1
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Davila KMS, Nelli RK, Mora-Díaz JC, Sang Y, Miller LC, Giménez-Lirola LG. Transcriptome Analysis in Air-Liquid Interface Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures Reveals That the Betacoronavirus Porcine Encephalomyelitis Hemagglutinating Virus Induces a Robust Interferon Response to Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:939. [PMID: 38932231 PMCID: PMC11209522 DOI: 10.3390/v16060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) replicates in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs. Using an air-liquid interface porcine respiratory epithelial cells (ALI-PRECs) culture system, we demonstrated that PHEV disrupts respiratory epithelia homeostasis by impairing ciliary function and inducing antiviral, pro-inflammatory cytokine, and chemokine responses. This study explores the mechanisms driving early innate immune responses during PHEV infection through host transcriptome analysis. Total RNA was collected from ALI-PRECs at 24, 36, and 48 h post inoculation (hpi). RNA-seq analysis was performed using an Illumina Hiseq 600 to generate 100 bp paired-end reads. Differential gene expression was analyzed using DeSeq2. PHEV replicated actively in ALI-PRECs, causing cytopathic changes and progressive mucociliary disruption. Transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of cilia-associated genes such as CILK1, DNAH11, LRRC-23, -49, and -51, and acidic sialomucin CD164L2. PHEV also activated antiviral signaling pathways, significantly increasing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (RSAD2, MX1, IFIT, and ISG15) and chemokine genes (CCL5 and CXCL10), highlighting inflammatory regulation. This study contributes to elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune response to PHEV infection of the airway epithelium, emphasizing the critical roles of the mucociliary, interferon, and chemokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Sarlo Davila
- Infectious Bacterial Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Rahul K. Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Juan C. Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
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2
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Wolters RM, Ferguson JA, Nuñez IA, Chen EE, Sornberger T, Myers L, Oeverdieck S, Raghavan SSR, Kona C, Handal LS, Esilu TE, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Engdahl TB, Kose N, Williamson LE, Creech CB, Gibson-Corley KN, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Isolation of human antibodies against influenza B neuraminidase and mechanisms of protection at the airway interface. Immunity 2024; 57:1413-1427.e9. [PMID: 38823390 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) comprise a substantial portion of the circulating seasonal human influenza viruses. Here, we describe the isolation of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognized the IBV neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein from an individual following seasonal vaccination. Competition-binding experiments suggested the antibodies recognized two major antigenic sites. One group, which included mAb FluB-393, broadly inhibited IBV NA sialidase activity, protected prophylactically in vivo, and bound to the lateral corner of NA. The second group contained an active site mAb, FluB-400, that broadly inhibited IBV NA sialidase activity and virus replication in vitro in primary human respiratory epithelial cell cultures and protected against IBV in vivo when administered systemically or intranasally. Overall, the findings described here shape our mechanistic understanding of the human immune response to the IBV NA glycoprotein through the demonstration of two mAb delivery routes for protection against IBV and the identification of potential IBV therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Wolters
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James A Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ivette A Nuñez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elaine E Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ty Sornberger
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Svearike Oeverdieck
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sai Sundar Rajan Raghavan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chandrahaas Kona
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | - Taylor B Engdahl
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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3
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Qin L, Meng F, He H, Li S, Zhang H, Sun Y, Zhang W, An T, Cai X, Wang S. Inflammation plays a critical role in damage to the bronchiolar epithelium induced by Trueperella pyogenes in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0027323. [PMID: 37929972 PMCID: PMC10714949 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00273-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes can cause severe pulmonary disease in swine, but the mechanism of pathogenesis is not well defined. T. pyogenes-induced damage to porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs), porcine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), and respiratory epithelium of mice remains unknown. In this study, we used T. pyogenes 20121 to infect PBECs in air-liquid interface conditions and porcine PCLS. T. pyogenes could adhere to, colonize, and induce cytotoxic effect on PBECs and the luminal surface of bronchi in PCLS, which damaged the bronchiolar epithelium. Moreover, bronchiolar epithelial cells showed extensive degeneration in the lungs of infected mice. Furthermore, western blot showed that the NOD-like receptor (NLR)/C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC)/caspase-1 axis and nuclear factor-kappa B pathway were involved in inflammation in PCLS and lungs of mice, which also confirms that porcine PCLS provide a platform to analyze the pulmonary immune response. Meanwhile, the levels of p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p-protein kinase B (AKT) were increased significantly, which indicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways were also involved in inflammation in T. pyogenes-infected mice. In addition, we used T. pyogenes 20121 to infect tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α-/-) mice, and the results indicated that apoptosis and injury in respiratory epithelium of infected tnf-α-/- mice were alleviated. Thus, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α played a role in apoptosis and the respiratory epithelium injury in mouse lungs. Collectively, our study provides insight into the inflammatory injury induced by T. pyogenes and suggests that blocking NLR may be a potential therapeutic strategy against T. pyogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haijuan He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
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4
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Vijaykumar K, Leung HM, Barrios A, Fernandez-Petty CM, Solomon GM, Hathorne HY, Wade JD, Monroe K, Slaten KB, Li Q, Leal SM, Moates DB, Pierce HM, Olson KR, Currier P, Foster S, Marsden D, Tearney GJ, Rowe SM. COVID-19 Causes Ciliary Dysfunction as Demonstrated by Human Intranasal Micro-Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:592-595. [PMID: 38195114 PMCID: PMC10633845 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0177le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kadambari Vijaykumar
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Amilcar Barrios
- Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
| | | | - George M. Solomon
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Justin D. Wade
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Kathryn Monroe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Katie Brand Slaten
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Qian Li
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Sixto M. Leal
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Kristian R. Olson
- Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
- Healthcare Innovation PartnersBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Currier
- Healthcare Innovation PartnersBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Sam Foster
- Healthcare Innovation PartnersBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Doug Marsden
- Healthcare Innovation PartnersBoston, Massachusetts
- ELEVEN, LLCBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterBirmingham, Alabama
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5
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Genna VG, Adamo D, Galaverni G, Lepore F, Boraldi F, Quaglino D, Lococo F, Pellegrini G. Validation of airway porcine epithelial cells as an alternative to human in vitro preclinical studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16290. [PMID: 37770485 PMCID: PMC10539525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are currently used in several fields of biomedical research as useful alternatives to human-based studies. However, the obtained results do not always effectively translate into clinical applications, due to interspecies anatomical and physiological differences. Detailed comparability studies are therefore required to verify whether the selected animal species could be a representative model for the disease or for cellular process under investigation. This has proven to be fundamental to obtaining reliable data from preclinical studies. Among the different species, swine is deemed an excellent animal model in many fields of biological research, and has been largely used in respiratory medicine, considering the high homology between human and swine airways. In the context of in vitro studies, the validation of porcine airway epithelial cells as an alternative to human epithelial cells is crucial. In this paper, porcine and human tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells are compared in terms of in vivo tissue architecture and in vitro cell behaviour under standard and airlifted conditions, analyzing the regenerative, proliferative and differentiative potentials of these cells. We report multiple analogies between the two species, validating the employment of porcine airway epithelial cells for most in vitro preclinical studies, although with some limitations due to species-related divergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giuseppe Genna
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Modena, Italy.
| | - Davide Adamo
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Galaverni
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Lepore
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Lococo
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Modena, Italy.
