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Liu S, Liu R, Chen P, Chu B, Gao S, Yan L, Gou Y, Tian T, Wen S, Zhao C, Sun S. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the U-box gene family related to biotic and abiotic stresses in Coffea canephora L. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:916. [PMID: 39354340 PMCID: PMC11443674 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant U-box genes play an important role in the regulation of plant hormone signal transduction, stress tolerance, and pathogen resistance; however, their functions in coffee (Coffea canephora L.) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified 47 CcPUB genes in the C. canephora L. genome, clustering them into nine groups via phylogenetic tree. The CcPUB genes were unevenly distributed across the 11 chromosomes of C. canephora L., with the majority (11) on chromosome 2 and none on chromosome 8. The cis-acting elements analysis showed that CcPUB genes were involved in abiotic and biotic stresses, phytohormone responsive, and plant growth and development. RNA-seq data revealed diverse expression patterns of CcPUB genes across leaves, stems, and fruits tissues. qRT-PCR analyses under dehydration, low temperature, SA, and Colletotrichum stresses showed significant up-regulation of CcPUB2, CcPUB24, CcPUB34, and CcPUB40 in leaves. Furthermore, subcellular localization showed CcPUB2 and CcPUB34 were located in the plasma membrane and nucleus, and CcPUB24 and CcPUB40 were located in the nucleus. This study provides valuable insights into the roles of PUB genes in stress responses and phytohormone signaling in C. canephora L., and provided basis for functional characterization of PUB genes in C. canephora L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Liu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Ruibing Liu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Pengyun Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Chu
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengfeng Gao
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Yafeng Gou
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Siwei Wen
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops of Hainan Province, Wanning, Hainan, 571533, China.
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Wang H, Yao G, Chen W, Ayhan DH, Wang X, Sun J, Yi S, Meng T, Chen S, Geng X, Meng D, Zhang L, Guo L. A gap-free genome assembly of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, a vascular wilt pathogen. Sci Data 2024; 11:925. [PMID: 39191793 PMCID: PMC11349993 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual filamentous fungus that causes vascular wilt in hundreds of crop plants and poses a threat to public health through Fusariosis. F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans strain Fo5176, originally isolated from Brassica oleracea, is pathogenic to Arabidopsis, making it a model pathosystem for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions. Assembling the F. oxysporum genome is notoriously challenging due to the presence of repeat-rich accessory chromosomes. Here, we report a gap-free genome assembly of Fo5176 using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C data. The 69.56 Mb assembly contained 18 complete chromosomes, including all centromeres and most telomeres (20/36), representing the first gap-free genome sequence of a pathogenic F. oxysporum strain. In total, 21,460 protein-coding genes were annotated, a 26.3% increase compared to the most recent assembly. This high-quality reference genome for F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fo5176 provides a valuable resource for further research into fungal pathobiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Grass-Based Livestock Husbandry, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Dilay Hazal Ayhan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Shu Yi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Tan Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Shaoying Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Dian Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China.
- Weifang Institute of Technology, College of Modern Agriculture and Environment, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China.
| | - Li Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Dong G, Luo F, Xie H, Li X, Yan J. TkJAZs-TkMYC2-TkSRPP/REF Regulates the Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber in Taraxacum kok-saghyz. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2034. [PMID: 39124151 PMCID: PMC11314035 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a natural rubber (NR)-producing plant and a model plant for studying the biosynthesis of NR. Analyzing and studying the biosynthetic mechanism of NR is an important way to cultivate high-yield rubber TKS varieties. JAZ proteins, which belong to the Jasmonate ZIM domain family, function as negative regulators in the jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathway. MYC2 is typically regarded as a regulatory factor for the target genes of JAZ proteins; JAZ proteins indirectly influence the gene expression regulated by MYC2 by modulating its activity. Theoretically, JAZ is expected to participate in growth, development, and responses to environmental cues related to rubber and biomass accumulation in TKS, all of which rely on the interaction between JAZ and MYC2. In this study, we identified 11 TkJAZs through homology searching of the TKS genomes and bioinformatics analyses. Subcellular localization, Y2H, and BiFC analysis demonstrate that TkJAZs and TkMYC2 are localized in the nucleus, with all TkJAZs and TkMYC2 showing nuclear colocalization interactions. Overexpression of TkMYC2 in TKS inhibited leaf development, promoted root growth, and simultaneously increased NR production. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the TkSRPP/REF genes exhibit varying degrees of upregulation compared to the wild type, upregulating the TkREF1 gene by 3.7-fold, suggesting that TkMYC2 regulates the synthesis of NR by modulating the TkSRPP/REF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.W.); (G.D.); (F.L.); (H.X.); (X.L.)
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Wu S, Hu C, Zhu C, Fan Y, Zhou J, Xia X, Shi K, Zhou Y, Foyer CH, Yu J. The MYC2-PUB22-JAZ4 module plays a crucial role in jasmonate signaling in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:598-613. [PMID: 38341757 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs), a class of lipid-derived stress hormones, play a crucial role across an array of plant physiological processes and stress responses. Although JA signaling is thought to rely predominantly on the degradation of specific JAZ proteins by SCFCOI1, it remains unclear whether other pathways are involved in the regulation of JAZ protein stability. Here, we report that PUB22, a plant U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in the regulation of plant resistance against Helicoverpa armigera and other JA responses in tomato. Whereas COI1 physically interacts with JAZ1/2/5/7, PUB22 physically interacts with JAZ1/3/4/6. PUB22 ubiquitinates JAZ4 to promote its degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. Importantly, we observed that pub22 mutants showreduced resistance to H. armigera, whereas jaz4 single mutants and jaz1 jaz3 jaz4 jaz6 quadruple mutants have enhanced resistance. The hypersensitivity of pub22 mutants to herbivores could be partially rescued by JAZ4 mutation. Moreover, we found that expression of PUB22 can be transcriptionally activated by MYC2, thus forming a positive feedback circuit in JA signaling. We noticed that the PUB22-JAZ4 module also regulates other JA responses, including defense against B. cinerea, inhibition of root elongation, and anthocyanin accumulation. Taken together, these results indicate that PUB22 plays a crucial role in plant growth and defense responses, together with COI1-regulated JA signaling, by targeting specific JAZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaoyi Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Changan Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanfen Fan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaojia Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Patel S, Patel J, Bowen K, Koebernick J. Deciphering the genetic architecture of resistance to Corynespora cassiicola in soybean ( Glycine max L.) by integrating genome-wide association mapping and RNA-Seq analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255763. [PMID: 37828935 PMCID: PMC10565807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola is a problematic disease in tropical and subtropical soybean (Glycine max) growing regions. Although resistant soybean genotypes have been identified, the genetic mechanisms underlying target spot resistance has not yet been studied. To address this knowledge gap, this is the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted using the SoySNP50K array on a panel of 246 soybean accessions, aiming to unravel the genetic architecture of resistance. The results revealed significant associations of 14 and 33 loci with resistance to LIM01 and SSTA C. cassiicola isolates, respectively, with six loci demonstrating consistent associations across both isolates. To identify potential candidate genes within GWAS-identified loci, dynamic transcriptome profiling was conducted through RNA-Seq analysis. The analysis involved comparing gene expression patterns between resistant and susceptible genotypes, utilizing leaf tissue collected at different time points after inoculation. Integrating results of GWAS and RNA-Seq analyses identified 238 differentially expressed genes within a 200 kb region encompassing significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for disease severity ratings. These genes were involved in defense response to pathogen, innate immune response, chitinase activity, histone H3-K9 methylation, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway, kinase activity, and biosynthesis of flavonoid, jasmonic acid, phenylpropanoid, and wax. In addition, when combining results from this study with previous GWAS research, 11 colocalized regions associated with disease resistance were identified for biotic and abiotic stress. This finding provides valuable insight into the genetic resources that can be harnessed for future breeding programs aiming to enhance soybean resistance against target spot and other diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kira Bowen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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6
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Shirai M, Eulgem T. Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1264569. [PMID: 37780504 PMCID: PMC10539690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1264569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Mentioned for the first time in an article 1971, the occurrence of the term "Macrophomina phaseolina" has experienced a steep increase in the scientific literature over the past 15 years. Concurrently, incidences of M. phaseolina-caused crop diseases have been getting more frequent. The high levels of diversity and plasticity observed for M. phasolina genomes along with a rich equipment of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites and putative virulence effectors as well as the unusual longevity of microsclerotia, their asexual reproduction structures, make this pathogen very difficult to control and crop protection against it very challenging. During the past years several studies have emerged reporting on host defense measures against M. phaseolina, as well as mechanisms of pathogenicity employed by this fungal pathogen. While most of these studies have been performed in crop systems, such as soybean or sesame, recently interactions of M. phaseolina with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been described. Collectively, results from various studies are hinting at a complex infection cycle of M. phaseolina, which exhibits an early biotrophic phase and switches to necrotrophy at later time points during the infection process. Consequently, responses of the hosts are complex and seem coordinated by multiple defense-associated phytohormones. However, at this point no robust and strong host defense mechanism against M. phaseolina has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Eulgem
