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Roffler AA, Maurer DP, Lunn TJ, Sironen T, Forbes KM, Schmidt AG. Bat humoral immunity and its role in viral pathogenesis, transmission, and zoonosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1269760. [PMID: 39156901 PMCID: PMC11329927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1269760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor viruses that can cause severe disease and death in humans including filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra virus), and coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV). Bats often tolerate these viruses without noticeable adverse immunological effects or succumbing to disease. Previous studies have largely focused on the role of the bat's innate immune response to control viral pathogenesis, but little is known about bat adaptive immunity. A key component of adaptive immunity is the humoral response, comprised of antibodies that can specifically recognize viral antigens with high affinity. The antibody genes within the 1,400 known bat species are highly diverse, and these genetic differences help shape fundamental aspects of the antibody repertoire, including starting diversity and viral antigen recognition. Whether antibodies in bats protect, mediate viral clearance, and prevent transmission within bat populations is poorly defined. Furthermore, it is unclear how neutralizing activity and Fc-mediated effector functions contribute to bat immunity. Although bats have canonical Fc genes (e.g., mu, gamma, alpha, and epsilon), the copy number and sequences of their Fc genes differ from those of humans and mice. The function of bat antibodies targeting viral antigens has been speculated based on sequencing data and polyclonal sera, but functional and biochemical data of monoclonal antibodies are lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of bat humoral immunity, including variation between species, their potential protective role(s) against viral transmission and replication, and address how these antibodies may contribute to population dynamics within bats communities. A deeper understanding of bat adaptive immunity will provide insight into immune control of transmission and replication for emerging viruses with the potential for zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Roffler
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Maurer
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Wang H, Yao X. Different species of Chiroptera: Immune cells and molecules. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29772. [PMID: 38949201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The distinct composition and immune response characteristics of bats' innate and adaptive immune systems, which enable them to serve as host of numerous serious zoonotic viruses without falling ill, differ substantially from those of other mammals, it have garnered significant attention. In this article, we offer a systematic review of the names, attributes, and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells & molecules across different bat species. This includes descriptions of the differences shown by research between 71 bat species in 10 families, as well as comparisons between bats and other mammals. Studies of the immune cells & molecules of different bat species are necessary to understand the unique antiviral immunity of bats. By providing comprehensive information on these unique immune responses, it is hoped that new insights will be provided for the study of co-evolutionary dynamics between viruses and the bat immune system, as well as human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zegang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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3
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Kessler S, Burke B, Andrieux G, Schinköthe J, Hamberger L, Kacza J, Zhan S, Reasoner C, Dutt TS, Kaukab Osman M, Henao-Tamayo M, Staniek J, Villena Ossa JF, Frank DT, Ma W, Ulrich R, Cathomen T, Boerries M, Rizzi M, Beer M, Schwemmle M, Reuther P, Schountz T, Ciminski K. Deciphering bat influenza H18N11 infection dynamics in male Jamaican fruit bats on a single-cell level. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4500. [PMID: 38802391 PMCID: PMC11130286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) naturally harbor a wide range of viruses of human relevance. These infections are typically mild in bats, suggesting unique features of their immune system. To better understand the immune response to viral infections in bats, we infected male Jamaican fruit bats with the bat-derived influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11. Using comparative single-cell RNA sequencing, we generated single-cell atlases of the Jamaican fruit bat intestine and mesentery. Gene expression profiling showed that H18N11 infection resulted in a moderate induction of interferon-stimulated genes and transcriptional activation of immune cells. H18N11 infection was predominant in various leukocytes, including macrophages, B cells, and NK/T cells. Confirming these findings, human leukocytes, particularly macrophages, were also susceptible to H18N11, highlighting the zoonotic potential of this bat-derived IAV. Our study provides insight into a natural virus-host relationship and thus serves as a fundamental resource for future in-depth characterization of bat immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bradly Burke
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lea Hamberger
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- BioImaging Core Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Clara Reasoner
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Taru S Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maria Kaukab Osman
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julian Staniek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose Francisco Villena Ossa
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dalit T Frank
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Reuther
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Ma L, Liu L, Li J, Zhou H, Xiao J, Ma Q, Yao X. Landscape of IGH germline genes of Chiroptera and the pattern of Rhinolophus affinis bat IGH CDR3 repertoire. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0376223. [PMID: 38465979 PMCID: PMC10986613 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03762-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of abundant viruses from bats that impact human and animal health have resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat immunology. Characterizing the immune receptor repertoire is critical to understanding how bats coexist with viruses in the absence of disease and developing new therapeutics to target viruses in humans and susceptible livestock. In this study, IGH germline genes of Chiroptera including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Phyllostomus discolor, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus were annotated, and we profiled the characteristics of Rhinolophus affinis (RA) IGH CDR3 repertoire. The germline genes of Chiroptera are quite different from those of human, mouse, cow, and dog in evolution, but the three bat species have high homology. The CDR3 repertoire of RA is unique in many aspects including CDR3 subclass, V/J genes access and pairing, CDR3 clones, and somatic high-frequency mutation compared with that of human and mouse, which is an important point in understanding the asymptomatic nature of viral infection in bats. This study unveiled a detailed map of bat IGH germline genes on chromosome level and provided the first immune receptor repertoire of bat, which will stimulate new avenues of research that are directly relevant to human health and disease.IMPORTANCEThe intricate relationship between bats and viruses has been a subject of study since the mid-20th century, with more than 100 viruses identified, including those affecting humans. While preliminary investigations have outlined the innate immune responses of bats, the role of adaptive immunity remains unclear. This study presents a pioneering contribution to bat immunology by unveiling, for the first time, a detailed map of bat IGH germline genes at the chromosome level. This breakthrough not only provides a foundation for B cell receptor research in bats but also contributes to primer design and sequencing of the CDR3 repertoire. Additionally, we offer the first comprehensive immune receptor repertoire of bats, serving as a crucial library for future comparative analyses. In summary, this research significantly advances the understanding of bats' immune responses, providing essential resources for further investigations into viral tolerance and potential zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaping Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Sánchez CA, Phelps KL, Frank HK, Geldenhuys M, Griffiths ME, Jones DN, Kettenburg G, Lunn TJ, Moreno KR, Mortlock M, Vicente-Santos A, Víquez-R LR, Kading RC, Markotter W, Reeder DM, Olival KJ. Advances in understanding bat infection dynamics across biological scales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232823. [PMID: 38444339 PMCID: PMC10915549 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research on bat-associated microbes such as viruses, bacteria and fungi has dramatically increased. Here, we synthesize themes from a conference symposium focused on advances in the research of bats and their microbes, including physiological, immunological, ecological and epidemiological research that has improved our understanding of bat infection dynamics at multiple biological scales. We first present metrics for measuring individual bat responses to infection and challenges associated with using these metrics. We next discuss infection dynamics within bat populations of the same species, before introducing complexities that arise in multi-species communities of bats, humans and/or livestock. Finally, we outline critical gaps and opportunities for future interdisciplinary work on topics involving bats and their microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah K. Frank
