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Souza VVD, Moreira DP, Braz-Mota S, Valente W, Cotta GC, Rodrigues MDS, Nóbrega RH, Corrêa RDS, Hoyos DCDM, Sanches EA, Val AL, Lacerda SMDSN. Simulated climate change and atrazine contamination can synergistically impair zebrafish testicular function. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174173. [PMID: 38925398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Elements that interfere with reproductive processes can have profound impacts on population and the equilibrium of ecosystems. Global warming represents the major environmental challenge of the 21st century, as it will affect all forms of life in the coming decades. Another coexisting concern is the persistent pollution by pesticides, particularly the herbicide Atrazine (ATZ), which is responsible for a significant number of contamination incidents in surface waters worldwide. While it is hypothesized that climate changes will significantly enhance the toxic effects of pesticides, the actual impact of these phenomena remain largely unexplored. Here, we conducted a climate-controlled room experiment to assess the interactive effects of the projected 2100 climate scenario and environmentally realistic ATZ exposures on the reproductive function of male zebrafish. The gonadosomatic index significantly decreased in fish kept in the extreme scenario. Cellular alterations across spermatogenesis phases led to synergic decreased sperm production and increased germ cell sloughing and death. ATZ exposure alone or combined with climate change effects, disrupted the transcription levels of key genes involved in steroidogenesis, hormone signaling and spermatogenesis regulation. An additive modulation with decreased 11-KT production and increased E2 levels was also evidenced, intensifying the effects of androgen/estrogen imbalance. Moreover, climate change and ATZ independently induced oxidative stress, upregulation of proapoptotic gene and DNA damage in post-meiotic germ cell, but the negative effects of ATZ were greater at extreme scenario. Ultimately, exposure to simulated climate changes severely impaired fertilization capacity, due to a drastic reduction in sperm motility and/or viability. These findings indicate that the future climate conditions have the potential to considerably enhance the toxicity of ATZ at low concentrations, leading to significant deleterious consequences for fish reproductive function and fertility. These may provide relevant information to supporting healthcare and environmental managers in decision-making related to climate changes and herbicide regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ventura de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Davidson Peruci Moreira
- Laboratory of Ichthiohistology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Susana Braz-Mota
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Valente
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Caldeira Cotta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maira da Silva Rodrigues
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Dias Serafim Corrêa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Antônio Sanches
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luís Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Li XW, Guo K, Wang CC, Yang Y, Li W, Talukder M, Li XN, Li JL. The Nrf2/ARE pathway as a potential target to ameliorate atrazine-induced endocrine disruption in granulosa cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103730. [PMID: 38631229 PMCID: PMC11040167 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is widely used worldwide as a commercial herbicide, Diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) is the main metabolite of ATR in the organism. Both of them disrupt the production of steroids and induce abnormal reproductive development. The granulosa cells (GCs) are important for growth and reproduction of animals. However, the toxicity of ATR on the GCs of birds is not well clarified. To evaluate the effect of the environmental pollutant ATR on bird GCs. The quail GCs were allotted into 7 groups, C (The medium of M199), A20 (20 µM ATR), A100 (100 µM ATR), A250 (250 µM ATR), D20 (20 µM DACT), D100 (100 µM DACT) and D200 (200 µM DACT). The results demonstrated that ATR reduced the viability of GCs, disrupted mitochondrial structure (including mitochondrial cristae fragmentation and the mitochondrial morphology disappearance) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, ATR interfered with the expression of key factors in the steroid synthesis pathway, inducing the secretion of the sex hormones E2 and P in GCs. which in turn induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the Nrf2/ARE pathway as a potential target to ameliorate ATR-induced endocrine disruption in GCs for proper reproductive functions. Our research provides a new perspective for understanding the effects of ATR on reproductive functions in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Chifeng Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Comprehensive Administrative Law Enforcement Detachment, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, 024000, China
| | - Chi-Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences; and The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Milton Talukder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences; and The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhao X, Luo H, Yao S, Yang T, Fu F, Yue M, Ruan H. Atrazine exposure promotes cardiomyocyte pyroptosis to exacerbate cardiotoxicity by activating NF-κB pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170028. [PMID: 38224882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine is a ubiquitous herbicide with persistent environmental presence and accumulation in the food chain, posing potential health hazards to organisms. Increasing evidence suggests that atrazine may have detrimental effects on various organ systems, including the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. However, the specific toxicity and underlying mechanism of atrazine-induced cardiac injury remain obscure. In this study, 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were administered atrazine via intragastric administration at doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that atrazine exposure led to cardiac fibrosis, as evidenced by elevated heart index and histopathological scores, extensive myofiber damage, and interstitial collagen deposition. Moreover, atrazine induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, macrophage infiltration, and excessive production of inflammatory factors. Importantly, atrazine upregulated the expressions of crucial pyroptosis proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, CASPASE1, and GSDMD, via the activation of NF-κB pathway, thus promoting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Collectively, our findings provide novel evidence demonstrating that atrazine may exacerbate myocardial fibrosis by inducing cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, highlighting its potential role in the development of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zhao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310053, PR China; The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Sai Yao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Ti Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Gongli Hospital, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Fangda Fu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310053, PR China.
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4
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Ahkin Chin Tai JK, Horzmann KA, Jenkins TL, Akoro IN, Stradtman S, Aryal UK, Freeman JL. Adverse developmental impacts in progeny of zebrafish exposed to the agricultural herbicide atrazine during embryogenesis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108213. [PMID: 37774458 PMCID: PMC10613503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide commonly used on crops in the Midwestern US and other select global regions. The US Environmental Protection Agency ATZ regulatory limit is 3 parts per billion (ppb; µg/L), but this limit is often exceeded. ATZ has a long half-life, is a common contaminant of drinking water sources, and is indicated as an endocrine disrupting chemical in multiple species. The zebrafish was used to test the hypothesis that an embryonic parental ATZ exposure alters protein levels leading to modifications in morphology and behavior in developing progeny. Zebrafish embryos (F1) were collected from adults (F0) exposed to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 ppb ATZ during embryogenesis. Differential proteomics, morphology, and behavior assays were completed with offspring aged 120 or 144 h with no additional chemical treatment. Proteomic analysis identified differential expression of proteins associated with neurological development and disease; and organ and organismal morphology, development, and injury, specifically the skeletomuscular system. Head length and ratio of head length to total length was significantly increased in the F1 of 0.3 and 30 ppb ATZ groups (p < 0.05). Based on molecular pathway alterations, further craniofacial morphology assessment found decreased distance for cartilaginous structures, decreased surface area and distance between saccular otoliths, and a more posteriorly positioned notochord (p < 0.05), indicating delayed ossification and skeletal growth. The visual motor response assay showed hyperactivity in progeny of the 30 ppb treatment group for distance moved and of the 0.3 and 30 ppb treatment groups for time spent moving (p < 0.05). Due to the changes in saccular otoliths, an acoustic startle assay was completed and showed decreased response in the 0.3 and 30 ppb treatments (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that a single embryonic parental exposure alters cellular pathways in their progeny that lead to perturbations in craniofacial development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine A Horzmann
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thomas L Jenkins
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Isabelle N Akoro
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sydney Stradtman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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5
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Shi G, Zhang C, Li G, Wang K, Cai Q, Huang M. Atrazine induces phagocytotic dysfunction of microglia depends on nucleocytoplasmic translocation of acetylated HMGB1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114583. [PMID: 36736232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a widely applied herbicide which was named an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Increasing evidence indicates ATR causes neurotoxic effects resulting in central nervous system (CNS) disease. As the primary immunocytes in the CNS, microglia cells carry out their phagocytosis to maintain the CNS microenvironment by preventing damage from healthy cells. However, the mechanism in which ATR affects the phagocytic function of microglia remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of ATR on the phagocytosis of microglia. BV-2 cells and primary microglia selected as microglial models in which BV-2 cells were administrated by ATR at different concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16 μM) for 24 h. Results demonstrated ATR dose-dependently increased the expression of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), indicating that microglia were activated. Microglial phagocytotic activity induced by ATR fluctuated at the different time points, accompanied by fluctuations in membrane receptor MERTK and cytoplasmic lysosomal marker LAMP1 (two markers related to cell phagocytosis). In this period, the expression of iNOS gradually increased. A mechanistic study further demonstrated that the translocation of High Mobility Group Protein-B1 (HMGB1) from nucleus to cytoplasm in the BV-2 and primary microglial cells induced by ATR, and the process showed a positive correlation with phagocytosis activity of BV-2 cells induced by ATR (r = 0.8030, P = 0.05; α = 0.1). ATR was also shown to spur the acetylation of HMGB1 by breaking the balance between acetylase P300 and deacetylase SIRT1. Unexpectedly, the inhibition of acetylating HMGB1 by resveratrol (Res) was effectively retained by HMGB1 in the nucleus, reversed the SIRT1 and MERTK expression, and enhanced the phagocytosis activity in BV-2 cells. Our results suggested that ATR exposure influenced microglial phagocytosis by acetylating HMGB1 further translocated it in the nucleoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Shi
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kaidong Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Min Huang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, the Street of Shengli, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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6
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Carriquiriborde P, Fernandino JI, López CG, Benito EDS, Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, Cristos D, Trudeau VL, Somoza GM. Atrazine alters early sexual development of the South American silverside, Odontesthes bonariensis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106366. [PMID: 36459853 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is a frequent contaminant in freshwater ecosystems within agricultural regions. The capacity of this herbicide to interfere with the vertebrate endocrine system is broadly recognized, but the mechanisms and responses usually differ among species. In this study, ATZ effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis key genes expression and early gonadal development were evaluated in Odontesthes bonariensis larvae waterborne exposed during the gonadal differentiation period. Fish were treated to 0, 0.7, 7.0, and 70 µg ATZ/L at 25 °C from the 2nd to 6th week after hatching (wah), and a group was kept in clean water until the 12th wah. Parallelly, a group was submitted to 0.05 µg/L of ethinylestradiol (EE2) as a positive estrogenic control. From each treatment, eight larvae were sampled at 6 wah for gene expression analysis and twelve larvae at 12 wah for phenotypic sex histological determination. The expression of gnrh1, lhb, fshb, and cyp19a1b was assessed in the head, and the ones of amha, 11βhsd2, and cyp19a1a in the trunk. Fish growth was significantly higher in fish exposed to 7 and 70 µg ATZ/L in the 6 wah, but the effect vanished at the 12 wah. The expression of lhb was upregulated in both sex larvae exposed from 7 µg ATZ/L. However, a dimorphic effect was induced on cyp19a1a expression at 70 µg ATZ/L, up or downregulating mRNA transcription in males and females, respectively. Delayed ovarian development and increased number of testicular germ cells were histologically observed from 7 to 70 µg ATZ/L, respectively, and a sex inversion (genotypic male to phenotypic female) was found in one larva at 70 µg ATZ/L. The lhb expression was also upregulated by EE2, but the cyp19a1a expression was not affected, and a complete male-to-female reversal was induced. Further, EE2 upregulated gnrh1 in females and cyp19a1b in both sexes, but it did not alter any assessed gene in the trunk. In conclusion, ATZ disrupted HPG axis physiology and normal gonadal development in O. bonariensis larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations. The responses to ATZ only partially overlapped and were less active when compared to the model estrogenic compound EE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM, UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías. UNSAM. Argentina
| | - Carina G López
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías. UNSAM. Argentina
| | - Eduardo de San Benito
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM, UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Cristos
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria (CIA-INTA), Castelar, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1S 6N5, Canada
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías. UNSAM. Argentina.