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Hu Z, Fang H, Zhu C, Gu S, Ding S, Yu J, Shi K. Ubiquitylation of PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 modulates the defense response in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2507-2522. [PMID: 36946197 PMCID: PMC10315268 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a danger-associated molecular pattern recognized by PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1) and initiates intercellular signaling to coordinate different physiological processes, especially in the defense response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The activity of peptide receptors is largely influenced by different posttranslational modifications, which determine intercellular peptide signal outputs. To date, the posttranslational modification to PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1) remains largely unknown. Here, we show that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) PSKR1 is regulated by the ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway. Using multiple protein-protein interactions and ubiquitylation analyses, we identified that plant U-box E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13 interacted with PSKR1, among which PUB13 caused PSKR1 ubiquitylation at Lys-748 and Lys-905 sites to control PSKR1 abundance. However, this posttranslational modification was attenuated upon addition of PSK. Moreover, the disease symptoms observed in PUB13 knock-down and overexpression lines demonstrated that PUB13 significantly suppressed the PSK-initiated defense response. This highlights an important regulatory function for the turnover of a peptide receptor by E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitylation in the plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changan Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaohan Gu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuting Ding
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
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Tziros GT, Karaoglanidis GS. Identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Race 1 as the Causal Agent of Lettuce Fusarium Wilt in Greece, Commercial Cultivars' Susceptibility, and Temporal Expression of Defense-Related Genes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041082. [PMID: 37110505 PMCID: PMC10142136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of lettuce is found throughout the world, causing significant yield losses. Lettuce is the most-cultivated leafy vegetable in Greece, affected by a large number of foliar and soil-borne pathogens. In this study, 84 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, obtained from soil-grown lettuce plants exhibiting wilt symptoms, were characterized as belonging to race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae based on sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) gene and the rDNA intergenic spacer (rDNA-IGS) region. The isolates were also assigned to one single race through PCR assays with specific primers targeting race 1 and race 4 of the pathogen. In addition, four representative isolates were confirmed to be associated with race 1 based on the pathogenicity tests with a set of differential lettuce cultivars. Artificial inoculations on the most commonly cultivated lettuce cultivars in Greece revealed that the tested cultivars varied regarding their susceptibility to F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 1. Cultivars (cvs.) "Cencibel" and "Lugano" were found to be highly susceptible, while cvs. "Sandalina" and "Starfighter" were the most resistant ones. Expression analysis of 10 defense-related genes (PRB1, HPL1, LTC1, SOD, ERF1, PAL1, LOX, MPK, BG, and GST) was carried out on artificially inoculated lettuce plants of the four above cultivars at different time points after inoculation. In resistant cultivars, a higher induction rate was observed for all the tested genes in comparison with the susceptible ones. Moreover, in resistant cultivars, all genes except LTC1, MPK, and GST showed their highest induction levels in their earliest stages of infection. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the implementation of an integrated management program to control Fusarium wilt of lettuce, based mainly on the use of resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Tziros
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George S Karaoglanidis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Sun E, Yu H, Chen Z, Cai M, Mao X, Li Y, Zuo C. The enhanced Valsa canker resistance conferred by MdLecRK-S.4.3 in Pyrus betulifolia can be largely suppressed by PbePUB36. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad126. [PMID: 37013998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
L-type lectin receptor-like kinases (L-LecRKs) act as a sensor of extracellular signals and an initiator for plant immune responses. However, the function of LecRK-S.4 on plant immunity has not been extensively investigated. At present, in the apple (Malus domestica) genome, we identified that MdLecRK-S.4.3, a homologous gene of LecRK-S.4, was differentially expressed during the occursion of Valsa canker. Over-expression of MdLecRK-S.4.3 facilitated the induction of immune response and enhanced the Valsa canker resistance of apple and pear fruit, and 'Duli-G03' (Pyrus betulifolia) suspension cells. On the contrary, the expression of PbePUB36, RLCK XI subfamily member, was significantly repressed in the MdLecRK-S.4.3 overexpressed cell lines. Over-expression of PbePUB36 interfered with the Valsa canker resistance and immune response caused by up-regulation of MdLecRK-S.4.3. Furthermore, MdLecRK-S.4.3 interacted with BAK1 or PbePUB36 in vivo. In conclusion, MdLecRK-S.4.3 activated various immune responses and positively regulate Valsa canker resistance, which could be largely compromised by PbePUB36. MdLecRK-S.4.3 interacted with PbePUB36 and/or MdBAK1 to mediate the immune responses. This finding provides a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of resistance to Valsa canker and resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Hongqiang Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minrui Cai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xia Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
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10
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Wang P, Zhu L, Li Z, Cheng M, Chen X, Wang A, Wang C, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Identification of the U-Box E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and Its Expression Analysis in Response to Cold Stress and Pathogen Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1437. [PMID: 37050063 PMCID: PMC10097260 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases (PUBs) play an important role in growth, development, and stress responses in many species. However, the characteristics of U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase genes in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) are still unclear. Here, we carry out the genome-wide analysis of U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase genes in cabbage and identify 65 Brassica oleracea var. capitata U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase (BoPUB) genes in the cabbage genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all 65 BoPUB genes are grouped into six subfamilies, whose members are relatively conserved in the protein domain and exon-intron structure. Chromosomal localization and synteny analyses show that segmental and tandem duplication events contribute to the expansion of the U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in cabbage. Protein interaction prediction presents that heterodimerization may occur in BoPUB proteins. In silico promoter analysis and spatio-temporal expression profiling of BoPUB genes reveal their involvement in light response, phytohormone response, and growth and development. Furthermore, we find that BoPUB genes participate in the biosynthesis of cuticular wax and in response to cold stress and pathogenic attack. Our findings provide a deep insight into the U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in cabbage and lay a foundation for the further functional analysis of BoPUB genes in different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mozhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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11
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Wang L, Calabria J, Chen HW, Somssich M. The Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 pathosystem: an overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6052-6067. [PMID: 35709954 PMCID: PMC9578349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of several major food crops. Research on understanding the molecular details of fungal infection and the plant's defense mechanisms against this pathogen has long focused mainly on the tomato-infecting F. oxysporum strains and their specific host plant. However, in recent years, the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 (Fo5176) pathosystem has additionally been established to study this plant-pathogen interaction with all the molecular biology, genetic, and genomic tools available for the A. thaliana model system. Work on this system has since produced several new insights, especially with regards to the role of phytohormones involved in the plant's defense response, and the receptor proteins and peptide ligands involved in pathogen detection. Furthermore, work with the pathogenic strain Fo5176 and the related endophytic strain Fo47 has demonstrated the suitability of this system for comparative studies of the plant's specific responses to general microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this review, we highlight the advantages of this specific pathosystem, summarize the advances made in studying the molecular details of this plant-fungus interaction, and point out open questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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12
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Functional Characterization of Ubiquitination Genes in the Interaction of Soybean—Heterodera glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810771. [PMID: 36142678 PMCID: PMC9504373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a kind of post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. The response of soybean GmPUB genes to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) infection is largely unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the relative expression of 49 GmPUB genes in susceptible cultivar William 82 and resistant cultivar Huipizhi after SCN inoculation. The results show that GmPUB genes responded to cyst nematode infection at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), 5 dpi, 10 dpi and 15 dpi. The expression levels of GmPUB16A, GmPUB20A, GmCHIPA, GmPUB33A, GmPUB23A and GmPUB24A were dramatically changed during SCN infection. Furthermore, functional analysis of these GmPUB genes by overexpression and RNAi showed that GmPUB20A, GmPUB33A and GmPUB24A negatively regulated soybean resistance under SCN stress. The results from our present study provide insights into the complicated molecular mechanism of the interaction between soybean and SCN.
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13
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Zou JP, Zhao QF, Yang T, Shang YF, Ahammed GJ, Zhou J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 to positively regulate resistance to root-knot nematodes in Solanum lycopersicum L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111344. [PMID: 35659944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause massive production losses in all major crops. E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in plant growth, development and immune response. But their roles in plant defense against RKNs are largely unclear. Here, we show that tomato E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 (CSN4) which is essential for jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent basal defense against RKNs. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that RING1 expression was the highest in tomato roots and the expression was significantly increased with RKN (Meloidogyne incognita) infection. Compared with the wild-type plants, the number of egg masses in roots significantly increased in the ring1 mutants, while RING1 overexpression conferred resistance against RKNs. Furthermore, RKN infection increased the accumulation of CSN4 protein in the roots of wild-type plants, which was largely compromised in the ring1 mutants but was enhanced in the RING1 overexpressing plants. The RKN-induced transcripts of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes as well as the accumulation of JA and JA-isoleucine were compromised in ring1 mutants but were increased in RING1 overexpressing plants. These results suggest that RING1 positively regulates JA-dependent basal defense against RKNs by interacting with CSN4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Feng Zhao
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Fen Shang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China.
