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Gimondi S, Ferreira H, Reis RL, Neves NM. Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14205-14228. [PMID: 37498731 PMCID: PMC10416572 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in nanomedicine holds great promise for the treatment of diseases for which conventional therapies present serious limitations. Additionally, NPs can drastically improve early diagnosis and follow-up of many disorders. However, to harness their full capabilities, they must be precisely designed, produced, and tested in relevant models. Microfluidic systems can simulate dynamic fluid flows, gradients, specific microenvironments, and multiorgan complexes, providing an efficient and cost-effective approach for both NPs synthesis and screening. Microfluidic technologies allow for the synthesis of NPs under controlled conditions, enhancing batch-to-batch reproducibility. Moreover, due to the versatility of microfluidic devices, it is possible to generate and customize endless platforms for rapid and efficient in vitro and in vivo screening of NPs' performance. Indeed, microfluidic devices show great potential as advanced systems for small organism manipulation and immobilization. In this review, first we summarize the major microfluidic platforms that allow for controlled NPs synthesis. Next, we will discuss the most innovative microfluidic platforms that enable mimicking in vitro environments as well as give insights into organism-on-a-chip and their promising application for NPs screening. We conclude this review with a critical assessment of the current challenges and possible future directions of microfluidic systems in NPs synthesis and screening to impact the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gimondi
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Younus LA, Mahmoud ZH, Hamza AA, Alaziz KMA, Ali ML, Yasin Y, Jihad WS, Rasheed T, Alkhawaldeh AK, Ali FK, Kianfar E. Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment: properties and applications in nanoparticles. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e268892. [PMID: 37311125 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.268892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Younus
- Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Al Najaf Al Ashraf, Iraq
| | - Z H Mahmoud
- University of Diyala, College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Diyala, Iraq
| | - A A Hamza
- University of Al-Ameed, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Karbala, Iraq
| | - K M A Alaziz
- Al-Noor University College, Department of Pharmacy, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - M L Ali
- Al-Mustaqbal University College, Department of Dentistry, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Y Yasin
- Al-Farahidi University, College of Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - W S Jihad
- Mazaya University College, Department of Medical Technology, Dhi-Qar, Iraq
| | - T Rasheed
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Science and Humanities, Department of English, Al-Kharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - A K Alkhawaldeh
- Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa University College, Department of Medical Allied Sciences, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - F K Ali
- University of Diyala, College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Diyala, Iraq
| | - E Kianfar
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Engineering and Pure Sciences, Mechanical Engineering Department, Istanbul, turkey
- Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak, Iran
- Islamic Azad University, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gurcharan Branch, Gachsaran, Iran
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3
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Sancho-Albero M, Ayaz N, Sebastian V, Chirizzi C, Encinas-Gimenez M, Neri G, Chaabane L, Luján L, Martin-Duque P, Metrangolo P, Santamaría J, Baldelli Bombelli F. Superfluorinated Extracellular Vesicles for In Vivo Imaging by 19F-MRI. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8974-8985. [PMID: 36780137 PMCID: PMC9951174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and have great potential as efficient delivery vectors. However, a better understanding of EV in vivo behavior is hampered by the limitations of current imaging tools. In addition, chemical labels present the risk of altering the EV membrane features and, thus, in vivo behavior. 19F-MRI is a safe bioimaging technique providing selective images of exogenous probes. Here, we present the first example of fluorinated EVs containing PERFECTA, a branched molecule with 36 magnetically equivalent 19F atoms. A PERFECTA emulsion is given to the cells, and PERFECTA-containing EVs are naturally produced. PERFECTA-EVs maintain the physicochemical features, morphology, and biological fingerprint as native EVs but exhibit an intense 19F-NMR signal and excellent 19F relaxation times. In vivo 19F-MRI and tumor-targeting capabilities of stem cell-derived PERFECTA-EVs are also proved. We propose PERFECTA-EVs as promising biohybrids for imaging biodistribution and delivery of EVs throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazeeha Ayaz
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNano Lab), Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Chirizzi
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNano Lab), Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Experimental
Neurology (INSPE) and Experimental Imaging Center (CIS), Neuroscience
Division, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Encinas-Gimenez
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Neri
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNano Lab), Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Experimental
Neurology (INSPE) and Experimental Imaging Center (CIS), Neuroscience
Division, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department
of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón
(IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Martin-Duque
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS) /IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 5009, Spain
- Fundación
Araid, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNano Lab), Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNano Lab), Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
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Chakravarty R, Sen N, Ghosh S, Sarma HD, Guleria A, Singh KK, Chakraborty S. Flow synthesis of intrinsically radiolabeled and renal-clearable ultrasmall [198Au]Au nanoparticles in a PTFE microchannel. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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5
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Larrea A, Arruebo M, Serra CA, Sebastián V. Trojan pH-Sensitive Polymer Particles Produced in a Continuous-Flow Capillary Microfluidic Device Using Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double-Emulsion Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060878. [PMID: 35744492 PMCID: PMC9230220 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A facile and robust microfluidic method to produce nanoparticle-in-microparticle systems (Trojan systems) is reported as a delivery vector for the oral administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The microfluidic system is based on two coaxial capillaries that produce monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions in a highly controlled fashion with precise control over the resulting particle structure, including the core and shell dimensions. The influence of the three phase flow rates, pH and drying process on the formation and overall size is evaluated. These droplets are then used as templates for the production of pH-sensitive Trojan microparticles after solvent evaporation. The shell of Trojan microparticles is made of Eudragit®, a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer that would enable the Trojan microparticle payload to first pass through the stomach without being degraded and then dissolve in the intestinal fluid, releasing the inner payload. The synthesis of the pH-sensitive Trojan microparticles was also compared with a conventional batch production method. The payloads considered in this work were different in nature: (1) fluorescein, to validate the feasibility of the polymeric shell to protect the payload under gastric pH; (2) poly(D,L-lactic acid/glycolic acid)-PLGA nanoparticles loaded with the antibiotic rifampicin. These PLGA nanoparticles were produced also using a microfluidic continuous process and (3) PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Au nanoparticles to trace the PLGA formulation under different environments (gastric and intestinal), and to assess whether active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulation in PLGA is due efficiently. We further showed that Trojan microparticles released the embedded PLGA nanoparticles in contact with suitable media, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Finally, the results show the possibility of developing Trojan microparticles in a continuous manner with the ability to deliver therapeutic nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Sebastián
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (V.S.)