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6
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Raach B, Bundgaard N, Haase MJ, Starruß J, Sotillo R, Stanifer ML, Graw F. Influence of cell type specific infectivity and tissue composition on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics within human airway epithelium. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011356. [PMID: 37566610 PMCID: PMC10446191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airway epithelium (HAE) represents the primary site of viral infection for SARS-CoV-2. Comprising different cell populations, a lot of research has been aimed at deciphering the major cell types and infection dynamics that determine disease progression and severity. However, the cell type-specific replication kinetics, as well as the contribution of cellular composition of the respiratory epithelium to infection and pathology are still not fully understood. Although experimental advances, including Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of reconstituted pseudostratified HAE, as well as lung organoid systems, allow the observation of infection dynamics under physiological conditions in unprecedented level of detail, disentangling and quantifying the contribution of individual processes and cells to these dynamics remains challenging. Here, we present how a combination of experimental data and mathematical modelling can be used to infer and address the influence of cell type specific infectivity and tissue composition on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics. Using a stepwise approach that integrates various experimental data on HAE culture systems with regard to tissue differentiation and infection dynamics, we develop an individual cell-based model that enables investigation of infection and regeneration dynamics within pseudostratified HAE. In addition, we present a novel method to quantify tissue integrity based on image data related to the standard measures of transepithelial electrical resistance measurements. Our analysis provides a first aim of quantitatively assessing cell type specific infection kinetics and shows how tissue composition and changes in regeneration capacity, as e.g. in smokers, can influence disease progression and pathology. Furthermore, we identified key measurements that still need to be assessed in order to improve inference of cell type specific infection kinetics and disease progression. Our approach provides a method that, in combination with additional experimental data, can be used to disentangle the complex dynamics of viral infection and immunity within human airway epithelial culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Raach
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Bundgaard
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marika J. Haase
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Starruß
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederik Graw
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Medicine 5, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Earnhardt EY, Tipper JL, D’Mello A, Jian MY, Conway ES, Mobley JA, Orihuela CJ, Tettelin H, Harrod KS. Influenza A-induced cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction increases susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170022. [PMID: 37318849 PMCID: PMC10443798 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is commonly complicated by secondary bacterial infections that lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Our recent work demonstrates that IAV disrupts airway homeostasis, leading to airway pathophysiology resembling cystic fibrosis disease through diminished cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function. Here, we use human airway organotypic cultures to investigate how IAV alters the airway microenvironment to increase susceptibility to secondary infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). We observed that IAV-induced CFTR dysfunction and airway surface liquid acidification is central to increasing susceptibility to Spn. Additionally, we observed that IAV induced profound transcriptional changes in the airway epithelium and proteomic changes in the airway surface liquid in both CFTR-dependent and -independent manners. These changes correspond to multiple diminished host defense pathways and altered airway epithelial function. Collectively, these findings highlight both the importance of CFTR function during infectious challenge and demonstrate a central role for the lung epithelium in secondary bacterial infections following IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Y. Earnhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Tipper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adonis D’Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Yuan Jian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elijah S. Conway
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S. Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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8
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Crue T, Lee GY, Peng JYC, Schaunaman N, Agraval H, Day BJ, Dimasuay KG, Cervantes D, Nouri H, Nichols T, Hartsoe P, Numata M, Petrache I, Chu HW. Single cell RNA-sequencing of human precision-cut lung slices: A novel approach to study the effect of vaping and viral infection on lung health. Innate Immun 2023; 29:61-70. [PMID: 37306239 PMCID: PMC10357887 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231181029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaping is an increasing health threat in the US and worldwide. The damaging impact of vaping on the human distal lung has been highlighted by the recent epidemic of electronic cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The pathogenesis of EVALI remains incompletely understood, due to a paucity of models that recapitulate the structural and functional complexity of the human distal lung and the still poorly defined culprit exposures to vaping products and respiratory viral infections. Our aim was to establish the feasibility of using single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology in human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) as a more physiologically relevant model to better understand how vaping regulates the antiviral and pro-inflammatory response to influenza A virus infection. Normal healthy donor PCLS were treated with vaping extract and influenza A viruses for scRNA-seq analysis. Vaping extract augmented host antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses in structural cells such as lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as in immune cells such as macrophages and monocytes. Our findings suggest that human distal lung slice model is useful to study the heterogeneous responses of immune and structural cells under EVALI conditions, such as vaping and respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Crue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hina Agraval
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Diana Cervantes
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hamid Nouri
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Taylor Nichols
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Paige Hartsoe
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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9
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Burgher Pulgaron Y, Provost C, Pesant MJ, Gagnon CA. Porcine Circovirus Modulates Swine Influenza Virus Replication in Pig Tracheal Epithelial Cells and Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051207. [PMID: 37243291 DOI: 10.3390/v15051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and swine influenza A virus (SwIV) during co-infection in swine respiratory cells is poorly understood. To elucidate the impact of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection, newborn porcine tracheal epithelial cells (NPTr) and immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages (iPAM 3D4/21) were co-infected with PCV2b and SwIV (H1N1 or H3N2 genotype). Viral replication, cell viability and cytokine mRNA expression were determined and compared between single-infected and co-infected cells. Finally, 3'mRNA sequencing was performed to identify the modulation of gene expression and cellular pathways in co-infected cells. It was found that PCV2b significantly decreased or improved SwIV replication in co-infected NPTr and iPAM 3D4/21 cells, respectively, compared to single-infected cells. Interestingly, PCV2b/SwIV co-infection synergistically up-regulated IFN expression in NPTr cells, whereas in iPAM 3D4/21 cells, PCV2b impaired the SwIV IFN induced response, both correlating with SwIV replication modulation. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that the modulation of gene expression and enriched cellular pathways during PCV2b/SwIV H1N1 co-infection is regulated in a cell-type-dependent manner. This study revealed different outcomes of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection in porcine epithelial cells and macrophages and provides new insights on porcine viral co-infections pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaima Burgher Pulgaron
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FRQ), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Chantale Provost
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Centre de Diagnostic Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal (CDVUM), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Pesant
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FRQ), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FRQ), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Centre de Diagnostic Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal (CDVUM), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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10
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Lieber CM, Aggarwal M, Yoon JJ, Cox RM, Kang HJ, Sourimant J, Toots M, Johnson SK, Jones CA, Sticher ZM, Kolykhalov AA, Saindane MT, Tompkins SM, Planz O, Painter GR, Natchus MG, Sakamoto K, Plemper RK. 4'-Fluorouridine mitigates lethal infection with pandemic human and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011342. [PMID: 37068076 PMCID: PMC10138230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. 4'-FlU inhibited a panel of relevant influenza A and B viruses with nanomolar to sub-micromolar potency in HAE cells. In vitro polymerase assays revealed immediate chain termination of IAV polymerase after 4'-FlU incorporation, in contrast to delayed chain termination of SARS-CoV-2 and RSV polymerase. Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. Treatment of mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 (pdmCa09) with 4'-FlU alleviated pneumonia. Three doses mediated complete survival when treatment was initiated up to 60 hours after infection, indicating a broad time window for effective intervention. Therapeutic oral 4'-FlU ensured survival of animals infected with HPAI A/VN/12/2003 (H5N1) and of immunocompromised mice infected with pdmCa09. Recoverees were protected against homologous reinfection. This study defines the mechanistic foundation for high sensitivity of influenza viruses to 4'-FlU and supports 4'-FlU as developmental candidate for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Lieber
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Megha Aggarwal
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert M Cox
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ji Kang
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mart Toots
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A Jones
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary M Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander A Kolykhalov
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Manohar T Saindane
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oliver Planz
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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11
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Su A, Yan M, Pavasutthipaisit S, Wicke KD, Grassl GA, Beineke A, Felmy F, Schmidt S, Esser KH, Becher P, Herrler G. Infection Studies with Airway Organoids from Carollia perspicillata Indicate That the Respiratory Epithelium Is Not a Barrier for Interspecies Transmission of Influenza Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0309822. [PMID: 36916937 PMCID: PMC10100918 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03098-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are a natural reservoir for many viruses and are considered to play an important role in the interspecies transmission of viruses. To analyze the susceptibility of bat airway cells to infection by viruses of other mammalian species, we developed an airway organoid culture model derived from airways of Carollia perspicillata. Application of specific antibodies for fluorescent staining indicated that the cell composition of organoids resembled those of bat trachea and lungs as determined by immunohistochemistry. Infection studies indicated that Carollia perspicillata bat airway organoids (AOs) from the trachea or the lung are highly susceptible to infection by two different porcine influenza A viruses. The bat AOs were also used to develop an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture system of filter-grown epithelial cells. Infection of these cells showed the same characteristics, including lower virulence and enhanced replication and release of the H1N1/2006 virus compared to infection with H3N2/2007. These observations agreed with the results obtained by infection of porcine ALI cultures with these two virus strains. Interestingly, lectin staining indicated that bat airway cells only contain a small amount of alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid, the preferred receptor determinant for mammalian influenza A viruses. In contrast, large amounts of alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid, the preferred receptor determinant for avian influenza viruses, are present in bat airway epithelial cells. Therefore, bat airway cells may be susceptible not only to mammalian but also to avian influenza viruses. Our culture models, which can be extended to other parts of the airways and to other species, provide a promising tool to analyze virus infectivity and the transmission of viruses both from bats to other species and from other species to bats. IMPORTANCE We developed an organoid culture system derived from the airways of the bat species Carollia perspicillata. Using this cell system, we showed that the airway epithelium of these bats is highly susceptible to infection by influenza viruses of other mammalian species and thus is not a barrier for interspecies transmission. These organoids provide an almost unlimited supply of airway epithelial cells that can be used to generate well-differentiated epithelial cells and perform infection studies. The establishment of the organoid model required only three animals, and can be extended to other epithelia (nose, intestine) as well as to other species (bat and other animal species). Therefore, organoids promise to be a valuable tool for future zoonosis research on the interspecies transmission of viruses (e.g., bat → intermediate host → human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miaomiao Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Suvarin Pavasutthipaisit
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathrin D. Wicke
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Felmy
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Esser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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12
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In Vitro Characteristics of Canine Primary Tracheal Epithelial Cells Maintained at an Air-Liquid Interface Compared to In Vivo Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054987. [PMID: 36902418 PMCID: PMC10003254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culturing respiratory epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI) represents an established method for studies on infection or toxicology by the generation of an in vivo-like respiratory tract epithelial cellular layer. Although primary respiratory cells from a variety of animals have been cultured, an in-depth characterization of canine tracheal ALI cultures is lacking despite the fact that canines are a highly relevant animal species susceptible to various respiratory agents, including zoonotic pathogens such as severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, canine primary tracheal epithelial cells were cultured under ALI conditions for four weeks, and their development was characterized during the entire culture period. Light and electron microscopy were performed to evaluate cell morphology in correlation with the immunohistological expression profile. The formation of tight junctions was confirmed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and immunofluorescence staining for the junctional protein ZO-1. After 21 days of culture at the ALI, a columnar epithelium containing basal, ciliated and goblet cells was seen, resembling native canine tracheal samples. However, cilia formation, goblet cell distribution and epithelial thickness differed significantly from the native tissue. Despite this limitation, tracheal ALI cultures could be used to investigate the pathomorphological interactions of canine respiratory diseases and zoonotic agents.