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7
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Souza VVD, Souza TDS, Campos JMSD, Oliveira LAD, Ribeiro YM, Hoyos DCDM, Xavier RMP, Charlie-Silva I, Lacerda SMDSN. Ecogenotoxicity of environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations: A threat to aquatic bioindicators. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105297. [PMID: 36549823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide that is frequently present in surface waters and may result in damage to the health of various organisms, including humans. However, most scientific literature reports injuries caused by ATZ at high concentrations, which are not found in the environment. Therefore, the scope of this study was to investigate the impacts of realistic concentrations of ATZ found in surface waters (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/L) using the bioindicators Allium cepa, Daphnia magna and zebrafish (Danio rerio). ATZ elicited a genotoxic effect in A. cepa, manifested by the induction of chromosomal aberrations, and a mutagenic effect with increased incidence of micronuclei formation, promotion of cell death and reduction in nuclear size revealed by flow cytometry analysis. D. magna exposed to 10, 15 and 20 μg/L of ATZ showed significant reduction in body size after 21 days, delayed first-brood release, decreased egg production and total offspring, as well as swimming behavioral changes. ATZ exposure promoted physiological and developmental alterations in zebrafish embryos, including an increased spontaneous movement rate, which led to premature hatching at all concentrations investigated. Increase in total body length, decrease of the yolk sac area, pericardial edema and higher heart rate were also detected in ATZ-treated zebrafish. In summary, environmentally relevant concentrations of ATZ can induce substantial alterations in the three bioindicators investigated. This study evidences the deleterious effects of ATZ on three aquatic bioindicators employing established and current techniques, and may contribute to elucidate the risks caused by this widely used herbicide even at low concentrations and short-to-medium-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ventura de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Araújo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yves Moreira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ichthyohistology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Xu T, Liu Q, Chen D, Liu Y. Atrazine exposure induces necroptosis through the P450/ROS pathway and causes inflammation in the gill of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:809-816. [PMID: 36257555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is used worldwide and has been confirmed be hazardous materials that harmful to the health of organisms. Since ATR was more persistent in the water, the specific damage caused by ATR to aquatic organisms should be concern. The role of P450/ROS has been proposed in many pathomechanisms. To explore whether P450/ROS mediated necroptosis and promote inflammatory response caused by ATR exposure, 120 common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were randomly divided into four groups which were exposed to 0 μg/L, 4 μg/L, 40 μg/L and 400 μg/L ATR respectively. The residual levels of ATR and its metabolites increased, signs of necrosis and inflammation were found in the gills of the ATR-treatment groups. The levels of ROS and cytochrome P450 content were increased, and P450 enzymes were activated. The expression levels of the core components of necroptosis (RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL) increased. Moreover, gene expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β and PTGE) increased significantly in the ATR-spiked group. Our results suggested that ATR exposure triggered necroptosis through the P450/ROS pathway and causes inflammation of common carp gill. This study provides valuable clue about the mechanism by which ATR causes injury to common carp gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qiaohan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Horzmann KA, Lin LF, Taslakjian B, Yuan C, Freeman JL. Anxiety-related behavior and associated brain transcriptome and epigenome alterations in adult female zebrafish exposed to atrazine during embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136431. [PMID: 36126741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine often contaminates drinking water sources, exceeding the maximum contaminant level established by the US Environmental Protection Agency at 3 parts per billion (ppb; μg/L). Atrazine is linked to endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and cancer, with delayed health effects observed after developmental exposure in line with the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. To test the hypothesis that embryonic atrazine exposure induces delayed neurotoxicity in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio), embryos were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 ppb atrazine during embryogenesis (1-72 h post fertilization (hpf)) and raised to adults with no additional atrazine exposure. Behavioral outcomes were tested through a novel tank test, light-dark box, and open field test and indicated female zebrafish had more anxious phenotypes at 9 months post fertilization (mpf). Female brain transcriptomic analysis at 9 mpf found altered gene expression pathways related to organismal injury and cancer with beta-estradiol and estrogen receptor as top upstream regulators. These results were compared to 9 mpf male and 6 mpf female groups with the same atrazine embryonic exposures and showed differences in specific genes that were altered, but similarities in top molecular pathways. Molecular pathways associated with behavior were observed only in the 6 mpf transcriptomic profiles, suggesting prediction of observed behavioral outcomes at 9 mpf. The expression of genes associated with serotonin neurotransmission was also evaluated at 14 mpf to determine persistence; however, no significant changes were observed. Brain global methylation in 12 mpf zebrafish observed an increased percent 5 mC in females with embryonic 0.3 ppb atrazine exposure. Finally, the body length, body weight, and brain weight were determined at 14 mpf and were altered in all treatment groups. These results indicate that embryonic atrazine exposure does cause delayed neurotoxicity within the DOHaD framework, which is significant given atrazine's presence and persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Horzmann
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Li F Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Boghos Taslakjian
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Chongli Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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10
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Nuchan P, Kovitvadhi U, Sangsawang A, Kovitvadhi S, Klaimala P, Srakaew N. Biochemical and cellular responses of the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis bialata, to the herbicide atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119710. [PMID: 35798193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate biochemical and cellular responses of the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis bialata, to the herbicide atrazine (ATZ). The mussels were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of ATZ (0, 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L) and a high concentration (2 mg/L) for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Tissues comprising male and female gonads, digestive glands and gills were collected and assessed for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR), histopathological responses, DNA fragmentation and bioaccumulation of ATZ and its transformation derivatives, desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA). Additionally, circulating estradiol levels were determined. It appeared that ATZ did not cause significant changes in activities of EROD, GST and MXR. There were no apparent ATZ-mediated histopathological effects in the tissues, with the exception of the male gonads exhibiting aberrant aggregation of germ cells in the ATZ-treated mussels. Contrarily, ATZ caused significant DNA fragmentation in all tissues of the treated animals in dose- and time-dependent manners. In general, the circulating estradiol levels were higher in the females than in the males. However, ATZ-treated animals did not show significant alterations in the hormonal levels, as compared with those of the untreated animals. Herein, we showed for the first time differentially spatiotemporal distribution patterns of bioaccumulation of ATZ, DEA and DIA, with ATZ and DEA detectable in the gonads of both sexes, DEA and DIA in the digestive glands and only DEA in the gills. The differential distribution patterns of bioaccumulation of ATZ and its derivatives among the tissues point to different pathways and tissue capacity in transforming ATZ into its transformation products. Taken together, the freshwater mussel H. bialata was resistant to ATZ likely due to their effective detoxification. However, using DNA damage as a potential biomarker, H. bialata is a promising candidate for biomonitoring aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanan Nuchan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Akkarasiri Sangsawang
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Satit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Thonburi, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand
| | - Pakasinee Klaimala
- Impact of Pesticide Use Subdivision, Pesticide Research Group, Agricultural Production Science Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nopparat Srakaew
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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11
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Zaluski AB, Wiprich MT, de Almeida LF, de Azevedo AP, Bonan CD, Vianna MRM. Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:841826. [PMID: 35444550 PMCID: PMC9014172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine and Diuron are widely used herbicides. The use of pesticides contaminates the aquatic environment, threatening biodiversity and non-target organisms such as fish. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute exposure for 96 h hours to atrazine and diuron commercial formulations in zebrafish (Danio rerio, wild-type AB) embryos and larvae and adult stages. We observed a significant concentration-dependent survival decrease and hatching delays in animals exposed to both herbicides and in the frequency of malformations compared to the control groups. Morphological defects included cardiac edema, tail reduction, and head malformation. At 7 days post-fertilization (dpf), atrazine exposure resulted in a reduction in the head length at 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L and increased the ocular distance at 1, 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L atrazine when compared to controls. At the same age, diuron increased the ocular distance in animals exposed to diuron (1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) and no effects were observed on the head length. We also evaluated a behavioral repertoire in larvae at 7 dpf, and there were no significant differences in distance traveled, mean speed, time in movement, and thigmotaxis for atrazine and diuron when animals were individually placed in a new environment. The cognitive ability of the larvae was tested at 7 dpf for avoidance and optomotor responses, and neither atrazine nor diuron had significant impacts when treated groups were compared to their corresponding controls. Adults’ behavior was evaluated 7 and 8 days after the end of the acute herbicide exposure. Exploration of a new environment and associated anxiety-like parameters, social interaction, and aggressiveness were not altered. Our results highlight the need for further studies on the sublethal effects of both herbicides and the consideration of the effects of commercial formulas vs. isolated active ingredients. It also emphasizes the need to take sublethal effects into consideration when establishing the environmental limits of residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Zaluski
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa T Wiprich
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza F de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa P de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla D Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Monica R M Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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12
