1
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Ortega-Santos A, Martínez JG, Jager EWH. Synchronous Cation-Driven and Anion-Driven Polypyrrole-Based Yarns toward In-Air Linear Actuators. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:9391-9405. [PMID: 39398378 PMCID: PMC11467901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CP) have shown great features in building textile actuators. To date, most of the yarn-based or CP-yarn actuators have been operated in liquid electrolytes in a three-electrode-cell configuration, comprising an external counter and a reference electrode. For integration in textiles, a two-electrode system is needed, where both electrodes are in a yarn format. This can be achieved by having two CP-yarns, where one acts as the anode and the other as the cathode. For these two CP-yarns to operate synchronically, they both need to expand (or contract) during opposite reactions. This can be achieved by doping one CP-yarn with mobile anions that will expand during oxidation, while the other CP-yarn should be doped with immobile anions expanding during reduction. As a result, the same movement is created upon opposite redox reactions, both collaborating with the actuation in the same direction without the need for an external passive electrode to close the electrical circuit, which could oppose or hinder the movement. Most of the studies on textile actuators are based on cation-driven CP-yarn actuators, while little is known about anion-driven systems in CP-yarn actuators. Here, we first present a study of the effect of the dopants, solvents, and polymer layer combinations on the mechanism and strain of CP-yarns. The CP-yarns are coated with two layers: an inner poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer and the outer and active polypyrrole (PPy) layer. According to our results, the dopant of the inner PEDOT layer seems to affect the actuation mechanism of the outer PPy layer and, thereby, of the whole CP-yarn actuator, influencing the direction of the movement and enhancing or hindering the total strain of the actuator. We show that a CP-yarn coated with PEDOT(Tos)/PPy(ClO4) and actuated in LiClO4 aqueous solution showed a pure anion-driven actuation. Next, based on the latter results, we demonstrate for the first time the dual actuation of two CP-yarns, doped with two different dopants, ClO4 - and DBS-, actuating simultaneously driven by opposite redox reactions and exhibiting an average of 0.5% of strain, an important step toward in-air actuating yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia
B. Ortega-Santos
- Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jose G. Martínez
- Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Edwin W. H. Jager
- Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Xu Y, Yan J, Zhou W, Ouyang J. Development of High Performance Thermoelectric Polymers via Doping or Dedoping Engineering. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400329. [PMID: 38736306 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials, because they can be used to harvest waste heat into electricity and there is abundant waste heat on earth. The conventional TE materials are inorganic semimetals or semiconductors like Bi2Te3 and its derivatives. However, they have problems of high cost, scarce/toxic elements, high thermal conductivity, and poor mechanical flexibility. Organic TE materials emerged as the next-generation TE materials because of their merits including solution processability, low cost, abundant element, low intrinsic thermal conductivity, and high mechanical flexibility. Organic TE materials are mainly conducting polymers because of their high conductivity. Both the conductivity and Seebeck coefficient depend on the doping level, and they are interdependent. Hence, the TE properties of polymers can be improved through doping/dedoping engineering. There are three types of doping forms, oxidative (or reductive) doping, protonic acid doping, and charge transfer doping. Accordingly, they can be dedoped by different approaches. In this article, we review the methods to dope and dedope p-type and n-type TE polymers and the combination of doping and dedoping to optimize their TE properties. Secondary doping is also covered, since it can significantly enhance the conductivity of some TE polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Xu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, China
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3
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Xiao R, Zhou X, Zhang C, Liu X, Han S, Che C. Organic Thermoelectric Materials for Wearable Electronic Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4600. [PMID: 39065999 PMCID: PMC11280558 DOI: 10.3390/s24144600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Wearable electronic devices have emerged as a pivotal technology in healthcare and artificial intelligence robots. Among the materials that are employed in wearable electronic devices, organic thermoelectric materials possess great application potential due to their advantages such as flexibility, easy processing ability, no working noise, being self-powered, applicable in a wide range of scenarios, etc. However, compared with classic conductive materials and inorganic thermoelectric materials, the research on organic thermoelectric materials is still insufficient. In order to improve our understanding of the potential of organic thermoelectric materials in wearable electronic devices, this paper reviews the types of organic thermoelectric materials and composites, their assembly strategies, and their potential applications in wearable electronic devices. This review aims to guide new researchers and offer strategic insights into wearable electronic device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Xiao
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (R.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Taizhou Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Taizhou 317700, China;
| | - Chan Zhang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (R.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (R.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Shaobo Han
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (R.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Canyan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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4
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Xiong Y, Chikkaraddy R, Readman C, Hu S, Xiong K, Peng J, Lin Q, Baumberg JJ. Metal to insulator transition for conducting polymers in plasmonic nanogaps. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38161207 PMCID: PMC10757999 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising material candidates for many future applications in flexible displays, organic circuits, and sensors. Their performance is strongly affected by their structural conformation including both electrical and optical anisotropy. Particularly for thin layers or close to crucial interfaces, there are few methods to track their organization and functional behaviors. Here we present a platform based on plasmonic nanogaps that can assess the chemical structure and orientation of conjugated polymers down to sub-10 nm thickness using light. We focus on a representative conjugated polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), of varying thickness (2-20 nm) while it undergoes redox in situ. This allows dynamic switching of the plasmonic gap spacer through a metal-insulator transition. Both dark-field (DF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra track the optical anisotropy and orientation of polymer chains close to a metallic interface. Moreover, we demonstrate how this influences both optical and redox switching for nanothick PEDOT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlie Readman
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kunli Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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5
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Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Advincula AA, Rinehart JM, Freychet G, Su GM, Yee SK, Reynolds JR. Metal-like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post-processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211600. [PMID: 36269867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a route to produce highly electrically conductive doped hydroxymethyl functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, termed PEDOT(OH) with metal-like charge transport properties using a fully solution processable precursor polymer is reported. This is achieved via an ester-functionalized PEDOT derivative [PEDOT(EHE)] that is soluble in a range of solvents with excellent film-forming ability. PEDOT(EHE) demonstrates moderate electrical conductivities of 20-60 S cm-1 and hopping-like (i.e., thermally activated) transport when doped with ferric tosylate (FeTos3 ). Upon basic hydrolysis of PEDOT(EHE) films, the electrically insulative side chains are cleaved and washed from the polymer film, leaving a densified film of PEDOT(OH). These films, when optimally doped, reach electrical conductivities of ≈1200 S cm-1 and demonstrate metal-like (i.e., thermally deactivated and band-like) transport properties and high stability at comparable doping levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 45433, United States.,UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Abigail A Advincula