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6
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Sebastian V. Toward continuous production of high-quality nanomaterials using microfluidics: nanoengineering the shape, structure and chemical composition. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4411-4447. [PMID: 35274121 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a multitude of synthesis strategies has been reported for the production of high-quality nanoparticles. Wet-chemical methods are generally the most efficient synthesis procedures since high control of crystallinity and physicochemical properties can be achieved. However, a number of challenges remain from inadequate reaction control during the nanocrystallization process; specifically variability, selectivity, scalability and safety. These shortcomings complicate the synthesis, make it difficult to obtain a uniform product with desired properties, and present serious limitations for scaling the production of colloidal nanocrystals from academic studies to industrial applications. Continuous flow reactors based on microfluidic principles offer potential solutions and advantages. The reproducibility of reaction conditions in microfluidics and therefore product quality have proved to exceed those obtained by batch processing. Considering that in nanoparticles' production not only is it crucial to control the particle size distribution, but also the shape and chemical composition, this review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in synthesis of anisotropic and faceted nanostructures by using microfluidics techniques. The review surveys the available tools that enable shape and chemical control, including secondary growth methods, active segmented flow, and photoinduced shape conversion. In addition, emphasis is placed on the available approaches developed to tune the structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in order to produce complex heterostructures in a continuous and reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Light activated pulsatile drug delivery for prolonged peripheral nerve block. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Koryakina IG, Afonicheva PK, Arabuli KV, Evstrapov AA, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Microfluidic synthesis of optically responsive materials for nano- and biophotonics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102548. [PMID: 34757247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials demonstrating optical response under illumination, the so-called optically responsive nanoparticles (NPs), have found their broad application as optical switchers, gas adsorbents, data storage devices, and optical and biological sensors. Unique optical properties of such nanomaterials are strongly related to their chemical composition, geometrical parameters and morphology. Microfluidic approaches for NPs' synthesis allow overcoming the known critical stages in conventional synthesis of NPs due to a high rate of heat/mass transfer and precise regulation of synthesis conditions, which results in reproducible synthesis outcomes with the desired physico-chemical properties. Here, we review the recent advances in microfluidic approach for synthesis of optically responsive nanomaterials (plasmonic, photoluminescent, shape-changeable NPs), highlighting the general background of microfluidics, common considerations in the design of microfluidic chips (MFCs), and theoretical models of the NPs' formation mechanisms. Comparative analysis of microfluidic synthesis with conventional synthesis methods is provided further, along with the recent applications of optically responsive NPs in nano- and biophotonics.
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Illath K, Kar S, Gupta P, Shinde A, Wankhar S, Tseng FG, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. Microfluidic nanomaterials: From synthesis to biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121247. [PMID: 34801251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms gain popularity in biomedical research due to their attractive inherent features, especially in nanomaterials synthesis. This review critically evaluates the current state of the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials using microfluidic devices. We describe nanomaterials' screening in microfluidics, which is very relevant for automating the synthesis process for biomedical applications. We discuss the latest microfluidics trends to achieve noble metal, silica, biopolymer, quantum dots, iron oxide, carbon-based, rare-earth-based, and other nanomaterials with a specific size, composition, surface modification, and morphology required for particular biomedical application. Screening nanomaterials has become an essential tool to synthesize desired nanomaterials using more automated processes with high speed and repeatability, which can't be neglected in today's microfluidic technology. Moreover, we emphasize biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including imaging, targeting, therapy, and sensing. Before clinical use, nanomaterials have to be evaluated under physiological conditions, which is possible in the microfluidic system as it stimulates chemical gradients, fluid flows, and the ability to control microenvironment and partitioning multi-organs. In this review, we emphasize the clinical evaluation of nanomaterials using microfluidics which was not covered by any other reviews. In the future, the growth of new materials or modification in existing materials using microfluidics platforms and applications in a diversity of biomedical fields by utilizing all the features of microfluidic technology is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Syrpailyne Wankhar
- Department of Bioengineering, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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Encapsulation of Large-Size Plasmids in PLGA Nanoparticles for Gene Editing: Comparison of Three Different Synthesis Methods. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102723. [PMID: 34685164 PMCID: PMC8541650 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of new gene-editing technologies has fostered the need for efficient and safe vectors capable of encapsulating large nucleic acids. In this work we evaluate the synthesis of large-size plasmid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles by double emulsion (considering batch ultrasound and microfluidics-assisted methodologies) and magnetic stirring-based nanoprecipitation synthesis methods. For this purpose, we characterized the nanoparticles and compared the results between the different synthesis processes in terms of encapsulation efficiency, morphology, particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential and structural integrity of loaded pDNA. Our results demonstrate particular sensibility of large pDNA for shear and mechanical stress degradation during double emulsion, the nanoprecipitation method being the only one that preserved plasmid integrity. However, plasmid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles synthesized by nanoprecipitation did not show cell expression in vitro, possibly due to the slow release profile observed in our experimental conditions. Strong electrostatic interactions between the large plasmid and the cationic PLGA used for this synthesis may underlie this release kinetics. Overall, none of the methods evaluated satisfied all the requirements for an efficient non-viral vector when applied to large-size plasmid encapsulation. Further optimization or alternative synthesis methods are thus in current need to adapt PLGA nanoparticles as delivery vectors for gene editing therapeutic technologies.