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Wang S, Bryan C, Xie J, Zhao H, Lin L, Tai JAC, Horzmann KA, Sanchez O, Zhang M, Freeman JL, Yuan C. Atrazine exposure in zebrafish induces aberrant genome-wide methylation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 92:107091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Ma DD, Jiang YX, Zhang JG, Fang GZ, Huang GY, Shi WJ, Ying GG. Transgenerational effects of androstadienedione and androstenedione at environmentally relevant concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127261. [PMID: 34844370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Androgens androstadienedione (ADD) and androstenedione (AED) are predominant steroid hormones in surface water, and can disrupt the endocrine system in fish. However, little is known about the transgenerational effects of ADD and AED in fish. In the present study, F0 generation was exposed to ADD and AED from 21 to 144 days post-fertilization (dpf) at nominal concentrations of 5 (L), 50 (M) and 500 (H) ng L-1, and F1 generation was domesticated in clear water for 144 dpf. The sex ratio, histology and transcription in F0 and F1 generations were examined. In the F0 generation, ADD and AED tended to be estrogenic in zebrafish, resulting in female biased zebrafish populations. In the F1 generation, ADD at the H level caused 63.5% females, while AED at the H level resulted in 78.7% males. In brain, ADD and AED had similar effects on circadian rhythm in the F0 and F1 generations. In the F1 eleutheroembryos, transcriptomic analysis indicated that neuromast hair cell related biological processes (BPs) were overlapped in the ADD and AED groups. Taken together, ADD and AED at environmentally relevant concentrations had transgenerational effects on sex differentiation and transcription in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Jin-Ge Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Fang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Yang C, Lim W, Song G. Reproductive toxicity due to herbicide exposure in freshwater organisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109103. [PMID: 34129918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessively used pesticides in agricultural areas are spilled into aquatic environments, wherein they are suspended or sedimented. Owing to climate change, herbicides are the fastest growing sector of the pesticide industry and are detected in surface water, groundwater, and sediments near agricultural areas. In freshwater, organisms, including mussels, snails, frogs, and fish, are exposed to various types and concentrations of herbicides. Invertebrates are sensitive to herbicide exposure because their defense systems are incomplete. At the top of the food chain in freshwater ecosystems, fish show high bioaccumulation of herbicides. Herbicide exposure causes reproductive toxicity and population declines in freshwater organisms and further contamination of fish used for consumption poses a risk to human health. In addition, it is important to understand how environmental factors are physiologically processed and assess their impacts on reproductive parameters, such as gonadosomatic index and steroid hormone levels. Zebrafish is a good model for examining the effects of herbicides such as atrazine and glyphosate on embryonic development in freshwater fish. This review describes the occurrence and role of herbicides in freshwater environments and their potential implications for the reproduction and embryonic development of freshwater organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Corriero A, Zupa R, Mylonas CC, Passantino L. Atresia of ovarian follicles in fishes, and implications and uses in aquaculture and fisheries. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1271-1291. [PMID: 34132409 PMCID: PMC8453499 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atresia of ovarian follicles, that is the degenerative process of germ cells and their associated somatic cells, is a complex process involving apoptosis, autophagy and heterophagy. Follicular atresia is a normal component of fish oogenesis and it is observed throughout the ovarian cycle, although it is more frequent in regressing ovaries during the postspawning period. An increased occurrence of follicular atresia above physiological rates reduces fish fecundity and even causes reproductive failure in both wild and captive-reared fish stocks, and hence, this phenomenon has a wide range of implications in applied sciences such as fisheries and aquaculture. The present article reviews the available literature on both basic and applied traits of oocyte loss by atresia, including its morpho-physiological aspects and factors that cause a supraphysiological increase of follicular atresia. Finally, the review presents the use of early follicular atresia identification in the selection process of induced spawning in aquaculture and the implications of follicular atresia in fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Corriero
- Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationSection of Veterinary Clinics and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroValenzano (BA)Italy
| | - Rosa Zupa
- Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationSection of Veterinary Clinics and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroValenzano (BA)Italy
| | - Constantinos C. Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and AquacultureHellenic Center for Marine ResearchCreteGreece
| | - Letizia Passantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationSection of Veterinary Clinics and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroValenzano (BA)Italy
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16
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Stradtman SC, Freeman JL. Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine. TOXICS 2021; 9:207. [PMID: 34564358 PMCID: PMC8473009 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used on crops to prevent broadleaf weeds. Atrazine is an endocrine-disrupting chemical mainly targeting the neuroendocrine system and associated axes, especially as a reproductive toxicant through attenuation of the luteinizing hormone (LH). Current regulatory levels for chronic exposure are based on no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of these LH alterations in rodent studies. Atrazine has also been studied for its effects on the central nervous system and neurotransmission. The European Union (EU) recognized the health risks of atrazine exposure as a public health concern with no way to contain contamination of drinking water. As such, the EU banned atrazine use in 2003. The United States recently reapproved atrazine's use in the fall of 2020. Research has shown that there is a wide array of adverse health effects that are seen across multiple models, exposure times, and exposure periods leading to dysfunction in many different systems in the body with most pointing to a neuroendocrine target of toxicity. There is evidence of crosstalk between systems that can be affected by atrazine exposure, causing widespread dysfunction and leading to changes in behavior even with no direct link to the hypothalamus. The hypothetical mechanism of toxicity of atrazine endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity can therefore be described as a web of pathways that are influenced through changes occurring in each and their multiple feedback loops with further research needed to refine NOAELs for neurotoxic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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17
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Sadeghnia H, Shahba S, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Mohammadi S, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. Atrazine neural and reproductive toxicity. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1966637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Shahba
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Shabnam Mohammadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Olguín-Jacobson C, Pitt KA. Symbiotic microalgae do not increase susceptibility of zooxanthellate medusae (Cassiopea xamachana) to herbicides. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105866. [PMID: 34052718 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are among the most detected pesticides in coastal environments. Herbicides may impact non-target organisms, but invertebrates that have a symbiotic relationship with microalgae (zooxanthellae) may be particularly susceptible. How zooxanthellae influence the response of organisms to herbicides, however, remains untested. We exposed zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate Cassiopea xamachana medusae to environmentally relevant concentrations of the herbicide atrazine (0 µg L - 1, 7 µg L - 1 and 27 µg L - 1) for 20 days. We hypothesised that atrazine would have adverse effects on the size, rate of bell contractions and, respiration of medusae, but that effects would be more severe in zooxanthellate than azooxanthellate medusae. We also predicted that photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll a (Chla) content and zooxanthellae density would decrease in zooxanthellate medusae exposed to atrazine. Both zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate medusae shrank, yet the size-specific respiration rates were not constant during the experiment. Photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellate medusae significantly decreased at 7 and 27 µgL-1 atrazine, but atrazine did not affect the Chla content or zooxanthellae density. Our results showed that even though atrazine inhibited photosynthesis, zooxanthellae were not expelled from the host. We conclude that the presence of zooxanthellae did not increase the susceptibility of C. xamachana medusae to atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Olguín-Jacobson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, South Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, South Australia
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19
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Olguín-Jacobson C, Pitt KA, Carroll AR, Melvin SD. Chronic pesticide exposure elicits a subtle carry-over effect on the metabolome of Aurelia coerulea ephyrae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116641. [PMID: 33611208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants, such as pesticides, often leach into aquatic environments and impact non-target organisms. Marine invertebrates have complex life cycles with multiple life-history stages. Exposure to pesticides during one life-history stage potentially influences subsequent stages; a process known as a carry-over effect. Here, we investigated carry-over effects on the jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. We exposed polyps to individual and combined concentrations of atrazine (2.5 μg/L) and chlorpyrifos (0.04 μg/L) for four weeks, after which they were induced to strobilate. The resultant ephyrae were then redistributed and exposed to either the same conditions as their parent-polyps or to filtered seawater to track potential carry-over effects. The percentage of deformities, ephyrae size, pulsation and respiration rates, as well as the metabolic profile of the ephyrae, were measured. We detected a subtle carry-over effect in two metabolites, acetoacetate and glycerophosphocholine, which are precursors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, important for energy metabolism and osmoregulation of the ephyrae. Although these carry-over effects were not reflected in the other response variables in the short-term, a persistent reduction of these two metabolites could have negative physiological consequences on A. coerulea jellyfish in the long-term. Our results highlight the importance of considering more than one life-history stage in ecotoxicology, and measuring a range of variables with different sensitivities to detect sub-lethal effects caused by anthropogenic stressors. Furthermore, since we identified few effects when using pesticides concentrations corresponding to Australian water quality guidelines, we suggest that future studies consider concentrations detected in the environment, which are higher than the water quality guidelines, to obtain a more realistic scenario by possible risk from pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Olguín-Jacobson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Atrazine impairs testicular function in BalB/c mice by affecting Leydig cells. Toxicology 2021; 455:152761. [PMID: 33766575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the effects of atrazine on the gonads of many experimental models. However, the short-term effects of in vivo exposure to atrazine on the testes of mice are not well clarified. Here we reported that adult BalB/c mice exposed to atrazine (50 mg kg-1 body weight) by gavage for three consecutive days have reduced numbers of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase positive Leydig cells (LCs), associated with increased in situ cell death fluorescence and caspase-3 immuno-expression in the testes. Consequently, immunostaining for cell cycle gene regulators showed increased expressions of p45, accompanied with increased expressions of cyclin D2 and E2. Histological observations of the gonads showed reduced number of germ cells in particular areas, sloughed seminiferous epithelium, presence of giant apoptotic cells close to the seminiferous tubule lumen and in the epididymal lumen along with low numbers of Leydig cells in the testicular interstitial areas. Similarly, LCs isolated from the testes of BalB/c mice that were exposed to atrazine (0.5, 25, 50 mg kg-1 body weight) in the same manner as in the first experiment presented dose-dependent increased caspase-3 activity, decreased cell viability, intratesticular and serum testosterone concentrations and LCs testosterone secretion. In summary, atrazine appears to directly decrease the number of testosterone secreting LCs in mice through apoptosis.
