1
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Roffay C, García-Arcos JM, Chapuis P, López-Andarias J, Schneider F, Colom A, Tomba C, Di Meglio I, Barrett K, Dunsing V, Matile S, Roux A, Mercier V. Tutorial: fluorescence lifetime microscopy of membrane mechanosensitive Flipper probes. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-01027-6. [PMID: 39210094 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-01027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Measuring forces within living cells remains a technical challenge. In this Tutorial, we cover the development of hydrophobic mechanosensing fluorescent probes called Flippers, whose fluorescence lifetime depends on lipid packing. Flipper probes can therefore be used as reporters for membrane tension via the measurement of changes in their fluorescence lifetime. We describe the technical optimization of the probe for imaging and provide working examples for their characterizations in a variety of biological and in vitro systems. We further provide a guideline to measure biophysical parameters of cellular membranes by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy using Flipper probes, providing evidence that flippers can report long range forces in cells, tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Roffay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierrik Chapuis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Falk Schneider
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adai Colom
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus Universitario, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Caterina Tomba
- CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ilaria Di Meglio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Barrett
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Dunsing
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Chang CY, Pearce G, Betaneli V, Kapustsenka T, Hosseini K, Fischer-Friedrich E, Corbeil D, Karbanová J, Taubenberger A, Dahncke B, Rauner M, Furesi G, Perner S, Rost F, Jessberger R. The F-actin bundler SWAP-70 promotes tumor metastasis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302307. [PMID: 38760173 PMCID: PMC11101836 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic rearrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton are a hallmark of tumor metastasis. Thus, proteins that govern F-actin rearrangements are of major interest for understanding metastasis and potential therapies. We hypothesized that the unique F-actin binding and bundling protein SWAP-70 contributes importantly to metastasis. Orthotopic, ectopic, and short-term tail vein injection mouse breast and lung cancer models revealed a strong positive dependence of lung and bone metastasis on SWAP-70. Breast cancer cell growth, migration, adhesion, and invasion assays revealed SWAP-70's key role in these metastasis-related cell features and the requirement for SWAP-70 to bind F-actin. Biophysical experiments showed that tumor cell stiffness and deformability are negatively modulated by SWAP-70. Together, we present a hitherto undescribed, unique F-actin modulator as an important contributor to tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Chang
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Glen Pearce
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viktoria Betaneli
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Kapustsenka
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Dresden, Germany
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Dresden, Germany
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Dresden, Germany
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Dahncke
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giulia Furesi
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Fabian Rost
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Technology Platform at the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- https://ror.org/042aqky30 Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Alonso-Matilla R, Lam AR, Miettinen TP. Cell-intrinsic mechanical regulation of plasma membrane accumulation at the cytokinetic furrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320769121. [PMID: 38990949 PMCID: PMC11260091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320769121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the process where the mother cell's cytoplasm separates into daughter cells. This is driven by an actomyosin contractile ring that produces cortical contractility and drives cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a thin intercellular bridge. While cytoskeletal reorganization during cytokinesis has been extensively studied, less is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of the plasma membrane. Here, we image and model plasma membrane lipid and protein dynamics on the cell surface during leukemia cell cytokinesis. We reveal an extensive accumulation and folding of the plasma membrane at the cleavage furrow and the intercellular bridge, accompanied by a depletion and unfolding of the plasma membrane at the cell poles. These membrane dynamics are caused by two actomyosin-driven biophysical mechanisms: the radial constriction of the cleavage furrow causes local compression of the apparent cell surface area and accumulation of the plasma membrane at the furrow, while actomyosin cortical flows drag the plasma membrane toward the cell division plane as the furrow ingresses. The magnitude of these effects depends on the plasma membrane fluidity, cortex adhesion, and cortical contractility. Overall, our work reveals cell-intrinsic mechanical regulation of plasma membrane accumulation at the cleavage furrow that is likely to generate localized differences in membrane tension across the cytokinetic cell. This may locally alter endocytosis, exocytosis, and mechanotransduction, while also serving as a self-protecting mechanism against cytokinesis failures that arise from high membrane tension at the intercellular bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice R. Lam
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Teemu P. Miettinen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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4
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Li M, Xing X, Yuan J, Zeng Z. Research progress on the regulatory role of cell membrane surface tension in cell behavior. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29923. [PMID: 38720730 PMCID: PMC11076917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane surface tension has emerged as a pivotal biophysical factor governing cell behavior and fate. This review systematically delineates recent advances in techniques for cell membrane surface tension quantification, mechanosensing mechanisms, and regulatory roles of cell membrane surface tension in modulating major cellular processes. Micropipette aspiration, tether pulling, and newly developed fluorescent probes enable the measurement of cell membrane surface tension with spatiotemporal precision. Cells perceive cell membrane surface tension via conduits including mechanosensitive ion channels, curvature-sensing proteins (e.g. BAR domain proteins), and cortex-membrane attachment proteins (e.g. ERM proteins). Through membrane receptors like integrins, cells convert mechanical cues into biochemical signals. This conversion triggers cytoskeletal remodeling and extracellular matrix interactions in response to environmental changes. Elevated cell membrane surface tension suppresses cell spreading, migration, and endocytosis while facilitating exocytosis. Moreover, reduced cell membrane surface tension promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation and cancer cell invasion, underscoring cell membrane surface tension as a regulator of cell plasticity. Outstanding questions remain regarding cell membrane surface tension regulatory mechanisms and roles in tissue development/disease in vivo. Emerging tools to manipulate cell membrane surface tension with high spatiotemporal control in combination with omics approaches will facilitate the elucidation of cell membrane surface tension-mediated effects on signaling networks across various cell types/states. This will accelerate the development of cell membrane surface tension-based biomarkers and therapeutics for regenerative medicine and cancer. Overall, this review provides critical insights into cell membrane surface tension as a potent orchestrator of cell function, with broader impacts across mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Zhuoying Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Chemical Analysis & Physical Testing Institute, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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5
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Vishen AS, Prost J, Sens P. Quantitative comparison of cell-cell detachment force in different experimental setups. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:22. [PMID: 38563859 PMCID: PMC10987375 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We compare three different setups for measuring cell-cell adhesion. We show that the measured strength depends on the type of setup that is used. For identical cells different assays measure different detachment forces. This can be understood from the fact that cell-cell detachment is a global property of the system. We also analyse the role of external force and line tension on contact angle and cell-cell detachment. Comparison with the experiments suggest that viscous forces play an important role in the process. We dedicate this article to Fyl Pincus who for many of us is an example to be followed not only for outstanding science but also for a marvelous human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh Vishen
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
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6
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Runser S, Vetter R, Iber D. SimuCell3D: three-dimensional simulation of tissue mechanics with cell polarization. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 4:299-309. [PMID: 38594592 PMCID: PMC11052725 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-024-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) organization of cells determines tissue function and integrity, and changes markedly in development and disease. Cell-based simulations have long been used to define the underlying mechanical principles. However, high computational costs have so far limited simulations to either simplified cell geometries or small tissue patches. Here, we present SimuCell3D, an efficient open-source program to simulate large tissues in three dimensions with subcellular resolution, growth, proliferation, extracellular matrix, fluid cavities, nuclei and non-uniform mechanical properties, as found in polarized epithelia. Spheroids, vesicles, sheets, tubes and other tissue geometries can readily be imported from microscopy images and simulated to infer biomechanical parameters. Doing so, we show that 3D cell shapes in layered and pseudostratified epithelia are largely governed by a competition between surface tension and intercellular adhesion. SimuCell3D enables the large-scale in silico study of 3D tissue organization in development and disease at a great level of detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Runser
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Herzog S, Fläschner G, Incaviglia I, Arias JC, Ponti A, Strohmeyer N, Nava MM, Müller DJ. Monitoring the mass, eigenfrequency, and quality factor of mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1751. [PMID: 38409119 PMCID: PMC10897412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mass is essential for the development and homeostasis of cells and multicellular organisms. However, cell mass is also tightly linked to cell mechanical properties, which depend on the time scales at which they are measured and change drastically at the cellular eigenfrequency. So far, it has not been possible to determine cell mass and eigenfrequency together. Here, we introduce microcantilevers oscillating in the Ångström range to monitor both fundamental physical properties of the cell. If the oscillation frequency is far below the cellular eigenfrequency, all cell compartments follow the cantilever motion, and the cell mass measurements are accurate. Yet, if the oscillating frequency approaches or lies above the cellular eigenfrequency, the mechanical response of the cell changes, and not all cellular components can follow the cantilever motions in phase. This energy loss caused by mechanical damping within the cell is described by the quality factor. We use these observations to examine living cells across externally applied mechanical frequency ranges and to measure their total mass, eigenfrequency, and quality factor. The three parameters open the door to better understand the mechanobiology of the cell and stimulate biotechnological and medical innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Herzog
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gotthold Fläschner
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Nanosurf AG, Gräubernstrasse 12, 4410, Liestal, Switzerland.