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13
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Kojima H, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Ariyoshi T, Kosaka A, Washino T, Sakamoto N, Iwabuchi S, Makino J. Non-serogroupable Neisseria meningitidis pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report. IDCases 2022; 31:e01656. [PMID: 36505907 PMCID: PMC9732397 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-serogroupable Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis), the most common type of N. meningitidis in asymptomatic carriers, rarely causes infections. Most reported cases of infection are in patients with immunodeficiency, primarily complement deficiencies. Case presentation A 54-year-old immunocompetent man was transferred to our hospital to treat severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The patient presented with cough producing a large amount of purulent sputum, which was considered an atypical presentation of COVID-19. Gram staining of the sputum revealed a large number of gram-negative diplococci phagocytosed by many neutrophils, and a diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia was established. The culture yielded non-serogroupable N. meningitidis, and the patient was diagnosed with non-serogroupable N. meningitidis pneumonia. Potential immunodeficiency was considered; however, testing including human immunodeficiency virus and complement factors showed no abnormalities. Conclusions We report herein a rare case of non-serogroupable N. meningitidis pneumonia that occurred in an immunocompetent patient during the course of severe COVID-19. We consider impaired T cell function attributable to COVID-19 and dexamethasone administration may have triggered a transient immunosuppressive state and led to non-serogroupable N. meningitidis pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kojima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ariyoshi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kosaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Takuya Washino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Sentaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Jun Makino
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
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14
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Kelly JN, Laloli L, V’kovski P, Holwerda M, Portmann J, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Comprehensive single cell analysis of pandemic influenza A virus infection in the human airways uncovers cell-type specific host transcriptional signatures relevant for disease progression and pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978824. [PMID: 36268025 PMCID: PMC9576848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium constitutes the first line of defense against invading respiratory pathogens, such as the 2009 pandemic strain of influenza A virus (IAV, H1N1pdm09), and plays a crucial role in the host antiviral response to infection. Despite its importance, however, it remains unknown how individual cell types within the respiratory epithelium respond to IAV infection or how the latter may influence IAV disease progression and pathogenesis. Here, we used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect the host response to IAV infection in its natural target cells. scRNA-seq was performed on human airway epithelial cell (hAEC) cultures infected with either wild-type pandemic IAV (WT) or with a mutant version of IAV (NS1R38A) that induced a robust innate immune response. We then characterized both the host and viral transcriptomes of more than 19,000 single cells across the 5 major cell types populating the human respiratory epithelium. For all cell types, we observed a wide spectrum of viral burden among single infected cells and a disparate host response between infected and bystander populations. Interestingly, we also identified multiple key differences in the host response to IAV among individual cell types, including high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in secretory and basal cells and an important role for luminal cells in sensing and restricting incoming virus. Multiple infected cell types were shown to upregulate interferons (IFN), with type III IFNs clearly dominating the antiviral response. Transcriptional changes in genes related to cell differentiation, cell migration, and tissue repair were also identified. Strikingly, we also detected a shift in viral host cell tropism from non-ciliated cells to ciliated cells at later stages of infection and observed major changes in the cellular composition. Microscopic analysis of both WT and NS1R38A virus-infected hAECs at various stages of IAV infection revealed that the transcriptional changes we observed at 18 hpi were likely driving the downstream histopathological alterations in the airway epithelium. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive analysis of the cell type-specific host antiviral response to influenza virus infection in its natural target cells – namely, the human respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ronald Dijkman,
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15
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Runft S, Färber I, Krüger J, Krüger N, Armando F, Rocha C, Pöhlmann S, Burigk L, Leitzen E, Ciurkiewicz M, Braun A, Schneider D, Baumgärtner L, Freisleben B, Baumgärtner W. Alternatives to animal models and their application in the discovery of species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infectious pathogens: A review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:565-577. [PMID: 35130766 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inspired rapid research efforts targeting the host range, pathogenesis and transmission mechanisms, and the development of antiviral strategies. Genetically modified mice, rhesus macaques, ferrets, and Syrian golden hamsters have been frequently used in studies of pathogenesis and efficacy of antiviral compounds and vaccines. However, alternatives to in vivo experiments, such as immortalized cell lines, primary respiratory epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface, stem/progenitor cell-derived organoids, or tissue explants, have also been used for isolation of SARS-CoV-2, investigation of cytopathic effects, and pathogen-host interactions. Moreover, initial proof-of-concept studies for testing therapeutic agents can be performed with these tools, showing that animal-sparing cell culture methods could significantly reduce the need for animal models in the future, following the 3R principles of replace, reduce, and refine. So far, only few studies using animal-derived primary cells or tissues have been conducted in SARS-CoV-2 research, although natural infection has been shown to occur in several animal species. Therefore, the need for in-depth investigations on possible interspecies transmission routes and differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is urgent. This review gives an overview of studies employing alternative culture systems like primary cell cultures, tissue explants, or organoids for investigations of the pathophysiology and reverse zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. In addition, future possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 research in animals, including previously neglected methods like the use of precision-cut lung slices, will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Runft
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Färber
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Krüger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Federico Armando
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Burigk
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Influenza Virus Infections in Polarized Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061307. [PMID: 35746778 PMCID: PMC9231244 DOI: 10.3390/v14061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of proteins and glycans, which serve as receptors during influenza virus infection. Attachment between these host receptors and the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) initiates the influenza virus life cycle. However, the virus receptor binding specificities may not be static. Sialylated N-glycans are the most well-characterized receptors but are not essential for the entry of influenza viruses, and other molecules, such as O-glycans and non-sialylated glycans, may be involved in virus-cell attachment. Furthermore, correct cell polarity and directional trafficking of molecules are essential for the orderly development of the system and affect successful influenza infection; on the other hand, influenza infection can also change cell polarity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of humans and other mammals, particularly the attachment between the virus and the surface of the polar cells and the polarity variation of these cells due to virus infection.
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17
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SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Cilia and Basal Cell Homeostasis in the Respiratory Epithelium of Hamsters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095124. [PMID: 35563514 PMCID: PMC9102945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to many other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 targets the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium and compromises mucociliary clearance, thereby facilitating spread to the lungs and paving the way for secondary infections. A detailed understanding of mechanism involved in ciliary loss and subsequent regeneration is crucial to assess the possible long-term consequences of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to characterize the sequence of histological and ultrastructural changes observed in the ciliated epithelium during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the golden Syrian hamster model. We show that acute infection induces a severe, transient loss of cilia, which is, at least in part, caused by cilia internalization. Internalized cilia colocalize with membrane invaginations, facilitating virus entry into the cell. Infection also results in a progressive decline in cells expressing the regulator of ciliogenesis FOXJ1, which persists beyond virus clearance and the termination of inflammatory changes. Ciliary loss triggers the mobilization of p73+ and CK14+ basal cells, which ceases after regeneration of the cilia. Although ciliation is restored after two weeks despite the lack of FOXJ1, an increased frequency of cilia with ultrastructural alterations indicative of secondary ciliary dyskinesia is observed. In summary, the work provides new insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and expands our understanding of virally induced damage to defense mechanisms in the conducting airways.