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14
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He L, Han Z, Zang Y, Dai F, Chen J, Jin S, Huang C, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Xu B, Qi G, Cao Y, Yan S, Xuan L, Zhang T, Si Z, Hu Y. Advanced genes expression pattern greatly contributes to divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance between Gossypium barbadense and Gossupium hirsutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979585. [PMID: 35979082 PMCID: PMC9376480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium, representing one of the world's major pathogens, causes Verticillium wilt in important woody species, ornamentals, agricultural, etc., consequently resulting in a serious decline in production and quality, especially in cotton. Gossupium hirutum and Gossypium barbadense are two kinds of widely cultivated cotton species that suffer from Verticillium wilt, while G. barbadense has much higher resistance toward it than G. hirsutum. However, the molecular mechanism regarding their divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance remains largely unknown. In the current study, G. barbadense cv. Hai7124 and G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 were compared at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h post-inoculation (hpi) utilizing high throughput RNA-Sequencing. As a result, a total of 3,549 and 4,725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. In particular, the resistant type Hai7124 displayed an earlier and faster detection and signaling response to the Verticillium dahliae infection and demonstrated higher expression levels of defense-related genes over TM-1 with respect to transcription factors, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum and important candidate genes for breeding V. dahliae resistant cotton cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zegang Han
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Zang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Dai
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangkun Jin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chujun Huang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoan Qi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunyi Yan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Xuan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Trenner J, Monaghan J, Saeed B, Quint M, Shabek N, Trujillo M. Evolution and Functions of Plant U-Box Proteins: From Protein Quality Control to Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:93-121. [PMID: 35226816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-012310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add complexity and diversity to cellular proteomes. One of the most prevalent modifications across eukaryotes is ubiquitination, which is orchestrated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. U-box-containing E3 ligases have massively expanded in the plant kingdom and have diversified into plant U-box proteins (PUBs). PUBs likely originated from two or three ancestral forms, fusing with diverse functional subdomains that resulted in neofunctionalization. Their emergence and diversification may reflect adaptations to stress during plant evolution, reflecting changes in the needs of plant proteomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Through their close association with protein kinases, they are physically linked to cell signaling hubs and activate feedback loops by dynamically pairing with E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to generate distinct ubiquitin polymers that themselves act as signals. Here, we complement current knowledgewith comparative genomics to gain a deeper understanding of PUB function, focusing on their evolution and structural adaptations of key U-box residues, as well as their various roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | | | - Bushra Saeed
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
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16
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Fernandes LB, Ghag SB. Molecular insights into the jasmonate signaling and associated defense responses against wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 174:22-34. [PMID: 35121482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stress factors drastically limit plant growth and development as well as alter the physiological, biochemical and cellular processes. This negatively impacts plant productivity, ultimately leading to agricultural and economical loss. Plant defense mechanisms elicited in response to these stressors are crucially regulated by the intricate crosstalk between defense hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid and ethylene. These hormones orchestrate adaptive responses by modulating the gene regulatory networks leading to sequential changes in the root architecture, cell wall composition, secondary metabolite production and expression of defense-related genes. Fusarium wilt is a widespread vascular disease in plants caused by the soil-borne ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum and is known to attack several economically important plant cultivars. JA along with its conjugated forms methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid isoleucine critically tunes plant defense mechanisms by regulating the expression of JA-associated genes imparting resistance phenotype. However, it should be noted that some members of F. oxysporum utilize the JA signaling pathway for disease development leading to susceptibility in plants. Therefore, JA signaling pathway becomes one of the important targets amenable for modulation to develop resistance response against Fusarium wilt in plants. In this review, we have emphasized on the physiological and molecular aspects of JA and its significant role in mounting an early defense response against Fusarium wilt disease. Further, utilization of the inherent JA signaling pathway and/or exogenous application of JA in generating Fusarium wilt resistant plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle B Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz East, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhesh B Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz East, Mumbai, India.
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17
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Li Y, Liu K, Tong G, Xi C, Liu J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ren D, Han S. MPK3/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of ERF72 positively regulates resistance to Botrytis cinerea through directly and indirectly activating the transcription of camalexin biosynthesis enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:413-428. [PMID: 34499162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factor (ERF) Group VII members generally function in regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and plant immunity in Arabidopsis; however, the details of the regulatory mechanism by which Group VII ERFs mediate plant immune responses remain elusive. Here, we characterized one such member, ERF72, as a positive regulator that mediates resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the erf72 mutant showed lower camalexin concentration and was more susceptible to B. cinerea, while complementation of ERF72 in erf72 rescued the susceptibility phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of ERF72 in the WT promoted camalexin biosynthesis and increased resistance to B. cinerea. We identified the camalexin-biosynthesis genes PAD3 and CYP71A13 and the transcription factor WRKY33 as target genes of ERF72. We also determined that MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylated ERF72 at Ser151 and improved its transactivation activity, resulting in increased camalexin concentration and increased resistance to B. cinerea. Thus, ERF72 acts in plant immunity to coordinate camalexin biosynthesis both directly by regulating the expression of biosynthetic genes and indirectly by targeting WRKK33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganlu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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18
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Nag P, Paul S, Shriti S, Das S. Defence response in plants and animals against a common fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100135. [PMID: 35909626 PMCID: PMC9325751 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is considered one of the most devastating plant pathogen. FOSC is an emerging pathogen of immunocompromised individuals. Mycotoxins produced by FOSC predisposes the host to other pathogens. Comparative immune reactions in plant and invertebrate show that several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and secondary metabolites maybe used as control against Fusarium infection.
Plant pathogens emerging as threat to human and animal health has been a matter of concern within the scientific community. Fusarium oxysporum, predominantly a phytopathogen, can infect both plants and animals. As a plant pathogen, F. oxysporum is one of the most economically damaging pathogen. In humans, F. oxysporum can infect immunocompromised individuals and is increasingly being considered as a problematic pathogen. Mycotoxins produced by F. oxysporum supress the innate immune pathways in both plants and animals. Hence, F. oxysporum is the perfect example for studying similarities and differences between defence strategies adopted by plants and animals. In this review we will discuss the innate immune response of plant and animal hosts for protecting against F. oxysporum infection. Such studies will be helpful for identifying genes, protein and metabolites with antifungal properties suitable for protecting humans.
