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Gao W, Wu D, Zhang D, Geng Z, Tong M, Duan Y, Xia W, Chu J, Yao X. Comparative analysis of the effects of microplastics and nitrogen on maize and wheat: Growth, redox homeostasis, photosynthesis, and AsA-GSH cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172555. [PMID: 38677420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant threat to the function of agro-ecosystems. At present, research on MPs has mainly focused on the effects of different concentrations or types of MPs on a crop, while ignoring other environmental factors. In agricultural production, the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important means to maintain the high yield of crops. The effects of MPs and N on growth parameters, photosynthetic system, active oxygen metabolism, nutrient content, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle of maize and wheat were studied in order to explicit whether N addition could effectively alleviate the effects of MPs on maize and wheat. The results showed that MPs inhibited the plant height of both maize and wheat, and MPs effects on physiological traits of maize were more severe than those of wheat, reflecting in reactive oxygen metabolism and restriction of photosynthetic capacity. Under the condition of N supply, AsA-GSH cycle of two plants has different response strategies to MPs: Maize promoted enzyme activity and co-accumulation of AsA and GSH, while wheat tended to consume AsA and accumulate GSH. N application induced slight oxidative stress on maize, which was manifested as an increase in hydrogen peroxide and malonaldehyde contents, and activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. The antioxidant capacity of maize treated with the combination of MPs + N was better than that treated with N or MPs alone. N could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of MPs on wheat by improving the antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Dengyun Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zixin Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Mengting Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yusui Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wansheng Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianzhou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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2
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Chinnusamy V, Henry R. A multi-cell model for the C 4 photosynthetic pathway in developing wheat grains based upon tissue-specific transcriptome data. Biosystems 2024; 238:105195. [PMID: 38555052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A non-Kranz C4 photosynthesis of the NAD-ME subtype, specifically in developing wheat grains (14 dpa, days post-anthesis) was originally demonstrated using transcriptome-based RNA-seq. Here we present a re-examination of evidence for C4 photosynthesis in the developing grains of wheat and, more broadly, the Pooideae and an investigation of the evolutionary processes and implications. The expression profiles for the genes associated with C4 photosynthesis (C4- and C3-specific) were evaluated using published transcriptome data for the outer pericarp, inner pericarp, and endosperm tissues of the developing wheat grains. The expression of the C4-specific genes across these three tissues revealed the involvement of all three tissues in an orderly fashion to accomplish the non-Kranz NAD-ME-dependent C4 photosynthesis. Based on their expression levels in RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) values, a model involving multiple cell- and tissue-types is proposed for C4 photosynthesis involved in the refixation of the respired CO2 from the endosperm tissues in the developing wheat grains. This multi-cell C4 model, proposed to involve more than two cell types, requires further biochemical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia.
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | | | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
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3
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Bekele-Alemu A, Ligaba-Osena A. Comprehensive in silico analysis of the underutilized crop tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) genome reveals drought tolerance signatures. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:506. [PMID: 37865758 PMCID: PMC10589971 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tef (Eragrostis tef) is a C4 plant known for its tiny, nutritious, and gluten-free grains. It contains higher levels of protein, vitamins, and essential minerals like calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) than common cereals. Tef is cultivated in diverse ecological zones under diverse climatic conditions. Studies have shown that tef has great diversity in withstanding environmental challenges such as drought. Drought is a major abiotic stress severely affecting crop productivity and becoming a bottleneck to global food security. Here, we used in silico-based functional genomic analysis to identify drought-responsive genes in tef and validated their expression using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS We identified about 729 drought-responsive genes so far reported in six crop plants, including rice, wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, pearl millet, and the model plant Arabidopsis, and reported 20 genes having high-level of GO terms related to drought, and significantly enriched in several biological and molecular function categories. These genes were found to play diverse roles, including water and fluid transport, resistance to high salt, cold, and drought stress, abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, de novo DNA methylation, and transcriptional regulation in tef and other crops. Our analysis revealed substantial differences in the conserved domains of some tef genes from well-studied rice orthologs. We further analyzed the expression of sixteen tef orthologs using quantitative RT-PCR in response to PEG-induced osmotic stress. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed differential regulation of some drought-responsive genes in shoots, roots, or both tissues. Hence, the genes identified in this study may be promising candidates for trait improvement in crops via transgenic or gene-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abreham Bekele-Alemu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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4
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Zhuo J, Wang K, Wang N, Xing C, Peng D, Wang X, Qu G, Kang C, Ye X, Li Y, Yan Y, Li X. Pericarp starch metabolism is associated with caryopsis development and endosperm starch accumulation in common wheat. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111622. [PMID: 36731749 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The wheat pericarp is the main component of the caryopsis at the early development stage and ultimately converts into a tissue that covers the mature caryopsis. A large number of starch granules are accumulated in the pericarp, but the production of and the role of starch granules in caryopsis development remain- elusive. In the present study, the relationship between accumulated starch granules and starch metabolism-related genes in wheat pericarp was investigated using paraffin section observations, expression analysis, and mutant analysis. Starch synthesis is initiated before anthesis and is dependent on a sucrose uptake and conversion system similar to that in the endosperm. TaPTST2 is required to initiate the production of pericarp starch granules. Pericarp starch granules gradually disappeared at the filling stage with high expression levels of genes encoding β-amylase, sucrose-phosphate synthase, and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase. As a maternal tissue adjacent to the endosperm and embryo, the pericarp plays a temporary reservoir for excess nutrients delivered into the caryopsis during the early development stage and exported at the filling stage. The pericarp contributes to the development of the endosperm and embryo as well as the accumulation of endosperm starch. The metabolism of pericarp starch may affect the weight of the wheat caryopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Da Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caiyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Chen L, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Lu S, Lu Q, Cui C, Parry MAJ, Hu YG. Genome-wide identification and comparative analyses of key genes involved in C 4 photosynthesis in five main gramineous crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1134170. [PMID: 36993845 PMCID: PMC10040670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1134170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Compared to C3 species, C4 plants showed higher photosynthetic capacity as well as water and nitrogen use efficiency due to the presence of the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Previous studies have shown that all genes required for the C4 photosynthetic pathway exist in the genomes of C3 species and are expressed. In this study, the genes encoding six key C4 photosynthetic pathway enzymes (β-CA, PEPC, ME, MDH, RbcS, and PPDK) in the genomes of five important gramineous crops (C4: maize, foxtail millet, and sorghum; C3: rice and wheat) were systematically identified and compared. Based on sequence characteristics and evolutionary relationships, their C4 functional gene copies were distinguished from non-photosynthetic functional gene copies. Furthermore, multiple sequence alignment revealed important sites affecting the activities of PEPC and RbcS between the C3 and C4 species. Comparisons of expression characteristics confirmed that the expression patterns of non-photosynthetic gene copies were relatively conserved among species, while C4 gene copies in C4 species acquired new tissue expression patterns during evolution. Additionally, multiple sequence features that may affect C4 gene expression and subcellular localization were found in the coding and promoter regions. Our work emphasized the diversity of the evolution of different genes in the C4 photosynthetic pathway and confirmed that the specific high expression in the leaf and appropriate intracellular distribution were the keys to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. The results of this study will help determine the evolutionary mechanism of the C4 photosynthetic pathway in Gramineae and provide references for the transformation of C4 photosynthetic pathways in wheat, rice, and other major C3 cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shannxi Agricultural University (Institute of Crop Sciences), Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhangchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiumei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunge Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Martin A. J. Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Legland D, Le TDQ, Alvarado C, Girousse C, Chateigner-Boutin AL. New Growth-Related Features of Wheat Grain Pericarp Revealed by Synchrotron-Based X-ray Micro-Tomography and 3D Reconstruction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1038. [PMID: 36903900 PMCID: PMC10005608 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops as it provides 20% of calories and proteins to the human population. To overcome the increasing demand in wheat grain production, there is a need for a higher grain yield, and this can be achieved in particular through an increase in the grain weight. Moreover, grain shape is an important trait regarding the milling performance. Both the final grain weight and shape would benefit from a comprehensive knowledge of the morphological and anatomical determinism of wheat grain growth. Synchrotron-based phase-contrast X-ray microtomography (X-ray µCT) was used to study the 3D anatomy of the growing wheat grain during the first developmental stages. Coupled with 3D reconstruction, this method revealed changes in the grain shape and new cellular features. The study focused on a particular tissue, the pericarp, which has been hypothesized to be involved in the control of grain development. We showed considerable spatio-temporal diversity in cell shape and orientations, and in tissue porosity associated with stomata detection. These results highlight the growth-related features rarely studied in cereal grains, which may contribute significantly to the final grain weight and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Legland
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Thang Duong Quoc Le
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, 44316 Nantes, France
| | | | - Christine Girousse
- INRAE, Université Clermont-Auvergne, UMR GDEC, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Singh J, Garai S, Das S, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:233-258. [PMID: 36309625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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8
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Rangan P, Wankhede DP, Subramani R, Chinnusamy V, Malik SK, Baig MJ, Singh K, Henry R. Evolution of an intermediate C 4 photosynthesis in the non-foliar tissues of the Poaceae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 153:125-134. [PMID: 35648247 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) in plants are abaptive features that have evolved to sustain plant growth in unfavorable environments, especially at low atmospheric carbon levels and high temperatures. Uptake of CO2 and its storage in the aerenchyma tissues of Lycopsids and diurnal acidity fluctuation in aquatic plants during the Palaeozoic era (ca. 300 Ma.) would represent the earliest evolution of a CCM. The CCM parts of the dark reactions of photosynthesis have evolved many times, while the light reactions are conserved across plant lineages. A C4 type CCM, leaf C4 photosynthesis is evolved in the PACMAD clade of the Poaceae family. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis from C3 photosynthesis was an abaptation. Photosynthesis in reproductive tissues of sorghum and maize (PACMAD clade) has been shown to be of a weaker C4 type (high CO2 compensation point, low carbon isotope discrimination, and lack of Rubisco compartmentalization, when compared to the normal C4 types) than that in the leaves (normal C4 type). However, this does not fit well with the character polarity concept from an evolutionary perspective. In a recent model proposed for CCM evolution, the development of a rudimentary CCM prior to the evolution of a more efficient CCM (features contrasting to a weaker C4 type, leading to greater biomass production rate) has been suggested. An intermediate crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) type of CCM (rudimentary) was reported in the genera, Brassia, Coryanthes, Eriopsis, Peristeria, of the orchids (well-known group of plants that display the CAM pathway). Similarly, we propose here the evolution of a rudimentary CCM (C4-like type pathway) in the non-foliar tissues of the Poaceae, prior to the evolution of the C4 pathway as identified in the leaves of the C4 species of the PACMAD clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | | | - Rajkumar Subramani
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Surendra K Malik
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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9
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Tian H, Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Jia Z, Shao Y, Wang H. Responses of photosynthetic characteristics of oat flag leaf and spike to drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:917528. [PMID: 35968085 PMCID: PMC9365945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.917528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raising crops production via improving photosynthesis has always been focused. Recently excavating and increasing the photosynthetic capacity of non-leaf organs becomes an important approach to crops yield increase. Here we studied the photosynthetic characteristics of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs including the sheath, the glume and the lemma under greenhouse. The relative water content (RWC), the stomatal characteristics, the photosynthetic pigment contents, the enzyme activities in C3 and C4 pathway and the malate content of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after anthesis (denoted by 7DAA, 14DAA, 21DAA, and 28DAA) were determined under well-watered (CK) and water-stressed (D) treatments. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC of the flag leaf and the non-leaf organs, while the variation of RWC in the glume and the lemma was lower than in the flag leaf. The chlorophyll a content, the chlorophyll b content, the total chlorophyll content and the xanthophyll content in the flag leaf were significantly decreased under D. However, drought stress significantly increased the photosynthetic pigment contents in the glume at the late stage (21DAA and 28DAA). In addition, the induced activities of PEPC, NADP-MDH, NADP-ME, NAD-ME, and PPDK in non-leaf organs under drought stress suggested that the C4 photosynthetic pathway in non-leaf organs compensated the limited C3 photosynthesis in the flag leaf. Non-leaf organs, in particular the glume, showed the crucial function in maintaining the stable photosynthetic performance of oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Tian
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Youjun Chen
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifeng Jia
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Yuqiao Shao
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Yin X, Gu J, Dingkuhn M, Struik PC. A model-guided holistic review of exploiting natural variation of photosynthesis traits in crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3173-3188. [PMID: 35323898 PMCID: PMC9126731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for improved leaf photosynthesis is considered as a viable approach to increase crop yield. Whether it should be improved in combination with other traits has not been assessed critically. Based on the quantitative crop model GECROS that interconnects various traits to crop productivity, we review natural variation in relevant traits, from biochemical aspects of leaf photosynthesis to morpho-physiological crop characteristics. While large phenotypic variations (sometimes >2-fold) for leaf photosynthesis and its underlying biochemical parameters were reported, few quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, accounting for a small percentage of phenotypic variation. More QTL were reported for sink size (that feeds back on photosynthesis) or morpho-physiological traits (that affect canopy productivity and duration), together explaining a much greater percentage of their phenotypic variation. Traits for both photosynthetic rate and sustaining it during grain filling were strongly related to nitrogen-related traits. Much of the molecular basis of known photosynthesis QTL thus resides in genes controlling photosynthesis indirectly. Simulation using GECROS demonstrated the overwhelming importance of electron transport parameters, compared with the maximum Rubisco activity that largely determines the commonly studied light-saturated photosynthetic rate. Exploiting photosynthetic natural variation might significantly improve crop yield if nitrogen uptake, sink capacity, and other morpho-physiological traits are co-selected synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Junfei Gu