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Su
- Advanced Light Source & Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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6
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Lee JS, Patel SN. Synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythuophene) derivatives using three-armed conjugated cross-linker and its thermoelectric properties. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Al Kurdi K, Gregory SA, Gordon MP, Ponder JF, Atassi A, Rinehart JM, Jones AL, Urban JJ, Reynolds JR, Barlow S, Marder SR, Yee SK. Iron(III) Dopant Counterions Affect the Charge-Transport Properties of Poly(Thiophene) and Poly(Dialkoxythiophene) Derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29039-29051. [PMID: 35711091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the charge-transport properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly(ProDOT-alt-biEDOT) (PE2) films doped with a set of iron(III)-based dopants and as a function of dopant concentration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping P3HT with 12 mM iron(III) solutions leads to similar extents of oxidation, independent of the dopant anion; however, the electrical conductivities and Seebeck coefficients vary significantly (5 S cm-1 and + 82 μV K-1 with tosylate and 56 S cm-1 and +31 μV K-1 with perchlorate). In contrast, PE2 thermoelectric transport properties vary less with respect to the iron(III) anion chemistry, which is attributed to PE2 having a lower onset of oxidation than P3HT. Consequentially, PE2 doped with 12 mM iron(III) perchlorate obtained an electrical conductivity of 315 S cm-1 and a Seebeck coefficient of + 7 μV K-1. Modeling these thermoelectric properties with the semilocalized transport (SLoT) model suggests that tosylate-doped P3HT remains mostly in the localized transport regime, attributed to more disorder in the microstructure. In contrast perchlorate-doped P3HT and PE2 films exhibited thermally deactivated electrical conductivities and metal-like transport at high doping levels over limited temperature ranges. Finally, the SLoT model suggests that PE2 has the potential to be more electrically conductive than P3HT due to PE2's ability to achieve higher extents of oxidation and larger shifts in the reduced Fermi energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Austin L Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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8
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Kim HJ, Jeon JG, Lee JH, Kim JH, Lee J, Shin G, Kang TJ. Effect of heat treatment with different heat transfer modes on the polymerization of tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9386. [PMID: 35672361 PMCID: PMC9174293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:Tos) films are prepared by thermally assisted oxidative polymerization either on a hot plate or in a convection oven. The main difference between these heat treatments is the way heat is transferred (conduction or convection) during polymerization. The surface morphology and structure, doped state, chemical composition, and the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the differently heat-treated films are analyzed using various instrumental methods. The hot plate-treated films exhibit a smooth and dense surface morphology with a low root-mean-square roughness of ~ 5 nm. The films have a quinoid-prevalent thiophene structure with a high electrical conductivity of 575 S/cm. By contrast, the oven-treated films show a rough and porous morphology with a surface roughness ranging from 30 to 80 nm depending on the scanning area, which yields high absorption capacity of more than 90% in the near-infrared range. The oven-treated films show a benzenoid-prevalent structure that provides relatively low electrical conductivity of 244 ± 45 S/cm. As a demonstration of these noticeable changes, PEDOT:Tos films are examined as a photothermal conversion layer to convert light energy to thermal energy, which is converted to electrical energy using a thermoelectric device by covering the films on the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei Gyeong Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilyong Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae June Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Now in their 5th decade of research and development, conducting polymers represent an interesting class of materials to underpin new wearable or conformable electronic devices. Of particular interest over the years has been poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), commonly known as PEDOT, owing to its ease of fabrication and relative stability under typical ambient conditions. Understanding PEDOT from a variety of fundamental and applied perspectives is important for how it can be enhanced, modified, functionalised, and/or processed for use in commercial products. This feature article highlights the contribution of the research team at the University of South Australia led by Professor Evans, and their collaborators, putting their work into the broader context of conducting polymer research and application. This review focuses on the vapour synthesis of PEDOT doped with the tosylate anion, the benefits of controlling its morphology/structure during synthesis, and its application as an active material interacting with secondary anions in sensors, energy devices and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Evans
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
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10
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Wan J, Fan X, Li Y, Li P, Zhang T, Hui KN, Huang H, Kang K, Qian L. High-Efficiency Flexible Organic Photovoltaics and Thermoelectricities Based on Thionyl Chloride Treated PEDOT:PSS Electrodes. Front Chem 2022; 9:807538. [PMID: 35299781 PMCID: PMC8921085 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers have received tremendous attentions owing to their great potentials to harvest both luminous and thermal energies. Here, we reported a flexible transparent electrode of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with highly electrical conductivity and raised Seebeck coefficient via thionyl chloride treatments. The comprehensive studies of optical, electrical, morphological, structural, and thermoelectrical properties, work function, and stability of the PEDOT:PSS transparent electrodes were systematically evaluated and described. On the basis of the PEDOT:PSS transparent electrodes, the resultant flexible organic solar cells yielded a high power conversion efficiency of 15.12%; meanwhile, the flexible thermoelectricities exhibited the raised power factor of 115.9 μW m−1 K−2, which outperformed the four kinds of rigid thermoelectricities with conventional acid and base treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanyong Wan
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Fan
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Fan, ; Ting Zhang,
| | - Yunfei Li
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Fan, ; Ting Zhang,
| | - Kwun Nam Hui
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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11
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Yin C, Mukaida M, Horike S, Kirihara K, Yamane S, Zhang Z, Wei Q. Design and synthesis of proton-dopable organic semiconductors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6748-6754. [PMID: 35424629 PMCID: PMC8981859 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper shows how protonated 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene moieties can be used as an end group to make organic conductors. An organic semiconductor 2,5-bis(5-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene is designed and synthesized. This molecule could be doped by protonic acid in both solution and solid-state, resulting in a broad absorption in the near-infrared range corresponding to polaron and bipolaron absorption. Electrical conductivity of ca. 0.1 S cm-1 was obtained at 100 °C (to avoid the water uptake by the acid). The adducts with protons bound at the end-thiophene α-position were confirmed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhu Yin
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shohei Horike
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai-cho Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kirihara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shogo Yamane
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Qingshuo Wei
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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12