| | - Ilaria Incaviglia
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Casares Arias
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Ponti
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michele M Nava
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Markova O, Clanet C, Husson J. Quantifying both viscoelasticity and surface tension: Why sharp tips overestimate cell stiffness. Biophys J 2024; 123:210-220. [PMID: 38087780 PMCID: PMC10808041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the mechanical properties of cells is important to better understand how mechanics constrain cellular processes. Furthermore, because pathologies are usually paralleled by altered cell mechanical properties, mechanical parameters can be used as a novel way to characterize the pathological state of cells. Key features used in models are cell tension, cell viscoelasticity (representing the average of the cell bulk), or a combination of both. It is unclear which of these features is the most relevant or whether both should be included. To clarify this, we performed microindentation experiments on cells with microindenters of various tip radii, including micrometer-sized microneedles. We obtained different cell-indenter contact radii and measured the corresponding contact stiffness. We derived a model predicting that this contact stiffness should be an affine function of the contact radius and that, at vanishing contact radius, the cell stiffness should be equal to the cell tension multiplied by a constant. When microindenting leukocytes and both adherent and trypsinized adherent cells, the contact stiffness was indeed an affine function of the contact radius. For leukocytes, the deduced surface tension was consistent with that measured using micropipette aspiration. For detached endothelial cells, agreement between microindentation and micropipette aspiration was better when considering these as only viscoelastic when analyzing micropipette aspiration experiments. This work suggests that indenting cells with sharp tips but neglecting the presence of surface tension leads to an effective elastic modulus whose origin is in fact surface tension. Accordingly, using sharp tips when microindenting a cell is a good way to directly measure its surface tension without the need to let the viscoelastic modulus relax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Clanet
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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9
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Wang C, Ding J, Wei Q, Du S, Gong X, Chew TG. Mechanosensitive accumulation of non-muscle myosin IIB during mitosis requires its translocation activity. iScience 2023; 26:107773. [PMID: 37720093 PMCID: PMC10504539 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II (NMII) is a force-generating mechanosensitive enzyme that responds to mechanical forces. NMIIs mechanoaccumulate at the cell cortex in response to mechanical forces. It is essential for cells to mechanically adapt to the physical environment, failure of which results in mitotic defects when dividing in confined environment. Much less is known about how NMII mechanoaccumulation is regulated during mitosis. We show that mitotic cells respond to compressive stress by promoting accumulation of active RhoA at the cell cortex as in interphase cells. RhoA mechanoresponse during mitosis activates and stabilizes NMIIB via ROCK signaling, leading to NMIIB mechanoaccumulation at the cell cortex. Using disease-related myosin II mutations, we found that NMIIB mechanoaccumulation requires its motor activity that translocates actin filaments, but not just its actin-binding function. Thus, the motor activity coordinates structural movement and nucleotide state changes to fine-tune actin-binding affinity optimal for NMIIs to generate and respond to forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Qiaodong Wei
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shoukang Du
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Xiaobo Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ting Gang Chew
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
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10
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Jebane C, Varlet AA, Karnat M, Hernandez- Cedillo LM, Lecchi A, Bedu F, Desgrouas C, Vigouroux C, Vantyghem MC, Viallat A, Rupprecht JF, Helfer E, Badens C. Enhanced cell viscosity: A new phenotype associated with lamin A/C alterations. iScience 2023; 26:107714. [PMID: 37701573 PMCID: PMC10494210 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C is a well-established key contributor to nuclear stiffness and its role in nucleus mechanical properties has been extensively studied. However, its impact on whole-cell mechanics has been poorly addressed, particularly concerning measurable physical parameters. In this study, we combined microfluidic experiments with theoretical analyses to quantitatively estimate the whole-cell mechanical properties. This allowed us to characterize the mechanical changes induced in cells by lamin A/C alterations and prelamin A accumulation resulting from atazanavir treatment or lipodystrophy-associated LMNA R482W pathogenic variant. Our results reveal a distinctive increase in long-time viscosity as a signature of cells affected by lamin A/C alterations. Furthermore, they show that the whole-cell response to mechanical stress is driven not only by the nucleus but also by the nucleo-cytoskeleton links and the microtubule network. The enhanced cell viscosity assessed with our microfluidic assay could serve as a valuable diagnosis marker for lamin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Jebane
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marc Karnat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Saint-Antoine Hospital, National Reference Centre for Rares diseases of Insulin-Secretion and Insulin-Sensitivity (PRISIS), Department of Endocrinology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Inserm UMR_S938, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism Department, Inserm U1190, EGID, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Annie Viallat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuèle Helfer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Badens
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- AP-HM, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Marseille, France
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11
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Cheikh MI, Tchoufag J, Osterfield M, Dean K, Bhaduri S, Zhang C, Mandadapu KK, Doubrovinski K. A comprehensive model of Drosophila epithelium reveals the role of embryo geometry and cell topology in mechanical responses. eLife 2023; 12:e85569. [PMID: 37782009 PMCID: PMC10584372 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand morphogenesis, it is necessary to know the material properties or forces shaping the living tissue. In spite of this need, very few in vivo measurements are currently available. Here, using the early Drosophila embryo as a model, we describe a novel cantilever-based technique which allows for the simultaneous quantification of applied force and tissue displacement in a living embryo. By analyzing data from a series of experiments in which embryonic epithelium is subjected to developmentally relevant perturbations, we conclude that the response to applied force is adiabatic and is dominated by elastic forces and geometric constraints, or system size effects. Crucially, computational modeling of the experimental data indicated that the apical surface of the epithelium must be softer than the basal surface, a result which we confirmed experimentally. Further, we used the combination of experimental data and comprehensive computational model to estimate the elastic modulus of the apical surface and set a lower bound on the elastic modulus of the basal surface. More generally, our investigations revealed important general features that we believe should be more widely addressed when quantitatively modeling tissue mechanics in any system. Specifically, different compartments of the same cell can have very different mechanical properties; when they do, they can contribute differently to different mechanical stimuli and cannot be merely averaged together. Additionally, tissue geometry can play a substantial role in mechanical response, and cannot be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ibrahim Cheikh
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Joel Tchoufag
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Miriam Osterfield
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Kevin Dean
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Swayamdipta Bhaduri
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chuzhong Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonUnited States
| | - Kranthi Kiran Mandadapu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Konstantin Doubrovinski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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12
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Hosseini K, Frenzel A, Fischer-Friedrich E. EMT induces characteristic changes of Rho GTPases and downstream effectors with a mitosis-specific twist. Phys Biol 2023; 20:066001. [PMID: 37652025 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/acf5bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key cellular transformation for many physiological and pathological processes ranging from cancer over wound healing to embryogenesis. Changes in cell migration, cell morphology and cellular contractility were identified as hallmarks of EMT. These cellular properties are known to be tightly regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. EMT-induced changes of actin-cytoskeletal regulation were demonstrated by previous reports of changes of actin cortex mechanics in conjunction with modifications of cortex-associated f-actin and myosin. However, at the current state, the changes of upstream actomyosin signaling that lead to corresponding mechanical and compositional changes of the cortex are not well understood. In this work, we show in breast epithelial cancer cells MCF-7 that EMT results in characteristic changes of the cortical association of Rho-GTPases Rac1, RhoA and RhoC and downstream actin regulators cofilin, mDia1 and Arp2/3. In the light of our findings, we propose that EMT-induced changes in cortical mechanics rely on two hitherto unappreciated signaling paths-i) an interaction between Rac1 and RhoC and ii) an inhibitory effect of Arp2/3 activity on cortical association of myosin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Frenzel
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Stier A, Gilberto S, Mohamed WI, Royall LN, Helenius J, Mikicic I, Sajic T, Beli P, Müller DJ, Jessberger S, Peter M. The CUL4B-based E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates mitosis and brain development by recruiting phospho-specific DCAFs. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112847. [PMID: 37365982 PMCID: PMC10476281 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paralogs CUL4A and CUL4B assemble cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes regulating multiple chromatin-associated cellular functions. Although they are structurally similar, we found that the unique N-terminal extension of CUL4B is heavily phosphorylated during mitosis, and the phosphorylation pattern is perturbed in the CUL4B-P50L mutation causing X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). Phenotypic characterization and mutational analysis revealed that CUL4B phosphorylation is required for efficient progression through mitosis, controlling spindle positioning and cortical tension. While CUL4B phosphorylation triggers chromatin exclusion, it promotes binding to actin regulators and to two previously unrecognized CUL4B-specific substrate receptors (DCAFs), LIS1 and WDR1. Indeed, co-immunoprecipitation experiments and biochemical analysis revealed that LIS1 and WDR1 interact with DDB1, and their binding is enhanced by the phosphorylated N-terminal domain of CUL4B. Finally, a human forebrain organoid model demonstrated that CUL4B is required to develop stable ventricular structures that correlate with onset of forebrain differentiation. Together, our study uncovers previously unrecognized DCAFs relevant for mitosis and brain development that specifically bind CUL4B, but not the CUL4B-P50L patient mutant, by a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stier