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Martin A, Ash G, Gamage D, Holford P, Seneweera S. Site-specific, genotypic and temporal variation in photosynthesis and its related biochemistry in wheat ( Triticum aestivum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:115-131. [PMID: 34898425 DOI: 10.1071/fp21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pericarps may contribute appreciably to wheat grain yield. Consequently, we investigated the temporal variation of traits related to photosynthesis and sucrose metabolism in the pericarps and flag leaves of three wheat genotypes, Huandoy, Amurskaja 75 and Greece 25, which are reported to differ in expression of genes related to the C4 pathway in wheat grain. Significant site-specific, genotypic and temporal variation in the maximum carboxylation rate (Vc max ) and maximum rates of electron transport (J max ) (biological capacity of carbon assimilation) were observed early in ontogeny that dissipated by late grain filling. Although the transcript abundance of rbcS and rbcL in flag leaves was significantly higher than in the pericarps, in line with their photosynthetic prominence, both organ types displayed similar expression patterns among growth stages. The higher N concentrations in the pericarps during grain enlargement suggest increased Rubisco; however, expression of rbcS and rbcL indicated the contrary. From heading to 14days post-anthesis, wheat pericarps exhibited a strong, positive correlation between biological capacity for carbon assimilation and expression of key genes related to sucrose metabolism (SPS1 , SUS1 and SPP1 ). The strong correlation between spike dry weight and the biological capacity for carbon assimilation along with other findings of this study suggest that metabolic processes in wheat spikes may play a major role in grain filling, total yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia
| | - Gavin Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia; and Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
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12
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Sun W, Ma N, Huang H, Wei J, Ma S, Liu H, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Sui X, Li X. Photosynthetic contribution and characteristics of cucumber stems and petioles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:454. [PMID: 34615487 PMCID: PMC8493697 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthesis in the green leafless blade tissues or organs of plants has been studied in some plants, but the photosynthetic characteristics of stems and petioles are poorly understood. Cucurbitaceous plants are climbing plants that have substantial stem and petiole biomass. Understanding the photosynthetic contribution of cucumber stems and petioles to their growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms are important for the regulating of growth in cucumber production. RESULTS In this study, the photosynthetic capacity of cucumber stems and petioles were determined by 14CO2 uptake. The total carbon fixed by the stems and petioles was approximately 4% of that fixed by one leaf blade in the cucumber seedling stage, while the proportion of the carbon accumulated in the stems and petioles that redistributed to sink organs (roots and shoot apexes) obviously increased under leafless conditions. The photosynthetic properties of cucumber stems and petioles were studied using a combination of electron microscopy and isotope tracers to compare these properties of stems and petioles with those of leaf blade using two genotypes of cucumber (dark green and light green). Compared with those of the leaf blades, the chlorophyll contents of the cucumber stems and petioles were lower, and the stems and petioles had lower chloroplast numbers and lower stoma numbers but higher thylakoid grana lamella numbers and larger stoma sizes. The Chl a/b ratios were also decreased in the petioles and stems compared with those in the leaf blades. The total photosynthetic rates of the stems and petioles were equivalent to 6 ~ 8% of that of one leaf blade, but the respiration rates were similar in all the three organs, with an almost net 0 photosynthetic rate in the stems and petioles. Transcriptome analysis showed that compared with the leaf blades, the stems and petioles has significantly different gene expression levels in photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; photosynthetic antenna proteins; and carbon fixation. PEPC enzyme activities were higher in the stems and petioles than in the leaf blades, suggesting that the photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms in stems and petioles are different from those in leaf blade, and these results are consistent with the gene expression data. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed the photosynthetic contribution to the growth of cucumber stems and petioles, and showed their similar photosynthetic patterns in the terms of anatomy, molecular biology and physiology, which were different from those of cucumber leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, 301 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Tambussi EA, Maydup ML, Carrión CA, Guiamet JJ, Araus JL. Ear photosynthesis in C3 cereals and its contribution to grain yield: methodologies, controversies, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3956-3970. [PMID: 33764460 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In C3 cereals such as wheat and barley, grain filling was traditionally explained as being sustained by assimilates from concurrent leaf photosynthesis and remobilization from the stem. In recent decades, a role for ear photosynthesis as a contributor to grain filling has emerged. This review analyzes several aspects of this topic: (i) methodological approaches for estimation of ear photosynthetic contribution to grain filling; (ii) the existence of genetic variability in the contribution of the ear, and evidence of genetic gains in the past; (iii) the controversy of the existence of C4 metabolism in the ear; (iv) the response of ear photosynthesis to water deficit; and (v) morphological and physiological traits possibly related to ear temperature and thermal balance of the ear. The main conclusions are: (i) there are a number of methodologies to quantify ear photosynthetic activity (e.g. gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence) and the contribution of the ear to grain filling (individual ear shading, ear emergence in shaded canopies, and isotope composition); (ii) the contribution of ear photosynthesis seems to have increased in modern wheat germplasm; (iii) the contribution of the ear to grain filling increases under resource-limitation (water deficit, defoliation, or pathogen infection); (iv) there is genetic variability in the contribution of the ear in wheat, opening up the possibility to use this trait to ameliorate grain yield; (v) current evidence supports the existence of C3 metabolism rather than C4 metabolism; (vi) the ear is a 'dehydration avoider organ' under drought; and (vii) thermal balance in the ear is a relevant issue to explore, and more research is needed to clarify the underlying morphological and physiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Tambussi
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), cc 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María L Maydup
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), cc 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristian A Carrión
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Juan J Guiamet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), cc 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jose L Araus
- Unitat de Fisiología Vegetal, Departament de Botánica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida,Spain
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14
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Hernández-Fernández J, Pinzón-Velasco A, López EA, Rodríguez-Becerra P, Mariño-Ramírez L. Transcriptional Analyses of Acute Exposure to Methylmercury on Erythrocytes of Loggerhead Sea Turtle. TOXICS 2021; 9:70. [PMID: 33805397 PMCID: PMC8066450 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand changes in enzyme activity and gene expression as biomarkers of exposure to methylmercury, we exposed loggerhead turtle erythrocytes (RBCs) to concentrations of 0, 1, and 5 mg L-1 of MeHg and de novo transcriptome were assembled using RNA-seq. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that 79 unique genes were dysregulated (39 upregulated and 44 downregulated genes). The results showed that MeHg altered gene expression patterns as a response to the cellular stress produced, reflected in cell cycle regulation, lysosomal activity, autophagy, calcium regulation, mitochondrial regulation, apoptosis, and regulation of transcription and translation. The analysis of DEGs showed a low response of the antioxidant machinery to MeHg, evidenced by the fact that genes of early response to oxidative stress were not dysregulated. The RBCs maintained a constitutive expression of proteins that represented a good part of the defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Fernández
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Marine Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Genetics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Research Group–GENBIMOL, Jorge Tadeo Lozano University, Cra. 4 No 22-61, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Calle 45, Cra. 7, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Andrés Pinzón-Velasco
- Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 45, Cra. 30, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Ellie Anne López
- IDEASA Research Group-Environment and Sustainability, Institute of Environmental Studies and Services, Sergio Arboleda University, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Pilar Rodríguez-Becerra
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Marine Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Genetics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Research Group–GENBIMOL, Jorge Tadeo Lozano University, Cra. 4 No 22-61, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
| | - Leonardo Mariño-Ramírez
- NCBI, NLM, NIH Computational Biology Branch, Building 38A, Room 6S614M 8600 Rockville Pike, MSC 6075, Bethesda, MD 20894-6075, USA;
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15