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18
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Shin DL, Siebert U, Haas L, Valentin-Weigand P, Herrler G, Wu NH. Primary harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) airway epithelial cells show high susceptibility to infection by a seal-derived influenza A virus (H5N8). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2378-e2388. [PMID: 35504691 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N8 subtype have been circulating in Europe and Asia since 2016, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. A new wave of H5Nx infections has begun in 2020. The viruses mainly infect wild birds and waterfowl; from there they spread to poultry and cause disease. Previous studies have shown that the H5N8 viruses have seldom spread to mammals; however, reports in early 2021 indicate that humans may be infected, and some incident reports indicate that H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4B virus may be transmitted to wild mammals, such as red foxes and seals. In order to get more information on how the H5N8 virus affects seals and other marine animals, here, we used primary cultures to analyze the cell tropism of the H5N8 virus, which was isolated from an infected gray seal (H5N8/Seal-2016). Primary tracheal epithelial cells were readily infected by H5N8/Seal -2016 virus; in contrast, the commonly used primary seal kidney cells required the presence of exogenous trypsin to initiate virus infection. When applied to an ex vivo precision-cut lung slice model, compared with recombinant human H3N2 virus or H9N2 LPAI virus, the H5N8/Seal-2016 virus replicated to a high titer and caused a strong detrimental effect; with these characteristics, the virus was superior to a human H3N2 virus and to an H9N2 LPAI virus. By using well-differentiated air-liquid interface cultures, we have observed that ALI cultures of canines, ferrets, and harbor seals are more sensitive to H5N8/Seal-2016 virus than are human or porcine ALI cultures, which cannot be fully explained by sialic acid distribution. Our results indicate that the airway epithelium of carnivores may be the main target of H5N8 viruses. Consideration should be given to an increased monitoring of the distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Haas
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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19
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Chen Q, Langenbach S, Li M, Xia YC, Gao X, Gartner MJ, Pharo EA, Williams SM, Todd S, Clarke N, Ranganathan S, Baker ML, Subbarao K, Stewart AG. ACE2 Expression in Organotypic Human Airway Epithelial Cultures and Airway Biopsies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:813087. [PMID: 35359837 PMCID: PMC8963460 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.813087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an acute respiratory disease with systemic complications. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, including repurposing (partially) developed drugs are urgently needed, regardless of the increasingly successful vaccination outcomes. We characterized two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional models (3D) to establish a physiologically relevant airway epithelial model with potential for investigating SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Human airway basal epithelial cells maintained in submerged 2D culture were used at low passage to retain the capacity to differentiate into ciliated, club, and goblet cells in both air-liquid interface culture (ALI) and airway organoid cultures, which were then analyzed for cell phenotype makers. Airway biopsies from non-asthmatic and asthmatic donors enabled comparative evaluation of the level and distribution of immunoreactive angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 and transmembrane serine proteinase 2 (TMPRSS2) mRNA were expressed in ALI and airway organoids at levels similar to those of native (i.e., non-cultured) human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas furin expression was more faithfully represented in ALI. ACE2 was mainly localized to ciliated and basal epithelial cells in human airway biopsies, ALI, and airway organoids. Cystic fibrosis appeared to have no influence on ACE2 gene expression. Neither asthma nor smoking status had consistent marked influence on the expression or distribution of ACE2 in airway biopsies. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ALI cultures did not increase the levels of selected cytokines. Organotypic, and particularly ALI airway cultures are useful and practical tools for investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and evaluating the clinical potential of therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuxiu C. Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xumei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Pharo
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinéad M. Williams
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeene Clarke
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Personalized Therapeutics Technologies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alastair G. Stewart,
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Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen and is known to enter the host via the respiratory tract and disseminate to various organs. Current hypotheses speculate that CDV uses the homologous cellular receptors of measles virus (MeV), SLAM and nectin-4, to initiate the infection process. For validation, here, we established the well-differentiated air-liquid interface (ALI) culture model from primary canine tracheal airway epithelial cells. By applying the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing CDV vaccine strain and recombinant wild-type viruses, we show that cell-free virus infects the airway epithelium mainly via the paracellular route and only after prior disruption of tight junctions by pretreatment with EGTA; this infection was related to nectin-4 but not to SLAM. Remarkably, when CDV-preinfected DH82 cells were cocultured on the basolateral side of canine ALI cultures grown on filter supports with a 1.0-μm pore size, cell-associated CDV could be transmitted via cell-to-cell contact from immunocytes to airway epithelial cultures. Finally, we observed that canine ALI cultures formed syncytia and started to release cell-free infectious viral particles from the apical surface following treatment with an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (ruxolitinib). Our findings show that CDV can overcome the epithelial barrier through different strategies, including infection via immunocyte-mediated transmission and direct infection via the paracellular route when tight junctions are disrupted. Our established model can be adapted to other animals for studying the transmission routes and the pathogenicity of other morbilliviruses. IMPORTANCE Canine distemper virus (CDV) is not only an important pathogen of carnivores, but it also serves as a model virus for analyzing measles virus pathogenesis. To get a better picture of the different stages of infection, we used air-liquid interface cultures to analyze the infection of well-differentiated airway epithelial cells by CDV. Applying a coculture approach with DH82 cells, we demonstrated that cell-mediated infection from the basolateral side of well-differentiated epithelial cells is more efficient than infection via cell-free virus. In fact, free virus was unable to infect intact polarized cells. When tight junctions were interrupted by treatment with EGTA, cells became susceptible to infection, with nectin-4 serving as a receptor. Another interesting feature of CDV infection is that infection of well-differentiated airway epithelial cells does not result in virus egress. Cell-free virions are released from the cells only in the presence of an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into how CDV can overcome the barrier of the airway epithelium and reveal similarities and some dissimilarities compared to measles virus.
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21
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Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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22
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McMahon DB, Kuek LE, Johnson ME, Johnson PO, Horn RL, Carey RM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. The bitter end: T2R bitter receptor agonists elevate nuclear calcium and induce apoptosis in non-ciliated airway epithelial cells. Cell Calcium 2022; 101:102499. [PMID: 34839223 PMCID: PMC8752513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) localize to airway motile cilia and initiate innate immune responses in retaliation to bacterial quorum sensing molecules. Activation of cilia T2Rs leads to calcium-driven NO production that increases cilia beating and directly kills bacteria. Several diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis, COPD, and cystic fibrosis, are characterized by loss of motile cilia and/or squamous metaplasia. To understand T2R function within the altered landscape of airway disease, we studied T2Rs in non-ciliated airway cell lines and primary cells. Several T2Rs localize to the nucleus in de-differentiated cells that typically localize to cilia in differentiated cells. As cilia and nuclear import utilize shared proteins, some T2Rs may target to the nucleus in the absence of motile cilia. T2R agonists selectively elevated nuclear and mitochondrial calcium through a G-protein-coupled receptor phospholipase C mechanism. Additionally, T2R agonists decreased nuclear cAMP, increased nitric oxide, and increased cGMP, consistent with T2R signaling. Furthermore, exposure to T2R agonists led to nuclear calcium-induced mitochondrial depolarization and caspase activation. T2R agonists induced apoptosis in primary bronchial and nasal cells differentiated at air-liquid interface but then induced to a squamous phenotype by apical submersion. Air-exposed well-differentiated cells did not die. This may be a last-resort defense against bacterial infection. However, it may also increase susceptibility of de-differentiated or remodeled epithelia to damage by bacterial metabolites. Moreover, the T2R-activated apoptosis pathway occurs in airway cancer cells. T2Rs may thus contribute to microbiome-tumor cell crosstalk in airway cancers. Targeting T2Rs may be useful for activating cancer cell apoptosis while sparing surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B. McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: Derek B. McMahon, PhD or Robert J. Lee, PhD, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA, 215-573-9766, (D.B.M.) or (R.J.L)
