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Aubrecht P, Smejkal J, Panuška P, Španbauerová K, Neubertová V, Kaule P, Matoušek J, Vinopal S, Liegertová M, Štofik M, Malý J. Performance and biocompatibility of OSTEMER 322 in cell-based microfluidic applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3617-3635. [PMID: 38268545 PMCID: PMC10804231 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Off-Stoichiometry Thiol-ene and Epoxy (OSTE+) polymer technology has been increasingly utilised in the field of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications. However, the impact of OSTEMER polymers, specifically the OSTEMER 322 formulation, on cell viability has remained limited. In this work, we thoroughly explored the biocompatibility of this commercial OSTEMER formulation, along with various surface modifications, through a broad range of cell types, from fibroblasts to epithelial cells. We employed cell viability and confluence assays to evaluate the performance of the material and its modified variants in cell culturing. The properties of the pristine and modified OSTEMER were also investigated using surface characterization methods including contact angle, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the absence of leaching constituents from OSTEMER, indicating its safety for cell-based applications. Our findings demonstrated that cell viability on OSTEMER surfaces is sufficient for typical cell culture experiments, suggesting OSTEMER 322 is a suitable material for a variety of cell-based assays in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Aubrecht
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Smejkal
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Petr Panuška
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Klára Španbauerová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Neubertová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kaule
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Matoušek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vinopal
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Liegertová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Štofik
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malý
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
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2
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Ben Frej M, d'Orlyé F, Duarte‐Junior GF, Coltro WKT, Varenne A. Electrokinetic characterization of hybrid NOA 81‐glass microchips: Application to protein microchip electrophoresis with indirect fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2044-2048. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menel Ben Frej
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i‐CLeHS Chimie ParisTech‐PSL/CNRS 8060 Paris France
| | - Fanny d'Orlyé
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i‐CLeHS Chimie ParisTech‐PSL/CNRS 8060 Paris France
| | - Gerson F. Duarte‐Junior
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i‐CLeHS Chimie ParisTech‐PSL/CNRS 8060 Paris France
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | | | - Anne Varenne
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i‐CLeHS Chimie ParisTech‐PSL/CNRS 8060 Paris France
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3
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Neckel IT, de Castro LF, Callefo F, Teixeira VC, Gobbi AL, Piazzetta MH, de Oliveira RAG, Lima RS, Vicente RA, Galante D, Tolentino HCN. Development of a sticker sealed microfluidic device for in situ analytical measurements using synchrotron radiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23671. [PMID: 34880305 PMCID: PMC8654830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shedding synchrotron light on microfluidic systems, exploring several contrasts in situ/operando at the nanoscale, like X-ray fluorescence, diffraction, luminescence, and absorption, has the potential to reveal new properties and functionalities of materials across diverse areas, such as green energy, photonics, and nanomedicine. In this work, we present the micro-fabrication and characterization of a multifunctional polyester/glass sealed microfluidic device well-suited to combine with analytical X-ray techniques. The device consists of smooth microchannels patterned on glass, where three gold electrodes are deposited into the channels to serve in situ electrochemistry analysis or standard electrical measurements. It has been efficiently sealed through an ultraviolet-sensitive sticker-like layer based on a polyester film, and The burst pressure determined by pumping water through the microchannel(up to 0.22 MPa). Overall, the device has demonstrated exquisite chemical resistance to organic solvents, and its efficiency in the presence of biological samples (proteins) is remarkable. The device potentialities, and its high transparency to X-rays, have been demonstrated by taking advantage of the X-ray nanoprobe Carnaúba/Sirius/LNLS, by obtaining 2D X-ray nanofluorescence maps on the microchannel filled with water and after an electrochemical nucleation reaction. To wrap up, the microfluidic device characterized here has the potential to be employed in standard laboratory experiments as well as in in situ and in vivo analytical experiments using a wide electromagnetic window, from infrared to X-rays, which could serve experiments in many branches of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar T Neckel
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Lucas F de Castro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia Callefo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Verônica C Teixeira
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria H Piazzetta
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A G de Oliveira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Vicente
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SãoPaulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Douglas Galante
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Helio C N Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil.
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4
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Bajgiran KR, Hymel HC, Sombolestani S, Dante N, Safa N, Dorman JA, Rao D, Melvin AT. Fluorescent visualization of oil displacement in a microfluidic device for enhanced oil recovery applications. Analyst 2021; 146:6746-6752. [PMID: 34609383 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic device was developed to mimic the reservoir pore-scale and track the oil/water phases during air flooding. The chip was generated by combining soft-lithography and NOA81 replication. A unique feature of this approach is the inclusion of fluorescent dyes into the oil/water phases, allowing for real-time visualization of oil recovery without altering the phases' surface properties. As a proof of concept, the air was injected into the water/oil-flooded device for enhanced oil recovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar R Bajgiran
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Hannah C Hymel
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Shayan Sombolestani
- Craft and Hawkins Department of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nathalie Dante
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nora Safa
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - James A Dorman
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Dandina Rao
- Craft and Hawkins Department of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Zhu F, He Y, Lu Z, Fan H, Zhang T. Composite Elastomer-Enabled Rapid Photofabrication of Microfluidic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37589-37597. [PMID: 34327981 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, as an emerging technology, is highly dependent on the evolution of device materials and fabrication techniques. While replica molding of polydimethylsiloxane and hot embossing/injection molding of thermoplastics are most popular, they are either hard to scale up or inappropriate for laboratory-scale prototyping. Recently, photocurable resins, as a huge class of materials, have attracted extensive interest. However, very few of them can now be used in device fabrication due to the challenge in machining these materials. In response, we herein propose a novel concept of composite elastomers, which can covalently link with and consequently offer a flexible support to photocured thin films. This effect would allow most photocurable resins to be used in microfluidic device fabrication, greatly enriching the material choices for diverse applications. Moreover, the whole fabrication process becomes very simple and rapid, with an impressive throughput of at least hundreds of replicas per day. With these features, it is reasonably expected that the composite elastomer-enabled rapid photofabrication method will be very competent for laboratory prototyping, providing not only the ease of fabrication but also a possibility to select the materials specifically for ultimate applications and promising potential for volume production without the redevelopment process. These may offer a good opportunity to narrow the current gap between academic research and industrial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futianchun Zhu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yu He
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zefan Lu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hongliang Fan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Hygiene, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
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6
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Tan H, Banerjee A, Shi N, Tang X, Abdel-Fattah A, Squires TM. A two-step strategy for delivering particles to targets hidden within microfabricated porous media. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabh0638. [PMID: 34389540 PMCID: PMC8363150 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of small particles into porous environments remains highly challenging because of the low permeability to the fluids that carry these colloids. Even more challenging is that the specific location of targets in the porous environment usually is not known and cannot be determined from the outside. Here, we demonstrate a two-step strategy to deliver suspended colloids to targets that are "hidden" within closed porous media. The first step serves to automatically convert any hidden targets into soluto-inertial "beacons," capable of sustaining long-lived solute outfluxes. The second step introduces the deliverable objects, which are designed to autonomously migrate against the solute fluxes emitted by the targets, thereby following chemical trails that lead to the target. Experimental and theoretical demonstrations of the strategy lay out the design elements required for the solute and the deliverable objects, suggesting routes to delivering colloidal objects to hidden targets in various environments and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanshu Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