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Ghatak A, Chaturvedi P, Bachmann G, Valledor L, Ramšak Ž, Bazargani MM, Bajaj P, Jegadeesan S, Li W, Sun X, Gruden K, Varshney RK, Weckwerth W. Physiological and Proteomic Signatures Reveal Mechanisms of Superior Drought Resilience in Pearl Millet Compared to Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:600278. [PMID: 33519854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600278.pmid:33519854;pmcid:pmc7838129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Presently, pearl millet and wheat are belonging to highly important cereal crops. Pearl millet, however, is an under-utilized crop, despite its superior resilience to drought and heat stress in contrast to wheat. To investigate this in more detail, we performed comparative physiological screening and large scale proteomics of drought stress responses in drought-tolerant and susceptible genotypes of pearl millet and wheat. These chosen genotypes are widely used in breeding and farming practices. The physiological responses demonstrated large differences in the regulation of root morphology and photosynthetic machinery, revealing a stay-green phenotype in pearl millet. Subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of leaves, roots and seeds led to the identification of 12,558 proteins in pearl millet and wheat under well-watered and stress conditions. To allow for this comparative proteome analysis and to provide a platform for future functional proteomics studies we performed a systematic phylogenetic analysis of all orthologues in pearl millet, wheat, foxtail millet, sorghum, barley, brachypodium, rice, maize, Arabidopsis, and soybean. In summary, we define (i) a stay-green proteome signature in the drought-tolerant pearl millet phenotype and (ii) differential senescence proteome signatures in contrasting wheat phenotypes not capable of coping with similar drought stress. These different responses have a significant effect on yield and grain filling processes reflected by the harvest index. Proteome signatures related to root morphology and seed yield demonstrated the unexpected intra- and interspecies-specific biochemical plasticity for stress adaptation for both pearl millet and wheat genotypes. These quantitative reference data provide tissue- and phenotype-specific marker proteins of stress defense mechanisms which are not predictable from the genome sequence itself and have potential value for marker-assisted breeding beyond genome assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Bachmann
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology Lab, Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Weimin Li
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Henry RJ, Furtado A, Rangan P. Pathways of Photosynthesis in Non-Leaf Tissues. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E438. [PMID: 33276443 PMCID: PMC7760132 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants have leaves as specialised organs that capture light energy by photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is also found in other plant organs. Photosynthesis may be found in the petiole, stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds. All photosynthesis can contribute to the capture of carbon and growth of the plant. The benefit to the plant of photosynthesis in these other tissues or organs may often be associated with the need to re-capture carbon especially in storage organs that have high respiration rates. Some plants that conduct C3 photosynthesis in the leaves have been reported to use C4 photosynthesis in petioles, stems, flowers, fruits, or seeds. These pathways of non-leaf photosynthesis may be especially important in supporting plant growth under stress and may be a key contributor to plant growth and survival. Pathways of photosynthesis have directionally evolved many times in different plant lineages in response to environmental selection and may also have differentiated in specific parts of the plant. This consideration may be useful in the breeding of crop plants with enhanced performance in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.F.); (P.R.)
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
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17
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AuBuchon-Elder T, Coneva V, Goad DM, Jenkins LM, Yu Y, Allen DK, Kellogg EA. Sterile Spikelets Contribute to Yield in Sorghum and Related Grasses. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3500-3518. [PMID: 32873633 PMCID: PMC7610286 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and its relatives in the grass tribe Andropogoneae bear their flowers in pairs of spikelets in which one spikelet (seed-bearing or sessile spikelet [SS]) of the pair produces a seed and the other is sterile or male (staminate). This division of function does not occur in other major cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) or rice (Oryza sativa). Additionally, one bract of the SS spikelet often produces a long extension, the awn, that is in the same position as, but independently derived from, that of wheat and rice. The function of the sterile spikelet is unknown and that of the awn has not been tested in Andropogoneae. We used radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon, RNA sequencing of metabolically important enzymes, and immunolocalization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to show that the sterile spikelet assimilates carbon, which is translocated to the largely heterotrophic SS. The awn shows no evidence of photosynthesis. These results apply to distantly related species of Andropogoneae. Removal of sterile spikelets in sorghum significantly decreases seed weight (yield) by ∼9%. Thus, the sterile spikelet, but not the awn, affects yield in the cultivated species and fitness in the wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Goad
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Lauren M Jenkins
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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18
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Chen J, Cao F, Li H, Shan S, Tao Z, Lei T, Liu Y, Xiao Z, Zou Y, Huang M, Abou-Elwafa SF. Genotypic variation in the grain photosynthetic contribution to grain filling in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153269. [PMID: 32906075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grain filling in rice, a staple cereal crop worldwide, is a critical determinant of grain yield and quality. However, there is little available information on the relationship between grain filling and grain photosynthetic capacity in rice. This study evaluated the genetic diversity among six rice cultivars for their grain filling rate (GR0) and the relationships with the grain chlorophyll contents and grain net photosynthetic rate (PN). Significant variations in GR0, PN, and the chlorophyll contents (a, b, and total) in the grains of the cultivars were observed. Approximately 90 % of the variation in GR0 was explained by the grain PN. General linear model regression revealed significant positive correlations between PN/GR0 and the chlorophyll contents (a, b, and total) in the grains. There was also a significant positive correlation between PN and GR0. These positive correlations suggest a direct positive relationship between the grain filling rate and grain chlorophyll contents, which is indicative of the high photosynthetic capacity of the grains during the early grain filling period. These results suggest that the grain chlorophyll contents could be used as a molecular marker in marker-assisted breeding programs for rice cultivars with high grain net photosynthetic capacity during the early period of grain filling to improve grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Chen
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangbo Cao
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuanglü Shan
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zui Tao
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengwu Xiao
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Huang
- Crop and Environment Research Center, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
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19
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Sanchez-Bragado R, Vicente R, Molero G, Serret MD, Maydup ML, Araus JL. New avenues for increasing yield and stability in C3 cereals: exploring ear photosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:223-234. [PMID: 32088154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small grain cereals such as wheat, rice and barley are among the most important crops worldwide. Any attempt to increase crop productivity and stability through breeding implies developing new strategies for plant phenotyping, including defining ideotype attributes for selection. Recently, the role of non-foliar photosynthetic organs, particularly the inflorescences, has received increasing attention. For example, ear photosynthesis has been reported to be a major contributor to grain filling in wheat and barley under stress and good agronomic conditions. This review provides an overview of the particular characteristics of the ear that makes this photosynthetic organ better adapted to grain filling than the flag leaf and revises potential metabolic and molecular traits that merit further research as targets for cereal improvement. Currently, the absence of high-throughput phenotyping methods limits the inclusion of ear photosynthesis in the breeding agenda. In this regard, a number of different approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Sanchez-Bragado
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gemma Molero
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Maria Dolors Serret
- Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - María Luján Maydup
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, CONICET, La Plata University- Plant Physiology Institute INFIVE, Argentina
| | - José Luis Araus
- Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain.
