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Zheng X, Li Y, Liu Y. Plant Immunity against Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38675873 PMCID: PMC11054417 DOI: 10.3390/v16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are a group of plant viruses that pose a significant threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on plant immunity against tobamoviruses, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the RNA-targeting pathway, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Further, we highlight the genetic resources for resistance against tobamoviruses in plant breeding and discuss future directions on plant protection against tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang X, Li H, Zhang S, Gao F, Sun X, Ren X. Interactive effect of 24-epibrassinolide and silicon on the alleviation of cadmium toxicity in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37953712 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a serious threat to food safety and human health. Minimization of Cd uptake and enhancing Cd tolerance in plants are vital to improve crop yield and reduce hazardous effects to humans. In this study, we investigate the effect of a synergistic system with phytohormone (24-Epibrassinolide, EBL) and silicon (Si) on Cd toxicity and accumulation of rice plants. The results revealed that Si, EBL and their combination rescued Cd-induced growth inhibition, as evidenced by the increased dry weight of root and shoot. The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance were improved. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) was increased and oxidative stress was alleviated. More importantly, Cd content in root was decreased by 20.25%, 17.72% and 27.84%, while Cd content in shoot decreased by 21.17%, 16.47% and 25.88%, respectively. Moreover, Si, EBL and Si + EBL treatment enriched cell wall-bound Cd and reduced Cd toxicity to functional organelles. Meanwhile, the residual form of Cd was enriched and the highly toxic forms of Cd (inorganic and water-soluble Cd) were decreased. The joint application showed better effects than applying Si and EBL alone. Collectively, this study provides an effective way for Cd toxicity mitigation in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshun Wang
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Technology, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Jiamusi Technician College, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Technology, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwen Gao
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Technology, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Sun
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Technology, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuekun Ren
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Technology, Jiamusi, People's Republic of China
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3
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Zhang T, Hu H, Wang Z, Feng T, Yu L, Zhang J, Gao W, Zhou Y, Sun M, Liu P, Zhong K, Chen Z, Chen J, Li W, Yang J. Wheat yellow mosaic virus NIb targets TaVTC2 to elicit broad-spectrum pathogen resistance in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1073-1088. [PMID: 36715229 PMCID: PMC10106851 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2) catalyses the conversion of GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P, a vital step of ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants. AsA is well known for its function in the amelioration of oxidative stress caused by most pathogen infection, but its function against viral infection remains unclear. Here, we have identified a VTC2 gene in wheat named as TaVTC2 and investigated its function in association with the wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Our results showed that overexpression of TaVTC2 significantly increased viral accumulation, whereas knocking down TaVTC2 inhibited the viral infection in wheat, suggesting a positive regulation on viral infection by TaVTC2. Moreover, less AsA was produced in TaVTC2 knocking down plants (TaVTC2-RNAi) which due to the reduction in TaVTC2 expression and subsequently in TaVTC2 activity, resulting in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in leaves. Furthermore, the enhanced WYMV resistance in TaVTC2-RNAi plants was diminished by exogenously applied AsA. We further demonstrated that WYMV NIb directly bound to TaVTC2 and inhibited TaVTC2 enzymatic activity in vitro. The effect of TaVTC2 on ROS scavenge was suppressed by NIb in a dosage-dependent manner, indicating the ROS scavenging was highly regulated by the interaction of TaVTC2 with NIb. Furthermore, TaVTC2 RNAi plants conferred broad-spectrum disease resistance. Therefore, the data indicate that TaVTC2 recruits WYMV NIb to down-regulate its own enzymatic activity, reducing AsA accumulation to elicit a burst of ROS which confers the resistance to WYMV infection. Thus, a new mechanism of the formation of plant innate immunity was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Haichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | | | - Lu Yu
- Guizhou UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meihao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - ZhiHui Chen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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Wang H, Jiao X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Liu Y, Chen X, Fang R, Yan Y. Ammonium protects rice against rice stripe virus by activating HDA703/OsBZR1-mediated BR signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111504. [PMID: 36272547 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) is a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants and also as a signal regulates plant growth and defense. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that control plant developmental and physiological processes through its signaling pathway. Rice is a kind of NH4+-preferring plant which responds to virus infection involving in the regulation of BR biosynthesis and signaling. However, the BR-mediated regulatory mechanisms in rice-virus interactions are not fully understood. In addition, it remains unknown whether there is a direct link between NH4+ and BRs in regulating rice response to virus. HDA703, a histone deacetylase and OsBZR1, a transcription factor, are two positive regulator of BR signaling and interact with each other. In this study, we show that rice plants grown with NH4+ as the sole N source have enhanced resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV), one of the most devastating viruses of rice, than those grown with NO3- as the sole N source. We also show that in contrast to NO3-, NH4+ does not affect BR biosynthesis but promotes BR signaling by upregulating the expression of HDA703 and promoting the accumulation of OsBZR1 in rice shoots. We further show that BR biosynthesis and signaling is required for rice defense against RSV and BR-mediated resistance to RSV attributes to activating HDA703/OsBZR1 module, then decreasing the expression of Ghd7, a direct target of HDA703/OsBZR1. Consistently, increase of the expression of HDA703 or decrease of the expression of Ghd7 enhances rice resistance to RSV. Together, our study reveals that activation of HDA703/OsBZR1-Ghd7 signaling cascade is an undescribed mechanism conferring BR-mediated RSV resistance and NH4+ protects rice against RSV by activating HDA703/OsBZR1-Ghd7-mediated BR signaling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Zhang H, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Dong J, Wang F. Exogenous brassinosteroids promotes root growth, enhances stress tolerance, and increases yield in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2095139. [PMID: 35775499 PMCID: PMC9255028 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate of maize (Zea mays L.) growth, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to determine how BRs regulate maize morphology and physiology during development. Treatment with the BRs promoted primary root the elongation and growth during germination, and the early development of lateral roots. BRs treatment during the middle growth stage increased the levels of various stress resistance factors, and enhanced resistance to lodging, likely by protecting the plant against stem rot and sheath rot. BRs had no significant effect on plant height during late growth, but it increased leaf angle and photosynthetic efficiency, as well as yield and quality traits. Our findings increase our understanding of the regulatory effects of BR on maize root growth and development and the mechanism by which BR improves disease resistance, which could further the potential for using BR to improve maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Fengru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- CONTACT Fengru Wang State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei071001, China
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Xiong J, Yang F, Yao X, Zhao Y, Wen Y, Lin H, Guo H, Yin Y, Zhang D. The deubiquitinating enzymes UBP12 and UBP13 positively regulate recovery after carbon starvation by modulating BES1 stability in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4516-4530. [PMID: 35944221 PMCID: PMC9614486 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), a core transcription factor in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway, primarily regulates plant growth and development by influencing BR-regulated gene expression. Several E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases regulate BES1 stability, but little is known about BES1 deubiquitination, which antagonizes E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination to maintain BES1 homeostasis. Here, we report that two Arabidopsis thaliana deubiquitinating enzymes, Ub-SPECIFIC PROTEASE (UBP) 12 and UBP13, interact with BES1. UBP12 and UBP13 removed Ub from polyubiquitinated BES1 to stabilize both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of BES1. A double mutant, ubp12-2w ubp13-3, lacking UBP12 and UBP13 function showed both BR-deficient and BR-insensitive phenotypes, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing UBP12 or UBP13 exhibited an increased BR response. Expression of UBP12 and UPB13 was induced during recovery after carbon starvation, which led to BES1 accumulation and quick recovery of stressed plants. Our work thus establishes a mechanism by which UBP12 and UBP13 regulate BES1 protein abundance to enhance BR-regulated growth during recovery after carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xiong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fabin Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiuhong Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Wang P, Sun S, Liu K, Peng R, Li N, Hu B, Wang L, Wang H, Afzal AJ, Geng X. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed gene networks involved in heightened resistance against tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid treated tomato plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970139. [PMID: 36187991 PMCID: PMC9515787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus of the Geminiviridae family, causes leaf curl disease of tomato that significantly affects tomato production worldwide. SA (salicylic acid), JA (jasmonic acid) or the JA mimetic, COR (coronatine) applied exogenously resulted in improved tomato resistance against TYLCV infection. When compared to mock treated tomato leaves, pretreatment with the three compounds followed by TYCLV stem infiltration also caused a greater accumulation of H2O2. We employed RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing) to identify DEGs (differentially expressed genes) induced by SA, JA, COR pre-treatments after Agro-inoculation of TYLCV in tomato. To obtain functional information on these DEGs, we annotated genes using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases. Based on our comparative analysis, differentially expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism, hormone signaling and secondary metabolism pathways were analyzed in compound treated samples. We also found that TYLCV levels were affected in SlNPR1 and SlCOI1 silenced plants. Interestingly, compared to the mock treated samples, SA signaling was hyper-activated in SlCOI1 silenced plants which resulted in a significant reduction in viral titer, whereas in SINPR1 silencing tomato plants, there was a 19-fold increase in viral load. Our results indicated that SA, JA, and COR had multiple impacts on defense modulation at the early stage of TYLCV infection. These results will help us better understand SA and JA induced defenses against viral invasion and provide a theoretical basis for breeding viral resistance into commercial tomato accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Sun,