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21
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Ahkin Chin Tai JK, Horzmann KA, Franco J, Jannasch AS, Cooper BR, Freeman JL. Developmental atrazine exposure in zebrafish produces the same major metabolites as mammals along with altered behavioral outcomes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 85:106971. [PMID: 33713789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is the second most commonly applied agricultural herbicide in the United States. Due to contamination concerns, the U.S. EPA has set the maximum contaminant level in potable water sources at 3 parts per billion (ppb; μg/l). Depending on the time of year and sampling location, water sources often exceed this limit. ATZ is an endocrine disrupting chemical in multiple species observed to target the neuroendocrine system. In this study the zebrafish vertebrate model was used to test the hypothesis that a developmental ATZ exposure generates metabolites similar to those found in mammals and alters morphology and behavior in developing larvae. Adult AB zebrafish were bred, embryos were collected, and exposed to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 ppb ATZ from 1 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Targeted metabolomic analysis found that zebrafish produce the same major ATZ metabolites as mammals: desethyl atrazine (DEA), deisopropyl atrazine (DIA), and diaminochloroatrazine (DACT). The visual motor response test at 120 hpf detected hyperactivity in larvae in the 0.3 ppb treatment group and hypoactivity in the 30 ppb treatment group (p < 0.05). Further analysis into behavior during the dark and light phases showed zebrafish larvae exposed to 0.3 ppb ATZ had an increase in total distance moved in the first light phase and time spent moving in the first dark and light phases (p < 0.05). Alternatively, a decrease in total distance moved was observed in the second and third dark phases in zebrafish exposed to 30 ppb ATZ (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for any of the morphological measurements following ATZ exposure from 1 to 120 hpf (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a ATZ exposure during early development generates metabolite profiles similar to mammals and leads to behavioral alterations supporting ATZ as a neurodevelopmental toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jackeline Franco
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Dionne E, Hanson ML, Anderson JC, Brain RA. Chronic toxicity of technical atrazine to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) during a full life-cycle exposure and an evaluation of the consistency of responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142589. [PMID: 33065508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were continuously exposed to the herbicide atrazine (0.15, 0.25, 0.46, 0.99, and 2.0 mg a.i./L, plus dilution water and solvent controls) for a complete life cycle (274 days). Concentrations of atrazine up to 2.0 mg a.i./L did not significantly reduce hatching success, larval survival at 30 or 60 days post-hatch, or reproduction (eggs/spawn, total eggs, spawns/female, or eggs/female) in the F0 generation. However, at 60 days of exposure, total length and total survival to study completion were significantly reduced in ≥0.46 mg a.i./L and ≥ 0.99 mg a.i./L treatments, respectively. In the F1 generation, hatchability of embryos at ≥0.25 mg a.i./L (range 74-82%) was significantly less than that of pooled control organisms (86%). Following 30 days' post-hatch exposure, F1 survival was not significantly different from pooled control for any treatment. Finally, tissues representing major life stages had bioconcentration factors ranging from 3.7× (F1 embryos, <24 h) to 8.5× (F0 adults), indicating little to no evidence of bioconcentration. We developed a series of questions to assess the consistency of observed responses in order to place the data in context with the wider available and relevant literature (e.g., Observed between studies? Observed between species? Observed at lower levels of biological organization?). The analysis for consistency supports the conclusion that atrazine does not pose a significant chronic risk to freshwater fish in terms of growth, reproduction, or survivorship at concentrations of up to at least 100 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Julie C Anderson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Samaee SM, Atashbar Kangarloei B, Noori F, Estévez A. An Endeavor to Find Starter Feed Alternatives and Techniques for Zebrafish First-Feeding Larvae: The Effects on Viability, Morphometric Traits, Digestive Enzymes, and Expression of Growth-Related Genes. Zebrafish 2021; 18:73-91. [PMID: 33538651 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and variable growth and survival rates (SR) of 6-10 days postfertilization zebrafish larvae are a problem. This problem seems to be linked to starter feed characteristics. This study is an attempt to find alternatives to address these requests. For this, larvae were fed fresh and lyophilized microalgae (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Haematococcus), egg yolk (YOLK), lyophilized Artemia nauplii (LAN), and a combination of them. The lowest SR was observed in algae-fed larvae. All died on day 11 showing an emaciated appearance, similar to starved larvae. The highest SR was observed in YOLK- and LAN-fed larvae, which also showed an elongated anterior part of the body. Negative correlations of SR with vegfaa (vascular endothelial growth factor) and morphometric traits with igf2a (insulin-like growth factor) were also found and supported by changes at the molecular level. The presence of algae in the digestive tract of the larvae and the observation of fecal droppings indicate that the algae have an appropriate size and are palatable. The increase in the digestive enzyme activity shows the larval effort to digest the algae. The fact that the algae-fed larvae died even before the larvae were kept in starvation indicates the dramatic amount of energy that the larvae spent in microalgae digestion. Although both YOLK- and LAN-fed larvae had the highest SR, LAN group started to feed on Artemia nauplii sooner. This can be linked to the delayed growth in YOLK-fed larvae and an accelerated growth in the case of LAN-fed group. LAN is an expensive feed with negative effects on water quality, whereas YOLK is a cheap and nutritionally balanced feed with fine granular texture that contributes to a larval SR similar to LAN without affecting water quality. In conclusion, microalgae cannot be considered a suitable starter food for zebrafish, whereas LAN and YOLK can be considered good starter feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei
- Department of Ecology and Resource Assessment, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Noori
- Department of Biology and Aquaculture, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Horak I, Horn S, Pieters R. Agrochemicals in freshwater systems and their potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals: A South African context. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115718. [PMID: 33035912 PMCID: PMC7513804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
South Africa is the largest agrochemical user in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 3000 registered pesticide products. Although they reduce crop losses, these chemicals reach non-target aquatic environments via leaching, spray drift or run-off. In this review, attention is paid to legacy and current-use pesticides reported in literature for the freshwater environment of South Africa and to the extent these are linked to endocrine disruption. Although banned, residues of many legacy organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) are still detected in South African watercourses and wildlife. Several current-use pesticides (triazine herbicides, glyphosate-based herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos) have also been reported. Agrochemicals can interfere with normal hormone function of non-target organism leading to various endocrine disrupting (ED) effects: intersex, reduced spermatogenesis, asymmetric urogenital papillae, testicular lesions and infertile eggs. Although studies investigating the occurrence of agrochemicals and/or ED effects in freshwater aquatic environments in South Africa have increased, few studies determined both the levels of agricultural pesticides present and associated ED effects. The majority of studies conducted are either laboratory-based employing in vitro or in vivo bioassays to determine ED effects of agrochemicals or studies that investigate environmental concentrations of pesticides. However, a combined approach of bioassays and chemical screening will provide a more comprehensive overview of agrochemical pollution of water systems in South Africa and the risks associated with long-term chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilzé Horak
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Suranie Horn
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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25
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Xie J, Wettschurack K, Yuan C. Review: In vitro Cell Platform for Understanding Developmental Toxicity. Front Genet 2020; 11:623117. [PMID: 33424939 PMCID: PMC7785584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental toxicity and its affiliation to long-term health, particularly neurodegenerative disease (ND) has attracted significant attentions in recent years. There is, however, a significant gap in current models to track longitudinal changes arising from developmental toxicity. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neuronal culture has allowed for more complex and functionally active in vitro neuronal models. Coupled with recent progress in the detection of ND biomarkers, we are equipped with promising new tools to understand neurotoxicity arising from developmental exposure. This review provides a brief overview of current progress in neuronal culture derived from iPSC and in ND markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kyle Wettschurack
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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26
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Embryonic atrazine exposure and later in life behavioral and brain transcriptomic, epigenetic, and pathological alterations in adult male zebrafish. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:421-439. [PMID: 32737625 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ), a commonly used pesticide linked to endocrine disruption, cancer, and altered neurochemistry, frequently contaminates water sources at levels above the US Environmental Protection Agency's 3 parts per billion (ppb; μg/L) maximum contaminant level. Adult male zebrafish behavior, brain transcriptome, brain methylation status, and neuropathology were examined to test the hypothesis that embryonic ATZ exposure causes delayed neurotoxicity, according to the developmental origins of health and disease paradigm. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 0 ppb, 0.3 ppb, 3 ppb, or 30 ppb ATZ during embryogenesis (1-72 h post fertilization (hpf)), then rinsed and raised to maturity. At 9 months post fertilization (mpf), males had decreased locomotor parameters during a battery of behavioral tests. Transcriptomic analysis identified altered gene expression in organismal development, cancer, and nervous and reproductive system development and function pathways and networks. The brain was evaluated histopathologically for morphometric differences, and decreased numbers of cells were identified in raphe populations. Global methylation levels were evaluated at 12 mpf, and the body length, body weight, and brain weight were measured at 14 mpf to evaluate effects of ATZ on mature brain size. No significant difference in genome methylation or brain size was observed. The results demonstrate that developmental exposure to ATZ does affect neurodevelopment and neural function in adult male zebrafish and raises concern for possible health effects in humans due to ATZ's environmental presence and persistence. Graphical abstract.