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, IL 60655, USA
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Luis R. Víquez-R
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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Ruhs EC, Chia WN, Foo R, Peel AJ, Li Y, Larman HB, Irving AT, Wang L, Brook CE. Applications of VirScan to broad serological profiling of bat reservoirs for emerging zoonoses. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1212018. [PMID: 37808979 PMCID: PMC10559906 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1212018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bats are important providers of ecosystem services such as pollination, seed dispersal, and insect control but also act as natural reservoirs for virulent zoonotic viruses. Bats host multiple viruses that cause life-threatening pathology in other animals and humans but, themselves, experience limited pathological disease from infection. Despite bats' importance as reservoirs for several zoonotic viruses, we know little about the broader viral diversity that they host. Bat virus surveillance efforts are challenged by difficulties of field capture and the limited scope of targeted PCR- or ELISA-based molecular and serological detection. Additionally, virus shedding is often transient, thus also limiting insights gained from nucleic acid testing of field specimens. Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), a broad serological tool used previously to comprehensively profile viral exposure history in humans, offers an exciting prospect for viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, including bats. Methods Here, for the first time, we apply PhIP-Seq technology to bat serum, using a viral peptide library originally designed to simultaneously assay exposures to the entire human virome. Results Using VirScan, we identified past exposures to 57 viral genera-including betacoronaviruses, henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and filoviruses-in semi-captive Pteropus alecto and to nine viral genera in captive Eonycteris spelaea. Consistent with results from humans, we find that both total peptide hits (the number of enriched viral peptides in our library) and the corresponding number of inferred past virus exposures in bat hosts were correlated with poor bat body condition scores and increased with age. High and low body condition scores were associated with either seropositive or seronegative status for different viruses, though in general, virus-specific age-seroprevalence curves defied assumptions of lifelong immunizing infection, suggesting that many bat viruses may circulate via complex transmission dynamics. Discussion Overall, our work emphasizes the utility of applying biomedical tools, like PhIP-Seq, first developed for humans to viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, while highlighting opportunities for taxon-specific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cornelius Ruhs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- CoV Biotechnology Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisband, QLD, Australia
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- HBL – Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linfa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Ahn M, Chen VCW, Rozario P, Ng WL, Kong PS, Sia WR, Kang AEZ, Su Q, Nguyen LH, Zhu F, Chan WOY, Tan CW, Cheong WS, Hey YY, Foo R, Guo F, Lim YT, Li X, Chia WN, Sobota RM, Fu NY, Irving AT, Wang LF. Bat ASC2 suppresses inflammasomes and ameliorates inflammatory diseases. Cell 2023; 186:2144-2159.e22. [PMID: 37172565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bats are special in their ability to live long and host many emerging viruses. Our previous studies showed that bats have altered inflammasomes, which are central players in aging and infection. However, the role of inflammasome signaling in combating inflammatory diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we report bat ASC2 as a potent negative regulator of inflammasomes. Bat ASC2 is highly expressed at both the mRNA and protein levels and is highly potent in inhibiting human and mouse inflammasomes. Transgenic expression of bat ASC2 in mice reduced the severity of peritonitis induced by gout crystals and ASC particles. Bat ASC2 also dampened inflammation induced by multiple viruses and reduced mortality of influenza A virus infection. Importantly, it also suppressed SARS-CoV-2-immune-complex-induced inflammasome activation. Four key residues were identified for the gain of function of bat ASC2. Our results demonstrate that bat ASC2 is an important negative regulator of inflammasomes with therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Program, Singapore 168753, Singapore; SingHealth PGY1 Residency Program, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
| | - Vivian Chih-Wei Chen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pui San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Adrian Eng Zheng Kang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qi Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Lan Huong Nguyen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wharton O Y Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Shoo Cheong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Xin Li
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; SingMass - National Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Nai Yang Fu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Aaron T Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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8
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Harazim M, Perrot J, Varet H, Bourhy H, Lannoy J, Pikula J, Seidlová V, Dacheux L, Martínková N. Transcriptomic responses of bat cells to European bat lyssavirus 1 infection under conditions simulating euthermia and hibernation. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:7. [PMID: 37085747 PMCID: PMC10120247 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coevolution between pathogens and their hosts decreases host morbidity and mortality. Bats host and can tolerate viruses which can be lethal to other vertebrate orders, including humans. Bat adaptations to infection include localized immune response, early pathogen sensing, high interferon expression without pathogen stimulation, and regulated inflammatory response. The immune reaction is costly, and bats suppress high-cost metabolism during torpor. In the temperate zone, bats hibernate in winter, utilizing a specific behavioural adaptation to survive detrimental environmental conditions and lack of energy resources. Hibernation torpor involves major physiological changes that pose an additional challenge to bat-pathogen coexistence. Here, we compared bat cellular reaction to viral challenge under conditions simulating hibernation, evaluating the changes between torpor and euthermia. RESULTS We infected the olfactory nerve-derived cell culture of Myotis myotis with an endemic bat pathogen, European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1). After infection, the bat cells were cultivated at two different temperatures, 37 °C and 5 °C, to examine the cell response during conditions simulating euthermia and torpor, respectively. The mRNA isolated from the cells was sequenced and analysed for differential gene expression attributable to the temperature and/or infection treatment. In conditions simulating euthermia, infected bat cells produce an excess signalling by multitude of pathways involved in apoptosis and immune regulation influencing proliferation of regulatory cell types which can, in synergy with other produced cytokines, contribute to viral tolerance. We found no up- or down-regulated genes expressed in infected cells cultivated at conditions simulating torpor compared to non-infected cells cultivated under the same conditions. When studying the reaction of uninfected cells to the temperature treatment, bat cells show an increased production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) with chaperone activity, improving the bat's ability to repair molecular structures damaged due to the stress related to the temperature change. CONCLUSIONS The lack of bat cell reaction to infection in conditions simulating hibernation may contribute to the virus tolerance or persistence in bats. Together with the cell damage repair mechanisms induced in response to hibernation, the immune regulation may promote bats' ability to act as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses such as lyssaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Harazim
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 60300, Brno, Czechia.