| | - Kerang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Peng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Quality and Safety Testing Center for Agro-Products, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hehe Wang
- Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC, United States
| | - Ahmed Jawaad Afzal
- Division of Science, New York University, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Xueqing Geng,
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Caro MDP, Venturuzzi AL, Moschen S, Salazar SM, Díaz-Ricci JC, Asurmendi S. A fungal protease named AsES triggers antiviral immune responses and effectively restricts virus infection in arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:593-606. [PMID: 35134835 PMCID: PMC9007096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to fight against pathogens. Among these mechanisms, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the recognition of conserved microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs, respectively) by membrane-bound receptors. Indeed, PTI restricts virus infection in plants and, in addition, BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1), a central regulator of PTI, plays a role in antiviral resistance. However, the compounds that trigger antiviral defences, along with their molecular mechanisms of action, remain mostly elusive. Herein, we explore the role of a fungal extracellular subtilase named AsES in its capacity to trigger antiviral responses. METHODS In this study, we obtained AsES by recombinant expression, and evaluated and characterized its capacity to trigger antiviral responses against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by performing time course experiments, analysing gene expression, virus movement and callose deposition. KEY RESULTS The results of this study provide direct evidence that exogenous treatment with recombinant AsES increases a state of resistance against TMV infection, in both arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Also, the antiviral PTI response exhibited by AsES in arabidopsis is mediated by the BAK1/SERK3 and BKK1/SERK4 co-receptors. Moreover, AsES requires a fully active salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway to restrict the TMV movement by inducing callose deposition. Additionally, treatment with PSP1, a biostimulant based on AsES as the active compound, showed an increased resistance against TMV in N. benthamiana and tobacco plants. CONCLUSIONS AsES is a fungal serine protease which triggers antiviral responses relying on a conserved mechanism by means of the SA signalling pathway and could be exploited as an effective and sustainable biotechnology strategy for viral disease management in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Pilar Caro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Laura Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Moschen
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Sergio Miguel Salazar
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz-Ricci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
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Co-Application of 24-Epibrassinolide and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Promotes Pleioblastus pygmaeus Plant Tolerance to Cu and Cd Toxicity by Increasing Antioxidant Activity and Photosynthetic Capacity and Reducing Heavy Metal Accumulation and Translocation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030451. [PMID: 35326101 PMCID: PMC8944545 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated application of nanoparticles and phytohormones was explored in this study as a potentially eco-friendly remediation strategy to mitigate heavy metal toxicity in a bamboo species (Pleioblastus pygmaeus) by utilizing titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL). Hence, an in vitro experiment was performed to evaluate the role of 100 µM TiO2 NPs and 10−8 M 24-epibrassinolide individually and in combination under 100 µM Cu and Cd in a completely randomized design using four replicates. Whereas 100 µM of Cu and Cd reduced antioxidant activity, photosynthetic capacity, plant tolerance, and ultimately plant growth, the co-application of 100 µM TiO2 NPs and 10−8 M EBL+ heavy metals (Cu and Cd) resulted in a significant increase in plant antioxidant activity (85%), nonenzymatic antioxidant activities (47%), photosynthetic pigments (43%), fluorescence parameters (68%), plant growth (39%), and plant tolerance (41%) and a significant reduction in the contents of malondialdehyde (45%), hydrogen peroxide (36%), superoxide radical (62%), and soluble protein (28%), as well as the percentage of electrolyte leakage (49%), relative to the control. Moreover, heavy metal accumulation and translocation were reduced by TiO2 NPs and EBL individually and in combination, which could improve bamboo plant tolerance.
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Transcriptome Profiling Unravels the Involvement of Phytohormones in Tomato Resistance to the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a serious pathogen transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Due to the quick spread of the virus, which is assisted by its vector, tomato yield and quality have suffered a crushing blow. Resistance to TYLCV has been intensively investigated in transmission, yet the mechanism of anti-TYLCV remains elusive. Herein, we conducted transcriptome profiling with a TYLCV-resistant cultivar (CLN2777A) and a susceptible line (Moneymaker) to identify the potential mechanism of resistance to TYLCV. Compared to the susceptible line, CLN2777A maintained a lower level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) after TYLCV infection. Through RNA-seq, over 1000 differentially expressed genes related to the metabolic process, cellular process, response to stimulus, biological regulation, and signaling were identified, indicating that the defense response was activated after the virus attack. Further analysis showed that TYLCV infection could induce the expression of the genes involved in salicylic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and the signal transduction of phytohormones, which illustrated that phytohormones were essential for tomatoes to defend against TYLCV. These findings provide greater insight into the effective source of resistance for TYLCV control, indicating a potential molecular tool for the design of TYLCV-resistant tomatoes.
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Akhter MS, Nakahara KS, Masuta C. Resistance induction based on the understanding of molecular interactions between plant viruses and host plants. Virol J 2021; 18:176. [PMID: 34454519 PMCID: PMC8400904 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. MAIN BODY In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. CONCLUSION A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Akhter
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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Wang X, Jiang Z, Yue N, Jin X, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Han C, Yu J, Li D. Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein disrupts chloroplast antioxidant defenses to optimize viral replication. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107660. [PMID: 34254679 PMCID: PMC8365260 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant antioxidant system plays important roles in response to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the effects of virus infection on host redox homeostasis and how antioxidant defense pathway is manipulated by viruses remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) γb protein is recruited to the chloroplast by the viral αa replicase to enhance viral replication. Here, we show that BSMV infection induces chloroplast oxidative stress. The versatile γb protein interacts directly with NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), a core component of chloroplast antioxidant systems. Overexpression of NbNTRC significantly impairs BSMV replication in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, whereas disruption of NbNTRC expression leads to increased viral accumulation and infection severity. To counter NTRC-mediated defenses, BSMV employs the γb protein to competitively interfere with NbNTRC binding to 2-Cys Prx. Altogether, this study indicates that beyond acting as a helicase enhancer, γb also subverts NTRC-mediated chloroplast antioxidant defenses to create an oxidative microenvironment conducive to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xian‐Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Changes in Subcellular Localization of Host Proteins Induced by Plant Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040677. [PMID: 33920930 PMCID: PMC8071230 DOI: 10.3390/v13040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are dependent on host factors at all parts of the infection cycle, such as translation, genome replication, encapsidation, and cell-to-cell and systemic movement. RNA viruses replicate their genome in compartments associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and mitochondria or peroxisome membranes. In contrast, DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus. Viral infection causes changes in plant gene expression and in the subcellular localization of some host proteins. These changes may support or inhibit virus accumulation and spread. Here, we review host proteins that change their subcellular localization in the presence of a plant virus. The most frequent change is the movement of host cytoplasmic proteins into the sites of virus replication through interactions with viral proteins, and the protein contributes to essential viral processes. In contrast, only a small number of studies document changes in the subcellular localization of proteins with antiviral activity. Understanding the changes in the subcellular localization of host proteins during plant virus infection provides novel insights into the mechanisms of plant–virus interactions and may help the identification of targets for designing genetic resistance to plant viruses.