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20
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Wang H, Zhou Q, Mao P. Ultrastructural and Photosynthetic Responses of Pod Walls in Alfalfa to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4457. [PMID: 32585890 PMCID: PMC7352927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing photosynthetic ability as a whole is essential for acquiring higher crop yields. Nonleaf green organs (NLGOs) make important contributions to photosynthate formation, especially under stress conditions. However, there is little information on the pod wall in legume forage related to seed development and yield. This experiment is designed for alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under drought stress to explore the photosynthetic responses of pod walls after 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of pollination (DAP5, DAP10, DAP15, and DAP20) based on ultrastructural, physiological and proteomic analyses. Stomata were evidently observed on the outer epidermis of the pod wall. Chloroplasts had intact structures arranged alongside the cell wall, which on DAP5 were already capable of producing photosynthate. The pod wall at the late stage (DAP20) still had photosynthetic ability under well-watered (WW) treatments, while under water-stress (WS), the structure of the chloroplast membrane was damaged and the grana lamella of thylakoids were blurry. The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations both decreased with the development of pod walls, and drought stress impeded the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. Although the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo) decreased in the pod wall under drought stress, the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) increased higher than that of RuBisCo. The proteomic analysis showed that the absorption of light is limited due to the suppression of the synthesis of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins by drought stress. Moreover, proteins involved in photosystem I and photosystem II were downregulated under WW compared with WS. Although the expression of some proteins participating in the regeneration period of RuBisCo was suppressed in the pod wall subjected to drought stress, the synthesis of PEPC was induced. In addition, some proteins, which were involved in the reduction period of RuBisCo, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism, and related to resistance, including chitinase, heat shock protein 81-2 (Hsp81-2), and lipoxygenases (LOXs), were highly expressed for the protective response to drought stress. It could be suggested that the pod wall in alfalfa is capable of operating photosynthesis and reducing the photosynthetic loss from drought stress through the promotion of the C4 pathway, ATP synthesis, and resistance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Forage Seed Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- College of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Qingping Zhou
- College of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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21
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Simkin AJ, Faralli M, Ramamoorthy S, Lawson T. Photosynthesis in non-foliar tissues: implications for yield. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1001-1015. [PMID: 31802560 PMCID: PMC7064926 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is currently a focus for crop improvement. The majority of this work has taken place and been assessed in leaves, and limited consideration has been given to the contribution that other green tissues make to whole-plant carbon assimilation. The major focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of non-foliar photosynthesis on carbon-use efficiency and total assimilation. Here we appraise and summarize past and current literature on the substantial contribution of different photosynthetically active organs and tissues to productivity in a variety of different plant types, with an emphasis on fruit and cereal crops. Previous studies provide evidence that non-leaf photosynthesis could be an unexploited potential target for crop improvement. We also briefly examine the role of stomata in non-foliar tissues, gas exchange, maintenance of optimal temperatures and thus photosynthesis. In the final section, we discuss possible opportunities to manipulate these processes and provide evidence that Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants genetically manipulated to increase leaf photosynthesis also displayed higher rates of ear assimilation, which translated to increased grain yield. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insights into manipulating non-foliar photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour to identify novel targets for exploitation in continuing breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Simkin
- Genetics, Genomics and BreedingNIAB EMRNew Road, East MallingKentME19 6BJUK
| | - Michele Faralli
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
- Present address:
Department of Biodiversity and Molecular EcologyResearch and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1San Michele all'Adige (TN)38010Italy
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVellore632014India
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
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22
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Ghatak A, Chaturvedi P, Bachmann G, Valledor L, Ramšak Ž, Bazargani MM, Bajaj P, Jegadeesan S, Li W, Sun X, Gruden K, Varshney RK, Weckwerth W. Physiological and Proteomic Signatures Reveal Mechanisms of Superior Drought Resilience in Pearl Millet Compared to Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600278. [PMID: 33519854 PMCID: PMC7838129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Presently, pearl millet and wheat are belonging to highly important cereal crops. Pearl millet, however, is an under-utilized crop, despite its superior resilience to drought and heat stress in contrast to wheat. To investigate this in more detail, we performed comparative physiological screening and large scale proteomics of drought stress responses in drought-tolerant and susceptible genotypes of pearl millet and wheat. These chosen genotypes are widely used in breeding and farming practices. The physiological responses demonstrated large differences in the regulation of root morphology and photosynthetic machinery, revealing a stay-green phenotype in pearl millet. Subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of leaves, roots and seeds led to the identification of 12,558 proteins in pearl millet and wheat under well-watered and stress conditions. To allow for this comparative proteome analysis and to provide a platform for future functional proteomics studies we performed a systematic phylogenetic analysis of all orthologues in pearl millet, wheat, foxtail millet, sorghum, barley, brachypodium, rice, maize, Arabidopsis, and soybean. In summary, we define (i) a stay-green proteome signature in the drought-tolerant pearl millet phenotype and (ii) differential senescence proteome signatures in contrasting wheat phenotypes not capable of coping with similar drought stress. These different responses have a significant effect on yield and grain filling processes reflected by the harvest index. Proteome signatures related to root morphology and seed yield demonstrated the unexpected intra- and interspecies-specific biochemical plasticity for stress adaptation for both pearl millet and wheat genotypes. These quantitative reference data provide tissue- and phenotype-specific marker proteins of stress defense mechanisms which are not predictable from the genome sequence itself and have potential value for marker-assisted breeding beyond genome assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Palak Chaturvedi,
| | - Gert Bachmann
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology Lab, Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Weimin Li
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Wolfram Weckwerth,
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23
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Henry R. Transcriptome profiling of wheat genotypes under heat stress during grain-filling. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Hamerlynck EP, Denton EM, Davies KW, Boyd CS. Photosynthetic regulation in seed heads and flag leaves of sagebrush-steppe bunchgrasses. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz112. [PMID: 31949896 PMCID: PMC6956783 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Native sagebrush-steppe bunchgrass populations are threatened by the spread and dominance of exotic invasive annual grasses, in part due to low, episodic seed production. In contrast, the widespread exotic bunchgrass, crested wheatgrass, readily produces viable seed cohorts. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. To address this, we measured seed head specific mass (g m-2) and net photosynthetic assimilation (A net) as a function of internal [CO2] (A/Ci curves) in pre- and post-anthesis seed heads and flag leaves of crested wheatgrass and four native bunchgrasses to determine if differences in allocation and photosynthetic characteristics of seed heads was consistent with differential reproductive success. Crested wheatgrass seed heads had 2-fold greater specific mass compared to the native grasses, concurrent with greater CO2-saturated photosynthesis (A max), mesophyll carboxylation efficiency (CE), and higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE i ; A net/stomatal conductance (g s)), but with similar relative stomatal limitations to photosynthesis (RSL). Post-anthesis seed head A max, CE, RSL and g s decreased in native grasses, while crested wheatgrass RSL decreased and CE increased dramatically, likely due to tighter coordination between seed head structural changes with stomatal and biochemical dynamics. Our results suggest native sagebrush-steppe bunchgrasses have greater stomatal and structural constraints to reproductive photosynthesis, while the exotic grass has evolved seed heads functionally similar to leaves. This study shows elucidating reproduction-related ecophysiological mechanisms provide understanding of plant attributes that underlie restoration success and could help guide the development of native plant materials with functional attributes needed to overcome demographic bottlenecks that limit their restoration into degraded sagebrush-steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P Hamerlynck
- USDA-ARS, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826 Highway 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Elsie M Denton
- USDA-ARS, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826 Highway 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Kirk W Davies
- USDA-ARS, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826 Highway 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Chad S Boyd
- USDA-ARS, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826 Highway 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA
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25
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Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Ash GJ, Arun-Chinnappa K, Gamage D, Martin A, Nagasaka S, Seneweera S. Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects. PLANTA 2019; 250:1033-1050. [PMID: 31254100 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy, 20000, Central, Sri Lanka.