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19
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Zhou J, Hu Y, Li J, Yu Z, Guo Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Plant U-Box Protein Gene Family in Phyllostachys edulis. Front Genet 2021; 12:710113. [PMID: 34917124 PMCID: PMC8669748 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.710113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The U-box gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that contains a U-box domain. The plant U-box (PUB) protein plays an important role in the plant stress response; however, very few studies have investigated the role of these proteins in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Thus, more research on PUB proteins is necessary to understand the mechanisms of stress tolerance in P. edulis. In this study, we identified 121 members of the PUB family in P. edulis (PePUB), using bioinformatics based on the P. edulis V2 genome build. The U-box genes of P. edulis showed an uneven distribution among the chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of the U-box genes between P. edulis and Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that these genes can be classified into eight subgroups (Groups I–VIII) based on their structural and phylogenetic features. All U-box genes and the structure of their encoded proteins were identified in P. edulis. We further investigated the expression pattern of PePUB genes in different tissues, including the leaves, panicles, rhizomes, roots, and shoots. The qRT-PCR results showed that expression of three genes, PePUB15, PePUB92, and PePUB120, was upregulated at low temperatures compared to that at 25°C. The expression levels of two PePUBs, PePUB60 and PePUB120, were upregulated under drought stress. These results suggest that the PePUB genes play an important role in resistance to low temperatures and drought in P. edulis. This research provides new insight into the function, diversity, and characterization of PUB genes in P. edulis and provides a basis for understanding their biological roles and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qirong Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,International Center of Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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20
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Zhang Q, Wu L, Yin H, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Gao M, Wu H, Chen Y, Wang Y. D6 protein kinase in root xylem benefiting resistance to Fusarium reveals infection and defense mechanisms in tung trees. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:240. [PMID: 34719680 PMCID: PMC8558330 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum, a global soil-borne pathogen, causes severe disease in various cultivated plants. The mechanism underlying infection and resistance remains largely elusive. Vernicia fordii, known as the tung tree, suffers from disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. fordiis (Fof-1), while its sister species V. montana displays high resistance to Fof-1. To investigate the process of infection and resistance ability, we demonstrated that Fof-1 can penetrate the epidermis of root hairs and then centripetally invade the cortex and phloem in both species. Furthermore, Fof-1 spread upwards through the root xylem in susceptible V. fordii trees, whereas it failed to infect the root xylem in resistant V. montana trees. We found that D6 PROTEIN KINASE LIKE 2 (VmD6PKL2) was specifically expressed in the lateral root xylem and was induced after Fof-1 infection in resistant trees. Transgenic analysis in Arabidopsis and tomato revealed that VmD6PKL2 significantly enhanced resistance in both species, whereas the d6pkl2 mutant displayed reduced resistance against Fof-1. Additionally, VmD6PKL2 was identified to interact directly with synaptotagmin (VmSYT3), which is specifically expressed in the root xylem and mediates the negative regulation responding to Fof-1. Our data suggested that VmD6PKL2 could act as a resistance gene against Fof-1 through suppression of VmSYT3-mediated negative regulation in the lateral root xylem of the resistant species. These findings provide novel insight into Fusarium wilt resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
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21
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López WR, Garcia-Jaramillo DJ, Ceballos-Aguirre N, Castaño-Zapata J, Acuña-Zornosa R, Jovel J. Transcriptional responses to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen infection in three Colombian tomato cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:412. [PMID: 34496757 PMCID: PMC8425103 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a compendium of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal strains. Pathogenic strains may cause vascular wilt disease and produce considerable losses in commercial tomato plots. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to Fol in tomato, the aim of our study was to characterize the transcriptional response of three cultivars (CT1, CT2 and IAC391) to a pathogenic (Fol-pt) and a non-pathogenic (Fo-npt) strain of Fo. RESULTS All cultivars exhibited differentially expressed genes in response to each strain of the fungus at 36 h post-inoculation. For the pathogenic strain, CT1 deployed an apparent active defense response that included upregulation of WRKY transcription factors, an extracellular chitinase, and terpenoid-related genes, among others. In IAC391, differentially expressed genes included upregulated but mostly downregulated genes. Upregulated genes mapped to ethylene regulation, pathogenesis regulation and transcription regulation, while downregulated genes potentially impacted defense responses, lipid transport and metal ion binding. Finally, CT2 exhibited mostly downregulated genes upon Fol-pt infection. This included genes involved in transcription regulation, defense responses, and metal ion binding. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CT1 mounts a defense response against Fol-pt. IAC391 exhibits an intermediate phenotype whereby some defense response genes are activated, and others are suppressed. Finally, the transcriptional profile in the CT2 hints towards lower levels of resistance. Fo-npt also induced transcriptional changes in all cultivars, but to a lesser extent. Results of this study will support genetic breeding programs currently underway in the zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ricardo López
- Departamento de Física y Química. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Dora Janeth Garcia-Jaramillo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Nelson Ceballos-Aguirre
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
| | - Jairo Castaño-Zapata
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Acuña-Zornosa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Juan Jovel
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Research Office. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Guo L, Yu H, Wang B, Vescio K, Delulio GA, Yang H, Berg A, Zhang L, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, Kistler HC, Ma LJ. Metatranscriptomic Comparison of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fusarium-Arabidopsis Interactions Reveals Plant Transcriptional Plasticity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1071-1083. [PMID: 33856230 PMCID: PMC9048145 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to beneficial and pathogenic microbes, but how plants recognize and respond to friends versus foes remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the molecular response of Arabidopsis thaliana independently challenged with a Fusarium oxysporum endophyte Fo47 versus a pathogen Fo5176. These two F. oxysporum strains share a core genome of about 46 Mb, in addition to 1,229 and 5,415 unique accessory genes. Metatranscriptomic data reveal a shared pattern of expression for most plant genes (about 80%) in responding to both fungal inoculums at all timepoints from 12 to 96 h postinoculation (HPI). However, the distinct responding genes depict transcriptional plasticity, as the pathogenic interaction activates plant stress responses and suppresses functions related to plant growth and development, while the endophytic interaction attenuates host immunity but activates plant nitrogen assimilation. The differences in reprogramming of the plant transcriptome are most obvious in 12 HPI, the earliest timepoint sampled, and are linked to accessory genes in both fungal genomes. Collectively, our results indicate that the A. thaliana and F. oxysporum interaction displays both transcriptome conservation and plasticity in the early stages of infection, providing insights into the fine-tuning of gene regulation underlying plant differential responses to fungal endophytes and pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Bo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Kathryn Vescio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Gregory A. Delulio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Véronique Edel-Hermann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: L.-J. Ma;
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23
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Menna A, Dora S, Sancho-Andrés G, Kashyap A, Meena MK, Sklodowski K, Gasperini D, Coll NS, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2021; 19:161. [PMID: 34404410 PMCID: PMC8371875 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell walls (CWs) are protein-rich polysaccharide matrices essential for plant growth and environmental acclimation. The CW constitutes the first physical barrier as well as a primary source of nutrients for microbes interacting with plants, such as the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Fo colonizes roots, advancing through the plant primary CWs towards the vasculature, where it grows causing devastation in many crops. The pathogenicity of Fo and other vascular microbes relies on their capacity to reach and colonize the xylem. However, little is known about the root-microbe interaction before the pathogen reaches the vasculature and the role of the plant CW during this process. RESULTS Using the pathosystem Arabidopsis-Fo5176, we show dynamic transcriptional changes in both fungus and root during their interaction. One of the earliest plant responses to Fo5176 was the downregulation of primary CW synthesis genes. We observed enhanced resistance to Fo5176 in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in primary CW cellulose synthesis. We confirmed that Arabidopsis roots deposit lignin in response to Fo5176 infection, but we show that lignin-deficient mutants were as susceptible as wildtype plants to Fo5176. Genetic impairment of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling did not alter Arabidopsis response to Fo5176, whereas impairment of ethylene signaling did increase vasculature colonization by Fo5176. Abolishing ethylene signaling attenuated the observed resistance while maintaining the dwarfism observed in primary CW cellulose-deficient mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides significant insights on the dynamic root-vascular pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level and the vital role of primary CW cellulose during defense response to these pathogens. These findings represent an essential resource for the generation of plant resistance to Fo that can be transferred to other vascular pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Babilonia K, Wang P, Liu Z, Jamieson P, Mormile B, Rodrigues O, Zhang L, Lin W, Danmaigona Clement C, Menezes de Moura S, Alves-Ferreira M, Finlayson SA, Loring Nichols R, Wheeler TA, Dever JK, Shan L, He P. A nonproteinaceous Fusarium cell wall extract triggers receptor-like protein-dependent immune responses in Arabidopsis and cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:275-289. [PMID: 33314087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by the ascomycete fungus Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease of many economically important crops. The mechanisms underlying plant responses to F. oxysporum infections remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that a water-soluble, heat-resistant and nonproteinaceous F. oxysporum cell wall extract (FoCWE) component from multiple F. oxysporum isolates functions as a race-nonspecific elicitor, also termed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). FoCWE triggers several demonstrated immune responses, including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, ethylene production, and stomatal closure, in cotton and Arabidopsis. Pretreated FoCWE protects cotton seeds against infections by virulent F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), and Arabidopsis plants against the virulent bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting the potential application of FoCWEs in crop protection. Host-mediated responses to FoCWE do not appear to require LYKs/CERK1, BAK1 or SOBIR1, which are commonly involved in PAMP perception and/or signalling. However, FoCWE responses and Fusarium resistance in cotton partially require two receptor-like proteins, GhRLP20 and GhRLP31. Transcriptome analysis suggests that FoCWE preferentially activates cell wall-mediated defence, and Fov has evolved virulence mechanisms to suppress FoCWE-induced defence. These findings suggest that FoCWE is a classical PAMP that is potentially recognised by a novel pattern-recognition receptor to regulate cotton resistance to Fusarium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Babilonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pierce Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brendan Mormile
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Stéfanie Menezes de Moura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert Loring Nichols
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC, 27513, USA
| | - Terry A Wheeler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Jane K Dever
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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25
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Rocha ADJ, Soares JMDS, Nascimento FDS, Santos AS, Amorim VBDO, Ferreira CF, Haddad F, dos Santos-Serejo JA, Amorim EP. Improvements in the Resistance of the Banana Species to Fusarium Wilt: A Systematic Review of Methods and Perspectives. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:249. [PMID: 33806239 PMCID: PMC8066237 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC), tropical race 4 (TR4), causes Fusarium wilt of banana, a pandemic that has threatened the cultivation and export trade of this fruit. This article presents the first systematic review of studies conducted in the last 10 years on the resistance of Musa spp. to Fusarium wilt. We evaluated articles deposited in different academic databases, using a standardized search string and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We note that the information on the sequencing of the Musa sp. genome is certainly a source for obtaining resistant cultivars, mainly by evaluating the banana transcriptome data after infection with FOC. We also showed that there are sources of resistance to FOC race 1 (R1) and FOC TR4 in banana germplasms and that these data are the basis for obtaining resistant cultivars, although the published data are still scarce. In contrast, the transgenics approach has been adopted frequently. We propose harmonizing methods and protocols to facilitate the comparison of information obtained in different research centers and efforts based on global cooperation to cope with the disease. Thus, we offer here a contribution that may facilitate and direct research towards the production of banana resistant to FOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelita de Jesus Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil; (A.d.J.R.); (J.M.d.S.S.); (F.d.S.N.)