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Alejo T, Sebastian V, Mendoza G, Arruebo M. Hybrid thermoresponsive nanoparticles containing drug nanocrystals for NIR-triggered remote release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1466-1477. [PMID: 34592544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The on-demand administration of anaesthetic drugs can be a promising alternative for chronic pain management. To further improve the efficacy of drug delivery vectors, high drug loadings combined with a spatiotemporal control on the release can not only relief the pain according to patient's needs, but also improve the drawbacks of conventional burst release delivery systems. In this study, a hybrid nanomaterial was developed by loading bupivacaine nanocrystals (BNCs) into oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA)-based thermoresponsive nanogels and coupling them to NIR-absorbing biodegradable copper sulphide nanoparticles (CuS NPs). Those CuS NPs were surface modified with polyelectrolytes using layer-by-layer techniques to be efficiently attached to the surface of nanogels by means of supramolecular interactions. The encapsulation of bupivacaine in the form of nanocrystals allowed to achieve CuS@BNC-nanogels having drug loadings as high as 65.5 wt%. The nanocrystals acted as long-lasting drug reservoirs, leading to an elevated localized drug content, which was useful for their application in prolonged pain relief. The CuS@BNC-nanogels exhibited favorable photothermal transducing properties upon NIR-light irradiation. The photothermal effect granted by the CuS NPs triggered the nano-crystallized drug release to be boosted by the collapse of the thermoresponsive nanogels upon heating. Remote control was achieved for on-demand release at a specific time and place, indicating their potential use as an externally activated triggerable drug-delivery system. Furthermore, cell viability tests and flow cytometry analysis were performed showing satisfactory cytocompatibility in the dose-ranging study having a subcytotoxic concentration of 0.05 mg/mL for CuS@BNC-nanogels. This remotely activated nanoplatform is a promising strategy for long-lasting controlled analgesia and a potential alternative for clinical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Alejo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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A microfluidic synthesis method for preparation and regulation of 3-aminophenol formaldehyde resin spheres. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Liang X, Wang X, Lu S, Wang K, Luo G. Pressure drop analysis for the droplet break-up flow in a locally constrictive microchannel. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Volk AA, Epps RW, Abolhasani M. Accelerated Development of Colloidal Nanomaterials Enabled by Modular Microfluidic Reactors: Toward Autonomous Robotic Experimentation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004495. [PMID: 33289177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a powerful approach for the advanced synthesis and rapid optimization of various solution-processed nanomaterials, including semiconductor quantum dots and nanoplatelets, and metal plasmonic and reticular framework nanoparticles. These fluidic systems offer access to previously unattainable measurements and synthesis conditions at unparalleled efficiencies and sampling rates. Despite these advantages, microfluidic systems have yet to be extensively adopted by the colloidal nanomaterial community. To help bridge the gap, this progress report details the basic principles of microfluidic reactor design and performance, as well as the current state of online diagnostics and autonomous robotic experimentation strategies, toward the size, shape, and composition-controlled synthesis of various colloidal nanomaterials. By discussing the application of fluidic platforms in recent high-priority colloidal nanomaterial studies and their potential for integration with rapidly emerging artificial intelligence-based decision-making strategies, this report seeks to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations between microfluidic reactor engineers and colloidal nanomaterial chemists. Full convergence of these two research efforts offers significantly expedited and enhanced nanomaterial discovery, optimization, and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert W Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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15
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Kyzioł A, Łukasiewicz S, Sebastian V, Kuśtrowski P, Kozieł M, Majda D, Cierniak A. Towards plant-mediated chemistry - Au nanoparticles obtained using aqueous extract of Rosa damascena and their biological activity in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 214:111300. [PMID: 33166865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An eco-friendly, efficient, and controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles with application of the aqueous extract of Rosa damascena (Au@RD NPs) without using any other reducing agents was studied. Au@RD NPs of narrow size distribution were characterized by UV-vis and FT-IR spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurements. In vitro stability experiments revealed that the Au@RD NPs were stable for over a year (pH ~ 3.5), proving a significant stabilizing potential of the aqueous RD extract. The high total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and reducing sugars along with the powerful antioxidant activity of the RD extract was determined by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Colloids prepared from the purified and lyophilized Au@RD NPs (electrokinetic potential of ca. -33 mV) were stable for at least 24 h under terms similar to physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, PBS). The in vitro cytotoxicity of Au@RD NPs was investigated against peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL60), and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549). Selective cytotoxicity of Au@RD NPs towards cancer cells (HL60, A549) over normal cells (PBML) in vitro was explicitly demonstrated by viability assays. Comet assay revealed a higher level of DNA damages in cancer cells when compared with normal ones. Apoptotic death in cancer cells was proved by measuring caspases activity. Thus, the developed Au@RD NPs, obtained by the plant-mediated green synthesis, are attractive hybrid materials for the medical applications combining two active components - metal nanoparticles platform and plant-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kyzioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), The Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28-029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Piotr Kuśtrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kozieł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Majda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cierniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1, 30-705 Kraków, Poland.