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26
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Zhang X, Pu P, Tang Y, Zhang L, Lv J. C4 photosynthetic enzymes play a key role in wheat spike bracts primary carbon metabolism response under water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:163-172. [PMID: 31299598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthetic enzymes are present in C3 plants and participate in non-photosynthetic metabolism. Wheat spike bracts had a higher drought tolerance, photosynthesis and senesced later compared to the flag leaves under water deficit. This research was conducted to investigate the different response of primary carbon metabolism induced by C4 photosynthetic enzymes in wheat flag leaves and spike bracts including glumes and lemmas under water deficit. The activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes and Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), the expression of related genes and primary carbon metabolism contents were demonstrated in wheat flag leaves and spike bracts exposed to water deficit. Results showed that drought stress strongly inhibited wheat photosynthetic metabolism by decreasing Rubisco activity in flag leaves. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), phosphate dikinase (PPDK) and NADP- malic dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) increased in wheat spike bracts under water deficit. Transcript levels of C4 photosynthetic genes in wheat spike bracts were higher under water deficit than that of control. Furthermore, the results indicated that drought stress induced changes in the contents of primary carbon metabolism including malate, oxaloacetic acid (OAA), citric, fumaric acid were organ-specific. In conclusion, the functions of C4 photosynthetic enzymes appear to be important for wheat spike bracts primary carbon metabolism and defence response under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Peng Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinyin Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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27
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Wei J, Cao H, Liu JD, Zuo JH, Fang Y, Lin CT, Sun RZ, Li WL, Liu YX. Insights into transcriptional characteristics and homoeolog expression bias of embryo and de-embryonated kernels in developing grain through RNA-Seq and Iso-Seq. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:919-932. [PMID: 31168755 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid, and the transcriptional characteristics of the wheat embryo and endosperm during grain development remain unclear. To analyze the transcriptome, we performed isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) for wheat grain and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for the embryo and de-embryonated kernels. The differential regulation between the embryo and de-embryonated kernels was found to be greater than the difference between the two time points for each tissue. Exactly 2264 and 4790 tissue-specific genes were found at 14 days post-anthesis (DPA), while 5166 and 3784 genes were found at 25 DPA in the embryo and de-embryonated kernels, respectively. Genes expressed in the embryo were more likely to be related to nucleic acid and enzyme regulation. In de-embryonated kernels, genes were rich in substance metabolism and enzyme activity functions. Moreover, 4351, 4641, 4516, and 4453 genes with the A, B, and D homoeoloci were detected for each of the four tissues. Expression characteristics suggested that the D genome may be the largest contributor to the transcriptome in developing grain. Among these, 48, 66, and 38 silenced genes emerged in the A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that silenced genes could be inclined to different functions in different genomes. Our study provided specific gene pools of the embryo and de-embryonated kernels and a homoeolog expression bias model on a large scale. This is helpful for providing new insights into the molecular physiology of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jing-Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jing-Hong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chih-Ta Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Run-Ze Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yong-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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28
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Venske E, dos Santos RS, Busanello C, Gustafson P, Costa de Oliveira A. Bread wheat: a role model for plant domestication and breeding. Hereditas 2019; 156:16. [PMID: 31160891 PMCID: PMC6542105 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bread wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Its domestication coincides with the beginning of agriculture and since then, it has been constantly under selection by humans. Its breeding has followed millennia of cultivation, sometimes with unintended selection on adaptive traits, and later by applying intentional but empirical selective pressures. For more than one century, wheat breeding has been based on science, and has been constantly evolving due to on farm agronomy and breeding program improvements. The aim of this work is to briefly review wheat breeding, with emphasis on the current advances. DISCUSSION Improving yield potential, resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and baking quality, have been priorities for breeding this cereal, however, new objectives are arising, such as biofortification enhancement. The narrow genetic diversity and complexity of its genome have hampered the breeding progress and the application of biotechnology. Old approaches, such as the introgression from relative species, mutagenesis, and hybrid breeding are strongly reappearing, motivated by an accumulation of knowledge and new technologies. A revolution has taken place regarding the use of molecular markers whereby thousands of plants can be routinely genotyped for thousands of loci. After 13 years, the wheat reference genome sequence and annotation has finally been completed, and is currently available to the scientific community. Transgenics, an unusual approach for wheat improvement, still represents a potential tool, however it is being replaced by gene editing, whose technology along with genomic selection, speed breeding, and high-throughput phenotyping make up the most recent frontiers for future wheat improvement. FINAL CONSIDERATION Agriculture and plant breeding are constantly evolving, wheat has played a major role in these processes and will continue through decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Venske
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Crop Science Department, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão Campus, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-610 Brazil
| | - Railson Schreinert dos Santos
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Crop Science Department, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão Campus, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-610 Brazil
| | - Carlos Busanello
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Crop Science Department, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão Campus, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-610 Brazil
| | - Perry Gustafson
- Plant Sciences Division, 1–32 Agriculture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Crop Science Department, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão Campus, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-610 Brazil
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29
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Hu L, Zhang Y, Xia H, Fan S, Song J, Lv X, Kong L. Photosynthetic characteristics of non-foliar organs in main C 3 cereals. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:226-239. [PMID: 30221359 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in non-foliar organs plays an important role in crop growth and productivity, and it has received considerable research attention in recent years. However, compared with the capability of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in leaves, the distinct attributes of photosynthesis in the non-foliar organs of wheat (a C3 species) are unclear. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the photosynthetic characteristics of non-foliar organs in wheat. Compared with leaves, non-foliar organs had a higher capacity to refix respired CO2 , higher tolerance to environmental stresses and slower terminal senescence after anthesis. Additionally, whether C4 photosynthetic metabolism exists in the non-foliar organs of wheat is discussed, as is the advantage of photosynthesis in non-foliar organs during times of abiotic stress. Introducing the photosynthesis-related genes of C4 plants into wheat, which are specifically expressed in non-foliar organs, can be a promising approach for improving wheat productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Haiyong Xia
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xuemei Lv
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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30
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Henry RJ, Furtado A, Rangan P. Wheat seed transcriptome reveals genes controlling key traits for human preference and crop adaptation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:231-236. [PMID: 29779965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the transcriptome of the developing wheat grain has associated expression of genes with traits involving production (e.g. yield) and quality (e.g. bread quality). Photosynthesis in the grain may be important in retaining carbon that would be lost in respiration during grain filling and may contribute to yield in the late stages of seed formation under warm and dry environments. A small number of genes have been identified as having been selected by humans to optimize the performance of wheat for foods such as bread. Genes determining flour yield in milling have been discovered. Hardness is explained by variations in expression of pin genes. Knowledge of these genes should dramatically improve the efficiency of breeding better climate adapted wheat genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