| | - Anirudha Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA
| | - Nan Shi
- Saudi Aramco, EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA
| | - Amr Abdel-Fattah
- Saudi Aramco, EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Todd M Squires
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
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7
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Wang L, Dai C, Jiang L, Tong G, Xiong Y, Khan K, Tang Z, Chen X, Zeng H. Advanced Devices for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100003. [PMID: 34110694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At present, tumor diagnosis is performed using common procedures, which are slow, costly, and still presenting difficulties in diagnosing tumors at their early stage. Tumor therapeutic methods also mainly rely on large-scale equipment or non-intelligent treatment approaches. Thus, an early and accurate tumor diagnosis and personalized treatment may represent the best treatment option for a successful result, and the efforts in finding them are still in progress and mainly focusing on non-destructive, integrated, and multiple technologies. These objectives can be achieved with the development of advanced devices and smart technology that represent the topic of the current investigations. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress in tumor diagnosis and therapy and briefly explains the advantages and disadvantages of the described microdevices, finally proposing advanced micro smart devices as the future development trend for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lude Wang
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chendong Dai
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lianfu Jiang
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Gangling Tong
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research, Cancer Institute of Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Yunhai Xiong
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Karim Khan
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Svejdal RR, Sticker D, Sønderby C, Kutter JP, Rand KD. Thiol-ene microfluidic chip for fast on-chip sample clean-up, separation and ESI mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Kimoto T, Suzuki K, Fukuda T, Emoto A. An on-demand bench-top fabrication process for fluidic chips based on cross-diffusion through photopolymerization. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044104. [PMID: 32699564 PMCID: PMC7354092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel approach to fabricate fluidic chips. The method utilizes molecular cross-diffusion, induced by photopolymerization under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in a channel pattern, to form the channel structures. During channel structure formation, the photopolymer layer still contains many uncured molecules. Subsequently, a top substrate is attached to the channel structure under adequate pressure, and the entire chip is homogenously irradiated by UV light. Immediately thereafter, a sufficiently sealed fluidic chip is formed. Using this fabrication process, the channel pattern of a chip can be designed quickly by a computer as binary images, and practical chips can be produced on demand at a benchtop, instead of awaiting production in specialized factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kou Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Emoto
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics (pLED), Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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10
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Sticker D, Geczy R, Häfeli UO, Kutter JP. Thiol-Ene Based Polymers as Versatile Materials for Microfluidic Devices for Life Sciences Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10080-10095. [PMID: 32048822 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While there is a steady growth in the number of microfluidics applications, the search for an optimal material that delivers the diverse characteristics needed for the numerous tasks is still nowhere close to being settled. Often overlooked and still underrepresented, the thiol-ene family of polymer materials has an enormous potential for applications in organs-on-a-chip, droplet productions, microanalytics, and point of care testing. In this review, the main characteristics of the thiol-ene materials are given, and advantages and drawbacks with respect to their potential in microfluidic chip fabrication are critically assessed. Select applications, which exploit the versatility of the thiol-ene polymers, are presented and discussed. It is concluded that, in particular, the rapid prototyping possibility combined with the material's resulting mechanical strength, solvent resistance, and biocompatibility, as well as the inherently easy surface functionalization, are strong factors to make thiol-ene polymers strong contenders for promising future materials for many biological, clinical, and technical lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reka Geczy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Doufène K, Tourné-Péteilh C, Etienne P, Aubert-Pouëssel A. Microfluidic Systems for Droplet Generation in Aqueous Continuous Phases: A Focus Review. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12597-12612. [PMID: 31461287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is one of the most fascinating fields that researchers have been trying to apply in a large number of scientific disciplines over the past two decades. Among them, the discipline of food and pharmaceutical formulation encountered several obstacles when combining microfluidics with aqueous media. Indeed, the physical properties of liquids at micrometric volumes being particular, the droplet generation within microfluidic devices is a big challenge to be met. This focus review is intended to be an initiation for those who would like to generate microdroplets in microfluidic systems involving aqueous continuous phases. It provides a state-of-the-art look at such systems while focusing on the microfluidic devices used, their applications to form a wide variety of emulsions and particles, and the key role held by the interface between the device channels and the emulsion. This review also leads to reflections on new materials that can be used in microfluidic systems with aqueous continuous phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koceïla Doufène
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM) , Univ Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier , France
| | - Corine Tourné-Péteilh
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM) , Univ Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier , France
| | - Pascal Etienne
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , Univ Montpellier , CNRS, Montpellier , France
| | - Anne Aubert-Pouëssel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM) , Univ Montpellier , CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier , France
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12
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Dols-Perez A, Marin V, Amador GJ, Kieffer R, Tam D, Aubin-Tam ME. Artificial Cell Membranes Interfaced with Optical Tweezers: A Versatile Microfluidics Platform for Nanomanipulation and Mechanical Characterization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33620-33627. [PMID: 31448892 PMCID: PMC6753654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell lipid membranes are the site of vital biological processes, such as motility, trafficking, and sensing, many of which involve mechanical forces. Elucidating the interplay between such bioprocesses and mechanical forces requires the use of tools that apply and measure piconewton-level forces, e.g., optical tweezers. Here, we introduce the combination of optical tweezers with free-standing lipid bilayers, which are fully accessible on both sides of the membrane. In the vicinity of the lipid bilayer, optical trapping would normally be impossible due to optical distortions caused by pockets of the solvent trapped within the membrane. We solve this by drastically reducing the size of these pockets via tuning of the solvent and flow cell material. In the resulting flow cells, lipid nanotubes are straightforwardly pushed or pulled and reach lengths above half a millimeter. Moreover, the controlled pushing of a lipid nanotube with an optically trapped bead provides an accurate and direct measurement of important mechanical properties. In particular, we measure the membrane tension of a free-standing membrane composed of a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to be 4.6 × 10-6 N/m. We demonstrate the potential of the platform for biophysical studies by inserting the cell-penetrating trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide in the lipid membrane. The interactions between the TAT peptide and the membrane are found to decrease the value of the membrane tension to 2.1 × 10-6 N/m. This method is also fully compatible with electrophysiological measurements and presents new possibilities for the study of membrane mechanics and the creation of artificial lipid tube networks of great importance in intra- and intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Dols-Perez
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Marin
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo J. Amador
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
for Aero and Hydrodynamics, Delft University
of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kieffer
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Tam
- Laboratory
for Aero and Hydrodynamics, Delft University
of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
- E-mail: (M.A.)