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Blahova J, Dobsikova R, Enevova V, Modra H, Plhalova L, Hostovsky M, Marsalek P, Mares J, Skoric M, Vecerek V, Svobodova Z. Comprehensive fitness evaluation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after twelve weeks of atrazine exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:135059. [PMID: 31839289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is frequently detected in surface waters and negatively affect physiological function in aquatic organisms. Even though numerous authors have intensively studied its toxicity, only limited information concerning the long-term fish exposure is available. The aim of this study was evaluation of chronic exposure in common carp. Fish were exposed to a range of atrazine concentrations (0.3 - environmentally relevant concentration; 300; 1000; and 3000 µg/l) for twelve weeks. The potential impact of atrazine exposure was studied using various markers (behaviour; biometrical characteristics; haematological, biochemical and oxidative stress indices and histopathological changes). Most alterations were recorded at the highest concentration (3000 µg/l) which is probably due to a combined effect of both the herbicide exposure and intensive parasite infection development during second week. This group was cancelled after three weeks due to adverse health status, which partly confirmed atrazine immunotoxicity. Chronic exposure resulted in long-term reduction in feed intake followed by a significant decrease in body weight and morphological changes in gill at 1000 µg/l. At the same concentration, significant alterations in haematological (e.g. increase in erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocytes and neutrophil counts as well as decrease in monocyte counts) and biochemical (e.g. changes in enzyme activities; increase in glucose; decrease in ammonia) indices were documented, especially during first three weeks. Similar trend, but not so intensive, was observed at 300 µg/l. Moreover, significant changes were observed in various indicators of oxidative stress. These alterations were highly variable with both increasing and decreasing trends depending on dose and analysed tissue. Significant changes, especially in white blood profile, enzyme activities and oxidative stress indices, were proven even at 0.3 µg/l. Obtained results indicate that chronic atrazine exposure of common carp can negatively influence many indicators of health status such as behaviour, immune response, haematological and biochemical profile, oxidative stress indices and organ histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Dobsikova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Enevova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Modra
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hostovsky
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriScience, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Misa Skoric
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Vecerek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
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Lamb SD, Chia JHZ, Johnson SL. Paternal exposure to a common herbicide alters the behavior and serotonergic system of zebrafish offspring. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228357. [PMID: 32275662 PMCID: PMC7147785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, studies are revealing that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter animal behavior. Early life exposure to EDCs may permanently alter phenotypes through to adulthood. In addition, the effects of EDCs may not be isolated to a single generation − offspring may indirectly be impacted, via non-genetic processes. Here, we analyzed the effects of paternal atrazine exposure on behavioral traits (distance moved, exploration, bottom-dwelling time, latency to enter the top zone, and interaction with a mirror) and whole-brain mRNA of genes involved in the serotonergic system regulation (slc6a4a, slc6a4b, htr1Aa, htr1B, htr2B) of zebrafish (Danio rerio). F0 male zebraFIsh were exposed to atrazine at 0.3, 3 or 30 part per billion (ppb) during early juvenile development, the behavior of F1 progeny was tested at adulthood, and the effect of 0.3 ppb atrazine treatment on mRNA transcription was quantified. Paternal exposure to atrazine significantly reduced interactions with a mirror (a proxy for aggression) and altered the latency to enter the top zone of a tank in unexposed F1 offspring. Bottom-dwelling time (a proxy for anxiety) also appeared to be somewhat affected, and activity (distance moved) was reduced in the context of aggression. slc6a4a and htr1Aa mRNA transcript levels were found to correlate positively with anxiety levels in controls, but we found that this relationship was disrupted in the 0.3 ppb atrazine treatment group. Overall, paternal atrazine exposure resulted in alterations across a variety of behavioral traits and showed signs of serotonergic system dysregulation, demonstrating intergenerational effects. Further research is needed to explore transgenerational effects on behavior and possible mechanisms underpinning behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Lamb
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SDL); (SLJ)
| | - Jolyn H. Z. Chia
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sheri L. Johnson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SDL); (SLJ)
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Hedayatirad M, Mirvaghefi A, Nematollahi MA, Forsatkar MN, Brown C. Transgenerational disrupting impacts of atrazine in zebrafish: Beneficial effects of dietary spirulina. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108685. [PMID: 31874286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a range of fish species, offspring sustainability is much dependent to their mother's investment into the egg yolk. A healthy environment helps broodfish to produce normal quality offspring. However, deviation from optimal conditions can disturb body functions that effect the next generation. Here, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was employed to investigate the transgenerational impacts of an immunotoxic and endocrine disruptor, atrazine (AZ). In addition, the possible ameliorated effects of a nutraceutical, Arthrospira platensis (spirulina- SP), was considered. Adult females were either exposed to 0 (Cn), 5 (AZ5), and 50 (AZ50) μg/L AZ or fed SP-supplemented diet (10 g/kg; SP). In combination treatments, fish were also exposed to AZ and fed SP (SP-AZ5 and SP-AZ50). Embryos were obtained after 28 d of exposure. Exposure to AZ50 caused females to produce eggs with significantly lower fertilization and hatching. No changes were observed in the concentrations of thyroid hormones. AZ significantly increased cortisol response and reduced levels of immunoglobulin, lysozyme and complement activities in females and their offspring. SP-AZ5 and SP-AZ50 females, however, resisted to the toxic effects of AZ, produced embryos with lower cortisol content and higher immunity competence. Bactericidal activity of the embryos also showed the transgenerational antimicrobial effects of SP along with the AZ immunotoxicity. Overall, these results indicate that AZ could have long lasting toxic effects on fish, and that dietary SP-supplementation could ameliorate AZ induced transgenerational toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hedayatirad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirvaghefi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | | | - Culum Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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30
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Hanson ML, Solomon KR, Van Der Kraak GJ, Brian RA. Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles: update of the analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:670-709. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1701985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Keith R. Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Jiang Z, Chen J, Li J, Cao B, Chen Y, Liu D, Wang X, Zhang Y. Exogenous Zn 2+ enhance the biodegradation of atrazine by regulating the chlorohydrolase gene trzN transcription and membrane permeability of the degrader Arthrobacter sp. DNS10. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124594. [PMID: 31445334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the biodegradation efficiency of atrazine, a kind of commonly applied herbicide, has been attracted much more concern. Here, Zn2+ which has long been considered essential in adjusting cell physiological status was selected to investigate its role on the biodegradation of atrazine by Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 as well as the transmembrane transport of atrazine during the biodegradation period. The results of gas chromatography showed that the atrazine removal percentages (initial concentration was 100 mg L-1) in 0.05 mM Zn2+ and 1.0 mM Zn2+ treatments were 94.42% and 86.02% respectively at 48 h, while there was also 66.43% of atrazine left in the treatment without exogenous Zn2+ existence. The expression of atrazine chlorohydrolase gene trzN in the strain DNS10 cultured with 0.05 mM and 1.0 mM Zn2+ was 7.30- and 4.67- times respectively compared with that of the non-zinc treatment. In addition, the flow cytometry test suggests that 0.05 mM of Zn2+ could better adjust the membrane permeability of strain DNS10, meanwhile, the amount of atrazine accumulation in the strain DNS10 co-cultured with this level Zn2+ was 2.21 times of that of the strain without Zn2+. This study may facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms that exogenous Zn2+ enhances the biodegradation of atrazine by Arthrobacter sp. DNS10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Cleary JA, Tillitt DE, Vom Saal FS, Nicks DK, Claunch RA, Bhandari RK. Atrazine induced transgenerational reproductive effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:639-650. [PMID: 31108297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is presently one of the most abundantly used herbicides in the United States, and a common contaminant of natural water bodies and drinking waters in high-use areas. Dysregulation of reproductive processes has been demonstrated in atrazine exposed fish, including alteration of key endocrine pathways on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. However, the potential for atrazine-induced transgenerational inheritance of reproductive effects in fish has not been investigated. The present study examined the effects of early developmental atrazine exposure on transgenerational reproductive dysregulation in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). F0 medaka were exposed to atrazine (ATZ, 5 or 50 μg/L), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2, 0.002 or 0.05 μg/L), or solvent control during the first twelve days of development with no subsequent exposure over three generations. This exposure overlapped with the critical developmental window for embryonic germ cell development, gonadogenesis, and sex determination. Exposed males and females of the F0 generation were bred to produce an F1 generation, and this was continued until the F2 generation. Sperm count and motility were not affected in F0 males; however, both parameters were significantly reduced in the males from F2 Low EE2 (0.002 μg/L), Low ATZ (5 μg/L), and High ATZ (50 μg/L) lineages. Fecundity was unaffected by atrazine or EE2 in F0 through F2 generations; however, fertilization rate was decreased in low atrazine and EE2 exposure lineages in the F2 generation. There were significant transgenerational differences in expression of the genes involved in steroidogenesis and DNA methylation. These results suggest that although early life exposure to atrazine did not cause significant phenotypes in the directly exposed F0 generation, subsequent generations of fish were at greater risk of reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Cleary