- Institute of BiochemistryETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Gilberto
- Institute of BiochemistryETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Present address:
Monte Rosa TherapeuticsBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Lars N Royall
- Brain Research InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonne Helenius
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Tatjana Sajic
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Present address:
Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Faculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular BiologyMainzGermany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN)Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichBaselSwitzerland
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14
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Sampietro M, Cassina V, Salerno D, Barbaglio F, Buglione E, Marrano CA, Campanile R, Scarfò L, Biedenweg D, Fregin B, Zamai M, Díaz Torres A, Labrador Cantarero V, Ghia P, Otto O, Mantegazza F, Caiolfa VR, Scielzo C. The Nanomechanical Properties of CLL Cells Are Linked to the Actin Cytoskeleton and Are a Potential Target of BTK Inhibitors. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e931. [PMID: 37492437 PMCID: PMC10365208 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease characterized by an intense trafficking of the leukemic cells between the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. It is known that the ability of lymphocytes to recirculate strongly depends on their capability to rapidly rearrange their cytoskeleton and adapt to external cues; however, little is known about the differences occurring between CLL and healthy B cells during these processes. To investigate this point, we applied a single-cell optical (super resolution microscopy) and nanomechanical approaches (atomic force microscopy, real-time deformability cytometry) to both CLL and healthy B lymphocytes and compared their behavior. We demonstrated that CLL cells have a specific actomyosin complex organization and altered mechanical properties in comparison to their healthy counterpart. To evaluate the clinical relevance of our findings, we treated the cells in vitro with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors and we found for the first time that the drug restores the CLL cells mechanical properties to a healthy phenotype and activates the actomyosin complex. We further validated these results in vivo on CLL cells isolated from patients undergoing ibrutinib treatment. Our results suggest that CLL cells' mechanical properties are linked to their actin cytoskeleton organization and might be involved in novel mechanisms of drug resistance, thus becoming a new potential therapeutic target aiming at the normalization of the mechanical fingerprints of the leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sampietro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Unit of Malignant B cells biology and 3D modelling, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Cassina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Domenico Salerno
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Federica Barbaglio
- Unit of Malignant B cells biology and 3D modelling, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Buglione
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Claudia Adriana Marrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Campanile
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Unit B Cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Strategic Research Program on CLL, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Doreen Biedenweg
- Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr, Germany
| | - Bob Fregin
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V., Standort Greifswald, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr, Germany
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstr, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse, Germany
| | - Moreno Zamai
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonsa Díaz Torres
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Labrador Cantarero
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Unit B Cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Strategic Research Program on CLL, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Otto
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V., Standort Greifswald, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr, Germany
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstr, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse, Germany
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- School of Medicine and Surgery, BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Valeria R. Caiolfa
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Scielzo
- Unit of Malignant B cells biology and 3D modelling, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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15
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Okuda S, Hiraiwa T. Modelling contractile ring formation and division to daughter cells for simulating proliferative multicellular dynamics. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:56. [PMID: 37466721 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is a fundamental process underlying embryogenesis, homeostasis, wound healing, and cancer. The process involves multiple events during each cell cycle, such as cell growth, contractile ring formation, and division to daughter cells, which affect the surrounding cell population geometrically and mechanically. However, existing methods do not comprehensively describe the dynamics of multicellular structures involving cell proliferation at a subcellular resolution. In this study, we present a novel model for proliferative multicellular dynamics at the subcellular level by building upon the nonconservative fluid membrane (NCF) model that we developed in earlier research. The NCF model utilizes a dynamically-rearranging closed triangular mesh to depict the shape of each cell, enabling us to analyze cell dynamics over extended periods beyond each cell cycle, during which cell surface components undergo dynamic turnover. The proposed model represents the process of cell proliferation by incorporating cell volume growth and contractile ring formation through an energy function and topologically dividing each cell at the cleavage furrow formed by the ring. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the model recapitulated the process of cell proliferation at subcellular resolution, including cell volume growth, cleavage furrow formation, and division to daughter cells. Further analyses suggested that the orientation of actomyosin stress in the contractile ring plays a crucial role in the cleavage furrow formation, i.e., circumferential orientation can form a cleavage furrow but isotropic orientation cannot. Furthermore, the model replicated tissue-scale multicellular dynamics, where the successive proliferation of adhesive cells led to the formation of a cell sheet and stratification on the substrate. Overall, the proposed model provides a basis for analyzing proliferative multicellular dynamics at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Hanafy NAN. Extracellular alkaline pH enhances migratory behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells as a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy: In vitro microscopic studies. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152032. [PMID: 37119607 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The migratory process is a highly organized, differentiated, and polarized stage by which many signaling pathways are regulated to control cell migration. Since the significant evidence of migrating cells is the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. In the recent study, the cell migration model was assessed on the fact that any disruption obtained in the cellular monolayer confluent, may cause stimulation for surrounding cells to migrate. We attempt to demonstrate the morphological alterations associated with these migrating cells. In this case, sterilized 1 N NaOH (1 µl) was used as alkaline burnt. It leads to scratching the monolayer of hepatocellular carcinoma (HLF cell line) allowing cells to lose their connection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, light inverted microscopy, and dark field were used for discovering the morphological alterations associated with migrating cancer cells. The findings show that cells exhibited distinctive alterations including a polarizing stage, accumulation of the actin nodules in front of the nucleus, and protrusions. Nuclei appeared as lobulated shapes during migration. Lamellipodia and uropod were extended as well. Additionally, TGFβ1 proved its expression in HLF and SNU449 after their stimulation. It is demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma cells can migrate after their stimulation and there is a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A N Hanafy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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17
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Understanding the Combined Effects of High Glucose Induced Hyper-Osmotic Stress and Oxygen Tension in the Progression of Tumourigenesis: From Mechanism to Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060825. [PMID: 36980166 PMCID: PMC10047272 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG), a hallmark of the tumour microenvironment, is also a biomechanical stressor, as it exerts hyper-osmotic stress (HG-HO), but not much is known regarding how tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG-HO. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate the novel molecular mechanisms by which tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG/HG-HO and whether phytochemical-based interference in these mechanisms can generate tumour-cell-selective vulnerability to cell death. Mannitol and L-glucose were used as hyper-osmotic equivalents of high glucose. The results revealed that the tumour cells can efficiently mechanoadapt to HG-HO only in the normoxic microenvironment. Under normoxic HG/HG-HO stress, tumour cells polySUMOylate a higher pool of mitotic driver pH3(Ser10), which translocates to the nucleus and promotes faster cell divisions. On the contrary, acute hypoxia dampens HG/HG-HO-associated excessive proliferation by upregulating sentrin protease SENP7. SENP7 promotes abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10), thereby restricting its nuclear entry and promoting the M-phase arrest and cell loss. However, the hypoxia-arrested cells that managed to survive showed relapse upon reversal to normoxia as well as upregulation of pro-survival-associated SENP1, and players in tumour growth signalling, autophagy, glycolytic pathways etc. Depletion of SENP1 in both normoxia and hypoxia caused significant loss of tumour cells vs undepleted controls. SENP1 was ascertained to restrict the abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in both normoxia and hypoxia, although not so efficiently in hypoxia, due to the opposing activity of SENP7. Co-treatment with Momordin Ic (MC), a natural SENP1 inhibitor, and Gallic Acid (GA), an inhibitor of identified major pro-tumourigenic signalling (both enriched in Momordica charantia), eliminated surviving tumour cells in normal glucose, HG and HG-HO normoxic and hypoxic microenvironments, suggesting that appropriate and enhanced polySUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in response to HG/HG-HO stress was attenuated by this treatment along with further dampening of other key tumourigenic signalling, due to which tumour cells could no longer proliferate and grow.