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Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microfluidic Devices for Forensic Applications. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9030085. [PMID: 31277382 PMCID: PMC6784357 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices offer important benefits for forensic applications, in particular for fast tests at a crime scene. A large portion of forensic applications require microfluidic chip material to show compatibility with biochemical reactions (such as amplification reactions), and to have high transparency in the visible region and high chemical resistance. Also, preferably, manufacturing should be simple. The characteristic properties of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) fulfills these requirements and offers new opportunities for the development of new forensic tests. In this work, the versatility of COC as material for lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems in forensic applications has been explored by realizing two proof-of-principle devices. Chemical resistance and optical transparency were investigated for the development of an on-chip presumptive color test to indicate the presence of an illicit substance through applying absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the compatibility of COC with a DNA amplification reaction was verified by performing an on-chip multiple displacement amplification (MDA) reaction.
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14
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You JB, Wang Y, McCallum C, Tarlan F, Hannam T, Lagunov A, Jarvi K, Sinton D. Live sperm trap microarray for high throughput imaging and analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:815-824. [PMID: 30693362 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation and understanding of cell-to-cell variability in biological samples. However, research and clinical practice in male fertility has relied on population, or sample-based characteristics. Single-cell resolution is particularly important given the winner-takes-all nature of both natural and in vitro fertilization: it is the properties of a single cell, not the population, that are passed to the next generation. While there are a range of methods for single cell analysis, arraying a larger number of live sperm has not been possible due to the strong locomotion of the cells. Here we present a 103-trap microarray that traps, aligns and arrays individual live sperm. The method enables high-resolution imaging of the aligned cell head, the application of dye-based DNA and mitochondrial analyses, and the quantification of motility characteristics, such as tail beat. In testing, a 2400-post array trapped ∼400 sperm for individual analyses of tail beating frequency and amplitude, DNA integrity via acridine orange staining, and mitochondrial activity via staining. While literature results are mixed regarding a possible correlation between motility and DNA integrity of sperm at sample-level, results here find no statistical correlation between tail beat characteristics and DNA integrity at the cell-level. The trap array uniquely enables the high-throughput study of individual live sperm in semen samples - assessing the inherently single-cell selection process of fertilization, with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Bem You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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15
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Geczy R, Sticker D, Bovet N, Häfeli UO, Kutter JP. Chloroform compatible, thiol-ene based replica molded micro chemical devices as an alternative to glass microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:798-806. [PMID: 30688958 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric microfluidic chips offer a number of benefits compared to their glass equivalents, including lower material costs and ease and flexibility of fabrication. However, the main drawback of polymeric materials is often their limited resistance to (organic) solvents. Previously, thiol-ene materials were shown to be more solvent resistant than most other commonly used polymers; however, they still fall short in "harsh" chemical environments, such as when chlorinated solvents are present. Here, we show that a simple yet effective treatment of thiol-ene materials results in exceptional solvent compatibility, even for very challenging chemical environments. Our approach, based on a temperature treatment, results in a 50-fold increase in the chloroform compatibility of thiol-enes (in terms of longevity). We show that prolonged heat exposure allows for the operation of the microfluidic chips in chloroform for several days with no discernable deformation or solvent-induced swelling. The method is applicable to many different thiol-ene-based materials, including commercially available formulations, and also when using other commonly considered "harsh" solvents. To demonstrate the utility of the solvent compatible thiol-enes for applications where chloroform is frequently employed, we show the continuous and uniform production of polymeric microspheres for drug delivery purposes over a period of 8 hours. The material thus holds great promise as an alternative choice for microfluidic applications requiring harsh chemical environments, a domain so far mainly restricted to glass chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Geczy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Qiu X, Castañeda Ocampo O, de Vries HW, van Putten M, Loznik M, Herrmann A, Chiechi RC. Self-Regenerating Soft Biophotovoltaic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37625-37633. [PMID: 30295451 PMCID: PMC6328238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of soft, stretchable biophotovoltaic devices that generate photocurrent from photosystem I (PSI) complexes that are self-assembled onto Au electrodes with a preferred orientation. Charge is collected by the direct injection of electrons into the Au electrode and the transport of holes through a redox couple to liquid eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) electrodes that are confined to microfluidic pseudochannels by arrays of posts. The pseudochannels are defined in a single fabrication step that leverages the non-Newtonian rheology of EGaIn. This strategy is extended to the fabrication of reticulated electrodes that are inherently stretchable. A simple shadow evaporation technique is used to increase the surface area of the Au electrodes by a factor of approximately 106 compared to planar electrodes. The power conversion efficiency of the biophotovoltaic devices decreases over time, presumably as the PSI complexes denature and/or detach from the Au electrodes. However, by circulating a solution of active PSI complexes the devices self-regenerate by mass action/self-assembly. These devices leverage simple fabrication techniques to produce complex function and prove that photovoltaic devices comprising PSI can retain the ability to regenerate, one of the most important functions of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Castañeda Ocampo
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik W. de Vries