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Ghosh D, Chakraborty S. Molecular interplay between phytohormones and geminiviruses: a saga of a never-ending arms race. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2903-2917. [PMID: 33577676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses can infect a wide range of plant hosts worldwide and have hence become an emerging global agroeconomic threat. The association of these viruses with satellite molecules and highly efficient insect vectors such as whiteflies further prime their devastating impacts. Plants elicit a strong antiviral immune response to restrict the invasion of these destructive pathogens. Phytohormones help plants to mount this response and occupy a key position in combating these biotrophs. These defense hormones not only inhibit geminiviral propagation but also hamper viral transmission by compromising the performance of their insect vectors. Nonetheless, geminiviruses have co-evolved to have a few multitasking virulence factors that readily remodel host cellular machineries to circumvent the phytohormone-mediated manifestation of the immune response. Furthermore, these obligate parasites exploit plant growth hormones to produce a cellular environment permissive for virus replication. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the roles and regulation of phytohormones in geminiviral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Khan R, Wu X, Zhou L, Xu N, Du S, Ma X. Exogenous application of brassinosteroids regulates tobacco leaf size and expansion via modulation of endogenous hormones content and gene expression. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:847-860. [PMID: 33967467 PMCID: PMC8055801 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brassinosteroids (BR) play diverse roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. BR promotes plant growth by triggering cell division and expansion. However, the effect of exogenous BR application on the leaf size and expansion of tobacco is unknown. Tobacco seedlings are treated with different concentrations of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL) [control (CK, 0 mol L-1), T1 (0.5 × 10-7 mol L-1), and T2 (0.5 × 10-4 mol L-1)]. The results show that T1 has 17.29% and T2 has 25.99% more leaf area than control. The epidermal cell area is increased by 24.40% and 17.13% while the number of epidermal cells is 7.06% and 21.06% higher in T1 and T2, respectively, relative to control. So the exogenous EBL application improves the leaf area by increasing cell numbers and cell area. The endogenous BR (7.5 times and 68.4 times), auxin (IAA) (4.03% and 25.29%), and gibberellin (GA3) contents (84.42% and 91.76%) are higher in T1 and T2, respectively, in comparison with control. Additionally, NtBRI1, NtBIN2, and NtBES1 are upregulated showing that the brassinosteroid signaling pathway is activated. Furthermore, the expression of the key biosynthesis-related genes of BR (NtDWF4), IAA (NtYUCCA6), and GA3 (NtGA3ox-2) are all upregulated under EBL application. Finally, the exogenous EBL application also upregulated the expression of cell growth-related genes (NtCYCD3;1, NtARGOS, NtGRF5, NtGRF8, and NtXTH). The results reveal that the EBL application increases the leaf size and expansion by promoting the cell expansion and division through higher BR, IAA, and GA3 contents along with the upregulation of cell growth-related genes. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the effect of EBL on tobacco leaf growth at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Na Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Shasha Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
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16
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Effect of virus infection on the secondary metabolite production and phytohormone biosynthesis in plants. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:547. [PMID: 33269181 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved according to their environmental conditions and continuously interact with different biological entities. These interactions induce many positive and negative effects on plant metabolism. Many viruses also associate with various plant species and alter their metabolism. Further, virus-plant interaction also alters the expression of many plant hormones. To overcome the biotic stress imposed by the virus's infestation, plants produce different kinds of secondary metabolites that play a significant role in plant defense against the viral infection. In this review, we briefly highlight the mechanism of virus infection, their influence on the plant secondary metabolites and phytohormone biosynthesis in response to the virus-plant interactions.
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17
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Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improves Growth, Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle, and Glyoxalase System in Brown Mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) under Cadmium Toxicity. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111487. [PMID: 33158232 PMCID: PMC7694298 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) metal toxicity is a crucial ecological matter that requires immediate efforts to mitigate it. Brassica juncea plants were exposed to Cd (0 and 200 µM as CdSO4) and foliar application of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) (0, 10−7 and 10−5 M). The toxic effect of Cd was evident in terms of declined growth and biomass yield, lowered levels of pigment content and chlorophyll fluorescence, and reduction in gas exchange attributes. The levels of proline and glycinebetaine increased in response to Cd treatment. There was an imperative rise in the contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde as well as electrolyte leakage in the Cd-stressed plants. With the application of EBR, there was a significant replenishment in growth attributes and photosynthetic efficacy. The contents of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and malondialdehyde as well as electrolyte leakage were reduced by the hormone supplementation. Enhancement in the contents of glutathione and ascorbic acid, and the activities of enzymes of the antioxidative defense system and glyoxalase system was recorded in response to Cd as well as hormone treatment. The in situ levels of Cd in roots and shoot were augmented in response to Cd treatment, but were found to be lowered by the EBR application.
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18
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Hu J, Huang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Li C, Wen P, You X, Zhang X, Pan G, Li Q, Zhang H, He J, Wu H, Jiang L, Wang H, Liu Y, Wan J. Rice stripe virus suppresses jasmonic acid-mediated resistance by hijacking brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008801. [PMID: 32866183 PMCID: PMC7485985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most destructive viral diseases affecting rice production. However, so far, only one RSV resistance gene has been cloned, the molecular mechanisms underlying host-RSV interaction are still poorly understood. Here, we show that increasing levels or signaling of brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) can significantly enhance the resistance against RSV. On the contrary, plants impaired in BR or JA signaling are more susceptible to RSV. Moreover, the enhancement of RSV resistance conferred by BR is impaired in OsMYC2 (a key positive regulator of JA response) knockout plants, suggesting that BR-mediated RSV resistance requires active JA pathway. In addition, we found that RSV infection suppresses the endogenous BR levels to increase the accumulation of OsGSK2, a key negative regulator of BR signaling. OsGSK2 physically interacts with OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 by phosphorylation and reduces JA-mediated defense to facilitate virus infection. These findings not only reveal a novel molecular mechanism mediating the crosstalk between BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the interaction of virus and plants, but also suggest new effective means of breeding RSV resistant crops using genetic engineering. Brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) play critical roles in responding to various stresses. However, the roles of BR and JA, particularly, the crosstalk between these two phytohormones in viral resistance is still very limited. In this work, we found that both BR and JA positively regulate RSV resistance, and JA pathway is necessary for BR-mediated RSV resistance in rice. RSV infection significantly inhibits the BR signaling pathway and increases the accumulation of OsGSK2. OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsMYC2, resulting in the degradation of OsMYC2 and suppression of the JA-mediated RSV resistance response to facilitate virus infection. These findings revealed the molecular mechanism of crosstalk between the BR and JA in response to virus infection and deepen our understanding about the mechanism of RSV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haosen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JW)
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Ibrahim A, Yang X, Liu C, Cooper KD, Bishop BA, Zhu M, Kwon S, Schoelz JE, Nelson RS. Plant SNAREs SYP22 and SYP23 interact with Tobacco mosaic virus 126 kDa protein and SYP2s are required for normal local virus accumulation and spread. Virology 2020; 547:57-71. [PMID: 32560905 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral proteins often interact with multiple host proteins during virus accumulation and spread. Identities and functions of all interacting host proteins are not known. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen an Arabidopsis thaliana Qa-SNARE protein [syntaxin of plants 23 (AtSYP23)], associated with pre-vacuolar compartment and vacuolar membrane fusion activities, interacted with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 126 kDa protein, associated with virus accumulation and spread. In planta, AtSYP23 and AtSYP22 each fused with mCherry, co-localized with 126 kDa protein-GFP. Additionally, A. thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana SYP2 proteins and 126 kDa protein interacted during bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis. Decreased TMV accumulation in Arabidopsis plants lacking SYP23 and in N. benthamiana plants subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of SYP2 orthologs was observed. Diminished TMV accumulation during VIGS correlated with less intercellular virus spread. The inability to eliminate virus accumulation suggests that SYP2 proteins function redundantly for TMV accumulation, as for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ibrahim