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18
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Okuda S, Hiraiwa T. Long-term adherent cell dynamics emerging from energetic and frictional interactions at the interface. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:034406. [PMID: 37073061 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.034406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion plays an important role in a wide range of biological situations, including embryonic development, cancer invasion, and wound healing. Although several computational models describing adhesion dynamics have been proposed, models applicable to long-term, large-length-scale cell dynamics are lacking. In this study we investigated possible states of long-term adherent cell dynamics in three-dimensional space by constructing a continuum model of interfacial interactions between adhesive surfaces. In this model a pseudointerface is supposed between each pair of triangular elements that discretize cell surfaces. By introducing a distance between each pair of elements, the physical properties of the interface are given by interfacial energy and friction. The proposed model was implemented into the model of a nonconservative fluid cell membrane where the cell membrane dynamically flows with turnover. Using the implemented model, numerical simulations of adherent cell dynamics on a substrate under flow were performed. The simulations not only reproduced the previously reported dynamics of adherent cells, such as detachment, rolling, and fixation on the substrate, but also discovered other dynamic states, including cell slipping and membrane flow patterns, corresponding to behaviors that occur on much longer timescales than the dissociation of adhesion molecules. These results illustrate the variety of long-term adherent cell dynamics, which are more diverse than the short-term ones. The proposed model can be extended to arbitrarily shaped membranes, thus being useful for the mechanical analysis of a wide range of long-term cell dynamics where adhesion is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 117411, Singapore
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19
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The role of RAS oncogenes in controlling epithelial mechanics. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:60-69. [PMID: 36175301 PMCID: PMC9850021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS are key oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets. Oncogenic Ras proteins activate a network of downstream signalling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), promoting cell proliferation and survival. However, there is increasing evidence that RAS oncogenes also alter the mechanical properties of both individual malignant cells and transformed tissues. Here we discuss the role of oncogenic RAS in controlling mechanical cell phenotypes and how these mechanical changes promote oncogenic transformation in single cells and tissues. RAS activation alters actin organisation and actomyosin contractility. These changes alter cell rheology and impact mechanosensing through changes in substrate adhesion and YAP/TAZ-dependent mechanotransduction. We then discuss how these changes play out in cell collectives and epithelial tissues by driving large-scale tissue deformations and the expansion of malignant cells. Uncovering how RAS oncogenes alter cell mechanics will lead to a better understanding of the morphogenetic processes that underlie tumour formation in RAS-mutant cancers.
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20
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Frey F, Idema T. Membrane area gain and loss during cytokinesis. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024401. [PMID: 36110005 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In cytokinesis of animal cells, the cell is symmetrically divided into two. Since the cell's volume is conserved, the projected area has to increase to allow for the change of shape. Here we aim to predict how membrane gain and loss adapt during cytokinesis. We work with a kinetic model in which membrane turnover depends on membrane tension and cell shape. We apply this model to a series of calculated vesicle shapes as a proxy for the shape of dividing cells. We find that the ratio of kinetic turnover parameters changes nonmonotonically with cell shape, determined by the dependence of exocytosis and endocytosis on membrane curvature. Our results imply that controlling membrane turnover will be crucial for the successful division of artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Frey
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Timon Idema
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Force Estimation during Cell Migration Using Mathematical Modelling. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8070199. [PMID: 35877643 PMCID: PMC9320649 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for physiological, pathological and biomedical processes such as, in embryogenesis, wound healing, immune response, cancer metastasis, tumour invasion and inflammation. In light of this, quantifying mechanical properties during the process of cell migration is of great interest in experimental sciences, yet few theoretical approaches in this direction have been studied. In this work, we propose a theoretical and computational approach based on the optimal control of geometric partial differential equations to estimate cell membrane forces associated with cell polarisation during migration. Specifically, cell membrane forces are inferred or estimated by fitting a mathematical model to a sequence of images, allowing us to capture dynamics of the cell migration. Our approach offers a robust and accurate framework to compute geometric mechanical membrane forces associated with cell polarisation during migration and also yields geometric information of independent interest, we illustrate one such example that involves quantifying cell proliferation levels which are associated with cell division, cell fusion or cell death.
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22
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Park J, Jia S, Salter D, Bagnaninchi P, Hansen CG. The Hippo pathway drives the cellular response to hydrostatic pressure. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108719. [PMID: 35702882 PMCID: PMC9251841 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to rapidly and precisely react to multiple mechanical and chemical stimuli in order to ensure precise context-dependent responses. This requires dynamic cellular signalling events that ensure homeostasis and plasticity when needed. A less well-understood process is cellular response to elevated interstitial fluid pressure, where the cell senses and responds to changes in extracellular hydrostatic pressure. Here, using quantitative label-free digital holographic imaging, combined with genome editing, biochemical assays and confocal imaging, we analyse the temporal cellular response to hydrostatic pressure. Upon elevated cyclic hydrostatic pressure, the cell responds by rapid, dramatic and reversible changes in cellular volume. We show that YAP and TAZ, the co-transcriptional regulators of the Hippo signalling pathway, control cell volume and that cells without YAP and TAZ have lower plasma membrane tension. We present direct evidence that YAP/TAZ drive the cellular response to hydrostatic pressure, a process that is at least partly mediated via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Additionally, upon elevated oscillating hydrostatic pressure, YAP/TAZ are activated and induce TEAD-mediated transcription and expression of cellular components involved in dynamic regulation of cell volume and extracellular matrix. This cellular response confers a feedback loop that allows the cell to robustly respond to changes in interstitial fluid pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Park
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Siyang Jia
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Donald Salter
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental MedicineMRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineThe University of Edinburgh, Western General HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Carsten G Hansen
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh bioQuarterThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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23
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Jasnin M, Hervy J, Balor S, Bouissou A, Proag A, Voituriez R, Schneider J, Mangeat T, Maridonneau-Parini I, Baumeister W, Dmitrieff S, Poincloux R. Elasticity of podosome actin networks produces nanonewton protrusive forces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3842. [PMID: 35789161 PMCID: PMC9253342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments assemble into force-generating systems involved in diverse cellular functions, including cell motility, adhesion, contractility and division. It remains unclear how networks of actin filaments, which individually generate piconewton forces, can produce forces reaching tens of nanonewtons. Here we use in situ cryo-electron tomography to unveil how the nanoscale architecture of macrophage podosomes enables basal membrane protrusion. We show that the sum of the actin polymerization forces at the membrane is not sufficient to explain podosome protrusive forces. Quantitative analysis of podosome organization demonstrates that the core is composed of a dense network of bent actin filaments storing elastic energy. Theoretical modelling of the network as a spring-loaded elastic material reveals that it exerts forces of a few tens of nanonewtons, in a range similar to that evaluated experimentally. Thus, taking into account not only the interface with the membrane but also the bulk of the network, is crucial to understand force generation by actin machineries. Our integrative approach sheds light on the elastic behavior of dense actin networks and opens new avenues to understand force production inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jasnin
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jordan Hervy
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Balor
- Plateforme de Microscopie Électronique Intégrative, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anaïs Bouissou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amsha Proag
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jonathan Schneider
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Mangeat
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serge Dmitrieff
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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24