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel van Putten
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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17
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Tan HY, Trier S, Rahbek UL, Dufva M, Kutter JP, Andresen TL. A multi-chamber microfluidic intestinal barrier model using Caco-2 cells for drug transport studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197101. [PMID: 29746551 PMCID: PMC5944968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the design and fabrication of a multi-layer and multi-chamber microchip system using thiol-ene ‘click chemistry’ aimed for drug transport studies across tissue barrier models. The fabrication process enables rapid prototyping of multi-layer microfluidic chips using different thiol-ene polymer mixtures, where porous Teflon membranes for cell monolayer growth were incorporated by masked sandwiching thiol-ene-based fluid layers. Electrodes for trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were incorporated using low-melting soldering wires in combination with platinum wires, enabling parallel real-time monitoring of barrier integrity for the eight chambers. Additionally, the translucent porous Teflon membrane enabled optical monitoring of cell monolayers. The device was developed and tested with the Caco-2 intestinal model, and compared to the conventional Transwell system. Cell monolayer differentiation was assessed via in situ immunocytochemistry of tight junction and mucus proteins, P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) mediated efflux of Rhodamine 123, and brush border aminopeptidase activity. Monolayer tightness and relevance for drug delivery research was evaluated through permeability studies of mannitol, dextran and insulin, alone or in combination with the absorption enhancer tetradecylmaltoside (TDM). The thiol-ene-based microchip material and electrodes were highly compatible with cell growth. In fact, Caco-2 cells cultured in the device displayed differentiation, mucus production, directional transport and aminopeptidase activity within 9–10 days of cell culture, indicating robust barrier formation at a faster rate than in conventional Transwell models. The cell monolayer displayed high TEER and tightness towards hydrophilic compounds, whereas co-administration of an absorption enhancer elicited TEER-decrease and increased permeability similar to the Transwell cultures. The presented cell barrier microdevice constitutes a relevant tissue barrier model, enabling transport studies of drugs and chemicals under real-time optical and functional monitoring in eight parallel chambers, thereby increasing the throughput compared to previously reported microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsih-Yin Tan
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Lyngby, Denmark
- Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Ørsteds Plads, Lyngby, Denmark
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sofie Trier
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Dufva
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jörg P. Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Lyngby, Denmark
- Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Ørsteds Plads, Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Xiao S, Zeng Y, Vavra ED, He P, Puerto M, Hirasaki GJ, Biswal SL. Destabilization, Propagation, and Generation of Surfactant-Stabilized Foam during Crude Oil Displacement in Heterogeneous Model Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:739-749. [PMID: 29045144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Foam flooding in porous media is of increasing interest due to its numerous applications such as enhanced oil recovery, aquifer remediation, and hydraulic fracturing. However, the mechanisms of oil-foam interactions have yet to be fully understood at the pore level. Here, we present three characteristic zones identified in experiments involving the displacement of crude oil from model porous media via surfactant-stabilized foam, and we describe a series of pore-level dynamics in these zones which were not observed in experiments involving paraffin oil. In the displacement front zone, foam coalesces upon initial contact with crude oil, which is known to destabilize the liquid lamellae of the foam. Directly upstream, a transition zone occurs where surface wettability is altered from oil-wet to water-wet. After this transition takes place, a strong foam bank zone exists where foam is generated within the porous media. We visualized each zone using a microfluidic platform, and we discuss the unique physicochemical phenomena that define each zone. In our analysis, we also provide an updated mechanistic understanding of the "smart rheology" of foam which builds upon simple "phase separation" observations in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yongchao Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eric D Vavra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Maura Puerto
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - George J Hirasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sibani L Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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19
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Vavra ED, Zeng Y, Xiao S, Hirasaki GJ, Biswal SL. Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29364222 DOI: 10.3791/56592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Vavra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University
| | - Yongchao Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University
| | - Siyang Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University
| | - George J Hirasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University
| | - Sibani L Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University;
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20
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de Campos RPS, Campos CDM, Almeida GB, da Silva JAF. Characterization of Off-Stoichiometry Microfluidic Devices for Bioanalytical Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1470-1477. [PMID: 29293428 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we further investigate the properties of off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers (OSTE) aiming its application in microchip electrophoresis for bioanalytical applications. The proportion of 1.3:1 (allyl:thiol) and 1:2.5 (allyl:thiol) presented the best results in terms of sealing. Raman imaging mapping of the polymers surfaces revealed an outstanding homogeneity. Water contact angle were measured as 68° ± 6° and 71° ± 5° for 1.3:1 allyl and 1:2.5 thiol, respectively. Substrates prepared with OSTE demonstrated to be less prone to sorption of nonpolar compounds. The electroosmotic flow measured for this OSTE composition was 3.8 ± 0.3·10-4 cm2 s-1 V-1, 1.5 times higher than the one found for polydimethylsiloxane microchips under the same conditions. As a proof-of-concept for the applicability of OSTE microchips in bioanalysis the immobilization of α-amylase on the polymer surface and the implementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell counter using contactless conductivity detection are demonstrated.