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Trzciński JW, Panariello L, Besenhard MO, Yang Y, Gavriilidis A, Guldin S. Synthetic guidelines for the precision engineering of gold nanoparticles. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Ortiz de Solorzano I, Mendoza G, Arruebo M, Sebastian V. Customized hybrid and NIR-light triggered thermoresponsive drug delivery microparticles synthetized by photopolymerization in a one-step flow focusing continuous microreactor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sui J, Yan J, Liu D, Wang K, Luo G. Continuous Synthesis of Nanocrystals via Flow Chemistry Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902828. [PMID: 31755221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Modern nanotechnologies bring humanity to a new age, and advanced methods for preparing functional nanocrystals are cornerstones. A considerable variety of nanomaterials has been created over the past decades, but few were prepared on the macro scale, even fewer making it to the stage of industrial production. The gap between academic research and engineering production is expected to be filled by flow chemistry technology, which relies on microreactors. Microreaction devices and technologies for synthesizing different kinds of nanocrystals are discussed from an engineering point of view. The advantages of microreactors, the important features of flow chemistry systems, and methods to apply them in the syntheses of salt, oxide, metal, alloy, and quantum dot nanomaterials are summarized. To further exhibit the scaling-up of nanocrystal synthesis, recent reports on using microreactors with gram per hour and larger production rates are highlighted. Finally, an industrial example for preparing 10 tons of CaCO3 nanoparticles per day is introduced, which shows the great potential for flow chemistry processes to transfer lab research to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Sui
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junyu Yan
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Di Liu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Liu Z, Fontana F, Python A, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Microfluidics for Production of Particles: Mechanism, Methodology, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904673. [PMID: 31702878 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, microfluidics-based particle production is widely applied for multiple biological usages. Compared to conventional bulk methods, microfluidic-assisted particle production shows significant advantages, such as narrower particle size distribution, higher reproducibility, improved encapsulation efficiency, and enhanced scaling-up potency. Herein, an overview of the recent progress of the microfluidics technology for nano-, microparticles or droplet fabrication, and their biological applications is provided. For both nano-, microparticles/droplets, the previously established mechanisms behind particle production via microfluidics and some typical examples during the past five years are discussed. The emerging interdisciplinary technologies based on microfluidics that have produced microparticles or droplets for cellular analysis and artificial cells fabrication are summarized. The potential drawbacks and future perspectives are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andre Python
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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de Solorzano IO, Prieto M, Mendoza G, Sebastian V, Arruebo M. Triggered drug release from hybrid thermoresponsive nanoparticles using near infrared light. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:219-234. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Developing hybrid poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based nanogels decorated with plasmonic hollow gold nanoparticles for on-demand drug delivery and their physico-chemical characterization, bupivacaine loading and release ability upon light irradiation, and in vitro cell viability. Materials & methods: Hollow gold nanoparticles were prepared by galvanic replacement reaction; poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based nanogels were synthesized via precipitation polymerization and their electrostatic coupling was accomplished using poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as cationic polyelectrolyte linker. Results & conclusion: Colloidal stability of the resulted hybrid nanovectors was demonstrated under physiological conditions together with their fast response and excellent heating efficiency after light stimulation, indicating their potential use as triggered drug-delivery vectors. Moreover, their influence on cell metabolism and cell cycle under subcytotoxic doses were studied showing excellent cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ortiz de Solorzano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Prieto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
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21
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Samaddar S, Mazur J, Boehm D, Thompson DH. Development And In Vitro Characterization Of Bladder Tumor Cell Targeted Lipid-Coated Polyplex For Dual Delivery Of Plasmids And Small Molecules. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9547-9561. [PMID: 31824150 PMCID: PMC6900316 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s225172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and eleventh most common in women. Combination therapy using a gene and chemotherapeutic drug is a potentially useful strategy for treating bladder cancer in cases where a synergistic benefit can be achieved successfully. This approach relies on developing drug combinations using carrier systems that can load both hydrophilic genes and hydrophobic drugs. Ideally, the formulation for carrier system should be free of traditional high shear techniques such as sonication and extrusion to reduce shear-induced nucleic acid strand breakage. Moreover, the system should be able to protect the nucleic acid from enzymatic attack and deliver it specifically to the tumor site. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dual payload carrier system that was formulated using a simple flow mixing technique to complex anionic plasmid (EGFP-NLS) using a cationic polymer (CD-PEI2.5kD) followed by coating of the polyplex using lipid membranes. The resulting lipid-coated polyplex (LCP) formulations are targeted to bladder cancer cells by employing a bacterial adhesive peptide sequence, RWFV, that targets the LCP to the tumor stroma for efficiently delivering reporter plasmid, EGFP-NLS and a model small molecule drug, pyrene, to the cancer cells. RESULTS Encapsulation efficiency of the peptide targeted carrier for the plasmid was 50% ± 0.4% and for pyrene it was 16% ± 0.4%. The ability of the targeted LCP to transfect murine bladder cancer cells was 4-fold higher than LCP bearing a scrambled peptide sequence. Fluorescence of cells due to pyrene delivery was highest after 4 hrs using targeted LCP. Finally, we loaded the peptide targeted LCP with anti-cancer agent, curcumin. The targeted formulation of curcumin resulted in only 45% viable cancer cells at a concentration of 5 µg/mL, whereas the empty and non-targeted formulations did not result any significant cell death. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the specificity of the targeting peptide sequence in engaging tumor cells and the utility of the developed carrier platform to deliver a dual payload to bladder tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayak Samaddar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana47906, USA