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Choi C, de Izarra A, Han I, Jeon W, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Hard-Cation-Soft-Anion Ionic Liquids for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1615-1624. [PMID: 35138105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promising conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) experiences significant conductivity enhancement when treated with proper ionic liquids (ILs). Based on the hard-soft-acid-base principle, we propose a combination of a hydrophilic hard cation A+ (instead of the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, EMIM+) and a hydrophobic soft anion X- (such as tetracyanoborate, TCB-) as the best ILs for this purpose. Such ILs would decouple hydrophilic-but-insulating PSS- from conducting-but-hydrophobic PEDOT+ most efficiently by strong interactions with hydrophilic A+ and hydrophobic X-, respectively. Such a favorable ion exchange between PEDOT+:PSS- and A+:X- ILs would allow the growth of conducting PEDOT+ domains decorated by X-, not disturbed by PSS- or A+. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a protic cation- (aliphatic N-alkyl pyrrolidinium, in particular) combined with the hydrophobic anion TCB- indeed outperforms EMIM+ by promptly leaving hydrophobic TCB- and strongly binding to hydrophilic PSS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ikhee Han
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
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13
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Massetti M, Jiao F, Ferguson AJ, Zhao D, Wijeratne K, Würger A, Blackburn JL, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Unconventional Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12465-12547. [PMID: 34702037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat is an abundant but often wasted source of energy. Thus, harvesting just a portion of this tremendous amount of energy holds significant promise for a more sustainable society. While traditional solid-state inorganic semiconductors have dominated the research stage on thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, carbon-based semiconductors have recently attracted a great deal of attention as potential thermoelectric materials for low-temperature energy harvesting, primarily driven by the high abundance of their atomic elements, ease of processing/manufacturing, and intrinsically low thermal conductivity. This quest for new materials has resulted in the discovery of several new kinds of thermoelectric materials and concepts capable of converting a heat flux into an electrical current by means of various types of particles transporting the electric charge: (i) electrons, (ii) ions, and (iii) redox molecules. This has contributed to expanding the applications envisaged for thermoelectric materials far beyond simple conversion of heat into electricity. This is the motivation behind this review. This work is divided in three sections. In the first section, we present the basic principle of the thermoelectric effects when the particles transporting the electric charge are electrons, ions, and redox molecules and describe the conceptual differences between the three thermodiffusion phenomena. In the second section, we review the efforts made on developing devices exploiting these three effects and give a thorough understanding of what limits their performance. In the third section, we review the state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials investigated so far and provide a comprehensive understanding of what limits charge and energy transport in each of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Massetti
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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14
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da Silva RJ, Pedro GC, Gorza FDS, Maciel BG, Ratkovski GP, Mojica-Sánchez LC, Medina-Llamas JC, Chávez-Guajardo AE, de Melo CP. DNA purification using a novel γ-Fe 2O 3/PEDOT hybrid nanocomposite. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1178:338762. [PMID: 34482873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a new hybrid magnetic composite formed by the enveloping of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (γ-NP) with chains of the conductive polymer PEDOT, and its use for the efficient separation of DNA molecules from complex biological samples, allowing the high yield separation of a pure and high-quality DNA fraction. The successful formation of the γ-NP/PEDOT composite was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and magnetic hysteresis loop measurements. The nanocomposites showed an excellent capacity of DNA adsorption (Qe ∼ 248 mg/g) in a model system consisting of salmon sperm DNA. When the γ-NP/PEDOT was used in protocols to extract the DNA from complex samples, the corresponding yield was in the range of 6.4 μg (blood) and 7.3 μg (bacteria), as evaluated quality by UV-Vis, PCR analysis, and electrophoresis assays. We also established that the captured DNA does not need to be detached from the nanocomposite for use as seeding material in PCR amplification experiments. These results and the simplicity of the protocols indicate that the γ-NP/PEDOT composite is a promising DNA absorbent, being competitive with the commercially available magnetic purification kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário J da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Graciela C Pedro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Filipe D S Gorza
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia - UNIR, 76801-974, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Bruna G Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Ratkovski
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Juan C Medina-Llamas
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No.18, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 98160, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Alicia E Chávez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98058, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Celso P de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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15
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Yi C, Shen L, Zheng J, Gong X. A negative piezo-conductive effect from doped semiconducting polymer thin films. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18222. [PMID: 34521937 PMCID: PMC8440650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years, piezo-conductive sensors have drawn great attention in both academic and industrial sectors. The piezo-conductive sensors made by inorganic semiconductors exhibited poor mechanical flexibility, restricting their further practical applications. In this study, we report the piezo-conductive sensors by a semiconducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate ions (PEDOT:Tos) thin films. Systemically studies indicate that the piezo-conductive response of the PEDOT:Tos thin films is originated from the deformation of the PEDOT crystal cells and the stretched π-π distances induced by Tos. Moreover, the negative piezo-conductive effect, for the first time, is observed from PEDOT:Tos thin film under the pressure. A working mechanism is further proposed to interpret the transient from a positive to a negative piezo-conductive response within the PEDOT:Tos thin films. Our studies offer a facile route to approach effective piezo-conductive sensors based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lening Shen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiong Gong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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16
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Functionalization Strategies of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Films for Organic Bioelectronics Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics involves the connection of organic semiconductors with living organisms, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. In recent years, this field has received great interest due to the development of all kinds of devices architectures, enabling the detection of several relevant biomarkers, the stimulation and sensing of cells and tissues, and the recording of electrophysiological signals, among others. In this review, we discuss recent functionalization approaches for PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films with the aim of integrating biomolecules for the fabrication of bioelectronics platforms. As the choice of the strategy is determined by the conducting polymer synthesis method, initially PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films preparation methods are presented. Later, a wide variety of PEDOT functionalization approaches are discussed, together with bioconjugation techniques to develop efficient organic-biological interfaces. Finally, and by making use of these approaches, the fabrication of different platforms towards organic bioelectronics devices is reviewed.