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21
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Sycks DG, Safranski DL, Reddy NB, Sun E, Gall K. Tough Semicrystalline Thiol–Ene Photopolymers Incorporating Spiroacetal Alkenes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton G. Sycks
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300, Hudson Hall, Durham, North
Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David L. Safranski
- MedShape, Inc., 1575
Northside Drive, NW, Suite 440, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Neel B. Reddy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, North Engineering
and Computer Science Building, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Eric Sun
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS Room 1427, 101
Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300, Hudson Hall, Durham, North
Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS Room 1427, 101
Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- MedShape, Inc., 1575
Northside Drive, NW, Suite 440, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
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22
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Abstract
Droplet microfluidics generates and manipulates discrete droplets through immiscible multiphase flows inside microchannels. Due to its remarkable advantages, droplet microfluidics bears significant value in an extremely wide range of area. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth insight into droplet microfluidics, covering fundamental research from microfluidic chip fabrication and droplet generation to the applications of droplets in bio(chemical) analysis and materials generation. The purpose of this review is to convey the fundamentals of droplet microfluidics, a critical analysis on its current status and challenges, and opinions on its future development. We believe this review will promote communications among biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoran Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
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23
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24
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Efficient initiation of radical-mediated thiol-ene chemistry with photoactive silica particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Lin YJ, He P, Tavakkoli M, Mathew NT, Fatt YY, Chai JC, Goharzadeh A, Vargas FM, Biswal SL. Examining Asphaltene Solubility on Deposition in Model Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8729-8734. [PMID: 27532331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Asphaltenes are known to cause severe flow assurance problems in the near-wellbore region of oil reservoirs. Understanding the mechanism of asphaltene deposition in porous media is of great significance for the development of accurate numerical simulators and effective chemical remediation treatments. Here, we present a study of the dynamics of asphaltene deposition in porous media using microfluidic devices. A model oil containing 5 wt % dissolved asphaltenes was mixed with n-heptane, a known asphaltene precipitant, and flowed through a representative porous media microfluidic chip. Asphaltene deposition was recorded and analyzed as a function of solubility, which was directly correlated to particle size and Péclet number. In particular, pore-scale visualization and velocity profiles, as well as three stages of deposition, were identified and examined to determine the important convection-diffusion effects on deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mohammad Tavakkoli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nevin Thunduvila Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute , Post Office Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yap Yit Fatt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute , Post Office Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - John C Chai
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Goharzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute , Post Office Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francisco M Vargas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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26
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Das S, Srivastava VC. Microfluidic-based photocatalytic microreactor for environmental application: a review of fabrication substrates and techniques, and operating parameters. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:714-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This article gives an overview of photocatalytic microreactors with an application in environmental science, in particular, the degradation of different toxic dyes within microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
- India
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27
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Goyal S, Economou AE, Papadopoulos T, Horstman EM, Zhang GGZ, Gong Y, Kenis PJA. Solvent compatible microfluidic platforms for pharmaceutical solid form screening. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of SIFEL in the crystallization fluid layers renders the microfluidic crystallization array compatible with solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, chloroform, hexane, and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Polyurethanes R&D
- Freeport
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Aristotle E. Economou
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Theodore Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Horstman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development
- Research and Development
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Drug Product Development
- Research and Development
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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28
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Li R, Lv X, Hasan M, Xu J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Qin K, Wang J, Zhou D, Deng Y. A Rapidly Fabricated Microfluidic Chip for Cell Culture. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:523-30. [PMID: 26657733 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips (μFC) are emerging as powerful tools in chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology and biotechnology. The microscale size, possibility of integration and high-throughput present huge technical potential to facilitate the research of cell behavior by creating in vivo-like microenvironments. Here, we have developed a new method for rapid fabrication of μFC with Norland Optical Adhesive 81 (NOA81) for multiple cell culture with high efficiency. The proposed method is more suitable for the early structure exploration stage of μFC than existing procedures since no templates are needed and fast fabrication methods are presented. Simple PDMS-NOA81-linked microvalves were embedded in the μFC to control or block the fluid flow effectively, which significantly broadened the applications of μFC. Various types of cells were integrated into the chip and normal viabilities were maintained up to 1 week. Besides, concentration gradient was generated to investigate the cells in the μFC responded to drug stimulation. The cells appeared different in terms of shape and proliferation that strongly demonstrated the potential application of our μFC in online drug delivery. The high biocompatibility of NOA81 and its facile fabrication (μFC) promise its use in various cell analyses, such as cell-cell interactions or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuefei Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingjian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kuiwei Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioseparation and Bioanalysis, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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29
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Tähkä SM, Bonabi A, Nordberg ME, Kanerva M, Jokinen VP, Sikanen TM. Thiol-ene microfluidic devices for microchip electrophoresis: Effects of curing conditions and monomer composition on surface properties. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:233-40. [PMID: 26654831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-ene polymer formulations are raising growing interest as new low-cost fabrication materials for microfluidic devices. This study addresses their feasibility for microchip electrophoresis (MCE) via characterization of the effects of UV curing conditions and aging on the surface charge and wetting properties. A detailed comparison is made between stoichiometric thiol-ene (1:1) and thiol-ene formulations bearing 50% molar excess of allyls ("enes"), both prepared without photoinitiator or other polymer modifiers. Our results show that the surface charge of thiol-ene 1:1 increases along with increasing UV exposure dose until a threshold (here, about 200J/cm(2)), whereas the surface charge of thiol-ene 2:3 decreases as a function of increasing UV dose. However, no significant change in the surface charge upon storage in ambient air was observed over a period of 14 days (independent of the curing conditions). The water contact angles of thiol-ene 2:3 (typically 70-75°) were found to be less dependent on the UV dose and storing time. Instead, water contact angles of thiol-ene 1:1 slightly decrease (from initial 90 to 95° to about 70°) as a function of UV increasing exposure dose and storing time. Most importantly, both thiol-ene formulations remain relatively hydrophilic over extended periods of time, which favors their use in MCE applications. Here, MCE separation of biologically active peptides and selected fluorescent dyes is demonstrated in combination with laser-induced fluorescence detection showing high separation efficiency (theoretical plates 8200 per 4cm for peptides and 1500-2700 per 4cm for fluorescent dyes) and lower limits of detection in the sub-μM (visible range) or low-μM (near-UV range) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari M Tähkä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashkan Bonabi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria-Elisa Nordberg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meeri Kanerva