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA; Department of Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Chengke Liu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | | | - Min Zhu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Soonil Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Emerging Molecular Links Between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32695129 PMCID: PMC7338571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis refers to photoreceptor-mediated morphological changes in plant development that are triggered by light. Multiple photoreceptors and transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the molecular regulation of photomorphogenesis. Likewise, light can also modulate the outcome of plant-virus interactions since both photosynthesis and many viral infection events occur in the chloroplast. Despite the apparent association between photosynthesis and virus infection, little is known about whether there are also interplays between photomorphogenesis and plant virus resistance. Recent research suggests that plant-virus interactions are potentially regulated by several photoreceptors and photomorphogenesis regulators, including phytochromes A and B (PHYA and PHYB), cryptochromes 2 (CRY2), phototropin 2 (PHOT2), the photomorphogenesis repressor constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), the NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC)-family TF ATAF2, the Aux/IAA protein phytochrome-associated protein 1 (PAP1), the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) TF HAT1, and the core circadian clock component circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1). Particularly, the plant growth promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play critical roles in integrating the regulatory pathways of plant photomorphogenesis and viral defense. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular mechanisms linking plant photomorphogenesis and defense against viruses, which represents an emerging interdisciplinary research topic in both molecular plant biology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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21
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Ngernmuen A, Suktrakul W, Kate-Ngam S, Jantasuriyarat C. Transcriptome Comparison of Defense Responses in the Rice Variety 'Jao Hom Nin' Regarding Two Blast Resistant Genes, Pish and Pik. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060694. [PMID: 32485961 PMCID: PMC7356797 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Jao Hom Nin (JHN) is a Thai rice variety with broad-spectrum resistant against rice blast fungus. JHN contains two rice blast resistant genes, Pish and Pik, located on chromosome 1 and on chromosome 11, respectively. To understand the blast resistance in JHN, the study of the defense mechanism related to the Pish and Pik genes is crucial. This study aimed to dissect defense response genes between the Pish and Pik genes using the RNA-seq technique. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Pish and Pik backcross inbred lines were identified between 0 and 24 h after inoculation with rice blast spore suspension. The results showed that 1248 and 858 DEGs were unique to the Pish and Pik lines, respectively. The wall-associated kinase gene was unique to the Pish line and the zinc-finger-containing protein gene was unique to the Pik line. Pathogenicity-related proteins PR-4 and PR-10 were commonly found in both Pish and Pik lines. Moreover, DEGs functionally categorized in brassinosteriod, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid pathways were detected in both Pish and Pik lines. These unique and shared genes in the Pish and Pik rice blast defense responses will help to dissect the mechanisms of plant defense and facilitate rice blast breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athipat Ngernmuen
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Worrawit Suktrakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Sureeporn Kate-Ngam
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand;
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.N.); (W.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-562-5444
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22
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Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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23
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Kaur Kohli S, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Sharma A, Kalia N, Landi M, Bhardwaj R. Therapeutic Potential of Brassinosteroids in Biomedical and Clinical Research. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E572. [PMID: 32283642 PMCID: PMC7226375 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids are a pivotal class of hormones with a key role in growth modulation and signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Synthetic steroids are widely used to cure large array of viral, fungal, bacterial, and cancerous infections. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a natural collection of phytosterols, which have structural similarity with animal steroids. BRs are dispersed universally throughout the plant kingdom. These plant steroids are well known to modulate a plethora of physiological responses in plants leading to improvement in quality as well as yield of food crops. Moreover, they have been found to play imperative role in stress-fortification against various stresses in plants. Over a decade, BRs have conquered worldwide interest due to their diverse biological activities in animal systems. Recent studies have indicated anticancerous, antiangiogenic, antiviral, antigenotoxic, antifungal, and antibacterial bioactivities of BRs in the animal test systems. BRs inhibit replication of viruses and induce cytotoxic effects on cancerous cell lines. Keeping in view the biological activities of BRs, this review is an attempt to update the information about prospects of BRs in biomedical and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Abhay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine; (A.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine; (A.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
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24
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Xiong J, He R, Yang F, Zou L, Yi K, Lin H, Zhang D. Brassinosteroids are involved in ethylene-induced Pst DC3000 resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:309-316. [PMID: 31758615 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is regulated by a huge phytohormone regulation network. Ethylene(ET) and brassinosteroids (BRs) play critical roles in plant response to biotic stress; however, the relationship between BR and ET in plant immunity is unclear. We used chemical treatments, genetic approaches and inoculation experiments to investigate the relationship between ET and BR in plant defense against Pst DC3000 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Foliar applications of ET and BR enhanced plant resistance to Pst DC3000 inoculation, while treatment with brassinazole (BRZ, a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) eliminated the ET induced plant resistance to Pst DC3000. Silencing of DWARF 4(DWF4, a key BR biosynthetic gene), BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1, aBR receptor) and BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (BSK1, downstream of BRI1) also neutralised the ET-induced plant resistance to Pst DC3000. ET can induce callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation to resistPst DC3000, BRZ-treated and gene-silenced were completely eliminate this response. Our results suggest BR is involved in ET-induced plant resistance, the involvement of ET in plant resistance is possibly by the induction of callose deposition and ROS accumulation, in a BR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - F Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Life Science and Technology College, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - K Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - H Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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25
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Zhu Y, Gao H, Lu M, Hao C, Pu Z, Guo M, Hou D, Chen LY, Huang X. Melatonin-Nitric Oxide Crosstalk and Their Roles in the Redox Network in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6200. [PMID: 31818042 PMCID: PMC6941097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, an amine hormone highly conserved during evolution, has a wide range of physiological functions in animals and plants. It is involved in plant growth, development, maturation, and aging, and also helps ameliorate various types of abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt, drought, heavy metals, and pathogens. Melatonin-related growth and defense responses of plants are complex, and involve many signaling molecules. Among these, the most important one is nitric oxide (NO), a freely diffusing amphiphilic biomolecule that can easily cross the cell membrane, produce rapid signal responses, and participate in a wide variety of physiological reactions. NO-induced S-nitrosylation is also involved in plant defense responses. NO interacts with melatonin as a long-range signaling molecule, and helps regulate plant growth and maintain oxidative homeostasis. Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses causes the increase of endogenous melatonin levels, with the consequent up-regulation of melatonin synthesis genes, and further increase of melatonin content. The application of exogenous melatonin causes an increase in endogenous NO and up-regulation of defense-related transcription factors, resulting in enhanced stress resistance. When plants are infected by pathogenic bacteria, NO acts as a downstream signal to lead to increased melatonin levels, which in turn induces the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and associated defense responses. The application of exogenous melatonin can also promote sugar and glycerol production, leading to increased levels of salicylic acid and NO. Melatonin and NO in plants can function cooperatively to promote lateral root growth, delay aging, and ameliorate iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to clarify certain aspects of the melatonin/NO relationship in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Hang Gao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Mengxin Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Chengying Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Zuoqian Pu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Miaojie Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Dairu Hou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (M.L.); (C.H.); (Z.P.); (M.G.); (D.H.)