| | - Joshua Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana47906, USA
| | - Devin Boehm
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana47906, USA
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana47906, USA
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22
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Escudero-Duch C, Martin-Saavedra F, Prieto M, Sanchez-Casanova S, Lopez D, Sebastian V, Arruebo M, Santamaria J, Vilaboa N. Gold nanoparticles for the in situ polymerization of near-infrared responsive hydrogels based on fibrin. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:306-315. [PMID: 31568875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasiveness and relative safety of photothermal therapy, which enables local hyperthermia of target tissues using a near infrared (NIR) laser, has attracted increasing interest. Due to their biocompatibility, amenability of synthesis and functionalization, gold nanoparticles have been investigated as therapeutic photothermal agents. In this work, hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNP) were coated with poly-l-lysine through the use of COOH-Poly(ethylene glycol)-SH as a covalent linker. The functionalized HGNP, which peak their surface plasmon resonance at 800 nm, can bind thrombin. Thrombin-conjugated HGNP conduct in situ fibrin polymerization, facilitating the process of generating photothermal matrices. Interestingly, the metallic core of thrombin-loaded HGNP fragmentates at physiological temperature. During polymerization process, matrices prepared with thrombin-loaded HGNP were loaded with genetically-modified stem cells that harbour a heat-activated and ligand-dependent gene switch for regulating transgene expression. NIR laser irradiation of resulting cell constructs in the presence of ligand successfully triggered transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current technological development allows synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNP) in a wide range of shapes and sizes, consistently and at scale. GNP, stable and easily functionalized, show low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility. Allied to that, GNP present optoelectronic properties that have been exploited in a range of biomedical applications. Following a layer-by-layer functionalization approach, we prepared hollow GNP coated with a positively charged copolymer that enabled thrombin conjugation. The resulting nanomaterial efficiently catalyzed the formation of fibrin hydrogels which convert energy of the near infrared (NIR) into heat. The resulting NIR-responsive hydrogels can function as scaffolding for cells capable of controlled gene expression triggered by optical hyperthermia, thus allowing the deployment of therapeutic gene products in desired spatiotemporal frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Escudero-Duch
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin-Saavedra
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain.
| | - Martin Prieto
- Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro. Edificio I+D. C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Silvia Sanchez-Casanova
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICTP-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro. Edificio I+D. C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro. Edificio I+D. C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro. Edificio I+D. C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Nuria Vilaboa
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046 Spain; CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain.
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Solsona M, Vollenbroek JC, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Microfluidics and catalyst particles. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3575-3601. [PMID: 31559978 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss the latest advances and future perspectives of microfluidics for micro/nanoscale catalyst particle synthesis and analysis. In the first section, we present an overview of the different methods to synthesize catalysts making use of microfluidics and in the second section, we critically review catalyst particle characterization using microfluidics. The strengths and challenges of these approaches are highlighted with various showcases selected from the recent literature. In the third section, we give our opinion on the future perspectives of the combination of catalytic nanostructures and microfluidics. We anticipate that in the synthesis and analysis of individual catalyst particles, generation of higher throughput and better understanding of transport inside individual porous catalyst particles are some of the most important benefits of microfluidics for catalyst research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solsona
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J C Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - C B M Tregouet
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A-E Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - B M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging field in diagnostics that allows for extremely precise fluid control and manipulation, enabling rapid and high-throughput sample processing in integrated micro-scale medical systems. These platforms are well-suited for both standard clinical settings and point-of-care applications. The unique features of microfluidics-based platforms make them attractive for early disease diagnosis and real-time monitoring of the disease and therapeutic efficacy. In this chapter, we will first provide a background on microfluidic fundamentals, microfluidic fabrication technologies, microfluidic reactors, and microfluidic total-analysis-systems. Next, we will move into a discussion on the clinical applications of existing and emerging microfluidic platforms for blood analysis, and for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer and infectious disease. Together, this chapter should elucidate the potential that microfluidic systems have in the development of effective diagnostic technologies through a review of existing technologies and promising directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Burklund
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Amogha Tadimety
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.