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17
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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18
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Sethumadhavan V, Mahjoub R, Zuber K, Stanford N, Evans D. Oxygenation of conducting polymers facilitated by structure‐breaking anions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Mahjoub
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia Australia
| | - Kamil Zuber
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia Australia
| | - Nicole Stanford
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia Australia
| | - Drew Evans
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia Australia
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19
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Mimicking associative learning using an ion-trapping non-volatile synaptic organic electrochemical transistor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2480. [PMID: 33931638 PMCID: PMC8087835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Associative learning, a critical learning principle to improve an individual's adaptability, has been emulated by few organic electrochemical devices. However, complicated bias schemes, high write voltages, as well as process irreversibility hinder the further development of associative learning circuits. Here, by adopting a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate/Polytetrahydrofuran composite as the active channel, we present a non-volatile organic electrochemical transistor that shows a write bias less than 0.8 V and retention time longer than 200 min without decoupling the write and read operations. By incorporating a pressure sensor and a photoresistor, a neuromorphic circuit is demonstrated with the ability to associate two physical inputs (light and pressure) instead of normally demonstrated electrical inputs in other associative learning circuits. To unravel the non-volatility of this material, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering are used to characterize the oxidation level variation, compositional change, and the structural modulation of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate/Polytetrahydrofuran films in various conductance states. The implementation of the associative learning circuit as well as the understanding of the non-volatile material represent critical advances for organic electrochemical devices in neuromorphic applications.
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20
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da Silva RJ, Mojica-Sánchez LC, Gorza FDS, Pedro GC, Maciel BG, Ratkovski GP, da Rocha HD, do Nascimento KTO, Medina-Llamas JC, Chávez-Guajardo AE, Alcaraz-Espinoza JJ, de Melo CP. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies of Methyl Orange removal by polyvinylidene fluoride-PEDOT mats. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:62-73. [PMID: 33279054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-modified polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fibers and their use as a novel adsorbent material for the removal of the anionic dye Methyl Orange (MO) from aqueous media. This novel adsorbent material can be used to selectively remove MO on a wide pH range (3.0-10.0), with a maximum capacity of 143.8 mg/g at pH 3.0. When used in a recirculating filtration system, the maximum absorption capacity was reached in a shorter time (20 min) than that observed for batch mode experiments (360 min). Based on the analyses of the kinetics and adsorption isotherm data, one can conclude that the predominant mechanism of interaction between the membrane and the dissolved dye molecules is electrostatic. Besides, considering the estimated values for the Gibbs energy, and entropy and enthalpy changes, it was established that the adsorption process is spontaneous and occurs in an endothermic manner. The good mechanical and environmental stability of these membranes allowed their use in at least 20 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles, without significant loss of their characteristics. We suggest that the physical-chemical characteristics of PEDOT make these hybrid mats a promising adsorbent material for use in water remediation protocols and effluent treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário J da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe D S Gorza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Graciela C Pedro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruna G Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Ratkovski
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hérica D da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Kamila T O do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Juan C Medina-Llamas
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No.18, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 98160 Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Alicia E Chávez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98058 Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - José J Alcaraz-Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Celso P de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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21
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Kumar R, Akbarinejad A, Jasemizad T, Fucina R, Travas-Sejdic J, Padhye LP. The removal of metformin and other selected PPCPs from water by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) photocatalyst. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142302. [PMID: 33181992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic removal of PPCPs using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer. PEDOT is a conducting polymer that exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity and was used in this study without any additives or metal co-catalysts. The PEDOT was synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization and characterized further for composition and morphology. PEDOT, in the presence of UV irradiation, showed >99% degradation of one of the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drugs, metformin, within 60 min. The effect of varying concentration of PEDOT, pH, and light irradiance was studied to achieve maximum photocatalytic efficiency. Two major degradation products of metformin of m/z 116 and 126 were detected using triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS, while the degradation kinetics was found to be of pseudo-first-order. Results revealed that photogenerated electrons, holes, and radical species played a role in the PPCPs' degradation. When a mixture of seven PPCPs in the ultra-pure water matrix was tested, more than 99% removal was observed for most of the PPCPs within 60 min. The removal efficiency decreased in a real wastewater effluent due to the presence of dissolved organic matter; however, still, more than 50% removal was observed for majority of the studied PPCPs. The results of PEDOT reusability revealed that the reuse contributed to the drop in the conductivity and subsequent drop in the photocatalytic activity; however, a simple acid treatment was found to be effective to recoup its conductivity. PEDOT was successfully immobilized on an electrospun fiber mat to enhance its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Raoul Fucina
- The University of Limoges, 87032 Limoges, France
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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22