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26
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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27
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Roberts R, Hind SR, Pedley KF, Diner BA, Szarzanowicz MJ, Luciano-Rosario D, Majhi BB, Popov G, Sessa G, Oh CS, Martin GB. Mai1 Protein Acts Between Host Recognition of Pathogen Effectors and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1496-1507. [PMID: 31251114 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0121-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms acting between host recognition of pathogen effectors by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are unknown. MAPKKKα (M3Kα) activates MAPK signaling leading to programmed cell death (PCD) associated with NLR-triggered immunity. We identified a tomato M3Kα-interacting protein, SlMai1, that has 80% amino acid identity with Arabidopsis brassinosteroid kinase 1 (AtBsk1). SlMai1 has a protein kinase domain and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domain that interacts with the kinase domain of M3Kα. Virus-induced gene silencing of Mai1 homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae and compromised PCD induced by four NLR proteins. PCD was restored by expression of a synthetic SlMai1 gene that resists silencing. Expression of AtBsk1 did not restore PCD in Mai1-silenced plants, suggesting SlMai1 is functionally divergent from AtBsk1. PCD caused by overexpression of M3Kα or MKK2 was unaffected by Mai1 silencing, suggesting Mai1 acts upstream of these proteins. Coexpression of Mai1 with M3Kα in leaves enhanced MAPK phosphorylation and accelerated PCD. These findings suggest Mai1 is a molecular link acting between host recognition of pathogens and MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Roberts
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Sarah R Hind
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Kerry F Pedley
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin A Diner
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Bharat B Majhi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Georgy Popov
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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28
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Zou L, Yang F, Ma Y, Wu Q, Yi K, Zhang D. Transcription factor WRKY30 mediates resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:118-124. [PMID: 31311650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are key regulators in regulating abiotic or biotic stress response in Arabidopsis. Previous studies showed that WRKY30 expression was induced by oxidative stress treatment, fungal elicitor, SA and ABA. However, functions of WRKY30 on viral defense are not well studied. Here, we found that Arabidopsis WRKY DNA binding protein 30 (WRKY30) plays essential roles in regulating Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance. The expression of WRKY30 was induced by CMV infection and wrky30 mutant displayed more susceptibility (including higher oxidative damages, induced reactive oxygen species synthesis and more PSII photochemistry compromise), while WRKY30 overexpression plants (WRKY30OX) exhibited more resistance to CMV infection. Moreover BRs-induced CMV tolerance is partly dependent on WRKY30. And WRKY30 expression increased after BL treatment. All these demonstrated that WRKY30 works as a positive regulator in plant CMV resistance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Life Science and Technology College, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China; Rice and Sorghum Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, 618000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Qinggui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Life Science and Technology College, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Kexian Yi
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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29
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Chen K, Khatabi B, Fondong VN. The AC4 Protein of a Cassava Geminivirus Is Required for Virus Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:865-875. [PMID: 30699305 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0354-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) are among the most devastating plant viruses worldwide, causing severe damage in crops of economic and subsistence importance. These viruses have very compact genomes and many of the encoded proteins are multifunctional. Here, we investigated the role of the East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) AC4 on virus infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Results showed that plants inoculated with EACMCV containing a knockout mutation in an AC4 open reading frame displayed symptoms 2 to 3 days later than plants inoculated with wild-type virus, and these plants recovered from infection, whereas plants inoculated with the wild-type virus did not. Curiously, when an additional mutation was made in the knockout mutant, the resulting double mutant virus completely failed to cause any apparent symptoms. Interestingly, the role of AC4 on virus infectivity appeared to be dependent on an encoded N-myristoylation motif that mediates cell membrane binding. We previously showed that EACMCV containing the AC4T38I mutant produced virus progeny characterized by second-site mutations and reversion to wild-type virus. These results were confirmed in this study using additional mutations. Together, these results show involvement of EACMCV AC4 in virus infectivity; they also suggest a role for the combined action of mutation and selection, under prevailing environmental conditions, on begomovirus genetic variation and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegui Chen
- 1 Delaware State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Dover, Delaware, U.S.A
- 2 Kegui Chen, Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Behnam Khatabi
- 1 Delaware State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Dover, Delaware, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Natural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD 21853, U.S.A
| | - Vincent N Fondong
- 1 Delaware State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Dover, Delaware, U.S.A
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Zhang H, He Y, Tan X, Xie K, Li L, Hong G, Li J, Cheng Y, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. The Dual Effect of the Brassinosteroid Pathway on Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Infection by Modulating the Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidative Burst and Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:685-696. [PMID: 30540528 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0285-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) not only plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development but is also involved in modulating the plant defense system in response to pathogens. We previously found that BR application made rice plants more susceptible to the devastating pathogen rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), but the mechanism of BR-mediated susceptibility remains unclear. We now show that both BR-deficient and -insensitive mutants are resistant to RBSDV infection. High-throughput sequencing showed that the defense hormone salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were activated in the RBSDV-infected BR mutant. Meanwhile, a number of class III peroxidases (OsPrx) were significantly changed and basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in BR mutants. Treatment with exogenous hormones and other chemicals demonstrated that the BR pathway could suppress the levels of OsPrx and the ROS burst by directly binding the promoters of OsPrx genes. Together, our findings indicate that BR-mediated susceptibility is at least partly caused by inhibition of the action of defense hormones, preventing the accumulation of the peroxidase-mediated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuqing He
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Lulu Li
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gaojie Hong
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junmin Li
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Ye Cheng
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Fei Yan
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Jianping Chen
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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31
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Haddadi P, Larkan NJ, Borhan MH. Dissecting R gene and host genetic background effect on the Brassica napus defense response to Leptosphaeria maculans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6947. [PMID: 31061421 PMCID: PMC6502879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While our understanding of the genetics underlying the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem has advanced greatly in the last decade, differences in molecular responses due to interaction between resistance genes and host genetic background has not been studied. We applied RNAseq technology to monitor the transcriptome profiles of Brassica napus (Bn) lines carrying one of four blackleg R genes (Rlm2, Rlm3, LepR1 & LepR2) in Topas or Westar background, during the early stages of infection by a Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) isolate carrying the corresponding Avr genes. We observed upregulation of host genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall thickening, response to chitin and glucosinolate production in all R gene lines at 3 day after inoculation (dai) albeit having higher level of expression in LepR1 and Rlm2 than in Rlm3 and LepR2 lines. Bn-SOBIR1 (Suppressor Of BIR1-1), a receptor like kinase (RLK) that forms complex receptor like proteins (RLPs) was highly expressed in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast Bn-SOBIR1 induction was low in Rlm3 line, which could indicate that Rlm3 may function independent of SOBIR1. Expression of Salicylic acid (SA) related defense was enhanced in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast to SA, expression of Bn genes with homology to PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid (JA) pathway marker, were increased in all Rlm and LepR lines at 6 and 9 dai. Effect of host genetic background on induction of defense, was determined by comparison of LepR1 and LepR2 in Topas vs Westar genotype (i.e. T-LepR1 vs W-LepR1 and T-LepR2 vs W-LepR2). In both cases (regardless of R gene) overall number of defense related genes at the earliest time point (3 dai) was higher in Tops compared to Westar. SA and JA markers genes such as PR1 and PDF1.2 were more induced in Topas compared to Westar introgression lines at this time point. Even in the absence of any R gene, effect of Topas genotype in enhanced defense, was also evident by the induction of PDF1.2 that started at a low level at 3 dai and peaked at 6 and 9 dai, while no induction in Westar genotype was observed at any of these time points. Overall, variation in time and intensity of expression of genes related to defense, was clearly dependent on both R gene and the host genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Haddadi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