| | - Julianna Matos da Silva Soares
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil; (A.d.J.R.); (J.M.d.S.S.); (F.d.S.N.)
| | - Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil; (A.d.J.R.); (J.M.d.S.S.); (F.d.S.N.)
| | | | | | - Claudia Fortes Ferreira
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruit, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil; (V.B.d.O.A.); (C.F.F.); (F.H.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | - Fernando Haddad
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruit, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil; (V.B.d.O.A.); (C.F.F.); (F.H.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
| | | | - Edson Perito Amorim
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruit, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil; (V.B.d.O.A.); (C.F.F.); (F.H.); (J.A.d.S.-S.)
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26
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Serrazina S, Machado H, Costa RL, Duque P, Malhó R. Expression of Castanea crenata Allene Oxide Synthase in Arabidopsis Improves the Defense to Phytophthora cinnamomi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628697. [PMID: 33659016 PMCID: PMC7917121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a key enzyme of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. The AOS gene was previously found to be upregulated in an Asian chestnut species resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi (Castanea crenata), while lower expression values were detected in the susceptible European chestnut (Castanea sativa). Here, we report a genetic and functional characterization of the C. crenata AOS (CcAOS) upon its heterologous gene expression in a susceptible ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains a single AOS gene. It was found that Arabidopsis plants expressing CcAOS delay pathogen progression and exhibit more vigorous growth in its presence. They also show upregulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid-related genes. As in its native species, heterologous CcAOS localized to plastids, as revealed by confocal imaging of the CcAOS-eGFP fusion protein in transgenic Arabidopsis roots. This observation was confirmed upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. To further confirm a specific role of CcAOS in the defense mechanism against the pathogen, we performed crosses between transgenic CcAOS plants and an infertile Arabidopsis AOS knockout mutant line. It was found that plants expressing CcAOS exhibit normal growth, remain infertile but are significantly more tolerant to the pathogen than wild type plants. Together, our results indicate that CcAOS is an important player in plant defense responses against oomycete infection and that its expression in susceptible varieties may be a valuable tool to mitigate biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Serrazina
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI – Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Machado
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa—Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI – Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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27
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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28
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Hooshmand K, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M, Fiehn O, Fomsgaard IS. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Reveals a Concurrent Action of Several Chemical Mechanisms in Arabidopsis-Fusarium oxysporum Compatible and Incompatible Interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15335-15344. [PMID: 33305951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a destructive root-infecting plant pathogen that causes significant yield losses in many economically important crop species. Hence, a deeper understanding of pathogen infection strategies is needed. With liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry platforms, we analyzed the metabolic changes in a time-course experiment with Arabidopsis accessions either resistant (Col-0) or susceptible (Ler-0) to isolates of Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis matthioli infection. We showed a concurrent effect of Fusarium-derived polyols and the mycotoxin beauvericin in the suppression of the immune response of susceptible hosts. A significant increase in oxidized glutathione in the resistant host was probably associated with effective reactive oxygen species-mediated resistance responses. Through a combination of targeted and untargeted metabolomics, we demonstrated the concurrent action of several Arabidopsis defense systems as well as the concurrent action of several virulence systems in the fungal attack of susceptible Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, 95616 Davis, California, United States
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Jaber R, Planchon A, Mathieu-Rivet E, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Zahid A, Plasson C, Pamlard O, Beaupierre S, Trouvé JP, Guillou C, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Mollet JC. Identification of two compounds able to improve flax resistance towards Fusarium oxysporum infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110690. [PMID: 33218648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are surrounded by a diverse range of microorganisms that causes serious crop losses and requires the use of pesticides. Flax is a major crop in Normandy used for its fibres and is regularly challenged by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) f. sp. lini. To protect themselves, plants use "innate immunity" as a first line of defense level against pathogens. Activation of plant defense with elicitors could be an alternative for crop plant protection. A previous work was conducted by screening a chemical library and led to the identification of compounds able to activate defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four compounds were tested for their abilities to improve resistance of two flax varieties against Fo. Two of them, one natural (holaphyllamine or HPA) and one synthetic (M4), neither affected flax nor Fo growth. HPA and M4 induced oxidative burst and callose deposition. Furthermore, HPA and M4 caused changes in the expression patterns of defense-related genes coding a glucanase and a chitinase-like. Finally, plants pre-treated with HPA or M4 exhibited a significant decrease in the disease symptoms. Together, these findings demonstrate that HPA and M4 are able to activate defense responses in flax and improve its resistance against Fo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Jaber
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Aline Planchon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | | | - Abderrakib Zahid
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Carole Plasson
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Olivier Pamlard
- Unité de catalyse et chimie du solide, UMR CNRS 8181, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | - Sandra Beaupierre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | - Catherine Guillou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, PRIMACEN, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Lacaze A, Joly DL. Structural specificity in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1513-1525. [PMID: 32889752 PMCID: PMC7548998 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases bear names such as leaf blights, root rots, sheath blights, tuber scabs, and stem cankers, indicating that symptoms occur preferentially on specific parts of host plants. Accordingly, many plant pathogens are specialized to infect and cause disease in specific tissues and organs. Conversely, others are able to infect a range of tissues, albeit often disease symptoms fluctuate in different organs infected by the same pathogen. The structural specificity of a pathogen defines the degree to which it is reliant on a given tissue, organ, or host developmental stage. It is influenced by both the microbe and the host but the processes shaping it are not well established. Here we review the current status on structural specificity of plant-filamentous pathogen interactions and highlight important research questions. Notably, this review addresses how constitutive defence and induced immunity as well as virulence processes vary across plant organs, tissues, and even cells. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying structural specificity will aid targeted approaches for plant health, for instance by considering the variation in the nature and the amplitude of defence responses across distinct plant organs and tissues when performing selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lacaze
- Department of BiologyUniversité de MonctonMonctonCanada
| | - David L. Joly
- Department of BiologyUniversité de MonctonMonctonCanada
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A Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly for the Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo5176 To Establish a Model Arabidopsis-Fungal Pathosystem. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3549-3555. [PMID: 32843521 PMCID: PMC7534451 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause widespread yield losses in agriculture. Understanding the drivers of plant-pathogen interactions requires decoding the molecular dialog leading to either resistance or disease. However, progress in deciphering pathogenicity genes has been severely hampered by suitable model systems and incomplete fungal genome assemblies. Here, we report a significant improvement of the assembly and annotation of the genome of the Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) strain Fo5176. Fo comprises a large number of serious plant pathogens on dozens of plant species with largely unresolved pathogenicity factors. The strain Fo5176 infects Arabidopsis thaliana and, hence, constitutes a highly promising model system. We use high-coverage Pacific Biosciences Sequel long-read and Hi-C sequencing data to assemble the genome into 19 chromosomes and a total genome size of 67.98 Mb. The genome has a N50 of 4 Mb and a 99.1% complete BUSCO score. Phylogenomic analyses based on single-copy orthologs clearly place the Fo5176 strain in the Fo f sp. conglutinans clade as expected. We generated RNAseq data from culture medium and plant infections to train gene predictions and identified ∼18,000 genes including ten effector genes known from other Fo clades. We show that Fo5176 is able to infect cabbage and Brussel sprouts of the Brassica oleracea, expanding the usefulness of the Fo5176 model pathosystem. Finally, we performed large-scale comparative genomics analyses comparing the Fo5176 to 103 additional Fo genomes to define core and accessory genomic regions. In conjunction with the molecular tool sets available for A. thaliana, the Fo5176 genome and annotation provides a crucial step toward the establishment of a highly promising pathosystem.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of a Susceptible African Maize Line to Fusarium verticillioides Infection. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091112. [PMID: 32872156 PMCID: PMC7569872 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop providing food security to millions of people in sub Saharan Africa. Fusarium verticillioides, an important fungal pathogen, infects maize causing ‘Fusarium Ear Rot’ disease, which decreases maize kernel yield and the quality of the crop harvested. Currently, no African maize line is completely resistant to infection by F. verticillioides. This study investigated an African maize line, Zea mays CML144, infected with F. verticillioides. Analysis of morphological characteristics showed significant differences between mock-infected and infected plants. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on plants 14 days post-inoculation to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in F. verticillioides infection. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed DEGs that were both significantly up- and down-regulated in the infected samples compared to the mock-infected control. The maize TPS1 and cytochrome P450 genes were up-regulated, suggesting that kauralexins were involved in the CML144 defense response. This was substantiated by kauralexin analyses, which showed that kauralexins, belonging to class A and B, accumulated in infected maize tissue. Gene ontology terms relating to response to stimulus, chemical stimulus and carbohydrate metabolic processes were enriched, and the genes belonging to these GO-terms were down-regulated. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on selected DEGs and measurement of phytoalexin accumulation validated the RNA-seq data and GO-analysis results. A comparison of DEGs from this study to DEGs found in F. verticillioides (ITEM 1744) infected susceptible (CO354) and resistant (CO441) maize genotypes in a previous study, matched 18 DEGs with 17 up-regulated and one down-regulated, respectively. This is the first transcriptomic study on the African maize line, CML144, in response to F. verticillioides infection.
