294K) and PA (V100A) mutations might contribute to a fatal outcome in human H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Senior Cadres, The 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajin Ren
- Pharmacy Department, The 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuqun Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ying
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiruo Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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