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Shahnia S, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Evans D, Afshar S. A Fibre-Optic Platform for Sensing Nitrate Using Conducting Polymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 21:E138. [PMID: 33379268 PMCID: PMC7794756 DOI: 10.3390/s21010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring nitrate ions is essential in agriculture, food industry, health sector and aquatic ecosystem. We show that a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), can be used for nitrate sensing through a process in which nitrate ion uptake leads to oxidation of PEDOT and change of its optical properties. In this study, a new platform is developed in which a single-mode fibre coated at the tip with PEDOT is used for nitrate sensing. A crucial step towards this goal is introduction of carbonate exposure to chemically reduced PEDOT to a baseline value. The proposed platform exhibits the change in optical behaviour of the PEDOT layer at the tip of the fibre as it undergoes chemical oxidation and reduction (redox). The change in optical properties due to redox switching varies with the intensity of light back reflected by the fibre coated with PEDOT. The proposed platform during oxidation demonstrates linear response for the uptake of nitrate ions in concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 40 parts per million (ppm), with a regression coefficient R2=0.97 and a detection limit of 6.7 ppm. The procedure for redox switching is repeatable as the back reflection light intensity reaches ±1.5% of the initial value after reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Shahnia
- Laser Physics and Photonic Devices Laboratories, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia;
| | - Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Drew Evans
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Shahraam Afshar
- Laser Physics and Photonic Devices Laboratories, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia;
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23
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Maity S, Datta S, Mishra M, Banerjee S, Das S, Chatterjee K. Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)‐tosylate—Its synthesis, properties and various applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Maity
- Department of Physics Jadavpur University Kolkata India
| | - Salini Datta
- Department of Physics Techno India University Kolkata India
| | - Megha Mishra
- Department of Physics Techno India University Kolkata India
| | | | - Sukhen Das
- Department of Physics Jadavpur University Kolkata India
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24
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Abstract
Conducting polymers display a range of interesting properties, from electrical conduction to tunable optical absorption and mechanical flexibility, to name but a few. Their properties arise from positive charges (carbocations) on their conjugated backbone that are stabilised by counterions doped in the polymer matrix. In this research we report hydrolysis of these carbocations when poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) is exposed to 1 mM aqueous salt solutions. Remarkably, two classes of anion interactions are revealed; anions that oxidise PEDOT via a doping process, and those that facilitate the SN1 hydrolysis of the carbocation to create hydroxylated PEDOT. A pKa of 6.4 for the conjugate acid of the anion approximately marks the transition between chemical oxidation and hydrolysis. PEDOT can be cycled between hydrolysis and oxidation by alternating exposure to different salt solutions. This has ramifications for using doped conducting polymers in aqueous environments (such as sensing, energy storage and biomedical devices).
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25
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Abstract
The detection of ammonia is an important issue for a lot of applications: leak detection in industry, agriculture, cooling systems, and medical diagnosis (breath biomarker for non-invasive diagnostic of renal disease). Among the possible sensing technologies, chemosensors based on conducting polymers show interesting characteristics. Polypyrrole (PPy) is well known for its sensitivity to ammonia. In the present work, PPy was synthesized by vapor phase polymerization (VPP) and treated with three different reductants. The ammonia sensing performance was investigated. The response of sodium sulfite Na2SO3 treated PPy was found to be much more pronounced when exposed to ammonia, it was twice as high as the grown PPy. A response of 15% at 500 ppb was obtained with an excellent selectivity towards ammonia compared to ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol. The role of chemical reduction of PPy in ammonia gas sensing was studied using different methods such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultra-violet, visible, near-infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy.
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26
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Lepinoy M, Limelette P, Schmaltz B, Van FT. Thermopower scaling in conducting polymers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8086. [PMID: 32415201 PMCID: PMC7229021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By directly converting heat into electricity, thermoelectric effects provide a unique physical process from heat waste to energy harvesting. Requiring the highest possible power factor defined as α2σ, with the thermopower α and the electrical conductivity σ, such a technology necessitates the best knowledge of transport phenomena in order to be able to control and optimize both α and σ. While conducting polymers have already demonstrated their great potentiality with enhanced thermoelectric performance, the full understanding of the transport mechanisms in these compounds is still lacking. Here we show that the thermoelectric properties of one of the most promising conducting polymer, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate ions (PEDOT-Tos), follows actually a very generic behavior with a scaling relation as α ∝ σ−1/4. Whereas conventional transport theories have failed to explain such an exponent, we demonstrate that it is in fact a characteristic of massless pseudo-relativistic quasiparticles, namely Dirac fermions, scattered by unscreened ionized impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Lepinoy
- GREMAN, UMR 7347 CNRS-INSA-Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.,PCM2E, EA 6299, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Patrice Limelette
- GREMAN, UMR 7347 CNRS-INSA-Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Bruno Schmaltz
- PCM2E, EA 6299, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - François Tran Van
- PCM2E, EA 6299, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
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A simple electrochemical approach to fabricate functionalized MWCNT-nanogold decorated PEDOT nanohybrid for simultaneous quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1114:15-28. [PMID: 32359511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical diagnostics and detection of food spoilage require estimation of hypoxanthine (HX), xanthine (XN), and uric acid (UA). A selective sensing platform has been proposed for simultaneous detection of all these species. Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (fMWCNT) stabilized nanogold decorated PEDOT:TOS polymeric nanocomposite (Au-PEDOT-fMWCNT) was synthesized through rapid one-step electropolymerization to enhance conductivity and active surface area by several folds. Electrochemical activities of the proposed sensing platform were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analyses through SEM, FESEM and TEM were performed to explore the surface morphology and elemental analysis of the polymeric nanohybrid was investigated by XPS, Raman, FTIR, XRD spectroscopy. Electro-catalysis of UA, XN and HX occurred at low oxidation potentials i.e. 0.082, 0.463 and 0.808 V, respectively in the optimized conditions. The uniquely designed simple, interference free Au-PEDOT-fMWCNT/GCE sensor exhibited high selectivity, good reproducibility, reusability (∼180 times) and stability (∼3 month) with excellent sensitivity of 1.73, 14.31 and 3.82 μA μM-1 cm-2 for UA, XN and HX, respectively. The sensor exhibited linear ranges of detection as 0.1-800, 0.05-175 and 0.1-150 μM with detection limits of 199.3, 24.1 and 90.5 nM for quantification of UA, XN and HX respectively. The performance of the proposed sensor was validated by addition of UA, XN and HX in human serum, urine and fish samples by comparing to those using HPLC. The results indicated good applicability of the proposed sensor for simultaneous detection of UA, XN, HX in real biological fluids.