| | - Li Eon Kuek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madeline E. Johnson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paige O. Johnson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel L.J. Horn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M. Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: Derek B. McMahon, PhD or Robert J. Lee, PhD, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA, 215-573-9766, (D.B.M.) or (R.J.L)
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23
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Suryadinata R, Levin K, Holsworth L, Paraskeva M, Robinson P. Airway cilia recovery post lung transplantation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1716-1723. [PMID: 34547188 PMCID: PMC8589372 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normally functioning airway cilia is essential for efficient mucociliary clearance to protect the airway from various insults. Impaired clearance may lead to increased risk of infections and progressive lung damage. Significant morbidity in the immediate post lung transplantation period is associated with airway infection, which we hypothesize may be caused by impaired cilia function. METHODS Airway cilia beating pattern (CBP) and frequency (CBF) were studied on brushing samples taken from above and below the transplant anastomosis of adult lung transplant recipients (n = 20) during routine bronchoscopies at 6, 12, and 26 weeks posttransplant. Bronchoaveolar Lavage (BAL) samples were also collected at each time points. RESULTS At 6 weeks posttransplant (n = 16), CBP from the donated lung showed reduced beating amplitude with the overall CBF 2.28 Hz slower than the patients' native upper airway cilia (median ± SIQR: 5.36 ± 0.93 Hz vs. 7.64 ± 0.92 Hz, p value < .001). At 12 weeks (n = 16), donor lungs CBP showed recovery with the difference in CBF reduced to 0.74 Hz (6.36 ± 1.46 Hz vs. 7.10 ± 0.86 Hz, p value < .05). Impaired cilia function was not associated with positive BAL cultures. CONCLUSION Reduced cilia function is evident in the first 12 weeks post lung transplant, with both CBP and CBF returning to levels of function indistinguishable to the patients' upper airway cilia beyond this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Suryadinata
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine,, Victorian Diagnostic Service for PCDThe Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Respiratory DiseasesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kovi Levin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lynda Holsworth
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Miranda Paraskeva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Philip Robinson
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine,, Victorian Diagnostic Service for PCDThe Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Respiratory DiseasesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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24
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Mackman N, Grover SP, Antoniak S. Tissue factor expression, extracellular vesicles, and thrombosis after infection with the respiratory viruses influenza A virus and coronavirus. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2652-2658. [PMID: 34418279 PMCID: PMC9770926 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is induced in a variety of cell types during viral infection, which likely contributes to disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombosis. TF-expressing cells also release TF-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation that can be measured using an EVTF activity assay. This review summarizes studies that analyze TF expression, TF-positive EVs, activation of coagulation, and thrombosis after infection with influenza A virus (IAV) and coronaviruses (CoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Infection of mice with IAV increased TF expression in lung epithelial cells as well as increased EVTF activity and activation of coagulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Infection of mice with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 also increased lung TF expression. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on the BALF from severe COVID-19 patients revealed increased TF mRNA expression in epithelial cells. TF expression was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with SARS-CoV. TF was also expressed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes in platelet-monocyte aggregates, and neutrophils isolated from COVID-19 patients. Elevated circulating EVTF activity was observed in severe IAV and COVID-19 patients. Importantly, EVTF activity was associated with mortality in severe IAV patients and with plasma D-dimer, severity, thrombosis, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. These studies strongly suggest that increased TF expression in patients infected with IAV and pathogenic CoVs contributes to thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Yaqub N, Wayne G, Birchall M, Song W. Recent advances in human respiratory epithelium models for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107832. [PMID: 34481894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is intimately associated with the pathophysiologies of highly infectious viral contagions and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, presently the third leading cause of death worldwide with a projected economic burden of £1.7 trillion by 2030. Preclinical studies of respiratory physiology have almost exclusively utilised non-humanised animal models, alongside reductionistic cell line-based models, and primary epithelial cell models cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Despite their utility, these model systems have been limited by their poor correlation to the human condition. This has undermined the ability to identify novel therapeutics, evidenced by a 15% chance of success for medicinal respiratory compounds entering clinical trials in 2018. Consequently, preclinical studies require new translational efficacy models to address the problem of respiratory drug attrition. This review describes the utility of the current in vivo (rodent), ex vivo (isolated perfused lungs and precision cut lung slices), two-dimensional in vitro cell-line (A549, BEAS-2B, Calu-3) and three-dimensional in vitro ALI (gold-standard and co-culture) and organoid respiratory epithelium models. The limitations to the application of these model systems in drug discovery research are discussed, in addition to perspectives of the future innovations required to facilitate the next generation of human-relevant respiratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheem Yaqub
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Gareth Wayne
- Novel Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Birchall
- The Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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26
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Robinot R, Hubert M, de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Bruel T, Smith N, Levallois S, Larrous F, Fernandes J, Gellenoncourt S, Rigaud S, Gorgette O, Thouvenot C, Trébeau C, Mallet A, Duménil G, Gobaa S, Etournay R, Lledo PM, Lecuit M, Bourhy H, Duffy D, Michel V, Schwartz O, Chakrabarti LA. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4354. [PMID: 34272374 PMCID: PMC8285531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 spreads within the respiratory tract is important to define the parameters controlling the severity of COVID-19. Here we examine the functional and structural consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a reconstructed human bronchial epithelium model. SARS-CoV-2 replication causes a transient decrease in epithelial barrier function and disruption of tight junctions, though viral particle crossing remains limited. Rather, SARS-CoV-2 replication leads to a rapid loss of the ciliary layer, characterized at the ultrastructural level by axoneme loss and misorientation of remaining basal bodies. Downregulation of the master regulator of ciliogenesis Foxj1 occurs prior to extensive cilia loss, implicating this transcription factor in the dedifferentiation of ciliated cells. Motile cilia function is compromised by SARS-CoV-2 infection, as measured in a mucociliary clearance assay. Epithelial defense mechanisms, including basal cell mobilization and interferon-lambda induction, ramp up only after the initiation of cilia damage. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters further demonstrates the loss of motile cilia in vivo. This study identifies cilia damage as a pathogenic mechanism that could facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread to the deeper lung parenchyma.
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Grants
- Institut Pasteur
- This work was supported by : Institut Pasteur TASK FORCE SARS COV2 (TROPICORO and COROCHIP projects), DIM ELICIT Region Ile-de-France, and Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes (ANRS; project 19052) (L.A.C.); the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), ANRS, Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French National Research Agency (ANR; projects “TIMTAMDEN” ANR-14-CE14-0029, “CHIKV-Viro-Immuno” ANR-14-CE14-0015-01), the Gilead HIV cure program, ANR/Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2 and IDISCOVR (O.S.); Institut Pasteur TASK FORCE SARS COV2 and ANR Flash Covid CoVarImm (D.D.); Institut Pasteur TASK FORCE SARS COV2 (Neuro-Covid project) (H.B.). The Lledo lab is supported by the life insurance company "AG2R-La-Mondiale". The UtechS Photonic BioImaging (Imagopole) and the UtechS Ultrastructural BioImaging (UBI) are supported by the ANR (France BioImaging; ANR-10–INSB–04; Investments for the Future). R.R. is the recipient of a Sidaction fellowship, N.S. of a Pasteur-Roux-Cantarini fellowship, and St.G. of a MESR/Ecole Doctorale B3MI, Université de Paris fellowship. S.L. is supported by FRM (fellowship ECO201906009119) and by “Ecole Doctorale FIRE – Programme Bettencourt”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Robinot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Lazarini
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3571 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1117, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julien Fernandes
- UtechS Photonics BioImaging, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Gorgette
- UtechS Ultrastructural BioImaging UBI, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Thouvenot
- UtechS Ultrastructural BioImaging UBI, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Céline Trébeau
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- UtechS Ultrastructural BioImaging UBI, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Duménil
- UtechS Ultrastructural BioImaging UBI, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3571 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1117, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France.