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25
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Luo G, Du L, Wang Y, Wang K. Manipulation and Control of Structure and Size of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Microchemical Systems. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Luo
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Le Du
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyThe State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology 3 Ring Rd East 100029 Beijing China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
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26
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Li K, Yang X, Xue C, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Gao X. Biomimetic human lung-on-a-chip for modeling disease investigation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019. [PMID: 31263514 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The lung is the primary respiratory organ of the human body and has a complicated and precise tissue structure. It comprises conductive airways formed by the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, and many alveoli, the smallest functional units where gas-exchange occurs via the unique gas-liquid exchange interface known as the respiratory membrane. In vitro bionic simulation of the lung or its microenvironment, therefore, presents a great challenge, which requires the joint efforts of anatomy, physics, material science, cell biology, tissue engineering, and other disciplines. With the development of micromachining and miniaturization technology, the concept of a microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip has received great attention. An organ-on-a-chip is a small cell-culture device that can accurately simulate tissue and organ functions in vitro and has the potential to replace animal models in evaluations of drug toxicity and efficacy. A lung-on-a-chip, as one of the first proposed and developed organs-on-a-chip, provides new strategies for designing a bionic lung cell microenvironment and for in vitro construction of lung disease models, and it is expected to promote the development of basic research and translational medicine in drug evaluation, toxicological detection, and disease model-building for the lung. This review summarizes current lungs-on-a-chip models based on the lung-related cellular microenvironment, including the latest advances described in studies of lung injury, inflammation, lung cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. This model should see effective use in clinical medicine to promote the development of precision medicine and individualized diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Li
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xingyuan Yang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chang Xue
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | | | - Xinghua Gao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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27
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Cattaneo S, Althahban S, Freakley SJ, Sankar M, Davies T, He Q, Dimitratos N, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. Synthesis of highly uniform and composition-controlled gold-palladium supported nanoparticles in continuous flow. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8247-8259. [PMID: 30976773 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09917k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of supported bimetallic nanoparticles with well-defined size and compositional parameters has long been a challenge. Although batch colloidal methods are commonly used to pre-form metal nanoparticles with the desired size-range in solution, inhomogeneous mixing of the reactant solutions often leads to variations in size, structure and composition from batch-to-batch and even particle-to-particle. Here we describe a millifluidic approach for the production of oxide supported monometallic Au and bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles in a continuous fashion. This optimised method enables the production of nanoparticles with smaller mean sizes, tighter particle size distributions and a more uniform particle-to-particle chemical composition as compared to the conventional batch procedure. In addition, we describe a facile procedure to prepare bimetallic Au@Pd core-shell nanoparticles in continuous flow starting from solutions of the metal precursors. Moreover, the relative ease of scalability of this technique makes the proposed methodology appealing not only for small-scale laboratory purposes, but also for the industrial-scale production of supported metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cattaneo
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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28
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Taylor J, Huefner A, Li L, Wingfield J, Mahajan S. Nanoparticles and intracellular applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 141:5037-55. [PMID: 27479539 PMCID: PMC5048737 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectrocopy (SERS) offers ultrasensitive vibrational fingerprinting at the nanoscale. Its non-destructive nature affords an ideal tool for interrogation of the intracellular environment, detecting the localisation of biomolecules, delivery and monitoring of therapeutics and for characterisation of complex cellular processes at the molecular level. Innovations in nanotechnology have produced a wide selection of novel, purpose-built plasmonic nanostructures capable of high SERS enhancement for intracellular probing while microfluidic technologies are being utilised to reproducibly synthesise nanoparticle (NP) probes at large scale and in high throughput. Sophisticated multivariate analysis techniques unlock the wealth of previously unattainable biomolecular information contained within large and multidimensional SERS datasets. Thus, with suitable combination of experimental techniques and analytics, SERS boasts enormous potential for cell based assays and to expand our understanding of the intracellular environment. In this review we trace the pathway to utilisation of nanomaterials for intracellular SERS. Thus we review and assess nanoparticle synthesis methods, their toxicity and cell interactions before presenting significant developments in intracellular SERS methodologies and how identified challenges can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Anna Huefner
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. and Sector for Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jonathan Wingfield
- Discovery Sciences, Screening and Compound Management, AstraZeneca, Unit 310 - Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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29
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Huang H, du Toit H, Panariello L, Mazzei L, Gavriilidis A. Continuous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in micro- and millifluidic systems. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials have diverse applications ranging from healthcare and nanomedicine to analytical sciences and catalysis. Microfluidic and millifluidic reactors offer multiple advantages for their synthesis and manufacturing, including controlled or fast mixing, accurate reaction time control and excellent heat transfer. These advantages are demonstrated by reviewing gold nanoparticle synthesis strategies in flow devices. However, there are still challenges to be resolved, such as reactor fouling, particularly if robust manufacturing processes are to be developed to achieve the desired targets in terms of nanoparticle size, size distribution, surface properties, process throughput and robustness. Solutions to these challenges are more effective through a coordinated approach from chemists, engineers and physicists, which has at its core a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the synthesis processes and reactor operation. This is important as nanoparticle synthesis is complex, encompassing multiple phenomena interacting with each other, often taking place at short timescales. The proposed methodology for the development of reactors and processes is generic and contains various interconnected considerations. It aims to be a starting point towards rigorous design procedures for the robust and reproducible continuous flow synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
Graphical Abstract:
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Hendrik du Toit
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Luca Mazzei
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , UK
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30