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Mukherjee A, Singh BK, Verma JP. Harnessing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed endophytes for enhancing plant growth attributes and bio-controlling against Fusarium sp. Microbiol Res 2020; 237:126469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang C, Wei Y, Xu L, Wu KC, Yang L, Shi CN, Yang GY, Chen D, Yu FF, Xie Q, Ding SW, Wu JG. A Bunyavirus-Inducible Ubiquitin Ligase Targets RNA Polymerase IV for Degradation during Viral Pathogenesis in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:836-850. [PMID: 32087369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls many cellular functions in eukaryotes. Here, we show that stable expression of P3 protein encoded by Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV), a negative-strand RNA virus in the Bunyavirales, causes developmental abnormities similar to the disease symptoms caused by RGSV, such as dwarfing and excess tillering, in transgenic rice plants. We found that both transgenic expression of P3 and RGSV infection induce ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation of rice NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE D1a (OsNRPD1a), one of two orthologs of the largest subunit of plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV), which is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Furthermore, we identified a P3-inducible U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase, designated as P3-inducible protein 1 (P3IP1), which interacts with OsNRPD1a and mediates its ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation in vitro and in vivo. Notably, both knockdown of OsNRPD1 and overexpression of P3IP1 in rice plants induced developmental phenotypes similar to RGSV disease symptomss. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel virulence mechanism whereby plant pathogens target host RNA Pol IV for UPS-dependent degradation to induce disease symptoms. Our study also identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which targets the RdDM compotent NRPD1 for UPS-mediated degradation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Le Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kang-Cheng Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chao-Nan Shi
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guo-Yi Yang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei-Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Hoseinzadeh AH, Soorni A, Shoorooei M, Torkzadeh Mahani M, Maali Amiri R, Allahyari H, Mohammadi R. Comparative transcriptome provides molecular insight into defense-associated mechanisms against spider mite in resistant and susceptible common bean cultivars. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228680. [PMID: 32017794 PMCID: PMC6999899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major source of proteins and one of the most important edible foods for more than three hundred million people in the world. The common bean plants are frequently attacked by spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), leading to a significant decrease in plant growth and economic performance. The use of resistant cultivars and the identification of the genes involved in plant-mite resistance are practical solutions to this problem. Hence, a comprehensive study of the molecular interactions between resistant and susceptible common bean cultivars and spider mite can shed light into the understanding of mechanisms and biological pathways of resistance. In this study, one resistant (Naz) and one susceptible (Akhtar) cultivars were selected for a transcriptome comparison at different time points (0, 1 and 5 days) after spider mite feeding. The comparison of cultivars in different time points revealed several key genes, which showed a change increase in transcript abundance via spider mite infestation. These included genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis process; a conserved MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) regulatory complex; transcription factors (TFs) TT2, TT8, TCP, Cys2/His2-type and C2H2-type zinc finger proteins; the ethylene response factors (ERFs) ERF1 and ERF9; genes related to metabolism of auxin and jasmonic acid (JA); pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hadi Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soorni
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marie Shoorooei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Maali Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Allahyari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahmat Mohammadi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Chávez-Arias CC, Gómez-Caro S, Restrepo-Díaz H. Physiological Responses to the Foliar Application of Synthetic Resistance Elicitors in Cape Gooseberry Seedlings Infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020176. [PMID: 32024161 PMCID: PMC7076635 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most limiting disease that affects cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) crops in Colombia. The use of synthetic elicitors for vascular wilt management is still scarce in Andean fruit species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect and number of foliar applications of synthetic elicitors such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), brassinosteroids (BR), or a commercial resistance elicitor based on botanical extracts (BE) on disease progress and their effect on the physiology of cape gooseberry plants inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. physali. Groups of ten plants were separately sprayed once, twice, or three times with a foliar synthetic elicitor, respectively. Elicitor applications were performed at the following concentrations: JA (10 mL L−1), SA (100 mg L−1), BR (1 mL L−1) and BE (2.5 mL of commercial product (Loker®) L−1). The results showed that three foliar BR, SA, or BE applications reduced the area under the disease progress, severity index, and vascular browning in comparison to inoculated plants without any elicitor spray. Three BR, SA, or BE sprays also favored stomatal conductance, water potential, growth (total dry weight and leaf area) and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll compared with inoculated and untreated plants with no elicitor sprays. Three foliar sprays of SA, BR, or BE enhanced photosynthetic pigments (leaf total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) and proline synthesis and decreased oxidative stress in Foph-inoculated plants. In addition, the effectiveness of three foliar BR, SA, or BE sprays was corroborated by three-dimensional plot and biplot analysis, in which it can evidence that stomatal conductance, proline synthesis, and efficacy percentage were accurate parameters to predict Foph management. On the hand, JA showed the lowest level of amelioration of the negative effects of Foph inoculation. In conclusion, the use of the synthetic elicitors BR, SA, or BE can be considered as a tool complementary for the commercial management of vascular wilt in areas where this disease is a limiting factor.
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A combined transcriptional, biochemical and histopathological study unravels the complexity of Alternaria resistance and susceptibility in Brassica coenospecies. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:44-53. [PMID: 31892376 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria blight is one of the most devastating diseases of rapeseed-mustard caused by a necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicae. Lack of satisfactory resistance resource in Brassica is still a main obstruction for developing resistance against Alternaria. In this study, we have selected Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba and Camelina sativa to understand and unravel the mechanism of disease resistance against Alternaria. Histopathological studies showed early onset of necrosis in B. juncea (1 dpi) and delayed in S. alba (2 dpi) and C. sativa (3 dpi) respectively. Early and enhanced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed in C. sativa and S. alba (6 hpi) when compared to B. juncea (12 hpi). An increase in catalase activity was observed in both C. sativa (36 % at 6 hpi) and S. alba (15 % at 12 hpi), whereas it significantly decreased in B. juncea at 6 hpi (23 %), 12 hpi (30 %) and 24 hpi (8 %). Gene expression analysis showed induction of PR-3 and PR-12 genes only in C. sativa and S. alba when compared to B. juncea suggesting their vital role for Alternaria resistance. In contrast, SA marker genes were significantly expressed in B. juncea only which provides evidence of hormonal cross talk in B. juncea during Alternaria infection thereby increasing its susceptibility.
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An integrated analysis of mRNA and sRNA transcriptional profiles in tomato root: Insights on tomato wilt disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206765. [PMID: 30395631 PMCID: PMC6218063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a worldwide destructive disease of tomato. As exploring gene expression and function approaches constitute an initial point for investigating pathogen-host interaction, we performed RNA-seq and sRNA-seq analysis to investigate the transcriptome of tomato root under FOL infection. Differentially expressed (DE) protein-coding gene and miRNA gene profiles upon inoculation with FOL were presented at twenty-four hours post-inoculation in four treatments. A total of more than 182.6 million and 132.2 million high quality clean reads were obtained by RNA-seq and sRNA-seq, respectively. A large overlap was found in DE mRNAs between susceptible cultivar Moneymaker and resistant cultivar Motelle. Gene Ontology terms were mainly classified into catalytic activity, metabolic process and binding. Combining with qRT-PCR and Northern blot, we validated the transcriptional profile of five genes and five miRNAs conferred to FOL infection. Our work allowed comprehensive understanding of different transcriptional reaction of genes/miRNAs between the susceptible and resistant cultivars tomato to the FOL challenge, which could offer us with a future direction to generate models of mediated resistance responses.