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Diane K Nicks
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Rachel A Claunch
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Ramji K Bhandari
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
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Yoon DS, Park JC, Park HG, Lee JS, Han J. Effects of atrazine on life parameters, oxidative stress, and ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105213. [PMID: 31200332 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is a widely used pesticide which acts as an endocrine disruptor in various organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate adverse effects of atrazine on life parameters, oxidative stress, and ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. In T. japonicus, no mortality was shown in response to atrazine up to 20 mg/L in acute toxicity assessment. In nauplii, retardation in the growth and prolonged molting and metamorphosis resulted under chronic exposure of atrazine at 20 mg/L. In addition, body sizes of T. japonicus nauplii were significantly decreased (P < 0.01 in length and P < 0.001 in width) in response to 20 mg/L of atrazine. Furthermore, atrazine induced oxidative stress by the generation of reactive oxygen species at all concentrations compared to the control in the nauplii. Also, significant increase in glutathione-S transferase activity was observed in adult T. japonicus at low concentration of atrazine. To understand effects of atrazine on ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway-involved genes (e.g., neverland, CYP307E1, CYP306A1, CYP302A1, CYP3022A1 [CYP315A1], CYP314A1, and CYP18D1) were examined with mRNA expressions of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP) in response to 20 mg/L atrazine in nauplii and adults. In the nauplii, these genes were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) in response to atrazine, compared to the control but not in the adult T. japonicus. These results suggest that atrazine can interfere in vivo life parameters by oxidative stress-induced retrogression and ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Wang F, Yang QW, Zhao WJ, Du QY, Chang ZJ. Effects of short-time exposure to atrazine on miRNA expression profiles in the gonad of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:587. [PMID: 31315571 PMCID: PMC6636164 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine is widely used in agriculture and is a known endocrine disrupting chemical. Atrazine can seep into the water body through surface, posing a potential threat to the aquatic ecological environment and human drinking water source. In vertebrate, studies have shown that it can affect reproduction and development seriously, but its molecular mechanism for aquatic animals is unknown. Aquaculture is very common in China, especially common carp, whose females grow faster than males. However, the effects of atrazine on the reproduction of carp, especially miRNA, have not been investigated. RESULTS In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at two key developmental stages were exposed to atrazine in vitro. Sex ratio was observed to analyze the effect of atrazine on the sex. MiRNA expression profiles were analysed to identify miRNAs related to gonad development and to reveal the atrazine mechanisms interfering with gonad differentiation. The results showed that the sex ratio was biased towards females. Atrazine exposure caused significant alteration of multiple miRNAs. Predicted targets of differently-expressed miRNAs were involved in many reproductive biology signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that atrazine promoted the expression of female-biased genes by decreasing miRNAs in primordial gonad. In addition, our results indicate that atrazine can up-regulate aromatase expression through miRNAs, which supports the hypothesis that atrazine has endocrine-disrupting activity by altering the gene expression profile of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad axis through its corresponding miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Wen Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yan Du
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Jie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China.
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Imatinib mesylate effects on zebrafish reproductive success: Gonadal development, gamete quality, fertility, embryo-larvae viability and development, and related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114645. [PMID: 31278918 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib (IM) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor (TKI) used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical case reports and a few laboratory mammal studies provide inconclusive evidence about its deleterious effects on reproduction. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of zebrafish to characterize IM-induced effects on reproduction and clarify IM effects on reproductive success. To this end, we exposed adult zebrafish to four concentrations of IM for 30 days followed by a 30-day depuration period. IM exposure caused a concentration-dependent, irreversible, suppression of folliculogenesis, reversible decrease in sperm density and motility, decreased fecundity and fertility, but no significant change in atretic follicle abundance. We also observed IM-induced premature hatching, but no significant change in embryo-larvae survivability. However, we found significant IM-induced morphometric malformations. IM decreased expression of vegfaa and igf2a (two reproductive-, angiogenic-, and growth-related genes) in testes and ovaries. The results demonstrate IM can induce significant changes in critical reproductive endpoints and zebrafish as a suitable model organism to show effects of IM on reproduction. The findings suggest that TKI effects on reproductive success should be considered.
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The Effects of Maternal Atrazine Exposure and Swimming Training on Spatial Learning Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in Offspring Male Rats via PSD95/NR2B Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1003-1015. [PMID: 31187311 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR), a widely used herbicide, has been previously shown to damage spatial memory capability and the hippocampus of male rats during the development. It has also been indicated that physical exercise can improve learning and memory in both humans and animals, as a neuroprotective method. Our aim here was to investigate the effect of maternal ATR exposure during gestation and lactation on spatial learning and memory function and hippocampal morphology in offspring and to further evaluate the neuroprotective effect of swimming training and identify possible related learning and memory signaling pathways. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, we examined behavioral and molecular biology effects associated with maternal ATR exposure, as well as the effects of 8 or 28 days swimming training. Maternal exposure to ATR was found to impair spatial learning and memory by behavioral test, damage the hippocampal morphology, and reduce related genes and proteins expression of learning and memory in the hippocampus. The extended, 28 days, period of swimming training produced a greater amelioration of the adverse effects of ATR exposure than the shorter, 8 days, training period. Our results suggest that maternal ATR exposure may damage the spatial learning and memory of offspring male rats via PSD95/NR2B signaling pathway. The negative effect of ATR could be at least partially reversed by swimming training, pointing to a potential neuroprotective role of physical exercise in nervous system diseases accompanying by learning and memory deficit.
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Abstract
The laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio) is now an accepted model in toxicologic research. The zebrafish model fills a niche between in vitro models and mammalian biomedical models. The developmental characteristics of the small fish are strategically being used by scientists to study topics ranging from high-throughput toxicity screens to toxicity in multi- and transgenerational studies. High-throughput technology has increased the utility of zebrafish embryonic toxicity assays in screening of chemicals and drugs for toxicity or effect. Additionally, advances in behavioral characterization and experimental methodology allow for observation of recognizable phenotypic changes after xenobiotic exposure. Future directions in zebrafish research are predicted to take advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing methods in creating models of disease and interrogating mechanisms of action with fluorescent reporters or tagged proteins. Zebrafish can also model developmental origins of health and disease and multi- and transgenerational toxicity. The zebrafish has many advantages as a toxicologic model and new methodologies and areas of study continue to expand the usefulness and application of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Zheng Y, Yuan J, Meng S, Chen J, Gu Z. Testicular transcriptome alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure to 17β-estradiol. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:14-25. [PMID: 30465971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) can be found in rivers, effluents, and even drinking water. Researches have demonstrated that E2 affects various metabolic pathways through gene activation and may cause reproductive toxicity in fish. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate E2-induced toxicity via testicular transcriptome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to different concentrations (10 ng L-1, and 100 ng L-1) of E2. A total of >600 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched among the three treatments. Short time-series expression miner analysis revealed five KEGG pathways including drug metabolism, other enzymes, calcium signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, gap junction, and cell adhesion molecules. Twenty genes were selected to verify the accuracy of RNA-Seq. Other reported genes related to sex differentiation, development, energy metabolism, and other processes were found. One set of genes significantly increased/decreased/fluctuated over time, especially 12 h after E2 exposure. Genes associated with ovaries (zp3c), and development (bmp15, gdf9, and sycp2l) were significantly upregulated with increasing E2 concentration. E2 and testosterone was significantly decreased by 10 (except for T) and 100 ng L-1 E2 exposure at 12 h. The current study demonstrated that sex differentiation, development, energy metabolism, immunity, and ribosome biogenesis in male zebrafish were all significantly affected by 17β-estradiol exposure through transcriptional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China
| | - Julin Yuan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Fishery Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Lower Reaches of Yangtze River/Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors(Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China.