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Juliette Perrot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Lyssavirus, Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Lyssavirus, Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Julien Lannoy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Lyssavirus, Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 61242, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Seidlová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 61242, Brno, Czechia
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Lyssavirus, Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Natália Martínková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 60300, Brno, Czechia
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
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9
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Zhou H, Li J, Zhou D, Wu Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Ma Q, Yao X, Ma L. New insights into the germline genes and CDR3 repertoire of the TCRβ chain in Chiroptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147859. [PMID: 37051236 PMCID: PMC10083501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBats are recognized as natural reservoirs for many viruses, and their unique immune system enables them to coexist with these viruses without frequently exhibiting disease symptoms. However, the current understanding of the bat adaptive immune system is limited due to the lack of a database or tool capable of processing T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences for bats.MethodsWe performed germline gene annotation in three bat species using homologous genes and RSSs (Recombinational Signal Sequences) scanning method. Then we used the conserved C gene to construct the TCRβ chain receptor library of the Intermediate Horseshoe Bat. Bats' TCRβ data will be analyzed using MiXCR and constructed reference library.ResultsRegarding the annotation results, we found that the Pale Spear-nosed Bat has 37 members in the TRBV12 family, which is more than the total number of TRBV genes in the Greater Horseshoe Bat. The average number of unique TCRβ chain receptor sequences in each Intermediate Horseshoe Bat sample reached 24,904.DiscussionThe distinct variations in the distribution of TRBV genes among the three types of bats could have a direct impact on the diversity of the TCR repertoire, as evidenced by the presence of conserved amino acids that indicate the T-cell recognition of antigens in bats is MHC-restricted. The bats’ TCRβ repertoire is formed through the rearrangement of the V-D-J-C genes, with D-J/V-D deletions and insertions resulting in high diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xingliang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xinsheng Yao, ; Long Ma,
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xinsheng Yao, ; Long Ma,
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10
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Toshkova N, Zhelyazkova V, Justesen S, Dimitrov JD. Conservative pattern of interaction of bat and human IgG antibodies with FcRn. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104579. [PMID: 36272453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies report bats as reservoirs of emerging pathogens with little to no signs of infections. This is thought to be connected to the unique immune system of bats, which remains poorly characterized. Despite the physiological importance of the Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the homeostasis of IgG antibodies, it is unclear how its functional activity is evolutionary conservative among mammals, and so is the case for bats. Using surface plasmon resonance-based technology, we tested the interactions of IgG antibodies isolated from three bat species with recombinant human and mouse FcRn. Our data show that IgG from the studied bat species binds to both human and mouse FcRn, albeit with distinct affinities. Importantly, the binding pattern of bat IgG is similar to human IgG. This confirms the conservative nature of IgG-FcRn interaction and highlights the importance of FcRn IgG salvaging system in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Toshkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Violeta Zhelyazkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sune Justesen
- Immunitrack Aps, Lersoe Park Alle 42, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
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11
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Banerjee A, Mossman K. Laying the foundation for single-cell studies in bats. Immunity 2022; 55:1974-1977. [PMID: 36351371 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bats serve as hosts of viruses that can cause disease in humans. In this issue of Immunity, Gamage et al. characterize the immune cell repertoire in Eonycteris spelaea bat lung tissue using single-cell transcriptomics, providing insight into the in vivo immune response to infection with a Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV3M) and establishing a paradigm for future comparative immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Karen Mossman
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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12
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Landscape and age dynamics of immune cells in the Egyptian rousette bat. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111305. [PMID: 36070695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor high-impact zoonotic viruses often in the absence of disease manifestation. This restriction and disease tolerance possibly rely on specific immunological features. In-depth molecular characterization of cellular immunity and imprinting of age on leukocyte compartments remained unexplored in bats. We employ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and establish immunostaining panels to characterize the immune cell landscape in juvenile, subadult, and adult Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs). Transcriptomic and flow cytometry data reveal conserved subsets and substantial enrichments of CD79a+ B cells and CD11b+ T cells in juvenile animals, whereas neutrophils, CD206+ myeloid cells, and CD3+ T cells dominate as bats reach adulthood. Despite differing frequencies, phagocytosis of circulating and tissue-resident myeloid cells and proliferation of peripheral and splenic lymphocytes are analogous in juvenile and adult ERBs. We provide a comprehensive map of the immune landscape in ERBs and show age-imprinted resilience progression and find that variability in cellular immunity only partly recapitulates mammalian archetypes.