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Turek I, Tischer N, Lassig R, Trujillo M. Multi-tiered pairing selectivity between E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16324-16336. [PMID: 30185618 PMCID: PMC6200922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a prevalent post-translational modification involved in all aspects of cell physiology. It is mediated by an enzymatic cascade and the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBCs) lie at its heart. Even though E3 ubiquitin ligases determine the specificity of the reaction, E2s catalyze the attachment of ubiquitin and have emerged as key mediators of chain assembly. They are largely responsible for the type of linkage between ubiquitin moieties and thus, the fate endowed onto the modified substrate. However, in vivo E2-E3 pairing remains largely unexplored. We therefore interrogated the interaction selectivity between 37 Arabidopsis E2s and PUB22, a U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the dampening of immune signaling. We show that whereas the U-box domain, which mediates E2 docking, is able to interact with 18 of 37 tested E2s, the substrate interacting armadillo (ARM) repeats impose a second layer of specificity, allowing the interaction with 11 E2s. In vitro activity assayed by autoubiquitination only partially recapitulated the in vivo selectivity. Moreover, in vivo pairing was modulated during the immune response; pairing with group VI UBC30 was inhibited, whereas interaction with the K63 chain-building UBC35 was increased. Functional analysis of ubc35 ubc36 mutants shows that they partially mimic pub22 pub23 pub24 enhanced activation of immune responses. Together, our work provides a framework to interrogate in vivo E2-E3 pairing and reveals a multi-tiered and dynamic E2-E3 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Turek
- From the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Independent Junior Research Group, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale) and
| | - Nadine Tischer
- From the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Independent Junior Research Group, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale) and
| | - Roman Lassig
- From the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Independent Junior Research Group, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale) and
| | - Marco Trujillo
- From the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Independent Junior Research Group, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale) and
- the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Cell Biology, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Meshram S, Patel JS, Yadav SK, Kumar G, Singh DP, Singh HB, Sarma BK. Trichoderma mediate early and enhanced lignifications in chickpea during Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris infection. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:74-86. [PMID: 30284310 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lignifications in secondary cell walls play a significant role in defense mechanisms of plants against the invading pathogens. In the present study, we investigated Trichoderma strain specific lignifications in chickpea plants pre-treated with 10 potential Trichoderma strains and subsequently challenged with the wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc). Trichoderma-induced lignifications in chickpea were observed through histochemical staining and expression of some genes of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Lignifications were observed in transverse sections of shoots near the soil line through histochemical staining and expression pattern of the target genes was observed in root tissues through semi quantitative RT-PCR at different time intervals after inoculation of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Lignin deposition and expression pattern of the target genes were variable in each treatment. Lignifications were enhanced in all 10 Trichoderma strain treated and F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris challenged chickpea plants. However, four Trichoderma strains viz., T-42, MV-41, DFL, and RO, triggered significantly high lignifications compared to the other six strains. Time course studies showed that effective Trichoderma isolates induced lignifications very early compared to the other strains and the process of lignifications nearly completes within 6 days of pathogen challenge. Thus, from the results it can be concluded that effective Trichoderma strains trigger lignifications very early in chickpea under Foc challenge and provide better protection to chickpea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Meshram
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jai Singh Patel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudheer K Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gagan Kumar
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjaya P Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Birinchi K Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Husaini AM, Sakina A, Cambay SR. Host-Pathogen Interaction in Fusarium oxysporum Infections: Where Do We Stand? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:889-898. [PMID: 29547356 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0302-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum, a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen, causes devastating vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species and ranks 5th among the top 10 fungal plant pathogens. It has emerged as a human pathogen, too, causing infections in immune-compromised patients. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into the molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of this transkingdom pathogen. A complex network comprising interconnected and overlapping signal pathways-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, Ras proteins, G-protein signaling components and their downstream pathways, components of the velvet (LaeA/VeA/VelB) complex, and cAMP pathways-is involved in perceiving the host. This network regulates the expression of various pathogenicity genes. However, plants have evolved an elaborate protection system to combat this attack. They, too, possess intricate mechanisms at the molecular level which, once triggered by pathogen attack, transduce signals to activate defense response. This review focuses on understanding and presenting a wholistic picture of the molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum-host interactions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 2 The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, OX1 3RB South Parks Road, University of Oxford, U.K.; and
| | - Aafreen Sakina
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
| | - Souliha R Cambay
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 3 Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
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42
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Wang Q, Shao B, Shaikh FI, Friedt W, Gottwald S. Wheat Resistances to Fusarium Root Rot and Head Blight Are Both Associated with Deoxynivalenol- and Jasmonate-Related Gene Expression. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:602-616. [PMID: 29256831 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a major pathogen of wheat causing Fusarium head blight (FHB). Its ability to colonize wheat via seedling root infection has been reported recently. Our previous study on Fusarium root rot (FRR) has disclosed histological characteristics of pathogenesis and pathogen defense that mirror processes of spike infection. Therefore, it would be interesting to understand whether genes relevant for FHB resistance are induced in roots. The concept of similar-acting defense mechanisms provides a basis for research at broad Fusarium resistance in crop plants. However, molecular defense responses involved in FRR as well as their relation to spike resistance are unknown. To test the hypothesis of a conserved defense response, a candidate gene expression study was conducted to test the activity of selected prominent FHB defense-related genes in seedling roots, adult plant roots, spikes, and shoots. FRR was examined at seedling and adult plant stages to assess age-related pattern of disease and pathogen resistance. This study offers first evidence for a significant genetic overlap in root and spike defense responses, both in local and distant tissues. The results point to plant development-specific rather than organ-specific determinants of resistance, and suggest roots as an interesting model for studies on wheat-Fusarium interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- All authors: Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Beiqi Shao
- All authors: Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fayaz Imamrasul Shaikh
- All authors: Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friedt
- All authors: Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Gottwald
- All authors: Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Ashraf N, Basu S, Narula K, Ghosh S, Tayal R, Gangisetty N, Biswas S, Aggarwal PR, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Integrative network analyses of wilt transcriptome in chickpea reveal genotype dependent regulatory hubs in immunity and susceptibility. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6528. [PMID: 29695764 PMCID: PMC5916944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host specific resistance and non-host resistance are two plant immune responses to counter pathogen invasion. Gene network organizing principles leading to quantitative differences in resistant and susceptible host during host specific resistance are poorly understood. Vascular wilt caused by root pathogen Fusarium species is complex and governed by host specific resistance in crop plants, including chickpea. Here, we temporally profiled two contrasting chickpea genotypes in disease and immune state to better understand gene expression switches in host specific resistance. Integrative gene-regulatory network elucidated tangible insight into interaction coordinators leading to pathway determination governing distinct (disease or immune) phenotypes. Global network analysis identified five major hubs with 389 co-regulated genes. Functional enrichment revealed immunome containing three subnetworks involving CTI, PTI and ETI and wilt diseasome encompassing four subnetworks highlighting pathogen perception, penetration, colonization and disease establishment. These subnetworks likely represent key components that coordinate various biological processes favouring defence or disease. Furthermore, we identified core 76 disease/immunity related genes through subcellular analysis. Our regularized network with robust statistical assessment captured known and unexpected gene interaction, candidate novel regulators as future biomarkers and first time showed system-wide quantitative architecture corresponding to genotypic characteristics in wilt landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasheeman Ashraf
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swaraj Basu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajul Tayal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nagaraju Gangisetty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sushmita Biswas
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pooja R Aggarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Dmitriev AA, Krasnov GS, Rozhmina TA, Novakovskiy RO, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Yurkevich OY, Muravenko OV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Differential gene expression in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection in resistant and susceptible genotypes of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:253. [PMID: 29297347 PMCID: PMC5751779 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a crop plant used for fiber and oil production. Although potentially high-yielding flax varieties have been developed, environmental stresses markedly decrease flax production. Among biotic stresses, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini is recognized as one of the most devastating flax pathogens. It causes wilt disease that is one of the major limiting factors for flax production worldwide. Breeding and cultivation of flax varieties resistant to F. oxysporum is the most effective method for controlling wilt disease. Although the mechanisms of flax response to Fusarium have been actively studied, data on the plant response to infection and resistance gene candidates are currently very limited. RESULTS The transcriptomes of two resistant and two susceptible flax cultivars with respect to Fusarium wilt, as well as two resistant BC2F5 populations, which were grown under control conditions or inoculated with F. oxysporum, were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Genes showing changes in expression under F. oxysporum infection were identified in both resistant and susceptible flax genotypes. We observed the predominant overexpression of numerous genes that are involved in defense response. This was more pronounced in resistant cultivars. In susceptible cultivars, significant downregulation of genes involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis was observed in response to F. oxysporum. In the resistant genotypes, upregulation of genes related to NAD(P)H oxidase activity was detected. Upregulation of a number of genes, including that encoding beta-1,3-glucanase, was significantly greater in the cultivars and BC2F5 populations