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Yousafzai MS, Yadav V, Amiri S, Staddon MF, Errami Y, Jaspard G, Banerjee S, Murrell M. Cell-Matrix Elastocapillary Interactions Drive Pressure-based Wetting of Cell Aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2022; 12:031027. [PMID: 38009085 PMCID: PMC10673637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.12.031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-matrix interfacial energies and the energies of matrix deformations may be comparable on cellular length-scales, yet how capillary effects influence tis sue shape and motion are unknown. In this work, we induce wetting (spreading and migration) of cell aggregates, as models of active droplets onto adhesive substrates of varying elasticity and correlate the dynamics of wetting to the balance of interfacial tensions. Upon wetting rigid substrates, cell-substrate tension drives outward expansion of the monolayer. By contrast, upon wetting compliant substrates, cell substrate tension is attenuated and aggregate capillary forces contribute to internal pressures that drive expansion. Thus, we show by experiments, data-driven modeling and computational simulations that myosin-driven 'active elasto-capillary' effects enable adaptation of wetting mechanisms to substrate rigidity and introduce a novel, pressure-based mechanism for guiding collective cell motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - V Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - M F Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Y Errami
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Sterling Hall of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, 06510
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - G Jaspard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA and
| | - M Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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25
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Cui Y, Leong WH, Liu CF, Xia K, Feng X, Gergely C, Liu RB, Li Q. Revealing Capillarity in AFM Indentation of Cells by Nanodiamond-Based Nonlocal Deformation Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3889-3896. [PMID: 35507005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) can measure the elasticity of biomaterials and cells with high spatial resolution and sensitivity, but relating the data to quantitative mechanical properties depends on information on the local contact, which is unclear in most cases. Here, we demonstrate nonlocal deformation sensing on biorelevant soft matters upon AFM indentation by using nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds, providing data for studying both the elasticity and capillarity without requiring detailed knowledge about the local contact. Using fixed HeLa cells for demonstration, we show that the apparent elastic moduli of the cells would have been overestimated if the capillarity was not considered. In addition, we observe that both the elastic moduli and the surface tensions are reduced after depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in cells. This work demonstrates that the nanodiamond sensing of nonlocal deformation with nanometer precision is particularly suitable for studying mechanics of soft biorelevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weng-Hang Leong
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chu-Feng Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kangwei Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellierr, CNRS, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Oh S, Lee C, Yang W, Li A, Mukherjee A, Basan M, Ran C, Yin W, Tabin CJ, Fu D, Xie XS, Kirschner MW. Protein and lipid mass concentration measurement in tissues by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117938119. [PMID: 35452314 PMCID: PMC9169924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117938119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell mass and chemical composition are important aggregate cellular properties that are especially relevant to physiological processes, such as growth control and tissue homeostasis. Despite their importance, it has been difficult to measure these features quantitatively at the individual cell level in intact tissue. Here, we introduce normalized Raman imaging (NoRI), a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy method that provides the local concentrations of protein, lipid, and water from live or fixed tissue samples with high spatial resolution. Using NoRI, we demonstrate that protein, lipid, and water concentrations at the single cell are maintained in a tight range in cells under the same physiological conditions and are altered in different physiological states, such as cell cycle stages, attachment to substrates of different stiffness, or by entering senescence. In animal tissues, protein and lipid concentration varies with cell types, yet an unexpected cell-to-cell heterogeneity was found in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The protein and lipid concentration profile provides means to quantitatively compare disease-related pathology, as demonstrated using models of Alzheimer’s disease. This demonstration shows that NoRI is a broadly applicable technique for probing the biological regulation of protein mass, lipid mass, and water mass for studies of cellular and tissue growth, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungeun Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - ChangHee Lee
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 20138
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Avik Mukherjee
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Markus Basan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Wei Yin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | | | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - X. Sunney Xie
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871; China
| | - Marc W. Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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27
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Hosseini K, Trus P, Frenzel A, Werner C, Fischer-Friedrich E. Skin epithelial cells change their mechanics and proliferation upon snail-mediated EMT signalling. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2585-2596. [PMID: 35294513 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in the USA and Germany, and the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Snail-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown to initiate and promote skin cancer. Previous studies could show that EMT changes actin cortex regulation and cellular mechanics in epithelial cells of diverse tissue origin. However, in spite of its potentially high significance in the context of skin cancer, the effect of EMT on cellular mechanics, mitotic rounding and proliferation has not been studied in skin epithelial cells so far. In this work, we show that TGF-β-induced partial EMT results in a transformation of the mechanical phenotype of skin epithelial cells in a cell-cycle dependent manner. Concomitantly, we looked at EMT-induced changes of cell proliferation. While EMT decreases proliferation in 2D culture, we observed an EMT-induced boost of cellular proliferation when culturing cells as mechanically confined aggregates of skin epithelial cells. This proliferation boost was accompanied by enhanced mitotic rounding and composition changes of the actin cortex. We give evidence that observed EMT-induced changes depend on the EMT-upregulated transcription factor snail. Overall, our findings indicate that EMT-induced changes of cellular mechanics might play a currently unappreciated role in EMT-induced promotion of skin tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Palina Trus
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Frenzel
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Yanagida A, Corujo-Simon E, Revell CK, Sahu P, Stirparo GG, Aspalter IM, Winkel AK, Peters R, De Belly H, Cassani DAD, Achouri S, Blumenfeld R, Franze K, Hannezo E, Paluch EK, Nichols J, Chalut KJ. Cell surface fluctuations regulate early embryonic lineage sorting. Cell 2022; 185:777-793.e20. [PMID: 35196500 PMCID: PMC8896887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In development, lineage segregation is coordinated in time and space. An important example is the mammalian inner cell mass, in which the primitive endoderm (PrE, founder of the yolk sac) physically segregates from the epiblast (EPI, founder of the fetus). While the molecular requirements have been well studied, the physical mechanisms determining spatial segregation between EPI and PrE remain elusive. Here, we investigate the mechanical basis of EPI and PrE sorting. We find that rather than the differences in static cell surface mechanical parameters as in classical sorting models, it is the differences in surface fluctuations that robustly ensure physical lineage sorting. These differential surface fluctuations systematically correlate with differential cellular fluidity, which we propose together constitute a non-equilibrium sorting mechanism for EPI and PrE lineages. By combining experiments and modeling, we identify cell surface dynamics as a key factor orchestrating the correct spatial segregation of the founder embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yanagida
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elena Corujo-Simon
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Christopher K Revell
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Preeti Sahu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Giuliano G Stirparo
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Irene M Aspalter
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alex K Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Ruby Peters
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Henry De Belly
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Davide A D Cassani
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarra Achouri
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Raphael Blumenfeld
- Gonville & Caius College, University of Cambridge, Trinity St., Cambridge CB2 1TA, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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29
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Sun W, Gao X, Lei H, Wang W, Cao Y. Biophysical Approaches for Applying and Measuring Biological Forces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105254. [PMID: 34923777 PMCID: PMC8844594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that mechanical loads can regulate the morphogenesis, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of living cells. Investigations of how cells sense mechanical stimuli or the mechanotransduction mechanism is an active field of biomaterials and biophysics. Gaining a further understanding of mechanical regulation and depicting the mechanotransduction network inside cells require advanced experimental techniques and new theories. In this review, the fundamental principles of various experimental approaches that have been developed to characterize various types and magnitudes of forces experienced at the cellular and subcellular levels are summarized. The broad applications of these techniques are introduced with an emphasis on the difficulties in implementing these techniques in special biological systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, which can guide readers to choose the most suitable technique for their questions. A perspective on future directions in this field is also provided. It is anticipated that technical advancement can be a driving force for the development of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Sun