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13
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Foo R, Hey YY, Ng JHJ, Chionh YT, Chia WN, Kong PS, Lee BPYH, Kang AEZ, Borthwick SA, Low DHW, Mendenhall IH, Pena EM, Yroy RE, Ng BS, Wang LF. Establishment of a Captive Cave Nectar Bat ( Eonycteris spelaea) Breeding Colony in Singapore. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:344-352. [PMID: 35688608 PMCID: PMC9674015 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bats are known natural reservoirs of several highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, including Hendra virus, Nipah virus, rabies virus, SARS-like coronaviruses, and suspected ancestral reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The capacity to survive infections of highly pathogenic agents without severe disease, together with many other unique features, makes bats an ideal animal model for studying the regulation of infection, cancer, and longevity, which is likely to translate into human health outcomes. A key factor that limits bat research is lack of breeding bat colonies. To address this need, a captive bat colony was established in Singapore from 19 wild-caught local cave nectar bats. The bats were screened for specific pathogens before the start of captive breeding. Custom-made cages and an optimized diet inclusive of Wombaroo dietary formula, liquid diet, and supplement of fruits enabled the bats to breed prolifically in our facility. Cages are washed daily and disinfected once every fortnight. Bats are observed daily to detect any sick bat or abnormal behavior. In addition, bats undergo a thorough health check once every 3 to 4 mo to check on their overall wellbeing, perform sampling, and document any potential pregnancy. The current colony houses over 80 bats that are successfully breeding, providing a valuable resource for research in Singapore and overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Han Jia Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yok Teng Chionh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Adrian Eng Zheng Kang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dolyce Hong Wen Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Hewitt Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edgar Macabe Pena
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre and National Large Animal Research Facility, Singapore
| | - Rommel E Yroy
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre and National Large Animal Research Facility, Singapore
| | - Beng Sern Ng
- Research Operations, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore,,Corresponding author.
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14
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Different but Not Unique: Deciphering the Immunity of the Jamaican Fruit Bat by Studying Its Viriome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020238. [PMID: 35215832 PMCID: PMC8879847 DOI: 10.3390/v14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a “friendly” coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of bats suggest that bats have evolved to possess their own strategies to cope with viral infections. Yet, the molecular details for this innocuous coexistence remain poorly described and bat infection models are the key to unveiling these secrets. In Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), a New World bat species, infection experiments with its (putative) natural viral pathogens Tacaribe virus (TCRV), rabies virus (RABV), and the bat influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11, have contributed to an accurate, though still incomplete, representation of the bat-imposed immunity. Surprisingly, though many aspects of their innate and adaptive immune responses differ from that of the human immune response, such as a contraction of the IFN locus and reduction in the number of immunoglobulin subclasses, variations could also be observed between Jamaican fruit bats and other bat species.
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15
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Exploring the Role of Innate Lymphocytes in the Immune System of Bats and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010150. [PMID: 35062356 PMCID: PMC8781337 DOI: 10.3390/v14010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs of a large number of viruses of global public health significance, including the ancestral virus for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although bats are natural carriers of multiple pathogenic viruses, they rarely display signs of disease. Recent insights suggest that bats have a more balanced host defense and tolerance system to viral infections that may be linked to the evolutionary adaptation to powered flight. Therefore, a deeper understanding of bat immune system may provide intervention strategies to prevent zoonotic disease transmission and to identify new therapeutic targets. Similar to other eutherian mammals, bats have both innate and adaptive immune systems that have evolved to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Bridging these two systems are innate lymphocytes, which are highly abundant within circulation and barrier tissues. These cells share the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are poised to mount rapid effector responses. They are ideally suited as the first line of defense against early stages of viral infections. Here, we will focus on the current knowledge of innate lymphocytes in bats, their function, and their potential role in host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, given that studies into bat immune systems are often hindered by a lack of bat-specific research tools, we will discuss strategies that may aid future research in bat immunity, including the potential use of organoid models to delineate the interplay between innate lymphocytes, bat viruses, and host tolerance.
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16
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Selection and stability validation of reference gene candidates for transcriptional analysis in Rousettus aegyptiacus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21662. [PMID: 34737406 PMCID: PMC8568961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of powered flight and their body temperature can reach up to 42 °C during flight. Additionally, bats display robust type I IFN interferon (IFN-I) responses and some species constitutively express IFN-α. Reference genes with stable expression under temperature oscillations and IFN-I release are therefore critical for normalization of quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data in bats. The expression stability of reference genes in Rousettus aegyptiacus remains elusive, although this species is frequently used in the infection research. We selected ACTB, EEF1A1, GAPDH and PGK1 as candidate reference genes and evaluated their expression stability in various tissues and cells from this model bat species upon IFN-I treatment at 35 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C by qRT-PCR. We employed two statistical algorithms, BestKeeper and NormFinder, and found that EEF1A1 exhibited the highest expression stability under all tested conditions. ACTB and GAPDH displayed unstable expression upon temperature change and IFN-I treatment, respectively. By normalizing to EEF1A1, we uncovered that GAPDH expression was significantly induced by IFN-I in R. aegyptiacus. Our study identifies EEF1A1 as the most suitable reference gene for qRT-PCR studies upon temperature changes and IFN-I treatment and unveils the induction of GAPDH expression by IFN-I in R. aegyptiacus. These findings are pertinent to other bat species and may be relevant for non-volant mammals that show physiological fluctuations of core body temperature.
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17
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Flow-FISH as a Tool for Studying Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. BIOTECH 2021; 10:21. [PMID: 35822795 PMCID: PMC9245478 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques are currently in use to study microbes. These can be aimed at detecting, identifying, and characterizing bacterial, fungal, and viral species. One technique that is suitable for high-throughput analysis is flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization, or Flow-FISH. This technique employs (fluorescently labeled) probes directed against DNA or (m)RNA, for instance targeting a gene or microorganism of interest and provides information on a single-cell level. Furthermore, by combining Flow-FISH with antibody-based protein detection, proteins of interest can be measured simultaneously with genetic material. Additionally, depending on the type of Flow-FISH assay, Flow-FISH can also be multiplexed, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of multiple gene targets and/or microorganisms. Together, this allows for, e.g., single-cell gene expression analysis or identification of (sub)strains in mixed cultures. Flow-FISH has been used in mammalian cells but has also been extensively employed to study diverse microbial species. Here, the use of Flow-FISH for studying microorganisms is reviewed. Specifically, the detection of (intracellular) pathogens, studying microorganism biology and disease pathogenesis, and identification of bacterial, fungal, and viral strains in mixed cultures is discussed, with a particular focus on the viruses EBV, HIV-1, and SARS-CoV-2.