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Kohli SK, Bali S, Tejpal R, Bhalla V, Verma V, Bhardwaj R, Alqarawi AA, Abd Allah EF, Ahmad P. In-situ localization and biochemical analysis of bio-molecules reveals Pb-stress amelioration in Brassica juncea L. by co-application of 24-Epibrassinolide and Salicylic Acid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3524. [PMID: 30837530 PMCID: PMC6401096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity is a major environmental concern affirming the need of proper mitigation strategies. In the present work, potential of combined treatment of 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL) and Salicylic acid (SA) against Pb toxicity to Brassica juncea L. seedlings were evaluated. Seedlings pre-imbibed in EBL (0.1 mM) and SA (1 mM) individually and in combination, were sown in Pb supplemented petri-plates (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mM). Various microscopic observations and biochemical analysis were made on 10 days old seedlings of B. juncea. The toxic effects of Pb were evident with enhancement in in-situ accumulation of Pb, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear damage, membrane damage, cell death and polyamine. Furthermore, free amino acid were lowered in response to Pb toxicity. The levels of osmoprotectants including total carbohydrate, reducing sugars, trehalose, proline and glycine betaine were elevated in response to Pb treatment. Soaking treatment with combination of 24-EBL and SA led to effective amelioration of toxic effects of Pb. Reduction in Pb accumulation, reactive oxygen content (ROS), cellular damage and GSH levels were noticed in response to treatment with 24-EBL and SA individual and combined levels. The contents of free amino acid, amino acid profiling as well as in-situ localization of polyamine (spermidine) was recorded to be enhanced by co-application of 24-EBLand SA. Binary treatment of 24-EBL and SA, further elevated the content of osmoprotectants. The study revealed that co-application of combined treatment of 24-EBL and SA led to dimination of toxic effects of Pb in B. juncea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Ruchi Tejpal
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - A A Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Islam W, Naveed H, Zaynab M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant defense against virus diseases; growth hormones in highlights. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1596719. [PMID: 30957658 PMCID: PMC6546145 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1596719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant-virus interactions retard plant growth through rapid alterations in phytohormones and their signaling pathways. Recent research findings show evidence of how viruses impact upon modulation of various phytohormones affecting plant growth regulations. The opinion is getting stronger that virus-mediated phytohormone disruption and alteration weaken plant defense strategies through enhanced replication and systemic spread of viral particles. These hormones regulate plant-virus interactions in various ways that may involve antagonism and cross talk to modulate small RNA (sRNA) systems. The article aims to highlight the recent research findings elaborating the impact of viruses upon manipulation of phytohormones and virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhiqun Huang Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
- CONTACT Han Y. H. Chen Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario Canada
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Abbas HMK, Xiang J, Ahmad Z, Wang L, Dong W. Enhanced Nicotiana benthamiana immune responses caused by heterologous plant genes from Pinellia ternata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:357. [PMID: 30558544 PMCID: PMC6296014 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinellia ternata is a Chinese traditional medicinal herb, used to cure diseases including insomnia, eclampsia and cervical carcinoma, for hundreds of years. Non-self-recognition in multicellular organisms can initiate the innate immunity to avoid the invasion of pathogens. A design for pathogen independent, heterosis based, fresh resistance can be generated in F1 hybrid was proposed. RESULTS By library functional screening, we found that P. ternata genes, named as ptHR375 and ptHR941, were identified with the potential to trigger a hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Significant induction of ROS and Callose deposition in N. benthamiana leaves along with activation of pathogenesis-related genes viz.; PR-1a, PR-5, PDF1.2, NPR1, PAL, RBOHB and ERF1 and antioxidant enzymes was observed. After transformation into N. benthamiana, expression of pathogenesis related genes was significantly up-regulated to generate high level of resistance against Phytophthora capsici without affecting the normal seed germination and morphological characters of the transformed N. benthamiana. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of ptHR375 transformed N. benthamiana revealed the induction of Oxytetracycline, Cuelure, Allantoin, Diethylstilbestrol and 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one as bioactive compounds. Here we also proved that F1 hybrids, produced by crossing of the ptHR375 and ptHR941 transformed and non-transformed N. benthamiana, show significant high levels of PR-gene expressions and pathogen resistance. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous plant genes can activate disease resistance in another plant species and furthermore, by generating F1 hybrids, fresh pathogen independent plant immunity can be obtained. It is also concluded that ptHR375 and ptHR941 play their role in SA and JA/ET defense pathways to activate the resistance against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Khalid Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingshu Xiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lilin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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Qiu A, Wu J, Lei Y, Cai Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Guan D, He S. CaSK23, a Putative GSK3/SHAGGY-Like Kinase of Capsicum annuum, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Pepper's Response to Ralstonia solanacearum Attack. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092698. [PMID: 30208566 PMCID: PMC6163794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3-like kinases have been mainly implicated in the brassinosteroids (BR) pathway and, therefore, in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses; however, their roles in plant immunity remain poorly understood. Herein, we present evidence that CaSK23, a putative GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase in pepper, acts as a negative regulator in pepper’s response to Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) inoculation (RSI). Data from quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the constitutively-expressed CaSK23 in pepper leaves was down-regulated by RSI, as well as by exogenously-applied salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasomonate (MeJA). Silencing of CaSK23 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) decreased the susceptibility of pepper plants to RSI, coupled with up-regulation of the tested genes encoding SA-, JA-, and ethylene (ET)-dependent pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. In contrast, ectopic overexpression (OE) of CaSK23 conferred a compromised resistance of tobacco plants to RSI, accompanied by down-regulation of the tested immunity-associated SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent PR genes. In addition, transient overexpression of CaSK23 in pepper plants consistently led to down-regulation of the tested SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent PR genes. We speculate that CaSK23 acts as a negative regulator in pepper immunity and its constitutive expression represses pepper immunity in the absence of pathogens. On the other hand, its decreased expression derepresses immunity when pepper plants are attacked by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yufen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yiting Cai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Li K, Wu G, Li M, Ma M, Du J, Sun M, Sun X, Qing L. Transcriptome analysis of Nicotiana benthamiana infected by Tobacco curly shoot virus. Virol J 2018; 15:138. [PMID: 30176884 PMCID: PMC6122796 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) is a monopartite begomovirus associated with betasatellite (Tobacco curly shoot betasatellite, TbCSB), which causes serious leaf curl disease on tomato and tobacco in China. It is interesting that TbCSV induced severe upward leaf curling in Nicotiana benthamiana, but in the presence of TbCSB, symptoms changed to be downward leaf curling. However, the mechanism of interactions between viral pathogenicity, host defense, viral-betasatellite interactions and virus-host interactions remains unclear. METHODS In this study, RNA-seq was used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in N. benthamiana plants infected by TbCSV (Y35A) and TbCSV together with TbCSB (Y35AB) respectively. RESULTS Through mapping to N. benthamiana reference genome, 59,814 unigenes were identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a total of 4081 and 3196 DEGs were identified in Y35AB vs CK (control check) and Y35A vs CK, respectively. Both GO and KEGG analyses were conducted to classify the DEGs. Ten of the top 15 GO terms were enriched in both DEGs of Y35AB vs CK and Y35A vs CK, and these enriched GO terms mainly classified into three categories including biological process, cellular component and molecular function. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that 118 and 111 pathways were identified in Y35AB vs CK and Y35A vs CK, respectively, of which nine and six pathways were significantly enriched. Three major pathways in Y35AB vs CK involved in metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism and photosynthesis, while those in Y35A vs CK were related to Ribosome, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and DNA replication. We observed that 8 PR genes were significantly up-regulated and 44 LRR-RLK genes were significantly differentially expressed in Y35A treatment or in Y35AB treatment. In addition, 7 and 13 genes were identified to be significantly changed in biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway of brassinosteroid (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results presented here would be particularly useful to further elucidate the response of the host plant against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gentu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingge Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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Anwar A, Bai L, Miao L, Liu Y, Li S, Yu X, Li Y. 24-Epibrassinolide Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Levels to Enhance Low-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Cucumber Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092497. [PMID: 30149495 PMCID: PMC6164164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormone biosynthesis and accumulation are essential for plant growth and development and stress responses. Here, we investigated the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on physiological and biochemical mechanisms in cucumber leaves under low-temperature stress. The cucumber seedlings were exposed to treatments as follows: NT (normal temperature, 26 °C/18 °C day/night), and three low-temperature (12 °C/8 °C day/night) treatments: CK (low-temperature stress); EBR (low-temperature and 0.1 μM EBR); and BZR (low-temperature and 4 μM BZR, a specific EBR biosynthesis inhibitor). The results indicated that low-temperature stress proportionately decreased cucumber seedling growth and the strong seedling index, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hormone levels, and EBR biosynthesis gene expression level. However, EBR treatments significantly enhanced cucumber seedling growth and the strong seedling index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, activities of antioxidant enzymes, the cell membrane stability, and endogenous hormones, and upregulated EBR biosynthesis gene expression level, while decreasing ROS and the MDA content. Based on these results, it can be concluded that exogenous EBR regulates endogenous hormones by activating at the transcript level EBR biosynthetic genes, which increases antioxidant enzyme capacity levels and reduces the overproduction of ROS and MDA, protecting chlorophyll and photosynthetic machinery, thus improving cucumber seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Anwar
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Longqiang Bai
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Li Miao
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yumei Liu
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China.