- School of SciencesNantong UniversityNantong226019P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
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30
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Truong Quang BA, Peters R, Cassani DAD, Chugh P, Clark AG, Agnew M, Charras G, Paluch EK. Extent of myosin penetration within the actin cortex regulates cell surface mechanics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6511. [PMID: 34764258 PMCID: PMC8586027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, shape is mostly determined by the actomyosin cortex, a thin cytoskeletal network underlying the plasma membrane. Myosin motors generate tension in the cortex, and tension gradients result in cellular deformations. As such, many cell morphogenesis studies have focused on the mechanisms controlling myosin activity and recruitment to the cortex. Here, we demonstrate using super-resolution microscopy that myosin does not always overlap with actin at the cortex, but remains restricted towards the cytoplasm in cells with low cortex tension. We propose that this restricted penetration results from steric hindrance, as myosin minifilaments are considerably larger than the cortical actin meshsize. We identify myosin activity and actin network architecture as key regulators of myosin penetration into the cortex, and show that increasing myosin penetration increases cortical tension. Our study reveals that the spatial coordination of myosin and actin at the cortex regulates cell surface mechanics, and unveils an important mechanism whereby myosin size controls its action by limiting minifilament penetration into the cortical actin network. More generally, our findings suggest that protein size could regulate function in dense cytoskeletal structures. Cellular deformations are largely driven by contractile forces generated by myosin motors in the submembraneous actin cortex. Here we show that these forces are controlled not simply by cortical myosin levels, but rather by myosins spatial arrangement, specifically the extent of their overlap with cortical actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh An Truong Quang
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ruby Peters
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Davide A D Cassani
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Priyamvada Chugh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew G Clark
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meghan Agnew
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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31
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Hosseini K, Frenzel A, Fischer-Friedrich E. EMT changes actin cortex rheology in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. Biophys J 2021; 120:3516-3526. [PMID: 34022239 PMCID: PMC8391033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cortex is a key structure for cellular mechanics and cellular migration. Accordingly, cancer cells were shown to change their actin cytoskeleton and their mechanical properties in correlation with different degrees of malignancy and metastatic potential. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular transformation associated with cancer progression and malignancy. To date, a detailed study of the effects of EMT on the frequency-dependent viscoelastic mechanics of the actin cortex is still lacking. In this work, we have used an established atomic force microscope-based method of cell confinement to quantify the rheology of the actin cortex of human breast, lung, and prostate epithelial cells before and after EMT in a frequency range of 0.02-2 Hz. Interestingly, we find for all cell lines opposite EMT-induced changes in interphase and mitosis; whereas the actin cortex softens upon EMT in interphase, the cortex stiffens in mitosis. Our rheological data can be accounted for by a rheological model with a characteristic timescale of slowest relaxation. In conclusion, our study discloses a consistent rheological trend induced by EMT in human cells of diverse tissue origin, reflecting major structural changes of the actin cytoskeleton upon EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Frenzel
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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32
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Schu M, Terriac E, Koch M, Paschke S, Lautenschläger F, Flormann DAD. Scanning electron microscopy preparation of the cellular actin cortex: A quantitative comparison between critical point drying and hexamethyldisilazane drying. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254165. [PMID: 34234360 PMCID: PMC8263306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular cortex is an approximately 200-nm-thick actin network that lies just beneath the cell membrane. It is responsible for the mechanical properties of cells, and as such, it is involved in many cellular processes, including cell migration and cellular interactions with the environment. To develop a clear view of this dense structure, high-resolution imaging is essential. As one such technique, electron microscopy, involves complex sample preparation procedures. The final drying of these samples has significant influence on potential artifacts, like cell shrinkage and the formation of artifactual holes in the actin cortex. In this study, we compared the three most used final sample drying procedures: critical-point drying (CPD), CPD with lens tissue (CPD-LT), and hexamethyldisilazane drying. We show that both hexamethyldisilazane and CPD-LT lead to fewer artifactual mesh holes within the actin cortex than CPD. Moreover, CPD-LT leads to significant reduction in cell height compared to hexamethyldisilazane and CPD. We conclude that the final drying procedure should be chosen according to the reduction in cell height, and so CPD-LT, or according to the spatial separation of the single layers of the actin cortex, and so hexamethyldisilazane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schu
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Daniel A. D. Flormann
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
- * E-mail:
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D'Alba L, Meadows M, Maia R, Jong-Souk Y, Manceau M, Shawkey M. Morphogenesis of iridescent feathers in Anna's hummingbird Calypte anna. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1502-1510. [PMID: 34104966 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Color is a phenotypic trait of utmost importance, particularly in birds, which are known for their diverse color signals and color-producing mechanisms including pigment-based colors, light scattering from nanostructured feather tissues and combinations thereof. Bright iridescent plumage colors of hummingbirds are caused by light scattering by an organized array of flattened, pigment organelles, containing air-filled vesicles, called melanosomes. These hollow platelets are organized in multilayer arrays that contain numerous sharp air/melanin refractive index interfaces, producing brilliant iridescent colors. Despite their ecological significance and potential for inspiration of new optical materials, how platelets form and spatially arrange in nanostructures in growing feathers remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that melanosome formation and organization occurs mostly through passive self-assembly processes by assembling a developmental time series of growing hummingbird feathers using optical and electron microscopy. We show that hummingbird platelets contain air bubbles or vesicles upon their formation in pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. When melanosomes are transferred to neighboring keratinocytes (the cells shaping barbule structure) they drastically expand in size; and variation in this enlargement appears to be driven by physical constraints caused by the placement of the melanosomes within the barbule plate and their proximity to other melanosomes. As the barbule elongates and narrows, polymerizing feather corneous beta protein (CβP) orients melanosomes unilaterally, forcing them into a stacked configuration. These results reveal potentially novel forces driving the self-assembly of the nanostructures producing some of the brightest colors in nature.<.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Melissa Meadows
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525
| | - Rafael Maia
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yeo Jong-Souk
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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34
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Applications of atomic force microscopy in modern biology. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:103-111. [PMID: 33600596 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is an emerging tool to investigate mechanical properties of biomolecules and their responses to mechanical forces, and one of the most-used techniques for mechanical manipulation is the atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM was invented as an imaging tool which can be used to image biomolecules in sub-molecular resolution in physiological conditions. It can also be used as a molecular force probe for applying mechanical forces on biomolecules. In this brief review, we will provide exciting examples from recent literature which show how the advances in AFM have enabled us to gain deep insights into mechanical properties and mechanobiology of biomolecules. AFM has been applied to study mechanical properties of cells, tissues, microorganisms, viruses as well as biological macromolecules such as proteins. It has found applications in biomedical fields like cancer biology, where it has been used both in the diagnostic phases as well as drug discovery. AFM has been able to answer questions pertaining to mechanosensing by neurons, and mechanical changes in viruses during infection by the viral particles as well as the fundamental processes such as cell division. Fundamental questions related to protein folding have also been answered by SMFS like determination of energy landscape properties of variety of proteins and their correlation with their biological functions. A multipronged approach is needed to diversify the research, as a combination with optical spectroscopy and computer-based steered molecular dynamic simulations along with SMFS can help us gain further insights into the field of biophysics and modern biology.