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18
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Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081509. [PMID: 34452374 PMCID: PMC8402684 DOI: 10.3390/v13081509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents (order Rodentia), followed by bats (order Chiroptera), comprise the largest percentage of living mammals on earth. Thus, it is not surprising that these two orders account for many of the reservoirs of the zoonotic RNA viruses discovered to date. The spillover of these viruses from wildlife to human do not typically result in pandemics but rather geographically confined outbreaks of human infection and disease. While limited geographically, these viruses cause thousands of cases of human disease each year. In this review, we focus on three questions regarding zoonotic viruses that originate in bats and rodents. First, what biological strategies have evolved that allow RNA viruses to reside in bats and rodents? Second, what are the environmental and ecological causes that drive viral spillover? Third, how does virus spillover occur from bats and rodents to humans?
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Chazal N. Coronavirus, the King Who Wanted More Than a Crown: From Common to the Highly Pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, Is the Key in the Accessory Genes? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682603. [PMID: 34335504 PMCID: PMC8317507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that emerged in late 2019, is the etiologic agent of the current "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has serious health implications and a significant global economic impact. Of the seven human coronaviruses, all of which have a zoonotic origin, the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is the third emerging coronavirus, in the 21st century, highly pathogenic to the human population. Previous human coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) have already provided several valuable information on some of the common molecular and cellular mechanisms of coronavirus infections as well as their origin. However, to meet the new challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a detailed understanding of the biological specificities, as well as knowledge of the origin are crucial to provide information on viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and to enable strategies for therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 knowledges, in light of pre-existing information of other recently emerging coronaviruses. We depict the specificity of the immune response of wild bats and discuss current knowledge of the genetic diversity of bat-hosted coronaviruses that promotes viral genome expansion (accessory gene acquisition). In addition, we describe the basic virology of coronaviruses with a special focus SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we highlight, in detail, the current knowledge of genes and accessory proteins which we postulate to be the major keys to promote virus adaptation to specific hosts (bat and human), to contribute to the suppression of immune responses, as well as to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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20
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Rossi A, Pacella I, Piconese S. RNA Flow Cytometry for the Study of T Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083906. [PMID: 33918901 PMCID: PMC8069477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells undergo activation and differentiation programs along a continuum of states that can be tracked through flow cytometry using a combination of surface and intracellular markers. Such dynamic behavior is the result of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events, initiated and sustained by the activation of specific transcription factors and by epigenetic remodeling. These signaling pathways are tightly integrated with metabolic routes in a bidirectional manner: on the one hand, T cell receptors and costimulatory molecules activate metabolic reprogramming; on the other hand, metabolites modify T cell transcriptional programs and functions. Flow cytometry represents an invaluable tool to analyze the integration of phenotypical, functional, metabolic and transcriptional features, at the single cell level in heterogeneous T cell populations, and from complex microenvironments, with potential clinical application in monitoring the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the most recent advances in flow cytometry-based analysis of gene expression, in combination with indicators of mitochondrial activity, with the aim of revealing and characterizing major metabolic pathways in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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21
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Leeansyah E, Hey YY, Sia WR, Ng JHJ, Gulam MY, Boulouis C, Zhu F, Ahn M, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Kwa ALH, Sandberg JK, Wang LF. MR1-Restricted T Cells with MAIT-like Characteristics Are Functionally Conserved in the Pteropid Bat Pteropus alecto. iScience 2020; 23:101876. [PMID: 33344919 PMCID: PMC7736909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for a large number of viruses which have potential to cause major human disease outbreaks, including the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Major efforts are underway to understand bat immune response to viruses, whereas much less is known about their immune responses to bacteria. In this study, MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells were detected through the use of MR1 tetramers in circulation and tissues of Pteropus alecto (Pa) bats. Pa MR1T cells exhibited weak responses to MR1-presented microbial metabolites at resting state. However, following priming with MR1-presented agonist they proliferated, upregulated critical transcription factors and cytolytic proteins, and gained transient expression of Th1/17-related cytokines and antibacterial cytotoxicity. Collectively, these findings show that the Pa bat immune system encompasses an abundant and functionally conserved population of MR1T cells with mucosal-associated invariant T-like characteristics, suggesting that MR1 and MR1T cells also play a significant role in bat immune defense. MR1T cells are present in Pa bats and react to MR1-presented microbial metabolites Pa MR1T cells upregulate Prf and MAIT-associated TFs upon culture with MR1 agonists Upon stimulation, Pa MR1T cells rapidly and transiently express TNF and IL-17 Pa MR1T cells kill E. coli and MR1 agonist-pulsed cells in an MR1-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Leeansyah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden.,Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Justin Han Jia Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Yaaseen Gulam
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Lay Hoon Kwa
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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22
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Guito JC, Prescott JB, Arnold CE, Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Spengler JR, Sealy TK, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Kulcsar KA, Nagle ER, Kumar R, Palacios GF, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Towner JS. Asymptomatic Infection of Marburg Virus Reservoir Bats Is Explained by a Strategy of Immunoprotective Disease Tolerance. Curr Biol 2020; 31:257-270.e5. [PMID: 33157026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is among the most virulent pathogens of primates, including humans. Contributors to severe MARV disease include immune response suppression and inflammatory gene dysregulation ("cytokine storm"), leading to systemic damage and often death. Conversely, MARV causes little to no clinical disease in its reservoir host, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB). Previous genomic and in vitro data suggest that a tolerant ERB immune response may underlie MARV avirulence, but no significant examination of this response in vivo yet exists. Here, using colony-bred ERBs inoculated with a bat isolate of MARV, we use species-specific antibodies and an immune gene probe array (NanoString) to temporally characterize the transcriptional host response at sites of MARV replication relevant to primate pathogenesis and immunity, including CD14+ monocytes/macrophages, critical immune response mediators, primary MARV targets, and skin at the inoculation site, where highest viral loads and initial engagement of antiviral defenses are expected. Our analysis shows that ERBs upregulate canonical antiviral genes typical of mammalian systems, such as ISG15, IFIT1, and OAS3, yet demonstrate a remarkable lack of significant induction of proinflammatory genes classically implicated in primate filoviral pathogenesis, including CCL8, FAS, and IL6. Together, these findings offer the first in vivo functional evidence for disease tolerance as an immunological mechanism by which the bat reservoir asymptomatically hosts MARV. More broadly, these data highlight factors determining disparate outcomes between reservoir and spillover hosts and defensive strategies likely utilized by bat hosts of other emerging pathogens, knowledge that may guide development of effective antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joseph B Prescott
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine E Arnold
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kirsten A Kulcsar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elyse R Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raina Kumar
- Center for Genome Sciences, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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23