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville P Jokinen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Tiina M Sikanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Lafleur JP, Senkbeil S, Novotny J, Nys G, Bøgelund N, Rand KD, Foret F, Kutter JP. Rapid and simple preparation of thiol-ene emulsion-templated monoliths and their application as enzymatic microreactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2162-2172. [PMID: 25850955 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rapid and simple method for the preparation of emulsion-templated monoliths in microfluidic channels based on thiol-ene chemistry is presented. The method allows monolith synthesis and anchoring inside thiol-ene microchannels in a single photoinitiated step. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy showed that the methanol-based emulsion templating process resulted in a network of highly interconnected and regular thiol-ene beads anchored solidly inside thiol-ene microchannels. Surface area measurements indicate that the monoliths are macroporous, with no or little micro- or mesopores. As a demonstration, galactose oxidase and peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) were immobilized at the surface of the synthesized thiol-ene monoliths via two different mechanisms. First, cysteine groups on the protein surface were used for reversible covalent linkage to free thiol functional groups on the monoliths. Second, covalent linkage was achieved via free primary amino groups on the protein surface by means of thiol-ene click chemistry and l-ascorbic acid linkage. Thus prepared galactose oxidase and PNGase F microreactors demonstrated good enzymatic activity in a galactose assay and the deglycosilation of ribonuclease B, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Heger Z, Zitka J, Cernei N, Krizkova S, Sztalmachova M, Kopel P, Masarik M, Hodek P, Zitka O, Adam V, Kizek R. 3D-printed biosensor with poly(dimethylsiloxane) reservoir for magnetic separation and quantum dots-based immunolabeling of metallothionein. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1256-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Sztalmachova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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32
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Bong KW, Lee J, Doyle PS. Stop flow lithography in perfluoropolyether (PFPE) microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4680-7. [PMID: 25316504 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stop Flow Lithography (SFL) is a microfluidic-based particle synthesis method for creating anisotropic multifunctional particles with applications that range from MEMS to biomedical engineering. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been typically used to construct SFL devices as the material enables rapid prototyping of channels with complex geometries, optical transparency, and oxygen permeability. However, PDMS is not compatible with most organic solvents which limit the current range of materials that can be synthesized with SFL. Here, we demonstrate that a fluorinated elastomer, called perfluoropolyether (PFPE), can be an alternative oxygen permeable elastomer for SFL microfluidic flow channels. We fabricate PFPE microfluidic devices with soft lithography and synthesize anisotropic multifunctional particles in the devices via the SFL process--this is the first demonstration of SFL with oxygen lubrication layers in a non-PDMS channel. We benchmark the SFL performance of the PFPE devices by comparing them to PDMS devices. We synthesized particles in both PFPE and PDMS devices under the same SFL conditions and found the difference of particle dimensions was less than a micron. PFPE devices can greatly expand the range of precursor materials that can be processed in SFL because the fluorinated devices are chemically resistant to most organic solvents, an inaccessible class of reagents in PDMS-based devices due to swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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33
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Kim JO, Kim H, Ko DH, Min KI, Im DJ, Park SY, Kim DP. A monolithic and flexible fluoropolymer film microreactor for organic synthesis applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4270-4276. [PMID: 25220762 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A photocurable and viscous fluoropolymer with chemical stability is a highly desirable material for fabrication of microchemical devices. Lack of a reliable fabrication method, however, limits actual applications for organic reactions. Herein, we report fabrication of a monolithic and flexible fluoropolymer film microreactor and its use as a new microfluidic platform. The fabrication involves facile soft lithography techniques that enable partial curing of thin laminates, which can be readily bonded by conformal contact without any external forces. We demonstrate fabrication of various functional channels (~300 μm thick) such as those embedded with either a herringbone micromixer pattern or a droplet generator. Organic reactions under strongly acidic and basic conditions can be carried out in this film microreactor even at elevated temperature with excellent reproducibility. In particular, the transparent film microreactor with good deformability could be wrapped around a light-emitting lamp for close contact with the light source for efficient photochemical reactions with visible light, which demonstrates easy integration with optical components for functional miniaturized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Oh Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
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34
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Burke JM, Pandit KR, Goertz JP, White IM. Fabrication of rigid microstructures with thiol-ene-based soft lithography for continuous-flow cell lysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:056503. [PMID: 25538814 PMCID: PMC4222282 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a method for the soft-lithography-based fabrication of rigid microstructures and a new, simple bonding technique for use as a continuous-flow cell lysis device. While on-chip cell lysis techniques have been reported previously, these techniques generally require a long on-chip residence time, and thus cannot be performed in a rapid, continuous-flow manner. Microstructured microfluidic devices can perform mechanical lysis of cells, enabling continuous-flow lysis; however, rigid silicon-based devices require complex and expensive fabrication of each device, while polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS), the most common material used for soft lithography fabrication, is not rigid and expands under the pressures required, resulting in poor lysis performance. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of microfluidic microstructures from off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) polymer using soft-lithography replica molding combined with a post-assembly cure for easy bonding. With finite element simulations, we show that the rigid microstructures generate an energy dissipation rate of nearly 10(7), which is sufficient for continuous-flow cell lysis. Correspondingly, with the OSTE device we achieve lysis of highly deformable MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a rate of 85%, while a comparable PDMS device leads to a lysis rate of only 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Burke
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Kunal R Pandit
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - John P Goertz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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35
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Goyal S, Desai AV, Lewis RW, Ranganathan DR, Li H, Zeng D, Reichert DE, Kenis PJ. Thiolene and SIFEL-based Microfluidic Platforms for Liquid-Liquid Extraction. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2014; 190:634-644. [PMID: 25246730 PMCID: PMC4167834 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms provide several advantages for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes over conventional methods, for example with respect to lower consumption of solvents and enhanced extraction efficiencies due to the inherent shorter diffusional distances. Here, we report the development of polymer-based parallel-flow microfluidic platforms for LLE. To date, parallel-flow microfluidic platforms have predominantly been made out of silicon or glass due to their compatibility with most organic solvents used for LLE. Fabrication of silicon and glass-based LLE platforms typically requires extensive use of photolithography, plasma or laser-based etching, high temperature (anodic) bonding, and/or wet etching with KOH or HF solutions. In contrast, polymeric microfluidic platforms can be fabricated using less involved processes, typically photolithography in combination with replica molding, hot embossing, and/or bonding at much lower temperatures. Here we report the fabrication and testing of microfluidic LLE platforms comprised of thiolene or a perfluoropolyether-based material, SIFEL, where the choice of materials was mainly guided by the need for solvent compatibility and fabrication amenability. Suitable designs for polymer-based LLE platforms that maximize extraction efficiencies within the constraints of the fabrication methods and feasible operational conditions were obtained using analytical modeling. To optimize the performance of the polymer-based LLE platforms, we systematically studied the effect of surface functionalization and of microstructures on the stability of the liquid-liquid interface and on the ability to separate the phases. As demonstrative examples, we report (i) a thiolene-based platform to determine the lipophilicity of caffeine, and (ii) a SIFEL-based platform to extract radioactive copper from an acidic aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amit V. Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert W. Lewis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Ranganathan