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35
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Yang Y, Jiang H. Mechanical properties of external confinement modulate the rounding dynamics of cells. Biophys J 2021; 120:2306-2316. [PMID: 33864788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that mitotic cells can round up against external impediments. However, how the stiffness of external confinement affects the dynamics of rounding force/pressure and cell volume remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to study the rounding of adherent cells confined between a substrate and a cantilever. We show that the rounding force and pressure increase exclusively with the effective confinement on the cell, which is related to the cantilever stiffness and the separation between cantilever and substrate. Remarkably, an increase of cantilever stiffness from 0.001 to 1 N/m can lead to a 100-fold change in rounding force. This model also predicts an active role of confinement stiffness in regulating the dynamics of cell volume and hydrostatic pressure. We find that the dynamic changes of cellular volume and hydrostatic pressure after osmotic shocks are opposite if the cantilever is soft, whereas the dynamic changes of cellular volume and pressure are the same if the cantilever is stiff. Taken together, this work demonstrates that confinement stiffness appears as a critical regulator in regulating the dynamics of rounding force and pressure. Our findings also indicate that the difference in cantilever stiffness need to be considered when comparing the measured rounding force and pressure from various experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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36
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Fujii Y, Koizumi WC, Imai T, Yokobori M, Matsuo T, Oka K, Hotta K, Okajima T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of single cell stiffness in the early developing ascidian chordate embryo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:341. [PMID: 33727646 PMCID: PMC7966737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the developmental processes of embryos, cells undergo massive deformation and division that are regulated by mechanical cues. However, little is known about how embryonic cells change their mechanical properties during different cleavage stages. Here, using atomic force microscopy, we investigated the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. In both animal and vegetal hemispheres, we observed a Rho kinase (ROCK)-independent cell stiffening that the cell stiffness exhibited a remarkable increase at the timing of cell division where cortical actin filaments were organized. Furthermore, in the vegetal hemisphere, we observed another mechanical behaviour, i.e., a ROCK-associated cell stiffening, which was retained even after cell division or occurred without division and propagated sequentially toward adjacent cells, displaying a characteristic cell-to-cell mechanical variation. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of embryonic cells are regulated at the single cell level in different germ layers. Fujii et al. investigate the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. They find two types of cell stiffening, occurring during cell division and in the interphase, the latter of which is associated with the Rho kinase pathway. They conclude that the mechanical properties of early embryonic cells are regulated specifically at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru C Koizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taichi Imai
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Yokobori
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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37
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Moazzeni S, Demiryurek Y, Yu M, Shreiber DI, Zahn JD, Shan JW, Foty RA, Liu L, Lin H. Single-cell mechanical analysis and tension quantification via electrodeformation relaxation. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032409. [PMID: 33862816 PMCID: PMC10625872 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior and cortical tension of single cells are analyzed using electrodeformation relaxation. Four types of cells, namely, MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and GBM, are studied, with pulse durations ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Mechanical response in the long-pulse regime is characterized by a power-law behavior, consistent with soft glassy rheology resulting from unbinding events within the cortex network. In the subsecond short-pulse regime, a single timescale well describes the process and indicates the naive tensioned (prestressed) state of the cortex with minimal force-induced alteration. A mathematical model is employed and the simple ellipsoidal geometry allows for use of an analytical solution to extract the cortical tension. At the shortest pulse of 0.01 s, tensions for all four cell types are on the order of 10^{-2} N/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsajad Moazzeni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Yasir Demiryurek
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David I. Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jerry W. Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Ramsey A. Foty
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 125 Patterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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38
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Omidvar R, Ayala YA, Brandel A, Hasenclever L, Helmstädter M, Rohrbach A, Römer W, Madl J. Quantification of nanoscale forces in lectin-mediated bacterial attachment and uptake into giant liposomes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4016-4028. [PMID: 33503085 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07726g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the bacterial lectin LecA with the host cells glycosphingolipid Gb3 have been shown to be crucial for the cellular uptake of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LecA-induced Gb3 clustering, referred to as lipid zipper mechanism, leads to full membrane engulfment of the bacterium. Here, we aim for a nanoscale force characterization of this mechanism using two complementary force probing techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT). The LecA-Gb3 interactions are reconstituted using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), a well-controlled minimal system mimicking the plasma membrane and nanoscale forces between either bacteria (PAO1 wild-type and LecA-deletion mutant strains) or LecA-coated probes (as minimal, synthetic bacterial model) and vesicles are measured. LecA-Gb3 interactions strengthen the bacterial attachment to the membrane (1.5-8-fold) depending on the membrane tension and the applied technique. Moreover, significantly less energy (reduction up to 80%) is required for the full uptake of LecA-coated beads into Gb3-functionalized vesicles. This quantitative approach highlights that lectin-glycolipid interactions provide adequate forces and energies to drive bacterial attachment and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Omidvar
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yareni A Ayala
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Hasenclever
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rohrbach
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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39
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A hyperelastic model for simulating cells in flow. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:509-520. [PMID: 33219464 PMCID: PMC7979664 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the emerging field of 3D bioprinting, cell damage due to large deformations is considered a main cause for cell death and loss of functionality inside the printed construct. Those deformations, in turn, strongly depend on the mechano-elastic response of the cell to the hydrodynamic stresses experienced during printing. In this work, we present a numerical model to simulate the deformation of biological cells in arbitrary three-dimensional flows. We consider cells as an elastic continuum according to the hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin model. We then employ force calculations on a tetrahedralized volume mesh. To calibrate our model, we perform a series of FluidFM[Formula: see text] compression experiments with REF52 cells demonstrating that all three parameters of the Mooney-Rivlin model are required for a good description of the experimental data at very large deformations up to 80%. In addition, we validate the model by comparing to previous AFM experiments on bovine endothelial cells and artificial hydrogel particles. To investigate cell deformation in flow, we incorporate our model into Lattice Boltzmann simulations via an Immersed-Boundary algorithm. In linear shear flows, our model shows excellent agreement with analytical calculations and previous simulation data.
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40
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Pratt SJP, Lee RM, Chang KT, Hernández-Ochoa EO, Annis DA, Ory EC, Thompson KN, Bailey PC, Mathias TJ, Ju JA, Vitolo MI, Schneider MF, Stains JP, Ward CW, Martin SS. Mechanoactivation of NOX2-generated ROS elicits persistent TRPM8 Ca 2+ signals that are inhibited by oncogenic KRas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26008-26019. [PMID: 33020304 PMCID: PMC7584994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009495117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the mechanical microenvironment and mechanical signals are observed during tumor progression, malignant transformation, and metastasis. In this context, understanding the molecular details of mechanotransduction signaling may provide unique therapeutic targets. Here, we report that normal breast epithelial cells are mechanically sensitive, responding to transient mechanical stimuli through a two-part calcium signaling mechanism. We observed an immediate, robust rise in intracellular calcium (within seconds) followed by a persistent extracellular calcium influx (up to 30 min). This persistent calcium was sustained via microtubule-dependent mechanoactivation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which acted on transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) channels to prolong calcium signaling. In contrast, the introduction of a constitutively active oncogenic KRas mutation inhibited the magnitude of initial calcium signaling and severely blunted persistent calcium influx. The identification that oncogenic KRas suppresses mechanically-induced calcium at the level of ROS provides a mechanism for how KRas could alter cell responses to tumor microenvironment mechanics and may reveal chemotherapeutic targets for cancer. Moreover, we find that expression changes in both NOX2 and TRPM8 mRNA predict poor clinical outcome in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients, a population with limited available treatment options. The clinical and mechanistic data demonstrating disruption of this mechanically-activated calcium pathway in breast cancer patients and by KRas activation reveal signaling alterations that could influence cancer cell responses to the tumor mechanical microenvironment and impact patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J P Pratt
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rachel M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Katarina T Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - David A Annis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Eleanor C Ory
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Keyata N Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Patrick C Bailey
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Trevor J Mathias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Julia A Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Michele I Vitolo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Martin F Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Stuart S Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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41
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van Loon AP, Erofeev IS, Maryshev IV, Goryachev AB, Sagasti A. Cortical contraction drives the 3D patterning of epithelial cell surfaces. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133677. [PMID: 32003768 PMCID: PMC7054995 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protrusions create complex cell surface topographies, but biomechanical mechanisms regulating their formation and arrangement are largely unknown. To study how protrusions form, we focused on the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated actin-based structures that are arranged in maze-like patterns on the apical surfaces of zebrafish skin cells. Microridges form by accreting simple finger-like precursors. Live imaging demonstrated that microridge morphogenesis is linked to apical constriction. A nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) reporter revealed pulsatile contractions of the actomyosin cortex, and inhibiting NMII blocked apical constriction and microridge formation. A biomechanical model suggested that contraction reduces surface tension to permit the fusion of precursors into microridges. Indeed, reducing surface tension with hyperosmolar media promoted microridge formation. In anisotropically stretched cells, microridges formed by precursor fusion along the stretch axis, which computational modeling explained as a consequence of stretch-induced cortical flow. Collectively, our results demonstrate how contraction within the 2D plane of the cortex can pattern 3D cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P van Loon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ivan S Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan V Maryshev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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42