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Diaz-Salazar C, Sun JC. Natural killer cell responses to emerging viruses of zoonotic origin. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:97-111. [PMID: 32784125 PMCID: PMC7415341 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases pose a major threat to public health worldwide. Nearly all emerging viruses, including Ebola, Dengue, Nipah, West Nile, Zika, and coronaviruses (including SARS-Cov2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic), have zoonotic origins, indicating that animal-to-human transmission constitutes a primary mode of acquisition of novel infectious diseases. Why these viruses can cause profound pathologies in humans, while natural reservoir hosts often show little evidence of disease is not completely understood. Differences in the host immune response, especially within the innate compartment, have been suggested to be involved in this divergence. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a critical role in the early antiviral response, secreting effector cytokines and clearing infected cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms through which NK cells interact with viruses, their contribution towards maintaining equilibrium between the virus and its natural host, and their role in disease progression in humans and other non-natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz-Salazar
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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24
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Melenotte C, Silvin A, Goubet AG, Lahmar I, Dubuisson A, Zumla A, Raoult D, Merad M, Gachot B, Hénon C, Solary E, Fontenay M, André F, Maeurer M, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Wang FS, Ginhoux F, Marabelle A, Kroemer G, Derosa L, Zitvogel L. Immune responses during COVID-19 infection. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1807836. [PMID: 32939324 PMCID: PMC7480812 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1807836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 16 years, three coronaviruses (CoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and 2015, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, have been causing severe and fatal human epidemics. The unpredictability of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) poses a major burden on health care and economic systems across the world. This is caused by the paucity of in-depth knowledge of the risk factors for severe COVID-19, insufficient diagnostic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the absence of specific and effective drug treatments. While protective humoral and cellular immune responses are usually mounted against these betacoronaviruses, immune responses to SARS-CoV2 sometimes derail towards inflammatory tissue damage, leading to rapid admissions to intensive care units. The lack of knowledge on mechanisms that tilt the balance between these two opposite outcomes poses major threats to many ongoing clinical trials dealing with immunostimulatory or immunoregulatory therapeutics. This review will discuss innate and cognate immune responses underlying protective or deleterious immune reactions against these pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléa Melenotte
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Infectious Diseases, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- Infectious Diseases, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Anne-Gaëlle Goubet
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Imran Lahmar
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Agathe Dubuisson
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Didier Raoult
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Infectious Diseases, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Mansouria Merad
- Service de Urgences et de Permanence des Soins, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Eric Solary
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Michaela Fontenay
- INSERM U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Markus Maeurer
- Immunosurgery, Immunotherapy Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Med Clinic, University of Mainz, Mayence, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Epidemiologia Ricerca Pre-Clinica e Diagnostica Avanzata, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Disease IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Infectious Diseases, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie,Pathologie – PUI – Hygiène, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Lisa Derosa
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
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25
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Banerjee A, Baker ML, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Plowright R, Mossman K. Novel Insights Into Immune Systems of Bats. Front Immunol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32117225 PMCID: PMC7025585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, viruses similar to those that cause serious disease in humans and other mammals have been detected in apparently healthy bats. These include filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses that cause severe diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. The evolution of flight in bats seem to have selected for a unique set of antiviral immune responses that control virus propagation, while limiting self-damaging inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize our current understanding of antiviral immune responses in bats and discuss their ability to co-exist with emerging viruses that cause serious disease in other mammals. We highlight how this knowledge may help us to predict viral spillovers into new hosts and discuss future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raina Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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26
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Gamage AM, Zhu F, Ahn M, Foo RJH, Hey YY, Low DHW, Mendenhall IH, Dutertre CA, Wang LF. Immunophenotyping monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes in the Pteropodid bat Eonycteris spelaea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:309. [PMID: 31941952 PMCID: PMC6962400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are asymptomatic reservoir hosts for several highly pathogenic viruses. Understanding this enigmatic relationship between bats and emerging zoonotic viruses requires tools and approaches which enable the comparative study of bat immune cell populations and their functions. We show that bat genomes have a conservation of immune marker genes which delineate phagocyte populations in humans, while lacking key mouse surface markers such as Ly6C and Ly6G. Cross-reactive antibodies against CD44, CD11b, CD14, MHC II, and CD206 were multiplexed to characterize circulating monocytes, granulocytes, bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and lung alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea. Transcriptional profiling of bat monocytes and BMDMs identified additional markers – including MARCO, CD68, CD163, CD172α, and CD88 – which can be used to further characterize bat myeloid populations. Bat cells often resembled their human counterparts when comparing immune parameters that are divergent between humans and mice, such as the expression patterns of certain immune cell markers. A genome-wide comparison of immune-related genes also revealed a much closer phylogenetic relationship between bats and humans compared to rodents. Taken together, this study provides a set of tools and a comparative framework which will be important for unravelling viral disease tolerance mechanisms in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshamal M Gamage
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Jee Hiang Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Zhang Z, Mu Y, Shan L, Sun D, Guo W, Yu Z, Tian R, Xu S, Yang G. Divergent Evolution of TRC Genes in Mammalian Niche Adaptation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:871. [PMID: 31068942 PMCID: PMC6491686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches, which in turn can be affected by various ecological factors, especially in relation to immunity. The canonical TRC repertoire (TRAC, TRBC, TRGC, and TRDC) codes C regions of T cell receptor chains that form the primary antigen receptors involved in the activation of cellular immunity. At present, little is known about the correlation between the evolution of mammalian TRC genes and ecological factors. In this study, four types canonical of TRC genes were identified from 37 mammalian species. Phylogenetic comparative methods (phyANOVA and PGLS) and selective pressure analyses among different groups of ecological factors (habitat, diet, and sociality) were carried out. The results showed that habitat was the major ecological factor shaping mammalian TRC repertoires. Specifically, trade-off between TRGC numbers and positive selection of TRAC and the balanced evolutionary rates between TRAC and TRDC genes were speculated as two main mechanisms in adaption to habitat and sociality. Overall, our study suggested divergent mechanisms for the evolution of TRCs, prompting mammalian immunity adaptions within diverse niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Virally-vectored vaccine candidates against white-nose syndrome induce anti-fungal immune response in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6788. [PMID: 31043669 PMCID: PMC6494898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) caused by the fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) has killed millions of North American hibernating bats. Currently, methods to prevent the disease are limited. We conducted two trials to assess potential WNS vaccine candidates in wild-caught Myotis lucifugus. In a pilot study, we immunized bats with one of four vaccine treatments or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control and challenged them with Pd upon transfer into hibernation chambers. Bats in one vaccine-treated group, that received raccoon poxviruses (RCN) expressing Pd calnexin (CAL) and serine protease (SP), developed WNS at a lower rate (1/10) than other treatments combined (14/23), although samples sizes were small. The results of a second similar trial provided additional support for this observation. Bats vaccinated orally or by injection with RCN-CAL and RCN-SP survived Pd challenge at a significantly higher rate (P = 0.01) than controls. Using RT-PCR and flow cytometry, combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization, we determined that expression of IFN-γ transcripts and the number of CD4 + T-helper cells transcribing this gene were elevated (P < 0.10) in stimulated lymphocytes from surviving vaccinees (n = 15) compared to controls (n = 3). We conclude that vaccination with virally-vectored Pd antigens induced antifungal immunity that could potentially protect bats against WNS.