| | - Shuzhen Li
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xianchang Yu
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yansu Li
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Jan S, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Alam P, Siddique KH, Ahmad P. Interactive effect of 24-epibrassinolide and silicon alleviates cadmium stress via the modulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems and macronutrient content in Pisum sativum L. seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:146. [PMID: 30012086 PMCID: PMC6048797 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL, 10-7M) and silicon (2 mM) on the alleviation of cadmium (Cd, 150 mg L-1) toxicity in Pisum sativum L. seedlings via the modulation of growth, antioxidant defense, glyoxalase system, and nutrient uptake. RESULTS Shoot and root lengths declined by 46.43% and 52.78%, respectively, following Cd stress. Shoot and root dry weights also declined with Cd toxicity. Biochemical and physiological aspects exhibit significant decline including total chlorophyll (33.09%), carotenoid (51.51%), photosynthetic efficiency (32.60%), photochemical quenching (19.04%), leaf relative water content (40.18%), and gas exchange parameters (80.65%). However, EBL or Si supplementation alone or in combination modulates the previously mentioned parameters. Cadmium stress increased proline and glycine betaine (GB) contents by 4.37 and 2.41-fold, respectively. Exposure of plants to Cd stress increased the accumulation of H2O2, malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage, and methylglyoxal, which declined significantly with EBL and Si supplementation, both individually and in combination. Similarly, Cd stress adversely affected enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, but EBL and/or Si supplementation maintained antioxidant levels. Glyoxalase I (GlyI) accumulated after Cd stress and increased further with the application of EBL and Si. However, GlyII content declined after Cd stress but increased with supplementation of EBL and Si. Cadmium accumulation occurred in the following order: roots > shoots>leaves. Supplementation with EBL and Si, individually and in combination reduced Cd accumulation and enhanced the uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients in shoots and roots, which declined with Cd toxicity. CONCLUSION The application of 24-EBL and Si, individually and in combination, alleviated the adverse effects of Cd by improving growth, biochemical parameters, nutrient uptake, osmolyte accumulation, and the anti-oxidative defense and glyoxalase systems in Pisum sativum seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Jan
- ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu, Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard Wijaya
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadambot H Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, LB 5005, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu, Kashmir, 190001, India.
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Yang T, Zhu LS, Meng Y, Lv R, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Lin HH, Xi DH. Alpha-momorcharin enhances Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in tobacco NN by manipulating jasmonic acid-salicylic acid crosstalk. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:116-126. [PMID: 29574244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is a type-I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) with a molecular weight of 29 kDa found in plants. This protein has been shown to be effective against a broad range of human viruses and also has anti-tumor activities. However, the mechanism by which α-MMC induces plant defense responses and regulates the N gene to promote resistance to the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is still not clear. By using pharmacological and infection experiments, we found that α-MMC enhances TMV resistance of tobacco plants containing the N gene (tobaccoNN). Our results showed that plants pretreated with 0.5 mg/ml α-MMC could relieve TMV-induced oxidative damage, had enhanced the expression of the N gene and increased biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Moreover, transcription of JA and SA signaling pathway genes were increased, and their expression persisted for a longer period of time in plants pretreated with α-MMC compared with those pretreated with water. Importantly, exogenous application of 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT, SA inhibitor) and ibuprofen (JA inhibitor) reduced α-MMC induced plant resistance under viral infection. Thus, our results revealed that α-MMC enhances TMV resistance of tobaccoNN plants by manipulating JA-SA crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li-Sha Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Rui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Chen LJ, Zou WS, Wu G, Lin HH, Xi DH. Tobacco alpha-expansin EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against Tobacco mosaic virus. PLANTA 2018; 247:355-368. [PMID: 28993946 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Tobacco EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against virus attack and affects antioxidative metabolism and phytohormone-mediated immunity responses in tobacco. Expansins are cell wall-loosening proteins known for their endogenous functions in cell wall extensibility during plant growth. The effects of expansins on plant growth, developmental processes and environment stress responses have been well studied. However, the exploration of expansins in plant virus resistance is rarely reported. In the present study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression were conducted to investigate the role of Nicotiana tabacum alpha-expansin 4 (EXPA4) in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-GFP) resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results indicated that silencing of EXPA4 reduced the sensitivity of N. benthamiana to TMV-GFP, and EXPA4 overexpression accelerated virus reproduction on tobacco. In addition, our data suggested that the changes of virus accumulation in response to EXPA4 expression levels could further affect the antioxidative metabolism and phytohormone-related pathways in tobacco induced by virus inoculation. EXPA4-silenced plants with TMV-GFP have enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities, which were down-regulated in virus-inoculated 35S:EXPA4 plants. Salicylic acid accumulation and SA-mediated defence genes induced by TMV-GFP were up-regulated in EXPA4-silenced plants, but depressed in 35S:EXPA4 plants. Furthermore, a VIGS approach was used in combination with exogenous phytohormone treatments, suggesting that EXPA4 has different responses to different phytohormones. Taken together, these results suggested that EXPA4 plays a role in tobacco defence against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen-Shan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Guo Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Kaur Kohli S, Handa N, Bali S, Arora S, Sharma A, Kaur R, Bhardwaj R. Modulation of antioxidative defense expression and osmolyte content by co-application of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid in Pb exposed Indian mustard plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:382-393. [PMID: 28881317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on potential of combined pre-soaking treatment of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and Salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating Pb phytotoxicity in Brassica juncea L. plants. The seeds after treatment with combination of both the hormones were sown in mixture of soil, sand and manure (3:1:1) and were exposed to Pb concentrations (0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM). After 30 days of growth, the plants were harvested and processed, for quantification of various metabolites. It was found that pre-sowing of seeds in combination of EBL and SA, mitigated the adverse effects of metal stress by modulating antioxidative defense response and enhanced osmolyte contents. Dry matter content and heavy metal tolerance index were enhanced in response to co-application of EBL and SA. The levels of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were lowered by the combined treatment of hormones. Enhancement in activities of guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-transferase were recorded. Contents of glutathione, tocopherol and ascorbic acid were also enhanced in response to co-application of both hormones. Expression of POD, CAT, GR and GST1 genes were up-regulated whereas SOD gene was observed to be down-regulated. Contents of proline, trehalose and glycine betaine were also reported to be elevated as a result of treatment with EBL+SA. The results suggest that co-application of EBL+SA may play an imperative role in improving the antioxidative defense expression of B. juncea plants to combat the oxidative stress generated by Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Neha Handa
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144012, India
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Kohli SK, Handa N, Sharma A, Kumar V, Kaur P, Bhardwaj R. Synergistic effect of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid on photosynthetic efficiency and gene expression in Brassica juncea L. under Pb stress. Turk J Biol 2017; 41:943-953. [PMID: 30814859 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1707-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) has wide-ranging effects on various essential physiological processes in plants including seed germination, root/ shoot growth, photosynthetic efficiency, water status, and activities of enzymes. The effect of combined treatment of 24-epibrassinolide (10-7 M, EBL) and salicylic acid (1 mM, SA) on growth, photosynthetic attributes, and phenolic compounds in 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old plants of Brassica juncea L. under Pb stress (0.25 mM, 0.50 mM, and 0.75 mM) were studied. It was observed that Pb toxicity resulted in lowered growth and photosynthetic efficiency. The expressions of CHLASE, PSY, CHS, and PAL genes were altered. Presoaking treatment with the combination of EBL and SA for metal-stressed plants mitigated the adverse effects of metal stress by improving growth and levels of pigment and phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , India
| | - Neha Handa
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botany, DAV University , Sarmastpur, Jalandhar , India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , India
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43
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Wang C, He X, Wang X, Zhang S, Guo X. ghr-miR5272a-mediated regulation of GhMKK6 gene transcription contributes to the immune response in cotton. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5895-5906. [PMID: 29069454 PMCID: PMC5854127 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a major biotic stress affecting the productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Although mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play critical roles in plant disease resistance, their intricate regulation under fungal stress remains unclear, especially with regards to microRNA-mediated regulation of MAPK gene expression. In this study, we report that the MAPK kinase gene GhMKK6 and ghr-miR5272a work together in cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt. Silencing GhMKK6 in cotton decreased resistance to F. oxysporum by repressing the expression of known disease-resistance genes. Furthermore, although GhMKK6 played a positive role in disease resistance, excessive GhMKK6 activation caused an excessive hypersensitive response. ghr-miR5272a, a major regulator, prevents this excessive response by regulating GhMKK6 expression. ghr-miR5272a targets the GhMKK6 3'-untranslated region in cotton. Overexpressing miR5272a decreased the expression of GhMKK6 and disease-resistance genes, and increased sensitivity to F. oxysporum, yielding a similar phenotype to GhMKK6-silenced cotton. Overall, these results demonstrate that the ghr-miR5272a-mediated regulation of GhMKK6 expression contributes to the immune response in cotton, and reveal a new feedback loop mechanism in plant disease response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, PR China