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28
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Elastic conducting polymer composites in thermoelectric modules. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32188853 PMCID: PMC7080746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of wearables has created a demand for lightweight, elastic and conformal energy harvesting and storage devices. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) has shown great promise for thermoelectric generators, however, the thick layers of pristine poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) required for effective energy harvesting are too hard and brittle for seamless integration into wearables. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-elastomer composites have been developed to improve its mechanical properties, although so far without simultaneously achieving softness, high electrical conductivity, and stretchability. Here we report an aqueously processed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyurethane-ionic liquid composite, which combines high conductivity (>140 S cm−1) with superior stretchability (>600%), elasticity, and low Young’s modulus (<7 MPa). The outstanding performance of this organic nanocomposite is the result of favorable percolation networks on the nano- and micro-scale and the plasticizing effect of the ionic liquid. The elastic thermoelectric material is implemented in the first reported intrinsically stretchable organic thermoelectric module. Though deformable thermoelectric materials are desirable for integrating thermoelectric devices into wearable electronics, typical thermoelectric materials are too brittle for practical application. Here, the authors report a high-performance elastic composite for stretchable thermoelectric modules.
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Ruan L, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Zeng W, Wang S, Liang D, Zhao J. A Self-Powered Flexible Thermoelectric Sensor and Its Application on the Basis of the Hollow PEDOT:PSS Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030553. [PMID: 32138271 PMCID: PMC7182963 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoelectric (TE) fiber, based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which possesses good flexibility, a low cost, good environmental stability and non-toxicity, has attracted more attention due to its promising applications in energy harvesting. This study presents a self-powered flexible sensor based on the TE properties of the hollow PEDOT:PSS fiber. The hollow structure of the fiber was synthesized using traditional wet spinning. The sensor was applied to an application for finger touch, and showed both long-term stability and good reliability towards external force. The sensor had a high scalability and was simple to develop. When figures touched the sensors, a temperature difference of 6 °C was formed between the figure and the outside environment. The summit output voltages of the sensors with 1 to 5 legs gradually increased from 90.8 μV to 404 μV. The time needed for the output voltage to reach 90% of its peak value is only 2.7 s. Five sensors of legs ranging from 1 to 5 were used to assemble the selector. This study may provide a new proposal to produce a self-powered, long-term and stable skin sensor, which is suitable for wearable devices in personal electronic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Ruan
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Zihao Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Siliang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Dong Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
| | - Jinling Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
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30
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Yemata TA, Zheng Y, Kyaw AKK, Wang X, Song J, Chin WS, Xu J. Improved Thermoelectric Properties and Environmental Stability of Conducting PEDOT:PSS Films Post-treated With Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. Front Chem 2020; 7:870. [PMID: 31970148 PMCID: PMC6960405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most popular conducting polymers and widely used as polymer thermoelectric materials, and its thermoelectric performance could be improved by a variety of post-treatment processes. This paper reported two series of post-treatment methods to enhance the thermoelectric performance. The first series method included pre-treatment of PEDOT:PSS film with formamide, followed by imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The second series method included pre-treatment of PEDOT:PSS film with formamide, followed by sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and finally imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Two series of post-treatment methods significantly improved the power factor of PEDOT:PSS when compared to that of PEDOT:PSS treated with formamide only. For example, using the first series post-treatment method with 40 vol.% ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide, the Seebeck coefficient of the PEDOT:PSS film increased from 14.9 to 28.5 μV/K although the electrical conductivity reduced from 2,873 to 1,701 S/cm, resulting in a substantial improvement in the overall power factor from 63.6 to 137.8 μW/K2m. The electrical conductivity enhancement in the formamide-treatment process was in part ascribed to the removal of the insulating PSS component. Further treatment of PEDOT:PSS film with ionic liquid caused dedoping of PEDOT and hence increased in Seebeck coefficient. In contrast, second series post-treatment method led to the reduction in electrical conductivity from 2,873 to 641 S/cm but a big improvement in the Seebeck coefficient from 14.9 to 61.1 μV/K and thus the overall power factor reached up to ~239.2 μW/K2m. Apart from the improvement in electrical conductivity, the increase in Seebeck coefficient is on account of the substantial dedoping of PEDOT polymer to its neutral form and thus leads to the big improvement of its Seebeck coefficient. The environmental stability of ionic liquid-treated PEDOT:PSS films were examined. It was found that the ionic liquid treated PEDOT:PSS retained more than 70% Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity at 75% RH humidity and 70°C for 480 h. The improved long-term TE stability is attributed to the strong ionic interaction between sulfonate anions and bulky imidazolium cations that effectively block the penetration of water and lessen the tendency to take up water from the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Atnafu Yemata
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aung Ko Ko Kyaw
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Song
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Shong Chin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Yemata TA, Zheng Y, Kyaw AKK, Wang X, Song J, Chin WS, Xu J. Modulation of the doping level of PEDOT:PSS film by treatment with hydrazine to improve the Seebeck coefficient. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1786-1792. [PMID: 35494687 PMCID: PMC9047250 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reported the modulation of the doping level of PEDOT:PSS with hydrazine to remarkably improve its Seebeck coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Atnafu Yemata
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Aung Ko Ko Kyaw
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Song
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Wee Shong Chin
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry
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32