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Wang S, Zhang Q, Zheng S, Chen M, Zhao F, Xu S. Atrazine exposure triggers common carp neutrophil apoptosis via the CYP450s/ROS pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:551-557. [PMID: 30308298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excessive pursuit of crop yields and the abuse of herbicides, water pollution caused by atrazine (ATR) has become one of the most severe environmental issues threatening the health of fish and aquatic animals. However, no detailed report has been conducted on the mechanisms of ATR immunotoxicity in fish neutrophils. To investigate these mechanism, we exposed peripheral blood neutrophils to 25 μg/ml atrazine for 1, 2, and 3 h. The results showed that ATR induced the mRNA expression of CYPs enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP1C and CYP3A138), which increased the ROS levels, and inhibited the SOD and CAT activities, GSH content and spurred the accumulation of MDA. Additionally, a significant decline in the OXPHOS, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities of mitochondria was observed after ATR exposure. Concurrently, ATR activated Caspase3 and induced apoptosis by changing the expression of mitochondrial pathway factors (Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase9) and death receptor pathway major genes (TNF-α, TNFR, Fas, FasL, and Caspase8). The results reported here indicate that the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage caused by ATR metabolism may play a crucial role in the apoptosis of carp neutrophils, and enrich the immunotoxicological mechanisms of ATR observed in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qiaojian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shufang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Menghao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Fuqing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Department of Veterinary and Husbandry, Liao ning Agricultural Technical College, Ying kou, Liao ning, 115009, China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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40
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de Andrade LC, Coelho FF, Hassan SM, Morris LA, de Oliveira Camargo FA. Sediment pollution in an urban water supply lake in southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 191:12. [PMID: 30539359 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and anthropogenic activities create many environmental issues in urban water supply reservoirs, especially in metropolitan regions. Thus, this study was carried out aiming to evaluate the variance in the physical-chemical characteristics of bottom sediment along the Lake Guaíba, Brazil. Lake Guaíba is a freshwater lake situated in a metropolitan region in southern Brazil, being the main water supply to the region. Surface sediment was evaluated to pH, electrical conductivity, particle-size, total organic carbon and nitrogen, metals and inorganic elements (Fe, Al, Ca, Ba, Sr, Co, Tl, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg), and organic compounds. The sediments in the Lake Guaíba show a wide range in the physical-chemical characteristics. Metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni appear in higher concentrations near to the margin of southern Porto Alegre, where there was also more clay plus silt. Sediments of Lake Guaíba have physical-chemical variability by the settle tendency and water flow from the riverine to lacustrine areas. The sediment in Lake Guaíba had a median of: Zn, 132; Cu, 78; Cr, 42; Ni, 28; Pb, 33; Cd, 0.3; and Hg, 0.07 μg/g. Bed sediments of Lake Guaíba are polluted with Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni, major in the east margin (near to Porto Alegre). The potential toxic metals and organic compounds found in Lake Guaíba are commonly reported in urban regions around the world. Those elements and compounds derive from many anthropic activities, as industries, sewage, and vehicles. With diffuse sources in the region, the pollution control in Lake Guaíba is very complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Capeleto de Andrade
- Laboratory of Soil Bioremediation, Soil Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Sayed M Hassan
- Laboratory for Environmental Analysis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence A Morris
- Laboratory for Environmental Analysis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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41
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Sposito JCV, Montagner CC, Casado M, Navarro-Martín L, Jut Solórzano JC, Piña B, Grisolia AB. Emerging contaminants in Brazilian rivers: Occurrence and effects on gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:696-704. [PMID: 29960196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that are not commonly monitored despite having the potential of entering the environment and causing adverse ecological and/or human health effects. This study aimed to determine whether ECs are present in the surface waters of two rivers in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, and evaluate the effects of ECs mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations on zebrafish (Danio rerio) gene expression. ECs concentrations were determined using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ECs most frequently detected were caffeine, imidacloprid, 2-hydroxy atrazine, tebuthiuron, atrazine, and bisphenol A. We used these data to reconstruct ECs mixtures reflecting environmental concentrations, codenamed T1, T2, and T3. No effects were observed, so the concentrations were increased. After a preliminary evaluation of the No Observed Effect Concentration for each mixture, we analyzed changes in the expression of zebrafish target genes (cyp1a, hsp70, cat, sod1, tsh, cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, cyp26b1, casp8, sox2, cyb561d2, and thrb). cat was overrepresented in T1 and underrepresented in the other treatments. All of the mixtures induced the expression of cyp19a1b, which is a marker for (xeno-)estrogen exposure, and two of them increased the expression of cyp1a, which is used to indicate the presence of dioxin-like compounds. The rivers studied had low EC concentrations, and there was no indication of any harmful effects on the zebrafish. However, intensive agricultural activity may result in unsuspected peaks of EC pollution, and subsequent negative effects on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C V Sposito
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados/UFGD, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Casado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexeia B Grisolia
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados/UFGD, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Qu M, Li N, Li H, Yang T, Liu W, Yan Y, Feng X, Zhu D. Phytoextraction and biodegradation of atrazine by Myriophyllum spicatum and evaluation of bacterial communities involved in atrazine degradation in lake sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:439-448. [PMID: 29936117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of atrazine in lake sediments leads to persistent contamination, which may damage the succeeding submerged plants and create potential threats to the lake eco-environment. In this study, the degradation characteristics of atrazine and its detoxication by Myriophyllum spicatum and the associated bacterial community in lake sediments were evaluated. M. spicatum absorbed more than 18-fold the amount of atrazine in sediments and degraded atrazine to hydroxyatrazine (HA), deelthylatrazine (DEA), didealkylatrazine (DDA), cyanuric acid (CYA) and biuret. The formation of biuret suggested for the first time, the ring opening of atrazine in an aquatic plant. The residual rate of atrazine was 6.5 ± 2.0% in M. spicatum-grown sediment, which was significantly lower than the 18.0 ± 2.5% in unplanted sediments on day 60 (P < 0.05). Moreover, on day 15, the increase in contents of HA, CYA and biuret in M. spicatum-grown sediment indicated that M. spicatum promoted the degradation and removal of atrazine following rapid dechlorination. The colonization of M. spicatum and the addition of atrazine altered the structure of the dominant bacterial community in sediments, including effects on Nitrospirae and Acidobacteria. Based on the maximum amount among the genera of atrazine-degrading bacteria, Acetobacter was most likely responsible for the degradation of atrazine. Our findings reveal the natural attenuation of atrazine by aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huidong Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tewu Yang
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yupeng Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xionghan Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Horzmann KA, Reidenbach LS, Thanki DH, Winchester AE, Qualizza BA, Ryan GA, Egan KE, Hedrick VE, Sobreira TJP, Peterson SM, Weber GJ, Wirbisky-Hershberger SE, Sepúlveda MS, Freeman JL. Embryonic atrazine exposure elicits proteomic, behavioral, and brain abnormalities with developmental time specific gene expression signatures. J Proteomics 2018; 186:71-82. [PMID: 30012420 PMCID: PMC6193558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ), the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States, is an endocrine disrupting chemical linked to cancer and a common drinking water contaminant. This study further investigates ATZ-related developmental toxicity by testing the following hypotheses in zebrafish: the effects of embryonic ATZ exposure are dependent on timing of exposure; embryonic ATZ exposure alters brain development and function; and embryonic ATZ exposure changes protein abundance in carcinogenesis-related pathways. After exposing embryos to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 parts per billion (ppb) ATZ, we monitored the expression of cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (cyp17a1), glyoxalase I (glo1), ring finger protein 14 (rnf14), salt inducible kinase 2 (sik2), tetratricopeptide domain 3 (ttc3), and tumor protein D52 like 1 (tpd52l1) at multiple embryonic time points to determine normal expression and if ATZ exposure altered expression. Only cyp17a1 had normal dynamic expression, but ttc3 and tpd52l1 had ATZ-related expression changes before 72 h. Larvae exposed to 0.3 ppb ATZ had increased brain length, while larvae exposed to 30 ppb ATZ were hypoactive. Proteomic analysis identified altered protein abundance in pathways related to cellular function, neurodevelopment, and genital-tract cancer. The results indicate embryonic ATZ toxicity involves interactions of multiple pathways. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of proteomic alterations following embryonic exposure to atrazine, an environmentally persistent pesticide and common water contaminant. Although the transcriptomic alterations in larval zebrafish with embryonic atrazine exposure have been reported, neither the time at which gene expression changes occur nor the resulting proteomic changes have been investigated. This study seeks to address these knowledge gaps by evaluating atrazine's effect on gene expression through multiple time points during embryogenesis, and correlating changes in gene expression to pathological alterations in brain length and functional changes in behavior. Finally, pathway analysis of the proteomic alterations identifies connections between the molecular changes and functional outcomes associated with embryonic atrazine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Horzmann
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Leeah S Reidenbach
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Devang H Thanki
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Anna E Winchester
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Brad A Qualizza
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Ryan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Kaitlyn E Egan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Victoria E Hedrick
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Samuel M Peterson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Gregory J Weber
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | | | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Walker BS, Kramer AG, Lassiter CS. Atrazine affects craniofacial chondrogenesis and axial skeleton mineralization in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:329-338. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718760419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide that has previously been implicated as an endocrine-disrupting compound. Previous studies have shown that estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds affect the development of the heart, cartilage, and bone in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). To determine whether atrazine has effects similar to other endocrine disruptors, zebrafish embryos were treated with a range of atrazine concentrations. Atrazine treatment at a low concentration of 0.1 µM resulted in significant differences in craniofacial cartilage elements, while concentrations ≥1 µM led to decreased survival and increased heart rates. Fish treated with ≥1 µM atrazine also developed with delayed vertebrae mineralization. Higher concentrations of atrazine caused gross craniofacial defects and decreased hatching rates. Further studies into the molecular pathways disrupted in these developmental processes could shed light on a link between endocrine-disrupting compounds and developmental abnormalities.