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Lomakin AJ, Cattin CJ, Cuvelier D, Alraies Z, Molina M, Nader GPF, Srivastava N, Sáez PJ, Garcia-Arcos JM, Zhitnyak IY, Bhargava A, Driscoll MK, Welf ES, Fiolka R, Petrie RJ, De Silva NS, González-Granado JM, Manel N, Lennon-Duménil AM, Müller DJ, Piel M. The nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints. Science 2020; 370:eaba2894. [PMID: 33060332 PMCID: PMC8059074 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic environment inside a metazoan organism is highly crowded. Whether individual cells can tailor their behavior to the limited space remains unclear. In this study, we found that cells measure the degree of spatial confinement by using their largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus. Cell confinement below a resting nucleus size deforms the nucleus, which expands and stretches its envelope. This activates signaling to the actomyosin cortex via nuclear envelope stretch-sensitive proteins, up-regulating cell contractility. We established that the tailored contractile response constitutes a nuclear ruler-based signaling pathway involved in migratory cell behaviors. Cells rely on the nuclear ruler to modulate the motive force that enables their passage through restrictive pores in complex three-dimensional environments, a process relevant to cancer cell invasion, immune responses, and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lomakin
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - C J Cattin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Cuvelier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Z Alraies
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - M Molina
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G P F Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - N Srivastava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - P J Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - J M Garcia-Arcos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - I Y Zhitnyak
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- N.N. Blokhin Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Bhargava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - M K Driscoll
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - E S Welf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - R Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - R J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N S De Silva
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | - J M González-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, Paris, France
| | | | - D J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - M Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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43
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Hosseini K, Taubenberger A, Werner C, Fischer‐Friedrich E. EMT-Induced Cell-Mechanical Changes Enhance Mitotic Rounding Strength. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001276. [PMID: 33042748 PMCID: PMC7539203 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To undergo mitosis successfully, most animal cells need to acquire a round shape to provide space for the mitotic spindle. This mitotic rounding relies on mechanical deformation of surrounding tissue and is driven by forces emanating from actomyosin contractility. Cancer cells are able to maintain successful mitosis in mechanically challenging environments such as the increasingly crowded environment of a growing tumor, thus, suggesting an enhanced ability of mitotic rounding in cancer. Here, it is shown that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark of cancer progression and metastasis, gives rise to cell-mechanical changes in breast epithelial cells. These changes are opposite in interphase and mitosis and correspond to an enhanced mitotic rounding strength. Furthermore, it is shown that cell-mechanical changes correlate with a strong EMT-induced change in the activity of Rho GTPases RhoA and Rac1. Accordingly, it is found that Rac1 inhibition rescues the EMT-induced cortex-mechanical phenotype. The findings hint at a new role of EMT in successful mitotic rounding and division in mechanically confined environments such as a growing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenTatzberg 47–49Dresden01307Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenTatzberg 47–49Dresden01307Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research DresdenMax Bergmann CenterHohe Str. 6Dresden01069Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer‐Friedrich
- Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenTatzberg 47–49Dresden01307Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
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44
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Hosseini K, Sbosny L, Poser I, Fischer-Friedrich E. Binding Dynamics of α-Actinin-4 in Dependence of Actin Cortex Tension. Biophys J 2020; 119:1091-1107. [PMID: 32853564 PMCID: PMC7499067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation of cells is an important prerequisite for cellular function, e.g., in the context of cell migration, tissue organization, and morphogenesis. An important mechanochemical transducer is the actin cytoskeleton. In fact, previous studies have shown that actin cross-linkers such as α-actinin-4 exhibit mechanosensitive properties in their binding dynamics to actin polymers. However, to date, a quantitative analysis of tension-dependent binding dynamics in live cells is lacking. Here, we present a, to our knowledge, new technique that allows us to quantitatively characterize the dependence of cross-linking lifetime of actin cross-linkers on mechanical tension in the actin cortex of live cells. We use an approach that combines parallel plate confinement of round cells, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and a mathematical mean-field model of cross-linker binding. We apply our approach to the actin cross-linker α-actinin-4 and show that the cross-linking time of α-actinin-4 homodimers increases approximately twofold within the cellular range of cortical mechanical tension, rendering α-actinin-4 a catch bond in physiological tension ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leon Sbosny
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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45
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Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Harper CE, Hernandez CJ. Cell biomechanics and mechanobiology in bacteria: Challenges and opportunities. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:021501. [PMID: 32266323 PMCID: PMC7113033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical forces play a profound role in the survival and function of all known forms of life. Advances in cell biomechanics and mechanobiology have provided key insights into the physiology of eukaryotic organisms, but much less is known about the roles of physical forces in bacterial physiology. This review is an introduction to bacterial mechanics intended for persons familiar with cells and biomechanics in mammalian cells. Bacteria play a major role in human health, either as pathogens or as beneficial commensal organisms within the microbiome. Although bacteria have long been known to be sensitive to their mechanical environment, understanding the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology has been limited by their small size (∼1 μm). However, advancements in micro- and nano-scale technologies over the past few years have increasingly made it possible to rigorously examine the mechanical stress and strain within individual bacteria. Here, we review the methods currently used to examine bacteria from a mechanical perspective, including the subcellular structures in bacteria and how they differ from those in mammalian cells, as well as micro- and nanomechanical approaches to studying bacteria, and studies showing the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology. Recent findings indicate a large range in mechanical properties of bacteria and show that physical forces can have a profound effect on bacterial survival, growth, biofilm formation, and resistance to toxins and antibiotics. Advances in the field of bacterial biomechanics have the potential to lead to novel antibacterial strategies, biotechnology approaches, and applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Harper
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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47
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Ling T, Boyle KC, Zuckerman V, Flores T, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Palanker D. High-speed interferometric imaging reveals dynamics of neuronal deformation during the action potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10278-10285. [PMID: 32341158 PMCID: PMC7229674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920039117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons undergo nanometer-scale deformations during action potentials, and the underlying mechanism has been actively debated for decades. Previous observations were limited to a single spot or the cell boundary, while movement across the entire neuron during the action potential remained unclear. Here we report full-field imaging of cellular deformations accompanying the action potential in mammalian neuron somas (-1.8 to 1.4 nm) and neurites (-0.7 to 0.9 nm), using high-speed quantitative phase imaging with a temporal resolution of 0.1 ms and an optical path length sensitivity of <4 pm per pixel. The spike-triggered average, synchronized to electrical recording, demonstrates that the time course of the optical phase changes closely matches the dynamics of the electrical signal. Utilizing the spatial and temporal correlations of the phase signals across the cell, we enhance the detection and segmentation of spiking cells compared to the shot-noise-limited performance of single pixels. Using three-dimensional (3D) cellular morphology extracted via confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that the voltage-dependent changes in the membrane tension induced by ionic repulsion can explain the magnitude, time course, and spatial features of the phase imaging. Our full-field observations of the spike-induced deformations shed light upon the electromechanical coupling mechanism in electrogenic cells and open the door to noninvasive label-free imaging of neural signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ling
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kevin C Boyle
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
| | - Valentina Zuckerman
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Flores
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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48
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Mokbel M, Hosseini K, Aland S, Fischer-Friedrich E. The Poisson Ratio of the Cellular Actin Cortex Is Frequency Dependent. Biophys J 2020; 118:1968-1976. [PMID: 32208141 PMCID: PMC7175418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape changes are vital for many physiological processes such as cell proliferation, cell migration, and morphogenesis. They emerge from an orchestrated interplay of active cellular force generation and passive cellular force response, both crucially influenced by the actin cytoskeleton. To model cellular force response and deformation, cell mechanical models commonly describe the actin cytoskeleton as a contractile isotropic incompressible material. However, in particular at slow frequencies, there is no compelling reason to assume incompressibility because the water content of the cytoskeleton may change. Here, we challenge the assumption of incompressibility by comparing computer simulations of an isotropic actin cortex with tunable Poisson ratio to measured cellular force response. Comparing simulation results and experimental data, we determine the Poisson ratio of the cortex in a frequency-dependent manner. We find that the Poisson ratio of the cortex decreases in the measured frequency regime analogous to trends reported for the Poisson ratio of glassy materials. Our results therefore indicate that actin cortex compression or dilation is possible in response to acting forces at sufficiently fast timescales. This finding has important implications for the parameterization in active gel theories that describe actin cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Mokbel
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Aland
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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49
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Simulations of sea urchin early development delineate the role of oriented cell division in the morula-to-blastula transition. Mech Dev 2020; 162:103606. [PMID: 32165284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sea urchin morula to blastula transition has long been thought to require oriented cell divisions and blastomere adherence to the enveloping hyaline layer. In a computer simulation model, cell divisions constrained by a surface plane division rule are adequate to effect morphological transition. The hyaline membrane acts as an enhancer but is not essential. The model is consistent with the orientation of micromere divisions and the open blastulae of direct developing species. The surface plane division rule precedes overt epithelization of surface cells and acts to organize the developing epithelium. It is a universal feature of early metazoan development and simulations of non-echinoid cleavage patterns support its role throughout Metazoa. The surface plane division rule requires only local cues and cells need not reference global positional information or embryonic axes.
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50
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Chan CJ, Hiiragi T. Integration of luminal pressure and signalling in tissue self-organization. Development 2020; 147:147/5/dev181297. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Many developmental processes involve the emergence of intercellular fluid-filled lumina. This process of luminogenesis results in a build up of hydrostatic pressure and signalling molecules in the lumen. However, the potential roles of lumina in cellular functions, tissue morphogenesis and patterning have yet to be fully explored. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that describe how pressurized fluid expansion can provide both mechanical and biochemical cues to influence cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. We also review emerging techniques that allow for precise quantification of fluid pressure in vivo and in situ. Finally, we discuss the intricate interplay between luminogenesis, tissue mechanics and signalling, which provide a new dimension for understanding the principles governing tissue self-organization in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J. Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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