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hairong Li
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dexing Zeng
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David E. Reichert
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul J.A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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36
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Feidenhans'l NA, Lafleur JP, Jensen TG, Kutter JP. Surface functionalized thiol-ene waveguides for fluorescence biosensing in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:282-8. [PMID: 23983194 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-ene polymers possess physical, optical, and chemical characteristics that make them ideal substrates for the fabrication of optofluidic devices. In this work, thiol-ene polymers are used to simultaneously create microfluidic channels and optical waveguides in one simple moulding step. The reactive functional groups present at the surface of the thiol-ene polymer are subsequently used for the rapid, one step, site-specific functionalization of the waveguide with biological recognition molecules. It was found that while the bulk properties and chemical surface properties of thiol-ene materials vary considerably with variations in stoichiometric composition, their optical properties remain mostly unchanged with an average refractive index value of 1.566 ± 0.008 for thiol-ene substrates encompassing a range from 150% excess ene to 90% excess thiol. Microfluidic chips featuring thiol-ene waveguides were fabricated from 40% excess thiol thiol-ene to ensure the presence of thiol functional groups at the surface of the waveguide. Biotin alkyne was photografted at specific locations using a photomask, directly at the interface between the microfluidic channel and the thiol-ene waveguide prior to conjugation with fluorescently labeled streptavidin. Fluorescence excitation was achieved by launching light through the thiol-ene waveguide, revealing bright fluorescent patterns along the channel/waveguide interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj A Feidenhans'l
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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37
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Yang CH, Huang KS, Grumezescu AM, Wang CY, Tzeng SC, Chen SY, Lin YH, Lin YS. Synthesis of uniform poly(d,l-lactide) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres using a microfluidic chip for comparison. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:316-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate; I-Shou University; Taiwan
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University Politehnica of Bucharest; Romania
| | - Chih-Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; I-Shou University; Taiwan
| | - Shian-Chiuan Tzeng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Instrument Technology Research Center; National Applied Research Laboratories; Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Lin
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Master Program of Cosmetic Science; Hungkuang University; Taiwan
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38
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Wägli P, Chang YC, Hans K, Homsy A, Hvozdara L, Herzig HP, Sigrist M, de Rooij NF. Microfluidic droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction and on-chip IR spectroscopy detection of cocaine in human saliva. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7558-65. [PMID: 23815182 DOI: 10.1021/ac401606p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a portable microsystem to quantitatively detect cocaine in human saliva. In this system, we combine a microfluidic-based multiphase liquid-liquid extraction method to transfer cocaine continuously from IR-light-absorbing saliva to an IR-transparent solvent (tetrachloroethylene) with waveguide IR spectroscopy (QC-laser, waveguide, detector) to detect the cocaine on-chip. For the fabrication of the low-cost polymer microfluidic chips a simple rapid prototyping technique based on Scotch-tape masters was further developed and applied. To perform the droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction, we designed and integrated a simple and robust droplet generation method based on the capillary focusing effect within the device. Compared to well-characterized and commonly used microfluidic H-filters, our system showed at least two times higher extraction efficiencies with potential for further improvements. The current liquid-liquid extraction method alone can efficiently extract cocaine and pre-concentrate the analytes in a new solvent. Our fully integrated optofluidic system successfully detected cocaine in real saliva samples spiked with the drug (500 μg/mL) and allowed real time measurements, which makes this approach suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wägli
- Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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39
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Goyal S, Thorson MR, Schneider CL, Zhang GGZ, Gong Y, Kenis PJA. A microfluidic platform for evaporation-based salt screening of pharmaceutical parent compounds. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1708-1723. [PMID: 23478750 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic platform to screen for salt forms of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) via controlled evaporation. The platform enables on-chip combinatorial mixing of PC and salt former solutions in a 24-well array (~200 nL/well), which is a drastic reduction in the amount of PC needed per condition screened compared to traditional screening approaches that require ~100 μL/well. The reduced sample needs enable salt screening at a much earlier stage in the drug development process, when only limited quantities of PCs are available. Compatibility with (i) solvents commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, and (ii) Raman spectroscopy for solid form identification was ensured by using a hybrid microfluidic platform. A thin layer of elastomeric PDMS was utilized to retain pneumatic valving capabilities. This layer is sandwiched between layers of cyclic-olefin copolymer, a material with low air and solvent permeability and low Raman background to yield a physically rigid and Raman compatible chip. A solvent-impermeable thiolene layer patterned with evaporation channels permits control over the rate of solvent evaporation. Control over the rate of solvent evaporation (2-15 nL h(-1)) results in consistent, known rates of increase in the supersaturation levels attained on-chip, and increases the probability for crystalline solids to form. The modular nature of the platform enables on-chip Raman and birefringence analysis of the solid forms. Model compounds, tamoxifen and ephedrine, were used to validate the platform's ability to screen for salts. On-chip Raman analysis helped to identify six different salts each of tamoxifen and ephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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40
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Hashimoto M, Langer R, Kohane DS. Benchtop fabrication of microfluidic systems based on curable polymers with improved solvent compatibility. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:252-259. [PMID: 23192674 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40888k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a general scheme to fabricate microchannels from curable polymers on a laboratory benchtop. Using the scheme described here, benchtop fabrication of SU-8 microfluidic systems was demonstrated for the first time, and their compatibility with organic solvents was demonstrated. The fabrication process has three major stages: 1) transferring patterns of microchannels to polymer films by molding, 2) releasing the patterned film and creating inlets and outlets for fluids, and 3) sealing two films together to create a closed channel system. Addition of a PDMS slab supporting the polymer film provided structural integrity during and after fabrication, allowing manipulation of the polymer films without fracturing or deformation. SU-8 channels fabricated according to this scheme exhibited solvent compatibility against continuous exposure to acetone and ethylacetate, which are incompatible with native PDMS. Using the SU-8 channels, continuous generation of droplets of ethylacetate, and templated synthesis of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles, both with stable size, were demonstrated continuously over 24 h, and at intervals over 75 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinao Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics or digital microfluidics is a subclass of microfluidic devices, wherein droplets are generated using active or passive methods. The active method for generation of droplets involves the use of an external factor such as an electric field for droplet generation. Two techniques that fall in this category are dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In passive methods, the droplet generation depends on the geometry and dimensions of the device. T-junction and flow focusing methods are examples of passive methods used for generation of droplets. In this chapter the methods used for droplet generation, mixing of contents of droplets, and the manipulation of droplets are described in brief. A review of the applications of digital microfluidics with emphasis on the last decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK.