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Alejo T, Andreu V, Mendoza G, Sebastian V, Arruebo M. Controlled release of bupivacaine using hybrid thermoresponsive nanoparticles activated via photothermal heating. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 523:234-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Matsuura Y, Nakamura A, Kato H. Determination of Nanoparticle Size Using a Flow Particle-Tracking Method. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4182-4187. [PMID: 29473410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel method to determine the mean size of nanoparticles under flow conditions, the flow particle-tracking (FPT) method. The liquid particle counting method is commonly utilized to determine number-based size under flow conditions by converting the light scattering intensity of individual particles to size using the relationship between the size and light scattering intensity of a size standard material; however, the determined size depends strongly on the type of size standard material. In contrast, the developed FPT method can reliably determine the mean size of nanoparticles under flow conditions according to the Stokes-Einstein assumption by observing the Brownian motion of individual particles; therefore, this method does not require a calibration step using a size standard and can be applied to any type of material. To reliably size particles under flow conditions, we determined the flow velocity profile in a sample cell by extracting only the flow velocity from the particle motion. After determining the self-diffusion coefficient of each particle and subtracting the effect of the flow velocity, we successfully obtained a reliable mean size. The developed method could contribute to the application of microchannel reaction/synthesis devices using nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuura
- National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
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32
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Laura U, Arruebo M, Sebastian V. Towards the continuous production of Pt-based heterogeneous catalysts using microfluidic systems. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1693-1702. [PMID: 29334396 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continuous production of Pt-based heterogeneous catalysts based on ultra-small (<2 nm) noble metal nanoparticles deposited on mesoporous ordered silica and their catalytic activity in VOC abatement are here reported. Microfluidic reactors can be used not only to enable the fast and controlled production of ultra-small Pt nanoparticles (NPs), but also alloyed NPs including PtPd, PtRu and PtRh can be formed in short residence times (between 60 s and 5 min). A novel continuous and homogeneous loading of these catalytic NPs on SBA-15 used as a mesoporous support is also here reported. This procedure eases the NP loading and minimizes washing post-treatments. A 12-fold decrease in the synthesis time was obtained when using this microfluidic reactor compared to the traditional batch production of Pt NPs. Microflow and batch type reactors yielded a Pt precursor conversion to generate Pt NPs with a 90% and 85% yield, respectively. Under the same conditions, the productivity of the microfluidic system (27 mg Pt NPs per h) was twice the one achieved in the conventional batch type reactor. The catalytic performance of the supported catalysts separately prepared by microfluidics and by conventional impregnation under the same conditions and with the same noble metal loading was also compared in the n-hexane abatement as a model of VOCs. Both catalysts were active in the VOC oxidation reaction but a 95% reduction in the catalyst synthesis time was obtained when using the catalysts produced in the microfluidic platform. For this reaction a long-term activity test was successfully carried out at 175 °C during 30 h on stream using the heterogeneous catalyst prepared by using the flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uson Laura
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering & Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor edif. I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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33
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Pan LJ, Tu JW, Ma HT, Yang YJ, Tian ZQ, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Controllable synthesis of nanocrystals in droplet reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:41-56. [PMID: 29098217 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a broad range of nanocrystals have been synthesized in droplet-based microfluidic reactors which provide obvious advantages, such as accurate manipulation, better reproducibility and reliable automation. In this review, we initially introduce general concepts of droplet reactors followed by discussions of their main functional regions including droplet generation, mixing of reactants, reaction controlling, in situ monitoring, and reaction quenching. Subsequently, the enhanced mass and heat transport properties are discussed. Next, we focus on research frontiers including sequential multistep synthesis, intelligent synthesis, reliable scale-up synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. Finally, we end with an outlook on droplet reactors, especially highlighting some aspects such as large-scale production, the integrated process of synthesis and post-synthetic treatments, automated droplet reactors with in situ monitoring and optimizing algorithms, and rapidly developing strategies for interfacial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Liu Y, Jiang X. Why microfluidics? Merits and trends in chemical synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3960-3978. [PMID: 28913530 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic limitations of conventional batch synthesis have hindered its applications in both solving classical problems and exploiting new frontiers. Microfluidic technology offers a new platform for chemical synthesis toward either molecules or materials, which has promoted the progress of diverse fields such as organic chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine. In this review, we focus on the improved performance of microreactors in handling various situations, and outline the trend of microfluidic synthesis (microsynthesis, μSyn) from simple microreactors to integrated microsystems. Examples of synthesizing both chemical compounds and micro/nanomaterials show the flexible applications of this approach. We aim to provide strategic guidance for the rational design, fabrication, and integration of microdevices for synthetic use. We critically evaluate the existing challenges and future opportunities associated with this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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35
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Kim KH, Im SH, Park BJ. Long-term stable hydrophilic surface modification of poly(ether ether ketone) via the multilayered chemical grafting method. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hak Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kyung Hee University; Yongin 17104 South Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Korea University; Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Bum Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kyung Hee University; Yongin 17104 South Korea
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36
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Continuous synthesis of PVP stabilized biocompatible gold nanoparticles with a controlled size using a 3D glass capillary microfluidic device. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Grossen P, Witzigmann D, Sieber S, Huwyler J. PEG-PCL-based nanomedicines: A biodegradable drug delivery system and its application. J Control Release 2017; 260:46-60. [PMID: 28536049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of efficient therapeutic options for many severe disorders including cancer spurs demand for improved drug delivery technologies. Nanoscale drug delivery systems based on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) represent a strategy to implement therapies with enhanced drug accumulation at the site of action and decreased off-target effects. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art nanomedicines based on PEG-PCL that have been investigated in a preclinical setting. We summarize the various synthesis routes and different preparation methods used for the production of PEG-PCL nanoparticles. Additionally, we review physico-chemical properties including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and drug loading. Finally, we highlight recent therapeutic applications investigated in vitro and in vivo using advanced systems such as triggered release, multi-component therapies, theranostics, or gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Grossen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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38
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Ma J, Lee SMY, Yi C, Li CW. Controllable synthesis of functional nanoparticles by microfluidic platforms for biomedical applications - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:209-226. [PMID: 27991629 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have drawn significant attention in biomedicine due to their unique optical, thermal, magnetic and electrical properties which are highly related to their size and morphologies. Recently, microfluidic systems have shown promising potential to modulate critical stages in nanosynthesis, such as nucleation, growth and reaction conditions so that the size, size distribution, morphology, and reproducibility of nanoparticles are optimized in a high throughput manner. In this review, we put an emphasis on a decade of developments of microfluidic systems for engineering nanoparticles in various applications including imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Changqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province), School of Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. and Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk-Wing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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39