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29
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Periasamy P, Hutchinson PE, Chen J, Bonne I, Shahul Hameed SS, Selvam P, Hey YY, Fink K, Irving AT, Dutertre CA, Baker M, Crameri G, Wang LF, Alonso S. Studies on B Cells in the Fruit-Eating Black Flying Fox ( Pteropus alecto). Front Immunol 2019; 10:489. [PMID: 30930908 PMCID: PMC6428034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of bats to act as reservoir for viruses that are highly pathogenic to humans suggests unique properties and functional characteristics of their immune system. However, the lack of bat specific reagents, in particular antibodies, has limited our knowledge of bat's immunity. Here, we report a panel of cross-reactive antibodies against MHC-II, NK1.1, CD3, CD21, CD27, and immunoglobulin (Ig), that allows flow cytometry analysis of B, T and NK cell populations in two different fruit-eating bat species namely, Pteropus alecto and E. spelaea. Results confirmed predominance of T cells in the spleen and blood of bats, as previously reported by us. However, the percentages of B cells in bone marrow and NK cells in spleen varied greatly between wild caught P. alecto bats and E. spelaea colony bats, which may reflect inherent differences of their immune system or different immune status. Other features of bat B cells were investigated. A significant increase in sIg+ B cell population was observed in the spleen and blood from LPS-injected bats but not from poly I:C-injected bats, supporting T-independent polyclonal B cell activation by LPS. Furthermore, using an in vitro calcium release assay, P. alecto B cells exhibited significant calcium release upon cross-linking of their B cell receptor. Together, this work contributes to improve our knowledge of bat adaptive immunity in particular B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Periasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul E. Hutchinson
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shahana Shereene Shahul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pavithra Selvam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Baker
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- Crameri Research Consulting, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Thornton S, Tan R, Sproles A, Do T, Schick J, Grom AA, DeLay M, Schulert GS. A Multiparameter Flow Cytometry Analysis Panel to Assess CD163 mRNA and Protein in Monocyte and Macrophage Populations in Hyperinflammatory Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1635-1643. [PMID: 30683706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD163 facilitates regulation and resolution of inflammation and removal of free hemoglobin and is highly expressed in myeloid cells from patients with inflammatory disorders, such as systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Our recent studies indicate that regulation of CD163 mRNA expression is a key functional property of polarized monocytes and macrophages and is mediated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level, including via microRNAs. The goal of the current study is to develop a multiparameter flow cytometry panel incorporating detection of CD163 mRNA for polarized monocyte and macrophage populations in disorders such as SJIA and MAS. THP-1 cells and CD14+ human monocytes were stained using fluorochrome-conjugated Abs to myeloid surface markers, along with CD163 mRNA. Staining for mRNA could reliably detect CD163 expression while simultaneously detecting different macrophage populations using Abs targeting CD14, CD64, CD80, CD163, and CD209. This approach was found to be highly sensitive for increased mRNA expression when macrophages were polarized with IL-10 [M(IL-10)], with a strong signal over a broad range of IL-10 concentrations, and showed distinct kinetics of CD163 mRNA and protein induction upon IL-10 stimulation. Finally, this panel demonstrated clear changes in polarization markers in unstimulated monocytes from patients with SJIA and MAS, including upregulated CD163 mRNA and increased CD64 expression. This approach represents a robust and sensitive system for RNA flow cytometry, useful for studying CD163 expression as part of a multimarker panel for human monocytes and macrophages, with broad applicability to the pathogenesis of hyperinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Thornton
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Rachel Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Alyssa Sproles
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Jonathan Schick
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Alexei A Grom
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Monica DeLay
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Grant S Schulert
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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31
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Mandl JN, Schneider C, Schneider DS, Baker ML. Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2112. [PMID: 30294323 PMCID: PMC6158362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of viruses that have caused recent epidemics with high lethality rates in people, are zoonoses originating from wildlife. Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. Intriguingly, these viruses also all originate from bat reservoirs. Bats have been shown to have a greater mean viral richness than predicted by their phylogenetic distance from humans, their geographic range, or their presence in urban areas, suggesting other traits must explain why bats harbor a greater number of zoonotic viruses than other mammals. Bats are highly unusual among mammals in other ways as well. Not only are they the only mammals capable of powered flight, they have extraordinarily long life spans, with little detectable increases in mortality or senescence until high ages. Their physiology likely impacted their history of pathogen exposure and necessitated adaptations that may have also affected immune signaling pathways. Do our life history traits make us susceptible to generating damaging immune responses to RNA viruses or does the physiology of bats make them particularly tolerant or resistant? Understanding what immune mechanisms enable bats to coexist with RNA viruses may provide critical fundamental insights into how to achieve greater resilience in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N. Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David S. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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32
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Kessler MK, Becker DJ, Peel AJ, Justice NV, Lunn T, Crowley DE, Jones DN, Eby P, Sánchez CA, Plowright RK. Changing resource landscapes and spillover of henipaviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1429:78-99. [PMID: 30138535 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) provide critical pollination and seed dispersal services to forest ecosystems across Africa, Asia, and Australia. In each of these regions, pteropodids have been identified as natural reservoir hosts for henipaviruses. The genus Henipavirus includes Hendra virus and Nipah virus, which regularly spill over from bats to domestic animals and humans in Australia and Asia, and a suite of largely uncharacterized African henipaviruses. Rapid change in fruit bat habitat and associated shifts in their ecology and behavior are well documented, with evidence suggesting that altered diet, roosting habitat, and movement behaviors are increasing spillover risk of bat-borne viruses. We review the ways that changing resource landscapes affect the processes that culminate in cross-species transmission of henipaviruses, from reservoir host density and distribution to within-host immunity and recipient host exposure. We evaluate existing evidence and highlight gaps in knowledge that are limiting our understanding of the ecological drivers of henipavirus spillover. When considering spillover in the context of land-use change, we emphasize that it is especially important to disentangle the effects of habitat loss and resource provisioning on these processes, and to jointly consider changes in resource abundance, quality, and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,The Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan V Justice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Tamika Lunn