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27
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Moreira EA, Yamauchi Y, Matthias P. How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways during Uncoating. Cells 2021; 10:1722. [PMID: 34359892 PMCID: PMC8305448 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a zoonotic respiratory disease of major public health interest due to its pandemic potential, and a threat to animals and the human population. The influenza A virus genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments sequestered within a protein capsid and a lipid bilayer envelope. During host cell entry, cellular cues contribute to viral conformational changes that promote critical events such as fusion with late endosomes, capsid uncoating and viral genome release into the cytosol. In this focused review, we concisely describe the virus infection cycle and highlight the recent findings of host cell pathways and cytosolic proteins that assist influenza uncoating during host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Gultom M, Licheri M, Laloli L, Wider M, Strässle M, V'kovski P, Steiner S, Kratzel A, Thao TTN, Probst L, Stalder H, Portmann J, Holwerda M, Ebert N, Stokar-Regenscheit N, Gurtner C, Zanolari P, Posthaus H, Schuller S, Vicente-Santos A, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Ruggli N, Tekes G, von Messling V, Sawatsky B, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1811-1820. [PMID: 34152956 PMCID: PMC8237902 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.204660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
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Carlier FM, de Fays C, Pilette C. Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691227. [PMID: 34248677 PMCID: PMC8264588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and pathogens. The underlying mechanisms of host protection encompass multiple physical, chemical, and immune pathways. In the lung, inhaled agents continually challenge the airway epithelial barrier, which is altered in chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we describe the epithelial barrier abnormalities that are observed in such disorders and summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms driving impaired barrier function, which could represent targets of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M. Carlier
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology and Lung Transplant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charlotte de Fays
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Clementi N, Ghosh S, De Santis M, Castelli M, Criscuolo E, Zanoni I, Clementi M, Mancini N. Viral Respiratory Pathogens and Lung Injury. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00103-20. [PMID: 33789928 PMCID: PMC8142519 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Castelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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31
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Peng JY, Shin DL, Li G, Wu NH, Herrler G. Time-dependent viral interference between influenza virus and coronavirus in the infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 12:1111-1121. [PMID: 34034617 PMCID: PMC8162253 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1911148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses and influenza viruses are circulating in humans and animals all over the world. Co-infection with these two viruses may aggravate clinical signs. However, the molecular mechanisms of co-infections by these two viruses are incompletely understood. In this study, we applied air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) to analyze the co-infection by a swine influenza virus (SIV, H3N2 subtype) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) at different time intervals. Our results revealed that in short-term intervals, prior infection by influenza virus caused complete inhibition of coronavirus infection, while in long-term intervals, some coronavirus replication was detectable. The influenza virus infection resulted in (i) an upregulation of porcine aminopeptidase N, the cellular receptor for PRCoV and (ii) in the induction of an innate immune response which was responsible for the inhibition of PRCoV replication. By contrast, prior infection by coronavirus only caused a slight inhibition of influenza virus replication. Taken together, the timing and the order of virus infection are important determinants in co-infections. This study is the first to show the impact of SIV and PRCoV co- and super-infection on the cellular level. Our results have implications also for human viruses, including potential co-infections by SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Peng
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Adding Tactile Feedback and Changing ISI to Improve BCI Systems' Robustness: An Error-Related Potential Study. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:467-477. [PMID: 33909193 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the brain-computer interface (BCI) systems attract much more attention than before, yet they have not found their ways into our lives since their accuracy is not satisfying. Error Related Potential (ErRP) is a potential that occurs in human brain signals when an unintended event happens, against ones' will and thoughts. An example is the occurrence of an error in BCI systems. Investigation of the ErRP could enable researchers to increase the accuracy of BCI systems by detecting instances of inaccuracy in the system. In this research the effects of two parameters on the ErRP are studied: (1) The Motor Imagery Time, also known as Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) and (2) different types of feedback (Visual and Tactile). The statistical analysis of the ErRP characteristics showed that feedback type meaningfully affects the ErRP in a cue-paced BCI system and it will affect the time of occurrence of this potential. To validate the proposed idea, different feature extraction, and classification techniques were used for the classification of the BCI system responses. It was shown that by proper selection of the parameters and features, the accuracy of the system could be improved. Tactile feedback together with higher ISI could increase the accuracy of finding erroneous trials up to 90%. The proposed method's accuracy was significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) compared to other methods of feature extraction.
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Heinen N, Klöhn M, Steinmann E, Pfaender S. In Vitro Lung Models and Their Application to Study SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:792. [PMID: 33925255 PMCID: PMC8144959 DOI: 10.3390/v13050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the globe with an astonishing velocity and lethality that has put scientist and pharmaceutical companies worldwide on the spot to develop novel treatment options and reliable vaccination for billions of people. To combat its associated disease COVID-19 and potentially newly emerging coronaviruses, numerous pre-clinical cell culture techniques have progressively been used, which allow the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, basic replication mechanisms, and drug efficiency in the most authentic context. Hence, this review was designed to summarize and discuss currently used in vitro and ex vivo cell culture systems and will illustrate how these systems will help us to face the challenges imposed by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (N.H.); (M.K.); (E.S.)
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34
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Primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cells respond to apical measles virus infection by shedding multinucleated giant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013264118. [PMID: 33836570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013264118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is highly infectious by the respiratory route and remains an important cause of childhood mortality. However, the process by which MeV infection is efficiently established in the respiratory tract is controversial with suggestions that respiratory epithelial cells are not susceptible to infection from the apical mucosal surface. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that infection is initiated in lung macrophages or dendritic cells and that epithelial infection is subsequently established through the basolateral surface by infected lymphocytes. To better understand the process of respiratory tract initiation of MeV infection, primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cell cultures were established from rhesus macaque tracheal and nasal tissues. Infection of these cultures with MeV from the apical surface was more efficient than from the basolateral surface with shedding of viable MeV-producing multinucleated giant cell (MGC) syncytia from the surface. Despite presence of MGCs and infectious virus in supernatant fluids after apical infection, infected cells were not detected in the adherent epithelial sheet and transepithelial electrical resistance was maintained. After infection from the basolateral surface, epithelial damage and large clusters of MeV-positive cells were observed. Treatment with fusion inhibitory peptides showed that MeV production after apical infection was not dependent on infection of the basolateral surface. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MeV infection is initiated by apical infection of respiratory epithelial cells with subsequent infection of lymphoid tissue and systemic spread.
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35
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Courtney SJ, Stromberg ZR, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ. Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing Techniques for Diagnostics and Surveillance of Influenza. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020047. [PMID: 33673035 PMCID: PMC7918464 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus poses a threat to global health by causing seasonal outbreaks as well as three pandemics in the 20th century. In humans, disease is primarily caused by influenza A and B viruses, while influenza C virus causes mild disease mostly in children. Influenza D is an emerging virus found in cattle and pigs. To mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza, rapid and accurate diagnostic tests need to be deployed. However, the high genetic diversity displayed by influenza viruses presents a challenge to the development of a robust diagnostic test. Nucleic acid-based tests are more accurate than rapid antigen tests for influenza and are therefore better candidates to be used in both diagnostic and surveillance applications. Here, we review various nucleic acid-based techniques that have been applied towards the detection of influenza viruses in order to evaluate their utility as both diagnostic and surveillance tools. We discuss both traditional as well as novel methods to detect influenza viruses by covering techniques that require nucleic acid amplification or direct detection of viral RNA as well as comparing advantages and limitations for each method. There has been substantial progress in the development of nucleic acid-based sensing techniques for the detection of influenza virus. However, there is still an urgent need for a rapid and reliable influenza diagnostic test that can be used at point-of-care in order to enhance responsiveness to both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks.