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31
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Guo Z, Zhao Y, Röder MS, Reif JC, Ganal MW, Chen D, Schnurbusch T. Manipulation and prediction of spike morphology traits for the improvement of grain yield in wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14435. [PMID: 30258057 PMCID: PMC6158183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In wheat (Triticum spp.), modifying inflorescence (spike) morphology can increase grain number and size and thus improve yield. Here, we demonstrated the potential for manipulating and predicting spike morphology, based on 44 traits. In 12 wheat cultivars, we observed that detillering (removal of branches), which alters photosynthate distribution, changed spike morphology. Our genome-wide association study detected close associations between carbon partitioning (e.g. tiller number, main shoot dry weight) and spike morphology (e.g. spike length, spikelet density) traits in 210 cultivars. Most carbon-partitioning traits (e.g. tiller dry weight, harvest index) demonstrated high prediction abilities (>0.5). For spike morphology, some traits (e.g. total and fertile spikelet number, spike length) displayed high prediction abilities (0.3-0.5), but others (e.g. spikelet fertility, spikelet density) exhibited low prediction abilities (<0.2). Grain size traits were closely correlated in field and greenhouse experiments. Stepwise regression analysis suggests that significantly associated traits in the greenhouse explain 35.35% of the variation in grain yield and 67.63% of the variation in thousand-kernel weight in the field. Therefore, the traits identified in this study affect spike morphology; these traits can be used to predict and improve plant architecture and thus increase yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Guo
- Independent HEISENBERG Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Research Group Quantitative Genetics, Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Marion S Röder
- Research Group Gene and Genome Mapping, Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen C Reif
- Research Group Quantitative Genetics, Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Dijun Chen
- Research Group Image Analysis, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Independent HEISENBERG Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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32
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Dwivedi SL, Siddique KHM, Farooq M, Thornton PK, Ortiz R. Using Biotechnology-Led Approaches to Uplift Cereal and Food Legume Yields in Dryland Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 30210519 PMCID: PMC6120061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat in dryland agriculture challenge the enhancement of crop productivity and threaten global food security. This review is centered on harnessing genetic variation through biotechnology-led approaches to select for increased productivity and stress tolerance that will enhance crop adaptation in dryland environments. Peer-reviewed literature, mostly from the last decade and involving experiments with at least two seasons' data, form the basis of this review. It begins by highlighting the adverse impact of the increasing intensity and duration of drought and heat stress due to global warming on crop productivity and its impact on food and nutritional security in dryland environments. This is followed by (1) an overview of the physiological and molecular basis of plant adaptation to elevated CO2 (eCO2), drought, and heat stress; (2) the critical role of high-throughput phenotyping platforms to study phenomes and genomes to increase breeding efficiency; (3) opportunities to enhance stress tolerance and productivity in food crops (cereals and grain legumes) by deploying biotechnology-led approaches [pyramiding quantitative trait loci (QTL), genomic selection, marker-assisted recurrent selection, epigenetic variation, genome editing, and transgene) and inducing flowering independent of environmental clues to match the length of growing season; (4) opportunities to increase productivity in C3 crops by harnessing novel variations (genes and network) in crops' (C3, C4) germplasm pools associated with increased photosynthesis; and (5) the adoption, impact, risk assessment, and enabling policy environments to scale up the adoption of seed-technology to enhance food and nutritional security. This synthesis of technological innovations and insights in seed-based technology offers crop genetic enhancers further opportunities to increase crop productivity in dryland environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Farooq
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Oman
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Philip K. Thornton
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Jansson C, Vogel J, Hazen S, Brutnell T, Mockler T. Climate-smart crops with enhanced photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3801-3809. [PMID: 30032188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential of enhanced photosynthetic efficiency to help achieve the sustainable yield increases required to meet future demands for food and energy has spurred intense research towards understanding, modeling, and engineering photosynthesis. These current efforts, largely focused on the C3 model Arabidopsis thaliana or crop plants (e.g. rice, sorghum, maize, and wheat), could be intensified and broadened using model systems closely related to our food, feed, and energy crops and that allow rapid design-build-test-learn cycles. In this outlooking Opinion, we advocate for a concerted effort to expand our understanding and improve our ability to redesign carbon uptake, allocation, and utilization. We propose two specific research directions that combine enhanced photosynthesis with climate-smart metabolic attributes: (i) engineering pathways for flexible (facultative) C3-C4 metabolism where plants will operate either C3 or C4 photosynthesis based on environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and atmospheric CO2 levels; and (ii) increasing rhizospheric sink strength for carbon utilization, including strategies that allow for augmented transport of carbon to the soil for improved soil properties and carbon storage without jeopardizing aboveground crop biomass. We argue that such ambitious undertakings be first approached and demonstrated by exploring the full genomic potential of two model grasses, the C3Brachypodium distachyon and the C4Setaria viridis. The development of climate-smart crops could provide novel and bold solutions to increase crop productivity while reducing atmospheric carbon and nitrogen emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Jansson
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek CA, USA
| | - Samuel Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Todd Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Muthusamy SK, Lenka SK, Katiyar A, Chinnusamy V, Singh AK, Bansal KC. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Regulation of C 4 Photosynthetic Pathway Genes in Rice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:221-238. [PMID: 29915917 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic fixation of CO2 is more efficient in C4 than in C3 plants. Rice is a C3 plant and a potential target for genetic engineering of the C4 pathway. It is known that genes encoding C4 enzymes are present in C3 plants. However, no systematic analysis has been conducted to determine if these C4 gene family members are expressed in diverse rice genotypes. In this study, we identified 15 genes belonging to the five C4 gene families in rice genome through BLAST search using known maize C4 photosynthetic pathway genes. Phylogenetic relationship of rice C4 photosynthetic pathway genes and their isoforms with other grass genomes (Brachypodium, maize, Sorghum and Setaria), showed that these genes were highly conserved across grass genomes. Spatiotemporal, hormone, and abiotic stress specific expression pattern of the identified genes revealed constitutive as well as inductive responses of the C4 photosynthetic pathway in different tissues and developmental stages of rice. Expression levels of C4 specific gene family members in flag leaf during tillering stage were quantitatively analyzed in five rice genotypes covering three species, viz. Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica (cv. Nipponbare), Oryza sativa, ssp. indica (cv IR64, Swarna), and two wild species Oryza barthii and Oryza australiensis. The results showed that all the identified genes expressed in rice and exhibited differential expression pattern during different growth stages, and in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions and hormone treatments. Our study concludes that C4 photosynthetic pathway genes present in rice play a crucial role in stress regulation and might act as targets for C4 pathway engineering via CRISPR-mediated breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar K Muthusamy
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, 695017, India
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Amit Katiyar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,ICMR-All India Institute of Medical Science, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kailash C Bansal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India. .,TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, Gurgaon, 122 001, India.