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Wong WK, Yap SK, Lim YC, Khan SA, Pelletier F, Corbos EC. Robust, non-fouling liters-per-day flow synthesis of ultra-small catalytically active metal nanoparticles in a single-channel reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Robust, non-fouling, litres-per-day continuous synthesis of catalytically active palladium nanoparticles using triphasic segmented flow in a hybrid milli-meso flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kuan Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
| | - Swee Kun Yap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
| | - Yi Chen Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
| | - Saif A. Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
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40
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Ortiz de Solorzano I, Prieto M, Mendoza G, Alejo T, Irusta S, Sebastian V, Arruebo M. Microfluidic Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Photothermal Biodegradable Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21545-54. [PMID: 27486785 PMCID: PMC5035094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuous synthesis of biodegradable photothermal copper sulfide nanoparticles has been carried out with the aid of a microfluidic platform. A comparative physicochemical characterization of the resulting products from the microreactor and from a conventional batch reactor has been performed. The microreactor is able to operate in a continuous manner and with a 4-fold reduction in the synthesis times compared to that of the conventional batch reactor producing nanoparticles with the same physicochemical requirements. Biodegradation subproducts obtained under simulated physiological conditions have been identified, and a complete cytotoxicological analysis on different cell lines was performed. The photothermal effect of those nanomaterials has been demonstrated in vitro as well as their ability to generate reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ortiz de Solorzano
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Prieto
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alejo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center
on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Sebastián V, Jensen KF. Nanoengineering a library of metallic nanostructures using a single microfluidic reactor. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15288-95. [PMID: 27500728 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic synthesis in a microfabricated reactor enables fast and facile synthesis of a wide library of metallic nanostructures: monometallic, bimetallic, anisotropic growth and heterostructures. Specific nanostructures are realized by selection of flow pattern and synthesis parameters. The technique is shown to have advantages over conventional batch technologies. Not only does it allow faster scalable synthesis, but also realization of nanostructures hitherto not reported such as Pt-Ru, Pt-Ni and Pt-Co nanodendrites, Pt-Pd heterostructures, Ag-Pd core-shell NPs, Au-Pd nanodumbbells and Au-Pd nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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42
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Luque-Michel E, Imbuluzqueta E, Sebastián V, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Clinical advances of nanocarrier-based cancer therapy and diagnostics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:75-92. [PMID: 27339650 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1205585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and efficient new strategies are urgently needed to combat its high mortality and morbidity statistics. Fortunately, over the years, nanotechnology has evolved as a frontrunner in the areas of imaging, diagnostics and therapy, giving the possibility of monitoring, evaluating and individualizing cancer treatments in real-time. Areas covered: Polymer-based nanocarriers have been extensively studied to maximize cancer treatment efficacy and minimize the adverse effects of standard therapeutics. Regarding diagnosis, nanomaterials like quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles or gold nanoparticles have been developed to provide rapid, sensitive detection of cancer and, therefore, facilitate early treatment and monitoring of the disease. Therefore, multifunctional nanosystems with both imaging and therapy functionalities bring us a step closer to delivering precision/personalized medicine in the cancer setting. Expert opinion: There are multiple barriers for these new nanosystems to enter the clinic, but it is expected that in the near future, nanocarriers, together with new 'targeted drugs', could replace our current treatments and cancer could become a nonfatal disease with good recovery rates. Joint efforts between scientists, clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry and legislative bodies are needed to bring to fruition the application of nanosystems in the clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Luque-Michel
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,b IdiSNA, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra , Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Edurne Imbuluzqueta
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,b IdiSNA, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra , Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- c Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon (INA) and Department of Chemical, Engineering and Environmental Technology , University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,d CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red , Madrid , Spain
| | - María J Blanco-Prieto
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.,b IdiSNA, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra , Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
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Boken J, Soni SK, Kumar D. Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Biosensing Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:538-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1169912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Shahbazali E, Hessel V, Noël T, Wang Q. Metallic nanoparticles made in flow and their catalytic applications in micro-flow reactors for organic synthesis. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Marre S, Aymonier C. Preparation of Nanomaterials in Flow at Supercritical Conditions from Coordination Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sebastian V, Basak S, Jensen KF. Continuous synthesis of palladium nanorods in oxidative segmented flow. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Inst. of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Soubir Basak
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Inst. of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Inst. of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139
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Mäsing F, Mardyukov A, Doerenkamp C, Eckert H, Malkus U, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Studer A. Kontrollierte lichtvermittelte Synthese von Gold-Nanopartikeln über Norrish-Typ-I-Reaktion in photoaktiven Polymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mäsing F, Mardyukov A, Doerenkamp C, Eckert H, Malkus U, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Studer A. Controlled Light-Mediated Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles by a Norrish Type I Reaction of Photoactive Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12612-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Larrea A, Sebastian V, Ibarra A, Arruebo M, Santamaria J. Gas Slug Microfluidics: A Unique Tool for Ultrafast, Highly Controlled Growth of Iron Oxide Nanostructures. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015; 27:4254-4260. [PMID: 26321791 PMCID: PMC4547489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials in real life applications is often hampered by our inability to produce them in large quantities while preserving their desired properties in terms of size, shape, and crystalline phase. Here we present a novel continuous method to synthesize nanostructures with an unprecedented degree of control regarding their properties. In particular, the excellent properties of microreactors for chemical synthesis are enhanced by the introduction of gas slugs of tailored composition. Slug dynamics accelerate mixing, reduce processing times (from hours in batch processes to minutes or even seconds), and, depending on the gas atmosphere used, allows one to accurately control the crystalline phase and shape of the resulting nanostructures. Inert (N2), oxidizing (O2), or reducing (CO, H2) gases were used, leading to different morphologies and crystalline structures in a high yield, highly reproducible fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ibarra
- Laboratorio
de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano
Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kim MG, Park JY, Shon Y, Kim G, Shim G, Oh YK. Nanotechnology and vaccine development. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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