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42
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Joensson HN, Andersson Svahn H. Tröpfchen-Mikrofluidik für die Einzelzellanalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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43
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Joensson HN, Andersson Svahn H. Droplet Microfluidics-A Tool for Single-Cell Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Silvestrini S, Ferraro D, Tóth T, Pierno M, Carofiglio T, Mistura G, Maggini M. Tailoring the wetting properties of thiolene microfluidic materials. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4041-4043. [PMID: 22907593 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A post functionalization method for the control of the wettability of thiolene resins of the NOA family is presented. Treatment of open model surfaces or closed microchannels with chlorosilane derivatives resulted in dramatic changes in the behaviour of droplets and streams contacting the surfaces. The experimental findings are confirmed by the fabrication of a Y-junction device that works as a passive valve for water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Silvestrini
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ITM-CNR, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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45
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Chang YC, Wägli P, Paeder V, Homsy A, Hvozdara L, van der Wal P, Di Francesco J, de Rooij NF, Peter Herzig H. Cocaine detection by a mid-infrared waveguide integrated with a microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3020-3. [PMID: 22806146 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A germanium (Ge) strip waveguide on a silicon (Si) substrate is integrated with a microfluidic chip to detect cocaine in tetrachloroethylene (PCE) solutions. In the evanescent field of the waveguide, cocaine absorbs the light near 5.8 μm, which is emitted from a quantum cascade laser. This device is ideal for (bio-)chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Chang
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering, Optics & Photonics Technology Laboratory, Rue A.-L. Breguet 2, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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46
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Northrop BH, Coffey RN. Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry: Computational and Kinetic Analysis of the Influence of Alkene Functionality. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13804-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459,
United States
| | - Roderick N. Coffey
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459,
United States
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Jankowski P, Ogończyk D, Lisowski W, Garstecki P. Polyethyleneimine coating renders polycarbonate resistant to organic solvents. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2580-2584. [PMID: 22596179 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for the modification of surfaces of microchannels in chips fabricated in polycarbonate (PC) that makes the devices resistant to a range of organic solvents. Coating of PC with branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) with the use of trimethylpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE) as a linker renders the devices resistant to toluene, benzene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and ethylene dichloride. The optimized procedure of modification allows for continuous operation of the chips for several hours without dissolution of PC. Additional modification with the use of Krytox® allows for the use of Fluorinert (FC-40) as the continuous phase and for generation and handling of droplets of organic solvents that are miscible with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jankowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Homsy A, van der Wal PD, Doll W, Schaller R, Korsatko S, Ratzer M, Ellmerer M, Pieber TR, Nicol A, de Rooij NF. Development and validation of a low cost blood filtration element separating plasma from undiluted whole blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:12804-128049. [PMID: 22662072 PMCID: PMC3365324 DOI: 10.1063/1.3672188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinical point of care testing often needs plasma instead of whole blood. As centrifugation is labor intensive and not always accessible, filtration is a more appropriate separation technique. The complexity of whole blood is such that there is still no commercially available filtration system capable of separating small sample volumes (10-100 μl) at the point of care. The microfluidics research in blood filtration is very active but to date nobody has validated a low cost device that simultaneously filtrates small samples of whole blood and reproducibly recovers clinically relevant biomarkers, and all this in a limited amount of time with undiluted raw samples. In this paper, we show first that plasma filtration from undiluted whole blood is feasible and reproducible in a low-cost microfluidic device. This novel microfluidic blood filtration element (BFE) extracts 12 μl of plasma from 100 μl of whole blood in less than 10 min. Then, we demonstrate that our device is valid for clinical studies by measuring the adsorption of interleukins through our system. This adsorption is reproducible for interleukins IL6, IL8, and IL10 but not for TNFα. Hence, our BFE is valid for clinical diagnostics with simple calibration prior to performing any measurement.
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Ding H, Li X, Lv X, Xu J, Sun X, Zhang Z, Wang H, Deng Y. Fabrication of micro free-flow electrophoresis chip by photocurable monomer binding microfabrication technique for continuous separation of proteins and their numerical simulation. Analyst 2012; 137:4482-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
This book chapter aims at providing an overview of all the aspects and procedures needed to develop a droplet-based workflow for single-cell analysis (see Fig. 10.1). The surfactant system used to stabilize droplets is a critical component of droplet microfluidics; its properties define the type of droplet-based assays and workflows that can be developed. The scope of this book chapter is limited to fluorinated surfactant systems that have proved to generate extremely stable droplets and allow to easily retrieve the encapsulated material. The formulation section discusses how the experimental parameters influence the choice of the surfactant system to use. The circuit design section presents recipes to design and integrate different droplet modules into a whole assay. The fabrication section describes the manufacturing of microfluidic chip including the surface treatment which is pivotal in droplet microfluidics. Finally, the last section reviews the experimental setup for fluorescence detection with an emphasis on cell injection and incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouzes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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