- The Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Devin N Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Peggy Eby
- The School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia A Sánchez
- The Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,The Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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33
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Bat-mouse bone marrow chimera: a novel animal model for dissecting the uniqueness of the bat immune system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4726. [PMID: 29549333 PMCID: PMC5856848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an important animal model with long lifespans, low incidences of tumorigenesis and an ability to asymptomatically harbour pathogens. Currently, in vivo studies of bats are hampered due to their low reproduction rates. To overcome this, we transplanted bat cells from bone marrow (BM) and spleen into an immunodeficient mouse strain NOD-scid IL-2R−/− (NSG), and have successfully established stable, long-term reconstitution of bat immune cells in mice (bat-mice). Immune functionality of our bat-mouse model was demonstrated through generation of antigen-specific antibody response by bat cells following immunization. Post-engraftment of total bat BM cells and splenocytes, bat immune cells survived, expanded and repopulated the mouse without any observable clinical abnormalities. Utilizing bat’s remarkable immunological functions, this novel model has a potential to be transformed into a powerful platform for basic and translational research.
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34
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Banerjee A, Misra V, Schountz T, Baker ML. Tools to study pathogen-host interactions in bats. Virus Res 2018; 248:5-12. [PMID: 29454637 PMCID: PMC7114677 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bats are important reservoir hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses. Viruses detected in bats are difficult to isolate using traditional cell lines. Bat cell lines provide critical tools to dissect host pathogen interactions. Little is known about immune cell populations and their responses in bats. Sharing reagents and cell lines will accelerate research and virus discovery.
Bats are natural reservoirs for a variety of emerging viruses that cause significant disease in humans and domestic animals yet rarely cause clinical disease in bats. The co-evolutionary history of bats with viruses has been hypothesized to have shaped the bat-virus relationship, allowing both to exist in equilibrium. Progress in understanding bat-virus interactions and the isolation of bat-borne viruses has been accelerated in recent years by the development of susceptible bat cell lines. Viral sequences similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) have been detected in bats, and filoviruses such as Marburg virus have been isolated from bats, providing definitive evidence for the role of bats as the natural host reservoir. Although viruses can be readily detected in bats using molecular approaches, virus isolation is far more challenging. One of the limitations in using traditional culture systems from non-reservoir species is that cell types and culture conditions may not be compatible for isolation of bat-borne viruses. There is, therefore, a need to develop additional bat cell lines that correspond to different cell types, including less represented cell types such as immune cells, and culture them under more physiologically relevant conditions to study virus host interactions and for virus isolation. In this review, we highlight the current progress in understanding bat-virus interactions in bat cell line systems and some of the challenges and limitations associated with cell lines. Future directions to address some of these challenges to better understand host-pathogen interactions in these intriguing mammals are also discussed, not only in relation to viruses but also other pathogens carried by bats including bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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35
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Lack of inflammatory gene expression in bats: a unique role for a transcription repressor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2232. [PMID: 28533548 PMCID: PMC5440382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years viruses similar to those that appear to cause no overt disease in bats have spilled-over to humans and other species causing serious disease. Since pathology in such diseases is often attributed to an over-active inflammatory response, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells respond to stimulation of their receptors for viral ligands with a strong antiviral response, but unlike in human cells, the inflammatory response is not overtly activated. We compared the response of human and bat cells to poly(I:C), a viral double-stranded RNA surrogate. We measured transcripts for several inflammatory, interferon and interferon stimulated genes using quantitative real-time PCR and observed that human and bat cells both, when stimulated with poly(I:C), contained higher levels of transcripts for interferon beta than unstimulated cells. In contrast, only human cells expressed robust amount of RNA for TNFα, a cell signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation. We examined the bat TNFα promoter and found a potential repressor (c-Rel) binding motif. We demonstrated that c-Rel binds to the putative c-Rel motif in the promoter and knocking down c-Rel transcripts significantly increased basal levels of TNFα transcripts. Our results suggest bats may have a unique mechanism to suppress inflammatory pathology.
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36
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Menachery VD, Graham RL, Baric RS. Jumping species-a mechanism for coronavirus persistence and survival. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 23:1-7. [PMID: 28214731 PMCID: PMC5474123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of novel viruses represents a significant threat to global public health and is fueled by globalization, the loss of natural habitats, and exposure to new hosts. For coronaviruses (CoVs), broad diversity exists within bat populations and uniquely positions them to seed future emergence events. In this review, we explore the host and viral dynamics that shape these CoV populations for survival, amplification, and possible emergence in novel hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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