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36
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Kifer D, Bugada D, Villar-Garcia J, Gudelj I, Menni C, Sudre C, Vučković F, Ugrina I, Lorini LF, Posso M, Bettinelli S, Ughi N, Maloberti A, Epis O, Giannattasio C, Rossetti C, Kalogjera L, Peršec J, Ollivere L, Ollivere BJ, Yan H, Cai T, Aithal GP, Steves CJ, Kantele A, Kajova M, Vapalahti O, Sajantila A, Wojtowicz R, Wierzba W, Krol Z, Zaczynski A, Zycinska K, Postula M, Lukšić I, Čivljak R, Markotić A, Brachmann J, Markl A, Mahnkopf C, Murray B, Ourselin S, Valdes AM, Horcajada JP, Castells X, Pascual J, Allegri M, Primorac D, Spector TD, Barrios C, Lauc G. Effects of Environmental Factors on Severity and Mortality of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:607786. [PMID: 33553204 PMCID: PMC7855590 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.607786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most respiratory viruses show pronounced seasonality, but for SARS-CoV-2, this still needs to be documented. Methods: We examined the disease progression of COVID-19 in 6,914 patients admitted to hospitals in Europe and China. In addition, we evaluated progress of disease symptoms in 37,187 individuals reporting symptoms into the COVID Symptom Study application. Findings: Meta-analysis of the mortality risk in seven European hospitals estimated odds ratios per 1-day increase in the admission date to be 0.981 (0.973-0.988, p < 0.001) and per increase in ambient temperature of 1°C to be 0.854 (0.773-0.944, p = 0.007). Statistically significant decreases of comparable magnitude in median hospital stay, probability of transfer to the intensive care unit, and need for mechanical ventilation were also observed in most, but not all hospitals. The analysis of individually reported symptoms of 37,187 individuals in the UK also showed the decrease in symptom duration and disease severity with time. Interpretation: Severity of COVID-19 in Europe decreased significantly between March and May and the seasonality of COVID-19 is the most likely explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Kifer
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Bugada
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Judit Villar-Garcia
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Sudre
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivo Ugrina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Luca F. Lorini
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Margarita Posso
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Bettinelli
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicola Ughi
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maloberti
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Oscar Epis
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Giannattasio
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Rossetti
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Livije Kalogjera
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre “Sestre milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Peršec
- Clinical Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luke Ollivere
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Ollivere
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Huadong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Kajova
- Inflammation Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafal Wojtowicz
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Wierzba
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krol
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Zaczynski
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarina Zycinska
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivica Lukšić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rok Čivljak
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Fran Mihaljević”, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Fran Mihaljević”, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Fran Mihaljević”, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Johannes Brachmann
- REGIOMED Kliniken, Coburg, Germany
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Benjamin Murray
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P. Horcajada
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Castells
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Allegri
- Pain Therapy Service Policlinico of Monza Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Dragan Primorac
- REGIOMED Kliniken, Coburg, Germany
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- St. Catharine Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Eberly College of Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
- University of Osijek School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Barrios
- Hospital del Mar-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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37
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Vötsch D, Willenborg M, Baumgärtner W, Rohde M, Valentin-Weigand P. Bordetella bronchiseptica promotes adherence, colonization, and cytotoxicity of Streptococcus suis in a porcine precision-cut lung slice model. Virulence 2020; 12:84-95. [PMID: 33372837 PMCID: PMC7781633 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1858604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica and Streptococcus (S.) suis are major pathogens in pigs, which are frequently isolated from co-infections in the respiratory tract and contribute to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Despite the high impact of co-infections on respiratory diseases of swine (and other hosts), very little is known about pathogen-pathogen-host interactions and the mechanisms of pathogenesis. In the present study, we established a porcine precision-cut lung slice (PCLS) model to analyze the effects of B. bronchiseptica infection on adherence, colonization, and cytotoxic effects of S. suis. We hypothesized that induction of ciliostasis by a clinical isolate of B. bronchiseptica may promote subsequent infection with a virulent S. suis serotype 2 strain. To investigate this theory, we monitored the ciliary activity by light microscopy, measured the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and calculated the number of PCLS-associated bacteria. To study the role of the pore-forming toxin suilysin (SLY) in S. suis-induced cytotoxicity, we included a SLY-negative isogenic mutant and the complemented mutant strain. Furthermore, we analyzed infected PCLS by histopathology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that pre-infection with B. bronchiseptica promoted adherence, colonization, and, as a consequence of the increased colonization, the cytotoxic effects of S. suis, probably by reduction of the ciliary activity. Moreover, cytotoxicity induced by S. suis is strictly dependent on the presence of SLY. Though the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully clarified, our results clearly support the hypothesis that B. bronchiseptica paves the way for S. suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Vötsch
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Willenborg
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany
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38
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Nicolas de Lamballerie C, Pizzorno A, Fouret J, Szpiro L, Padey B, Dubois J, Julien T, Traversier A, Dulière V, Brun P, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Terrier O. Transcriptional Profiling of Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Fungal Superinfection in a Human Airway Epithelial Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121974. [PMID: 33322535 PMCID: PMC7764715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates a relatively high prevalence of superinfections associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including invasive aspergillosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. In the present study, to better understand the biological impact of superinfection, we determine and compare the host transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) versus Aspergillus superinfection, using a model of reconstituted human airway epithelium. Our analyses reveal that both simple infection and superinfection induce strong deregulation of core components of innate immune and inflammatory responses, with a stronger response to superinfection in the bronchial epithelial model compared to its nasal counterpart. Our results also highlight unique transcriptional footprints of SARS-CoV-2 Aspergillus superinfection, such as an imbalanced type I/type III IFN, and an induction of several monocyte and neutrophil associated chemokines, that could be useful for the understanding of Aspergillus-associated COVID-19 and also the management of severe forms of aspergillosis in this specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nicolas de Lamballerie
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | | | - Lea Szpiro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Blandine Padey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Signia Therapeutics SAS, F-69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Julia Dubois
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Thomas Julien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Victoria Dulière
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Brun
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004 Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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39
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Su A, Tong J, Fu Y, Müller S, Weldearegay YB, Becher P, Valentin-Weigand P, Meens J, Herrler G. Infection of bovine well-differentiated airway epithelial cells by Pasteurella multocida: actions and counteractions in the bacteria-host interactions. Vet Res 2020; 51:140. [PMID: 33225994 PMCID: PMC7681981 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella (P.) multocida is a zoonotic pathogen, which is able to cause respiratory disorder in different hosts. In cattle, P. multocida is an important microorganism involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) with a huge economic impact. We applied air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells to analyze the interaction of P. multocida with its host target cells. The bacterial pathogen grew readily on the ALI cultures. Infection resulted in a substantial loss of ciliated cells. Nevertheless, the epithelial cell layer maintained its barrier function as indicated by the transepithelial electrical resistance and the inability of dextran to get from the apical to the basolateral compartment via the paracellular route. Analysis by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the intactness of the epithelial cell layer though it was not as thick as the uninfected control cells. Finally, we chose the bacterial neuraminidase to show that our infection model is a sustainable tool to analyze virulence factors of P. multocida. Furthermore, we provide an explanation, why this microorganism usually is a commensal and becomes pathogenic only in combination with other factors such as co-infecting microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jie Tong
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Sandy Müller
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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40
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Primary Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines for the Efficient Isolation and Propagation of Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01091-20. [PMID: 32967961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus isolation from clinical samples is critical for the identification and characterization of circulating and emerging viruses. Yet efficient isolation can be difficult. In these studies, we isolated primary swine nasal and tracheal respiratory epithelial cells and immortalized swine nasal epithelial cells (siNEC) and tracheal epithelial cells (siTEC) that retained the abilities to form tight junctions and cilia and to differentiate at the air-liquid interface like primary cells. Critically, both human and swine influenza viruses replicated in the immortalized cells, which generally yielded higher-titer viral isolates from human and swine nasal swabs, supported the replication of isolates that failed to grow in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and resulted in fewer dominating mutations during viral passaging than MDCK cells.IMPORTANCE Robust in vitro culture systems for influenza virus are critically needed. MDCK cells, the most widely used cell line for influenza isolation and propagation, do not adequately model the respiratory tract. Therefore, many clinical isolates, both animal and human, are unable to be isolated and characterized, limiting our understanding of currently circulating influenza viruses. We have developed immortalized swine respiratory epithelial cells that retain the ability to differentiate and can support influenza replication and isolation. These cell lines can be used as additional tools to enhance influenza research and vaccine development.
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Peng JY, Punyadarsaniya D, Shin DL, Pavasutthipaisit S, Beineke A, Li G, Wu NH, Herrler G. The Cell Tropism of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus for Airway Epithelial Cells Is Determined by the Expression of Porcine Aminopeptidase N. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111211. [PMID: 33114247 PMCID: PMC7690903 DOI: 10.3390/v12111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) infects the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of pigs, causing a mild respiratory disease. We applied air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated porcine airway cells to mimic the respiratory tract epithelium in vitro and use it for analyzing the infection by PRCoV. As reported for most coronaviruses, virus entry and virus release occurred mainly via the apical membrane domain. A novel finding was that PRCoV preferentially targets non-ciliated and among them the non-mucus-producing cells. Aminopeptidase N (APN), the cellular receptor for PRCoV was also more abundantly expressed on this type of cell suggesting that APN is a determinant of the cell tropism. Interestingly, differentiation-dependent differences were found both in the expression of pAPN and the susceptibility to PRCoV infection. Cells in an early differentiation stage express higher levels of pAPN and are more susceptible to infection by PRCoV than are well-differentiated cells. A difference in the susceptibility to infection was also detected when tracheal and bronchial cells were compared. The increased susceptibility to infection of bronchial epithelial cells was, however, not due to an increased abundance of APN on the cell surface. Our data reveal a complex pattern of infection in porcine differentiated airway epithelial cells that could not be elucidated with immortalized cell lines. The results are expected to have relevance also for the analysis of other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Peng
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.-Y.P.); (D.-L.S.)
| | - Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya
- Virology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10100, Thailand;
| | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.-Y.P.); (D.-L.S.)
| | - Suvarin Pavasutthipaisit
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10100, Thailand
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China;
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.-Y.P.); (D.-L.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (N.-H.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.-Y.P.); (D.-L.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.-H.W.); (G.H.)