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Wang Y, Yang L, Shi XL, Shi X, Chen L, Dargusch MS, Zou J, Chen ZG. Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807916. [PMID: 31148307 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for ecofriendly, stable, long-lifetime power sources is driving the booming market for miniaturized and integrated electronics, including wearable and medical implantable devices. Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices are receiving increasing attention, due to their capability to convert heat into electricity directly by conformably attaching them onto heat sources. Polymer-based flexible thermoelectric materials are particularly fascinating because of their intrinsic flexibility, affordability, and low toxicity. There are other promising alternatives including inorganic-based flexible thermoelectrics that have high energy-conversion efficiency, large power output, and stability at relatively high temperature. Herein, the state-of-the-art in the development of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices is summarized, including exploring the fundamentals behind the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices by relating materials chemistry and physics to properties. By taking insights from carrier and phonon transport, the limitations of high-performance flexible thermoelectric materials and the underlying mechanisms associated with each optimization strategy are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges in flexible thermoelectric materials are discussed in conclusion, and suggestions and a framework to guide future development are provided, which may pave the way for a bright future for flexible thermoelectric devices in the energy market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Xun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Matthew S Dargusch
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and, Manufacturing (AMPAM), the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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33
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Zhang Y, Park SJ. Flexible Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Wearable Green Energy Harvesting. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050909. [PMID: 31137541 PMCID: PMC6571912 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, organic thermoelectric materials/devices, which can exhibit remarkable potential in green energy conversion, have drawn great attention and interest due to their easy processing, light weight, intrinsically low thermal conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. Compared to traditional batteries, thermoelectric materials have high prospects as alternative power generators for harvesting green energy. Although crystalline inorganic semiconductors have dominated the fields of thermoelectric materials up to now, their practical applications are limited by their intrinsic fragility and high toxicity. The integration of organic polymers with inorganic nanoparticles has been widely employed to tailor the thermoelectric performance of polymers, which not only can combine the advantages of both components but also display interesting transport phenomena between organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles. In this review, parameters affecting the thermoelectric properties of materials were briefly introduced. Some recently developed n-type and p-type thermoelectric films and related devices were illustrated along with their thermoelectric performance, methods of preparation, and future applications. This review will help beginners to quickly understand and master basic knowledge of thermoelectric materials, thus inspiring them to design and develop more efficient thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Li X, Liu C, Zhou W, Duan X, Du Y, Xu J, Li C, Liu J, Jia Y, Liu P, Jiang Q, Luo C, Liu C, Jiang F. Roles of Polyethylenimine Ethoxylated in Efficiently Tuning the Thermoelectric Performance of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Rich Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8138-8147. [PMID: 30714377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of oxidation levels is of great importance as an efficient way to optimize the thermoelectric (TE) performance of conducting polymers. Many efforts have been devoted to the acquisition of a high TE performance for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) by oxidation/reduction post treatment to achieve an effective compromise. However, a strong oxidant/reductant is usually employed to tune the TE performance of PEDOT:PSS with high electrical conductivity (σ) and Seebeck coefficient ( S), and it also presents a number of operational challenges depending on a fast reaction rate. Herein, nontoxic polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) served as a reductant to successfully realize an enhanced S for PEDOT:PSS, besides playing a significant anion-blocking role in enabling the efficient modulation of the oxidation level by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with a longer operating time. Eventually, a good PEDOT-rich nanocrystal is achieved by a sequential dipping process in PEIE/ethylene glycol and H2SO4 solutions. The large TE power factor of 133 μW m-1 K-2 can be ascribed to the good formation of PEDOT-rich nanocrystals and an effective compromise between σ and S of PEDOT:PSS films. A mechanism was elucidated for the efficient regulation of σ and S enabling high performance of organic TE materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yukou Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengxing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , P. R. China
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Saxena N, Pretzl B, Lamprecht X, Bießmann L, Yang D, Li N, Bilko C, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Ionic Liquids as Post-Treatment Agents for Simultaneous Improvement of Seebeck Coefficient and Electrical Conductivity in PEDOT:PSS Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8060-8071. [PMID: 30715835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) post-treatment for thin films of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is employed for the simultaneous enhancement of Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivities. Through systematic variation of the ILs, by changing the anions while keeping the cation unchanged, changes in thermoelectric, spectroscopic, and morphological properties are investigated by means of UV-vis spectroscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) as a function of the IL concentration. The simultaneous enhancement in the two important thermoelectric properties is ascribed to the binary nature of the ILs, which complements that of PEDOT:PSS. The anions of the ILs primarily interact with the positively charged, conducting PEDOT, while the cations interact with negatively charged insulating PSS. Therefore, post-treatment with ILs allows for primary and secondary doping of PEDOT:PSS at the same time. Differences in the obtained Seebeck coefficients for the investigated ILs are ascribed to the chemical properties of the anions. Additionally, the choice of the latter has implications on the morphology of the treated PEDOT:PSS films regarding average π-π-stacking distances of PEDOT chains, PEDOT-to-PSS ratios, and edge-on-to-face-on ratios, influencing charge transport properties macroscopically. A morphological model is presented, highlighting the influence of each IL in comparison with pristine PEDOT:PSS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Saxena
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstr. 4 , 80799 Munich , Germany
| | - Benjamin Pretzl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Xaver Lamprecht
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Dan Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Christoph Bilko