- Correspondence:
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Nicaise V, Candresse T. Plum pox virus capsid protein suppresses plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:878-886. [PMID: 27301551 PMCID: PMC6638313 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by immune receptors launches defence mechanisms referred to as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Successful pathogens must suppress PTI pathways via the action of effectors to efficiently colonize their hosts. So far, plant PTI has been reported to be active against most classes of pathogens, except viruses, although this defence layer has been hypothesized recently as an active part of antiviral immunity which needs to be suppressed by viruses for infection success. Here, we report that Arabidopsis PTI genes are regulated upon infection by viruses and contribute to plant resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV). Our experiments further show that PPV suppresses two early PTI responses, the oxidative burst and marker gene expression, during Arabidopsis infection. In planta expression of PPV capsid protein (CP) was found to strongly impair these responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis, revealing its PTI suppressor activity. In summary, we provide the first clear evidence that plant viruses acquired the ability to suppress PTI mechanisms via the action of effectors, highlighting a novel strategy employed by viruses to escape plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Nicaise
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
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45
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Cross-talk of Brassinosteroid signaling in controlling growth and stress responses. Biochem J 2017; 474:2641-2661. [PMID: 28751549 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are faced with a barrage of stresses in their environment and must constantly balance their growth and survival. As such, plants have evolved complex control systems that perceive and respond to external and internal stimuli in order to optimize these responses, many of which are mediated by signaling molecules such as phytohormones. One such class of molecules called Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important group of plant steroid hormones involved in numerous aspects of plant life including growth, development and response to various stresses. The molecular determinants of the BR signaling pathway have been extensively defined, starting with the membrane-localized receptor BRI1 and co-receptor BAK1 and ultimately culminating in the activation of BES1/BZR1 family transcription factors, which direct a transcriptional network controlling the expression of thousands of genes enabling BRs to influence growth and stress programs. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding the relationship between the BR pathway and plant stress responses and provide an integrated view of the mechanisms mediating cross-talk between BR and stress signaling.
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46
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Kimura S, Waszczak C, Hunter K, Wrzaczek M. Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Receptor-Like Kinase Signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:638-654. [PMID: 28373519 PMCID: PMC5435433 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the communication between the environment and the interior of the cell. Apoplastic ROS production is a frequent result of RLK signaling in a multitude of cellular processes; thus, by their nature, these two signaling components are inherently linked. However, it is as yet unclear how ROS signaling downstream of receptor activation is executed. In this review, we provide a broad view of the intricate connections between RLKs and ROS signaling and describe the regulatory events that control and coordinate extracellular ROS production. We propose that concurrent initiation of ROS-dependent and -independent signaling linked to RLKs might be a critical element in establishing cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss the possible ROS sensing mechanisms in the context of the biochemical environment in the apoplast. We suggest that RLK-dependent modulation of apoplastic and intracellular conditions facilitates ROS perception and signaling. Based on data from plant and animal models, we argue that specific RLKs could be components of the ROS sensing machinery or ROS sensors. The importance of the crosstalk between RLK and ROS signaling is discussed in the context of stomatal immunity. Finally, we highlight challenges in the understanding of these signaling processes and provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Kimura
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerri Hunter
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Hyodo K, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Suzuki N, Okuno T. Harnessing host ROS-generating machinery for the robust genome replication of a plant RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1282-E1290. [PMID: 28154139 PMCID: PMC5320965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610212114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have to accommodate to rapid changes in their surrounding environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules to transduce biotic and abiotic stimuli into plant stress adaptations. It is established that a respiratory burst oxidase homolog B of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbRBOHB) produces ROS in response to microbe-associated molecular patterns to inhibit pathogen infection. Plant viruses are also known as causative agents of ROS induction in infected plants; however, the function of ROS in plant-virus interactions remains obscure. Here, we show that the replication of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), a plant positive-strand RNA [(+)RNA] virus, requires NbRBOHB-mediated ROS production. The RCNMV replication protein p27 plays a pivotal role in this process, redirecting the subcellular localization of NbRBOHB and a subgroup II calcium-dependent protein kinase of N. benthamiana (NbCDPKiso2) from the plasma membrane to the p27-containing intracellular aggregate structures. p27 also induces an intracellular ROS burst in an RBOH-dependent manner. NbCDPKiso2 was shown to be an activator of the p27-triggered ROS accumulations and to be required for RCNMV replication. Importantly, this RBOH-derived ROS is essential for robust viral RNA replication. The need for RBOH-derived ROS was demonstrated for the replication of another (+)RNA virus, brome mosaic virus, suggesting that this characteristic is true for plant (+)RNA viruses. Collectively, our findings revealed a hitherto unknown viral strategy whereby the host ROS-generating machinery is diverted for robust viral RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan;
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu 520-2194, Japan
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48
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Yang T, Meng Y, Chen LJ, Lin HH, Xi DH. The Roles of Alpha-Momorcharin and Jasmonic Acid in Modulating the Response of Momordica charantia to Cucumber Mosaic Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1796. [PMID: 27881976 PMCID: PMC5101195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is a type-I ribosome inactivating protein with a molecular weight of 29 kDa that is found in Momordica charantia, and has been shown to be effective against a broad range of human viruses as well as having anti-tumor activities. However, the role of endogenous α-MMC under viral infection and the mechanism of the anti-viral activities of α-MMC in plants are still unknown. To study the effect of α-MMC on plant viral defense and how α-MMC increases plant resistance to virus, the M. charantia–cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) interaction system was investigated. The results showed that the α-MMC level was positively correlated with the resistance of M. charantia to CMV. α-MMC treatment could alleviate photosystem damage and enhance the ratio of glutathione/glutathione disulfide in M. charantia under CMV infection. The relationship of α-MMC and defense related phytohormones, and their roles in plant defense were further investigated. α-MMC treatment led to a significant increase of jasmonic acid (JA) and vice versa, while there was no obvious relevance between salicylic acid and α-MMC. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were induced in α-MMC-pretreated plants, in a similar way to the ROS burst in JA-pretreated plants. The production of ROS in both ibuprofen (JA inhibitor) and (α-MMC+ibuprofen)-pretreated plants was reduced markedly, leading to a greater susceptibility of M. charantia to CMV. Our results indicate that the anti-viral activities of α-MMC in M. charantia may be accomplished through the JA related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
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49
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Zhu T, Deng X, Zhou X, Zhu L, Zou L, Li P, Zhang D, Lin H. Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide are involved in brassinosteroid-induced salt tolerance in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35392. [PMID: 27739520 PMCID: PMC5064326 DOI: 10.1038/srep35392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between phytohormone pathways is essential in plant growth, development and stress responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and ethylene are both pivotal plant growth regulators, and the interaction between these two phytohormones in the tomato response to salt stress is still unclear. Here, we explored the mechanism by which BRs affect ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in tomato seedlings under salt stress. The activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), an ethylene synthesis enzyme, and the ethylene signaling pathway were activated in plants pretreated with BRs. Scavenging of ethylene production or silencing of ethylene signaling components inhibited BR-induced salt tolerance and blocked BR-induced activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Previous studies have reported that BRs can induce plant tolerance to a variety of environmental stimuli by triggering the generation of H2O2 as a signaling molecule. We also found that H2O2 might be involved in the crosstalk between BRs and ethylene in the tomato response to salt stress. Simultaneously, BR-induced ethylene production was partially blocked by pretreated with a reactive oxygen species scavenger or synthesis inhibitor. These results strongly demonstrated that ethylene and H2O2 play important roles in BR-dependent induction of plant salt stress tolerance. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between BR signaling and ethylene signaling pathways in plant processes responding to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengxu Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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