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Deng X, Liu Y, Xu X, Liu D, Zhu G, Yan X, Wang Z, Yan Y. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Wheat Flag Leaves and Developing Grains Under Water Deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:425. [PMID: 29692790 PMCID: PMC5902686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we performed the first comparative proteomic analysis of wheat flag leaves and developing grains in response to drought stress. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in several important physiological and biochemical parameters and grain yield traits, particularly those related to photosynthesis and starch biosynthesis. In contrast, some key indicators related to drought stress were significantly increased, including malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, proline, glycine betaine, abscisic acid content, and peroxidase activity. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) identified 87 and 132 differentially accumulated protein (DAP) spots representing 66 and 105 unique proteins following exposure to drought stress in flag leaves and developing grains, respectively. The proteomes of the two organs varied markedly, and most DAPS were related to the oxidative stress response, photosynthesis and energy metabolism, and starch biosynthesis. In particular, DAPs in flag leaves mainly participated in photosynthesis while those in developing grains were primarily involved in carbon metabolism and the drought stress response. Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) further validated some key DAPs such as rubisco large subunit (RBSCL), ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), chaperonin 60 subunit alpha (CPN-60 alpha) and oxalate oxidase 2 (OxO 2). The potential functions of the identified DAPs revealed that a complex network synergistically regulates drought resistance during grain development. Our results from proteome perspective provide new insight into the molecular regulatory mechanisms used by different wheat organs to respond to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexin Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Genrui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Lou L, Li X, Chen J, Li Y, Tang Y, Lv J. Photosynthetic and ascorbate-glutathione metabolism in the flag leaves as compared to spikes under drought stress of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194625. [PMID: 29566049 PMCID: PMC5864061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate-glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle is a major pathway of H2O2 scavenging and an effective mechanism of detoxification in plants. The differences in photosynthesis, chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC), antioxidants and antioxidative enzyme activities involved in ASA-GSH metabolism were measured between the flag leaves and spike bracts (glumes and lemmas) during grain filling under drought stress. The expression of APX1, GRC1, DHAR, MDHAR, GPX1, and GS3 in ASA-GSH cycle was also measured. Compared with the flag leaves, the spike bracts exhibited stable net photosynthetic rate (PN) and chlorophyll content (Chl), a lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and more enhanced percentages of antioxidant enzyme activities and key enzymes gene transcription levels involved in ASA-GSH metabolism during the grain-filling stage under drought conditions. This could be the reasonable explanation for the more stable photosynthetic capacity in spikes, and the glumes and lemmas senesced later than the flag leaves at the late grain-filling stage. Also, the function of ASA-GSH cycle could not be ignored in alleviating oxidative damage by scavenging more excess ROS in spikes under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxiu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinyin Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Plant secretory structures: more than just reaction bags. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 49:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Henry RJ. The transcriptome of the developing grain: a resource for understanding seed development and the molecular control of the functional and nutritional properties of wheat. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:766. [PMID: 29020946 PMCID: PMC5637334 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the three major cereals that have been domesticated to feed human populations. The composition of the wheat grain determines the functional properties of wheat including milling efficiency, bread making, and nutritional value. Transcriptome analysis of the developing wheat grain provides key insights into the molecular basis for grain development and quality. RESULTS The transcriptome of 35 genotypes was analysed by RNA-Seq at two development stages (14 and 30 days-post-anthesis, dpa) corresponding to the mid stage of development (stage Z75) and the almost mature seed (stage Z85). At 14dpa, most of the transcripts were associated with the synthesis of the major seed components including storage proteins and starch. At 30dpa, a diverse range of genes were expressed at low levels with a predominance of genes associated with seed defence and stress tolerance. RNA-Seq analysis of changes in expression between 14dpa and 30dpa stages revealed 26,477 transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed at a FDR corrected p-value cut-off at ≤0.01. Functional annotation and gene ontology mapping was performed and KEGG pathway mapping allowed grouping based upon biochemical linkages. This analysis demonstrated that photosynthesis associated with the pericarp was very active at 14dpa but had ceased by 30dpa. Recently reported genes for flour yield in milling and bread quality were found to influence wheat quality largely due to expression patterns at the earlier seed development stage. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a resource providing an overview of gene expression during wheat grain development at the early (14dpa) and late (30dpa) grain filling stages for use in studies of grain quality and nutritional value and in understanding seed biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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40
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Nirmal RC, Furtado A, Rangan P, Henry RJ. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein gene expression is associated with yield of flour in the milling of wheat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12539. [PMID: 28970511 PMCID: PMC5624953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large portion of the global wheat crop is milled to produce flour for use in the production of foods such as bread. Pressure to increase food supplies sustainably can be address directly by reducing post-harvest losses during processes such as flour milling. The recovery of flour in the milling of wheat is genetically determined but difficult to assess in wheat breeding due to the requirement for a large sample. Here we report the discovery that human selection for altered expression of putative cell adhesion proteins is associated with wheats that give high yields of flour on milling. Genes encoding fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins are expressed at low levels in high milling wheat genotypes at mid grain development. Thirty worldwide wheat genotypes were grouped into good and poor millers based flour yield obtained from laboratory scale milling of mature seeds. Differentially expressed genes were identified by comparing transcript profiles at 14 and 30 days post anthesis obtained from RNA-seq data of all the genotypes. Direct selection for genotypes with appropriate expression of these genes will greatly accelerate wheat breeding and ensure high recoveries of flour from wheat by resulting in grains that break up more easily on milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi C Nirmal
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.
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41
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Henry RJ, Rangan P, Furtado A, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Does C 4 Photosynthesis Occur in Wheat Seeds? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1992-1995. [PMID: 28775177 PMCID: PMC5543942 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, AustraliaDivision of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Bachir DG, Saeed I, Song Q, Linn TZ, Chen L, Hu YG. Characterization and expression patterns of key C 4 photosynthetic pathway genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:87-97. [PMID: 28340469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a C3 plant with relatively low photosynthetic efficiency and is a potential target for C4 photosynthetic pathway engineering. Here we reported the characterization of four key C4 pathway genes and assessed their expression patterns and enzymatic activities at three growth stages in flag leaves of 59 bread wheat genotypes. The C4-like genes homologous to PEPC, NADP-ME, MDH, and PPDK in maize were identified in the A, B, and D sub-genomes of bread wheat, located on the long arms of chromosomes 3 and 5 (TaPEPC), short arms of chromosomes 1 and 3 (TaNADP-ME), long arms of chromosomes 1 and 7 (TaMDH), and long arms of chromosome 1 (TaPPDK), respectively. All the four C4-like genes were expressed in the flag leaves at the three growth stages with considerable variations among the 59 bread wheat genotypes. Significant differences were observed between the photosynthesis rates (A) of wheat genotypes with higher expressions of TaPEPC_5, TaNADP-ME_1, and TaMDH_7 at heading and middle grain-filling stages and those with intermediate and low expressions. Our results also indicated that the four C4 enzymes showed activity in the flag leaves and were obviously different among the 59 wheat genotypes. The activities of PEPcase and PPDK decreased at anthesis and slightly increased at grain-filling stage, while NADP-ME and MDH exhibited a decreasing trend at the three stages. The results of the current study could be very valuable and useful for wheat researchers in improving photosynthetic capacity of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoura Goudia Bachir
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Iqbal Saeed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; NIFA, PO BOX 446, Tarnab, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Quanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tay Zar Linn
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Poor Evidence for C4 Photosynthesis in the Wheat Grain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1357. [PMID: 27815554 PMCID: PMC5100800 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical comment to a recent paper claiming to have evidence for C4 photosynthesis in the wheat grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Henry RJ. Commentary: New evidence for grain specific C 4 photosynthesis in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1537. [PMID: 27807439 PMCID: PMC5070121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic ResourcesNew Delhi, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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