resistant to Fusarium wilt than in susceptible cultivars in response to F. oxysporum infection. CONCLUSIONS Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified genes involved in the early defense response of L. usitatissimum against the fungus F. oxysporum. In response to F. oxysporum infection, we detected changes in the expression of pathogenesis-related protein-encoding genes and genes involved in ROS production or related to cell wall biogenesis. Furthermore, we identified genes that were upregulated specifically in flax genotypes resistant to Fusarium wilt. We suggest that the identified genes in resistant cultivars and BC2F5 populations showing induced expression in response to F. oxysporum infection are the most promising resistance gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute for Flax, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Yurkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Le Berre JY, Gourgues M, Samans B, Keller H, Panabières F, Attard A. Transcriptome dynamic of Arabidopsis roots infected with Phytophthora parasitica identifies VQ29, a gene induced during the penetration and involved in the restriction of infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190341. [PMID: 29281727 PMCID: PMC5744986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the responses of plant roots to filamentous pathogens, particularly to oomycetes. To assess the molecular dialog established between the host and the pathogen during early stages of infection, we investigated the overall changes in gene expression in A. thaliana roots challenged with P. parasitica. We analyzed various infection stages, from penetration and establishment of the interaction to the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy. We identified 3390 genes for which expression was modulated during the infection. The A. thaliana transcriptome displays a dynamic response to P. parasitica infection, from penetration onwards. Some genes were specifically coregulated during penetration and biotrophic growth of the pathogen. Many of these genes have functions relating to primary metabolism, plant growth, and defense responses. In addition, many genes encoding VQ motif-containing proteins were found to be upregulated in plant roots, early in infection. Inactivation of VQ29 gene significantly increased susceptibility to P. parasitica during the late stages of infection. This finding suggests that the gene contributes to restricting oomycete development within plant tissues. Furthermore, the vq29 mutant phenotype was not associated with an impairment of plant defenses involving SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent signaling pathways, camalexin biosynthesis, or PTI signaling. Collectively, the data presented here thus show that infection triggers a specific genetic program in roots, beginning as soon as the pathogen penetrates the first cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgit Samans
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnes Attard
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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46
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Zhou B, Zeng L. Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination in plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1313-1330. [PMID: 27925369 PMCID: PMC6638253 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most abundant types of protein post-translational modification (PTM) in plant cells. The importance of ubiquitination in the regulation of many aspects of plant immunity has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. Most of the studies linking ubiquitination to the plant immune system, however, have been focused on the E3 ubiquitin ligases and the conventional ubiquitination that leads to the degradation of the substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. By contrast, our knowledge about the role of unconventional ubiquitination that often serves as non-degradative, regulatory signal remains a significant gap. We discuss, in this review, the recent advances in our understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on the E3 ubiquitin ligases. We approach the topic from a perspective of two broadly defined types of ubiquitination in an attempt to highlight the importance, yet current scarcity, in our knowledge about the regulation of plant immunity by unconventional ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjun Zhou
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Lirong Zeng
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68583USA
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil CropsHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128China
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47
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Progar V, Jakše J, Štajner N, Radišek S, Javornik B, Berne S. Comparative transcriptional analysis of hop responses to infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1599-1613. [PMID: 28698905 PMCID: PMC5602066 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Dynamic transcriptome profiling revealed excessive, yet ineffective, immune response to V. nonalfalfae infection in susceptible hop, global gene downregulation in shoots of resistant hop and only a few infection-associated genes in roots. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) production is hampered by Verticillium wilt, a disease predominantly caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae. Only a few hop cultivars exhibit resistance towards it and mechanisms of this resistance have not been discovered. In this study, we compared global transcriptional responses in roots and shoots of resistant and susceptible hop plants infected by a lethal strain of V. nonalfalfae. Time-series differential gene expression profiles between infected and mock inoculated plants were determined and subjected to network-based analysis of functional enrichment. In the resistant hop cultivar, a remarkably low number of genes were differentially expressed in roots in response to V. nonalfalfae infection, while the majority of differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in shoots. The most significantly affected genes were related to cutin biosynthesis, cell wall biogenesis, lateral root development and terpenoid biosynthesis. On the other hand, susceptible hop exhibited a strong defence response in shoots and roots, including increased expression of genes associated with plant responses, such as innate immunity, wounding, jasmonic acid pathway and chitinase activity. Strong induction of defence-associated genes in susceptible hop and a low number of infection-responsive genes in the roots of resistant hop are consistent with previous findings, confirming the pattern of excessive response of the susceptible cultivar, which ultimately fails to protect the plant from V. nonalfalfae. This research offers a multifaceted overview of transcriptional responses of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars to V. nonalfalfae infection and represents a valuable resource in the study of this plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasja Progar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Štajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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48
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Shu K, Yang W. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Ubiquitous Actors in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1461-1476. [PMID: 28541504 PMCID: PMC5914405 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the precise regulatory mechanisms of plant development and stress responses at the post-translational level is currently a topic of intensive research. Protein ubiquitination, including the sequential performances of ubiquitin-activating (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes, is a refined post-translational modification ubiquitous in all eukaryotes. Plants are an integral part of our ecosystem and, as sessile organisms, the ability to perceive internal and external signals and to adapt well to various environmental challenges is crucial for their survival. Over recent decades, extensive studies have demonstrated that protein ubiquitination plays key roles in multiple plant developmental stages (e.g. seed dormancy and germination, root growth, flowering time control, self-incompatibility and chloroplast development) and several abiotic stress responses (e.g. drought and high salinity), by regulating the abundance, activities or subcellular localizations of a variety of regulatory polypeptides and enzymes. Importantly, diverse E3 ligases are involved in these regulatory pathways by mediating phytohormone and light signaling or other pathways. In this updated review, we mainly summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of protein ubiquitination in plant development and plant-environment interactions, and primarily focus on different types of E3 ligases because they play critical roles in determining substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
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49
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Sherif SM, Erland LA, Shukla MR, Saxena PK. Bark and wood tissues of American elm exhibit distinct responses to Dutch elm disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7114. [PMID: 28769110 PMCID: PMC5540924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to Dutch elm disease (DED) has been linked to the rapid and/or high induction of disease-responsive genes after infection with the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Although the fungal infection by O. novo-ulmi primarily takes places in xylem vessels, it is still unclear how xylem contributes to the defense against DED. Taking advantage of the easy separation of wood and bark tissues in young American elm saplings, here we show that most disease-responsive genes exhibited higher expression in wood compared to bark tissues after fungal infection. On the other hand, the stress-related phytohormones were generally more abundant in the bark compared to wood tissues. However, only endogenous levels of jasmonates (JAs), but not salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased in the inoculated tissues. This, along with the upregulation of JA-biosynthesis genes in inoculated bark and core tissues further suggest that phloem and xylem might contribute to the de novo biosynthesis of JA after fungal infection. The comparison between two tolerant elm varieties, 'Valley Forge' and 'Princeton,' also indicated that tolerance against DED might be mediated by different mechanisms in the xylem. The present study sheds some light on the amplitude and kinetics of defense responses produced in the xylem and phloem in response to DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sherif
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Virginia Tech, Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA, USA
| | - L A Erland
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M R Shukla
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P K Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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50
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Piya S, Kihm C, Rice JH, Baum TJ, Hewezi T. Cooperative Regulatory Functions of miR858 and MYB83 during Cyst Nematode Parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1897-1912. [PMID: 28512179 PMCID: PMC5490899 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) recently have been established as key regulators of transcriptome reprogramming that define cell function and identity. Nevertheless, the molecular functions of the greatest number of miRNA genes remain to be determined. Here, we report cooperative regulatory functions of miR858 and its MYB83 transcription factor target gene in transcriptome reprogramming during Heterodera cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene expression analyses and promoter-GUS fusion assays documented a role of miR858 in posttranscriptional regulation of MYB83 in the Heterodera schachtii-induced feeding sites, the syncytia. Constitutive overexpression of miR858 interfered with H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis, leading to reduced susceptibility, while reduced miR858 abundance enhanced plant susceptibility. Similarly, MYB83 expression increases were conducive to nematode infection because overexpression of a noncleavable coding sequence of MYB83 significantly increased plant susceptibility, whereas a myb83 mutation rendered the plants less susceptible. In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in hormone signaling pathways, defense response, glucosinolate biosynthesis, cell wall modification, sugar transport, and transcriptional control are the key etiological factors by which MYB83 facilitates nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we discovered that miR858-mediated silencing of MYB83 is tightly regulated through a feedback loop that might contribute to fine-tuning the expression of more than a thousand of MYB83-regulated genes in the H. schachtii-induced syncytium. Together, our results suggest a role of the miR858-MYB83 regulatory system in finely balancing gene expression patterns during H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis to ensure optimal cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Christina Kihm
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J Hollis Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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