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Saalfeld GQ, Varela Junior AS, Castro T, Pereira FA, Gheller SMM, da Silva AC, Corcini CD, da Rosa CE, Colares EP. Low atrazine dosages reduce sperm quality of Calomys laucha mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2924-2931. [PMID: 29147981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive effects caused by the exposure to environmentally relevant dosages of atrazine on wild animals are poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of three dosages of atrazine on sperm parameters of adult Calomys laucha males. Adult mice were orally exposed to dosages of 0 (water and vehicle control), 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg of animal weight for a 21-day period. Following exposure, analyses were performed to determine sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity and fluidity, mitochondrial functionality, acrosome integrity, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sperm samples. Total and progressive motility were reduced in all dosages in comparison to control groups. Membrane integrity and mitochondrial functionality of sperm were reduced in all dosages, and the sperm membrane fluidity increased in the higher dosages of atrazine (1 and 10 mg/kg), in comparison with the vehicle control. A decrease in the acrosome integrity was noted at 10 mg/kg of atrazine, compared to the control groups. The integrity of DNA, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation of sperm showed no significant differences when compared with the control groups. These results suggest that exposure to low dosages of atrazine can affect sperm parameters of Calomys laucha and therefore reduce the reproductive capacity of wild rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Quintana Saalfeld
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, km 08 s/n, Caixa Postal 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Sergio Varela Junior
- Reprodução Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiane Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, km 08 s/n, Caixa Postal 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves Pereira
- Reprodução Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Stela Mari Meneghello Gheller
- Reprodução Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Campus Capão do Leão, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cardoso da Silva
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Campus Capão do Leão, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Dahl Corcini
- Reprodução Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Campus Capão do Leão, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, km 08 s/n, Caixa Postal 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Elton Pinto Colares
- Reprodução Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Yamaguchi A, Ishibashi H, Kono S, Iida M, Uchida M, Arizono K, Tominaga N. Nanosecond pulsed electric field incorporation technique to predict molecular mechanisms of teratogenicity and developmental toxicity of estradiol-17β on medaka embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:714-723. [PMID: 29280155 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose using a nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) technique to assess teratogenicity and embryonic developmental toxicity of estradiol-17β (E2 ) and predict the molecular mechanisms of teratogenicity and embryonic developmental defects caused by E2 on medaka (Oryzias latipes). The 5 hour post-fertilization embryos were exposed to co-treatment with 10 μm E2 and nsPEF for 2 hours and then continuously cultured under non-E2 and nsPEF conditions until hatching. Results documented that the time to hatching of embryos was significantly delayed in comparison to the control group and that typical abnormal embryo development, such as the delay of blood vessel formation, was observed. For DNA microarray analysis, 6 day post-fertilization embryos that had been continuously cultured under the non-E2 and nsPEF condition after 2 hour co-treatments were used. DNA microarray analysis identified 542 upregulated genes and one downregulated gene in the 6 day post-fertilization embryos. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses using differentially expressed genes revealed that E2 exposure affected various gene ontology terms, such as response to hormone stimulus. The network analysis also documented that the estrogen receptor α in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway may be involved in regulating several transcription factors, such as FOX, AKT1 and epidermal growth factor receptor. These results suggest that our nsPEF technique is a powerful tool for assessing teratogenicity and embryonic developmental toxicity of E2 and predict their molecular mechanisms in medaka embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Yamaguchi
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ariake College, 150 Higashi-Hagio, Omuta, Fukuoka, 836-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Susumu Kono
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ariake College, 150 Higashi-Hagio, Omuta, Fukuoka, 836-8585, Japan
| | - Midori Iida
- Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-0067, Japan
| | - Masaya Uchida
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ariake College, 150 Higashi-Hagio, Omuta, Fukuoka, 836-8585, Japan.,Mizuki Biotech, Co., Ltd., 1-1 Hyakunenkouen, Kurume, Fukuoka, 839-0864, Japan
| | - Koji Arizono
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tominaga
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ariake College, 150 Higashi-Hagio, Omuta, Fukuoka, 836-8585, Japan
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47
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Aluru N, Karchner SI, Glazer L. Early Life Exposure to Low Levels of AHR Agonist PCB126 (3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) Reprograms Gene Expression in Adult Brain. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:386-397. [PMID: 28973690 PMCID: PMC5837202 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to environmental chemicals can have long-term consequences that are not always apparent until later in life. We recently demonstrated that developmental exposure of zebrafish to low, nonembryotoxic levels of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) did not affect larval behavior, but caused changes in adult behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying molecular basis for adult behavioral phenotypes resulting from early life exposure to PCB126. We exposed zebrafish embryos to PCB126 during early development and measured transcriptional profiles in whole embryos, larvae and adult male brains using RNA-sequencing. Early life exposure to 0.3 nM PCB126 induced cyp1a transcript levels in 2-dpf embryos, but not in 5-dpf larvae, suggesting transient activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor with this treatment. No significant induction of cyp1a was observed in the brains of adults exposed as embryos to PCB126. However, a total of 2209 and 1628 genes were differentially expressed in 0.3 and 1.2 nM PCB126-exposed groups, respectively. KEGG pathway analyses of upregulated genes in the brain suggest enrichment of calcium signaling, MAPK and notch signaling, and lysine degradation pathways. Calcium is an important signaling molecule in the brain and altered calcium homeostasis could affect neurobehavior. The downregulated genes in the brain were enriched with oxidative phosphorylation and various metabolic pathways, suggesting that the metabolic capacity of the brain is impaired. Overall, our results suggest that PCB exposure during sensitive periods of early development alters normal development of the brain by reprogramming gene expression patterns, which may result in alterations in adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Lilah Glazer
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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Wang M, Qian Y, Liu X, Wei P, Deng M, Wang L, Wu H, Zhu G. Multiple spectroscopic analyses reveal the fate and metabolism of sulfamide herbicide triafamone in agricultural environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:107-115. [PMID: 28649038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Triafamone, a sulfamide herbicide, has been extensively utilized for weed control in rice paddies in Asia. However, its fate and transformation in the environment have not been established. Through a rice paddy microcosm-based simulation trial combined with multiple spectroscopic analyses, we isolated and identified three novel metabolites of triafamone, including hydroxyl triafamone (HTA), hydroxyl triafamone glycoside (HTAG), and oxazolidinedione triafamone (OTA). When triafamone was applied to rice paddies at a concentration of 34.2 g active ingredient/ha, this was predominantly distributed in the paddy soil and water, and then rapidly dissipated in accordance with the first-order rate model, with half-lives of 4.3-11.0 days. As the main transformation pathway, triafamone was assimilated by the rice plants and was detoxified into HTAG, whereas the rest was reduced into HTA with subsequent formation of OTA. At the senescence stage, brown rice had incurred triafamone at a concentration of 0.0016 mg/kg, but the hazard quotient was <1, suggesting that long-term consumption of the triafamone-containing brown rice is relatively safe. The findings of the present study indicate that triafamone is actively metabolized in the agricultural environment, and elucidation of the link between environmental exposure to these triazine or oxazolidinedione moieties that contain metabolites and their potential impacts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcen Wang
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Deng
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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49
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Abdel-Moneim A, Deegan D, Gao J, De Perre C, Doucette JS, Jenkinson B, Lee L, Sepúlveda MS. Gonadal intersex in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from northern Indiana with correlations to molecular biomarkers and anthropogenic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1099-1107. [PMID: 28783897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, studies have shown that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause gonadal intersex in fish. Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) males appear to be highly susceptible to developing testicular oocytes (TO), the most prevalent form of gonadal intersex, as observed in various areas across the U.S. In this study, prevalence and severity of TO was quantified for smallmouth bass sampled from the St. Joseph River in northern Indiana, intersex biomarkers were developed, and association between TO prevalence and organic contaminants were explored. At some sites, TO prevalence reached maximum levels before decreasing significantly after the spawning season. We examined the relationship between TO presence and expression of gonadal and liver genes involved in sex differentiation and reproductive functions (esr1, esr2, foxl2, fshr, star, lhr and vtg). We found that vitellogenin (vtg) transcript levels were significantly higher in the liver of males with TO, but only when sampled during the spawning season. Further, we identified a positive correlation between plasma VTG levels and vtg transcript levels, suggesting its use as a non-destructive biomarker of TO in this species. Finally, we evaluated 43 contaminants in surface water at representative sites using passive sampling to look for contaminants with possible links to the observed TO prevalence. No quantifiable levels of estrogens or other commonly agreed upon EDCs such as the bisphenols were observed in our contaminant assessment; however, we did find high levels of herbicides as well as consistent quantifiable levels of PFOS, PFOA, and triclosan in the watershed where high TO prevalence was exhibited. Our findings suggest that the observed TO prevalence may be the result of exposures to mixtures of nonsteroidal EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources and Bindley Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Daragh Deegan
- City of Elkhart, Public Works and Utilities Department, Elkhart, Indiana 46516, USA
| | - Jiejun Gao
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources and Bindley Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chloe De Perre
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jarrod S Doucette
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources and Bindley Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Linda Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources and Bindley Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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50
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Mueller TC, Parker ET, Steckel L, Clay SA, Owen MD, Curran WS, Currie R, Scott R, Sprague C, Stephenson DO, Miller DK, Prostko EP, Grichar WJ, Martin J, Kruz LJ, Bradley K, Bernards ML, Dotray P, Knezevic S, Davis V, Klein R. Enhanced atrazine degradation is widespread across the United States. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1953-1961. [PMID: 28266154 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine (ATZ) has been a key herbicide for annual weed control in corn, with both a soil and post-emergence vegetation application period. Although enhanced ATZ degradation in soil with a history of ATZ use has been reported, the extent and rate of degradation in the US Corn Belt is uncertain. We show that enhanced ATZ degradation exists across much of the country. RESULTS Soils from 15 of 16 surveyed states had enhanced ATZ degradation. The average ATZ half-life was only 2.3 days in ATZ history soils, compared with an average 14.5 days in soils with no previous ATZ use, meaning that ATZ degrades an average 6 times faster in soils with previous ATZ use. CONCLUSION When ATZ is used for several years, enhanced degradation will undoubtedly change the way ATZ is used in agronomic crops and also its ultimate environmental fate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Steckel
- University of Tennessee West TN Research and Education Center, Jackson, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L Jason Kruz
- Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
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