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42
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Karwelat D, Schmeck B, Ringel M, Benedikter BJ, Hübner K, Beinborn I, Maisner A, Schulte LN, Vollmeister E. Influenza virus-mediated suppression of bronchial Chitinase-3-like 1 secretion promotes secondary pneumococcal infection. FASEB J 2020; 34:16432-16448. [PMID: 33095949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902988rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the lung are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite the preactivation of innate defense programs during viral infection, secondary bacterial infection substantially elevates morbidity and mortality rates. Particularly problematic are co-infections with influenza A virus (IAV) and the major bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the molecular processes underlying the severe course of such co-infections are not fully understood. Previously, the absence of secreted glycoprotein Chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) was shown to increase pneumococcal replication in mice. We therefore hypothesized that an IAV preinfection decreases CHI3L1 levels to promote pneumococcal infection. Indeed, in an air-liquid interface model of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs), IAV preinfection interfered with apical but not basolateral CHI3L1 release. Confocal time-lapse microscopy revealed that the gradual loss of apical CHI3L1 localization during co-infection with influenza and S. pneumoniae coincided with the disappearance of goblet as well as ciliated cells and increased S. pneumoniae replication. Importantly, extracellular restoration of CHI3L1 levels using recombinant protein significantly reduced bacterial load in influenza preinfected bronchial models. Thus, recombinant CHI3L1 may provide a novel therapeutic means to lower morbidity and mortality associated with post-influenza pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karwelat
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Hesse, Germany.,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Marc Ringel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Birke J Benedikter
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Kathleen Hübner
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Isabell Beinborn
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Evelyn Vollmeister
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Hesse, Germany
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Sun Q, Picascia T, Khan AUM, Brenna C, Heuveline V, Schmaus A, Sleeman JP, Gretz N. Application of ethyl cinnamate based optical tissue clearing and expansion microscopy combined with retrograde perfusion for 3D lung imaging. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:393-408. [PMID: 33043719 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1829183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3 D imaging of the lung is not a trivial undertaking as during preparation the lung may collapse. Also serial sections and scans followed by 3 D reconstruction may lead to artifacts. The present study aims to figure out the best way to perform 3 D imaging in lung research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied an optical tissue clearing (OTC) method, which uses ethyl cinnamate (ECi) as a fast, nontoxic and cheap clearing solvent, for 3 D imaging of retrograde perfused lungs by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We also introduced expansion microscopy (ExM), a cutting-edge technique, in 3 D imaging of lungs. We examined and compared the usefulness of these techniques for 3 D lung imaging. The ExM protocol was further extended to paraffin-embedded lung metastases blocks. RESULTS The MHI148-PEI labeled lung vasculature was visualized by retrograde perfusion combined with trachea ligation and ECi based OTC. As compared with trans-cardiac perfusion, the retrograde perfusion results in a better maintenance of lung morphology. 3 D structure of alveoli, vascular branches and cilia in lung were revealed by immunofluorescence staining after ExM. 3 D distribution of microvasculature and neutrophil cells in 10 years old paraffin-embedded lung metastases were analyzed by ExM. CONCLUSIONS The retrograde perfusion combined with trachea ligation technique could be applied in the lung research in mice. 3 D structure of lung vasculature can be visualized by MHI148-PEI perfusion and ECi based OTC in an efficient way. ExM and immunofluorescence staining protocol is highly recommended to perform 3 D imaging of fresh fixed lung as well as paraffin-embedded lung blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Sun
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tiziana Picascia
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arif Ul Maula Khan
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Heuveline
- Director of the Computing Centre, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Schmaus
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, CBTM, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, CBTM, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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44
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Kuek LE, Lee RJ. First contact: the role of respiratory cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L603-L619. [PMID: 32783615 PMCID: PMC7516383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections are still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immunoregulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Eon Kuek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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45
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Toots M, Yoon JJ, Cox RM, Hart M, Sticher ZM, Makhsous N, Plesker R, Barrena AH, Reddy PG, Mitchell DG, Shean RC, Bluemling GR, Kolykhalov AA, Greninger AL, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Plemper RK. Characterization of orally efficacious influenza drug with high resistance barrier in ferrets and human airway epithelia. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/515/eaax5866. [PMID: 31645453 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses constitute a major health threat and economic burden globally, frequently exacerbated by preexisting or rapidly emerging resistance to antiviral therapeutics. To address the unmet need of improved influenza therapy, we have created EIDD-2801, an isopropylester prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog N 4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) that has shown broad anti-influenza virus activity in cultured cells and mice. Pharmacokinetic profiling demonstrated that EIDD-2801 was orally bioavailable in ferrets and nonhuman primates. Therapeutic oral dosing of influenza virus-infected ferrets reduced group pandemic 1 and group 2 seasonal influenza A shed virus load by multiple orders of magnitude and alleviated fever, airway epithelium histopathology, and inflammation, whereas postexposure prophylactic dosing was sterilizing. Deep sequencing highlighted lethal viral mutagenesis as the underlying mechanism of activity and revealed a prohibitive barrier to the development of viral resistance. Inhibitory concentrations were low nanomolar against influenza A and B viruses in disease-relevant well-differentiated human air-liquid interface airway epithelia. Correlating antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity thresholds with pharmacokinetic profiles in human airway epithelium models revealed a therapeutic window >1713 and established dosing parameters required for efficacious human therapy. These data recommend EIDD-2801 as a clinical candidate with high potential for monotherapy of seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections. Our results inform EIDD-2801 clinical trial design and drug exposure targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Robert M Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Michael Hart
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zachary M Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roland Plesker
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Alec H Barrena
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Prabhakar G Reddy
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deborah G Mitchell
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan C Shean
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gregory R Bluemling
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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46
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Avian Influenza A Virus Infects Swine Airway Epithelial Cells without Prior Adaptation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060589. [PMID: 32481674 PMCID: PMC7374723 DOI: 10.3390/v12060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in the interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV). The porcine airway epithelium contains binding sites for both swine/human IAV (α2,6-linked sialic acids) and avian IAV (α2,3-linked sialic acids) and therefore is suited for adaptation of viruses from other species as suggested by the “mixing vessel theory”. Here, we applied well-differentiated swine airway epithelial cells to find out whether efficient infection by avian IAV requires prior adaption. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of the sialic acid-binding activity and the virus-induced detrimental effects. Surprisingly, an avian IAV H1N1 strain circulating in European poultry and waterfowl shows increased and prolonged viral replication without inducing a strong innate immune response. This virus could infect the lower respiratory tract in our precision cut-lung slice model. Pretreating the cells with poly (I:C) and/or JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors revealed that the interferon-stimulated innate immune response influences the replication of avian IAV in swine airway epitheliums but not that of swine IAV. Further studies indicated that in the infection by IAVs, the binding affinity of sialic acid is not the sole factor affecting the virus infectivity for swine or human airway epithelial cells, whereas it may be crucial in well-differentiated ferret tracheal epithelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the role of pigs being the vessel of interspecies transmission should be reconsidered, and the potential of avian H1N1 viruses to infect mammals needs to be characterized in more detail.
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Du J, Li H, Lian J, Zhu X, Qiao L, Lin J. Stem cell therapy: a potential approach for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus-induced acute lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:192. [PMID: 32448377 PMCID: PMC7245626 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), an increasingly devastating human disorder, is characterized by a multitude of lung changes arising from a wide variety of lung injuries. Viral infection is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. In particular, influenza virus, coronavirus, and other respiratory viruses circulate in nature in various animal species and can cause severe and rapidly spread human infections. Although scientific advancements have allowed for rapid progress to be made to understand the pathogenesis and develop therapeutics after each viral pandemic, few effective methods to treat virus-induced ALI have been described. Recently, stem cell therapy has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases, including ALI. In this review, we detail the present stem cell-based therapeutics for lung injury caused by influenza virus and the outlook for the future state of stem cell therapy to deal with emerging influenza and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Han Li
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xinxing Zhu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
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48
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SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 2020. [PMID: 32142651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 2020. [PMID: 32142651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Kleine-Weber
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon Schroeder
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Erichsen
- Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Institute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 1 Highly Pathogenic Viruses, WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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50
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Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Polarization of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) signaling is altered during airway epithelial remodeling and deciliation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6721-6740. [PMID: 32241907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by secreted proteases from immune cells or fungi. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. We hypothesized that epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by cilial loss and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Here, using a fluorescent arrestin assay, we confirmed that the common fungal airway pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus activates heterologously-expressed PAR-2. Endogenous PAR-2 activation in submerged airway RPMI 2650 or NCI-H520 squamous cells increased intracellular calcium levels and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. RPMI 2650 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) responded to apically or basolaterally applied PAR-2 agonists. However, well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial ALIs responded only to basolateral PAR-2 stimulation, indicated by calcium elevation, increased cilia beat frequency, and increased fluid and cytokine secretion. We exposed primary cells to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency, at concentrations and times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier to model early disease states. These altered primary cultures responded to both apical and basolateral PAR-2 stimulation. Imaging nasal polyps and control middle turbinate explants, we found that nasal polyps, but not turbinates, exhibit apical calcium responses to PAR-2 stimulation. However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintained basolateral PAR-2 polarization, suggesting that the calcium responses originated from nonciliated cells. Altered PAR-2 polarization in disease-remodeled epithelia may enhance apical responses and increase sensitivity to inhaled proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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