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S. C. p. A. , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in AREA Science Park , Basovizza, 34149 Trieste , Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstr. 4 , 80799 Munich , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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Kim T, Kim G, Kim H, Yoon HJ, Kim T, Jun Y, Shin TH, Kang S, Cheon J, Hwang D, Min BW, Shim W. Megahertz-wave-transmitting conducting polymer electrode for device-to-device integration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:653. [PMID: 30737393 PMCID: PMC6368642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, especially at very low frequencies of less than the gigahertz (GHz) order, such as the radiofrequencies at which electronic devices operate (tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz), is fundamental incompatibility, which creates a barrier to the realization of enhanced user interfaces and ‘device-to-device integration.’ Herein, we present a design strategy for preparing a megahertz (MHz)-transparent conductor, based on a plasma frequency controlled by the electrical conductivity, with the ultimate goal of device-to-device integration through electromagnetic wave transmittance. This approach is verified experimentally using a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the microstructure of which is manipulated by employing a solution process. The use of a transparent conducting polymer as an electrode enables the fabrication of a fully functional touch-controlled display device and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible biomedical monitoring device, which would open up a new paradigm for transparent conductors. The emergence of applications requiring device-to-device interactivity has to the need to develop conducting electrodes with high optical transparency at low radiofrequencies. Here, the authors demonstrate conductive polymer electrodes with high transparency in the MHz-order frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeohn Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hong-Jib Yoon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Taeseong Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yohan Jun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Shin
- Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Shinill Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dosik Hwang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Min
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Center for Multi-Dimensional Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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37
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Zhang Y, Heo YJ, Park M, Park SJ. Recent Advances in Organic Thermoelectric Materials: Principle Mechanisms and Emerging Carbon-Based Green Energy Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E167. [PMID: 30960150 PMCID: PMC6401848 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric devices have recently attracted considerable interest owing to their unique ability of converting heat to electrical energy in an environmentally efficient manner. These devices are promising as alternative power generators for harvesting electrical energy compared to conventional batteries. Inorganic crystalline semiconductors have dominated the thermoelectric material fields; however, their application has been restricted by their intrinsic high toxicity, fragility, and high cost. In contrast, organic thermoelectric materials with low cost, low thermal conductivity, easy processing, and good flexibility are more suitable for fabricating thermoelectric devices. In this review, we briefly introduce the parameters affecting the thermoelectric performance and summarize the most recently developed carbon-material-based organic thermoelectric composites along with their preparation technologies, thermoelectric performance, and future applications. In addition, the p- and n-type carbon nanotube conversion and existing challenges are discussed. This review can help researchers in elucidating the recent studies on carbon-based organic thermoelectric materials, thus inspiring them to develop more efficient thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Young-Jung Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Mira Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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38
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Jia Y, Liu C, Liu J, Liu C, Xu J, Li X, Shen L, Jiang Q, Wang X, Yang J, Jiang F. Efficient enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of vapor phase polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films with poly(ethyleneimine). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Shen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxing Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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39
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Ogle J, Powell D, Amerling E, Smilgies DM, Whittaker-Brooks L. Quantifying multiple crystallite orientations and crystal heterogeneities in complex thin film materials. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the mosaicity factor and GIWAXS diffraction patterns to quantify crystallite heterogeneities and orientation in thin film materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Eric Amerling
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Detlef-M. Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, CHESS
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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40
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Cappai A, Antidormi A, Bosin A, Galliani D, Narducci D, Melis C. Interplay between synthetic conditions and micromorphology in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate (PEDOT:Tos): an atomistic investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8580-8586. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis was performed to elucidate the role played by proton scavengers in PEDOT chain length distribution and micromorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cappai
- Department of Physics
- Univ. of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - A. Antidormi
- Department of Physics
- Univ. of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - A. Bosin
- Department of Physics
- Univ. of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - D. Galliani
- Department of Materials Science
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - D. Narducci
- Department of Materials Science
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - C. Melis
- Department of Physics
- Univ. of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
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41
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Petsagkourakis I, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Ohkubo I, Satoh N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:836-862. [PMID: 31001364 PMCID: PMC6454408 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1530938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isao Ohkubo
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norifusa Satoh
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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42
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Jo YJ, Kwon KY, Khan ZU, Crispin X, Kim TI. Gelatin Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Their Integrated Logic Circuits. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39083-39090. [PMID: 30360103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We suggest gelatin hydrogel as an electrolyte and demonstrate organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a sheet of gelatin. We also modulate electrical characteristics of the OECT with respect to pH condition of the gelatin hydrogel from acid to base and analyze its characteristics based on the electrochemical theory. Moreover, we extend the gelatin-based OECT to electrochemical logic circuits, for example, NOT, NOR, and NAND gates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden
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43
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He S, Mukaida M, Kirihara K, Lyu L, Wei Q. Reversible Protonic Doping in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1065. [PMID: 30960990 PMCID: PMC6404222 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), a benchmark-conducting polymer, was doped by protons. The doping and de-doping processes, using protonic acid and a base, were fully reversible. We predicted possible doping sites along the polymer chain using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study sheds potential light and understanding on the molecular design of highly conductive organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kirihara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Lingyun Lyu
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Qingshuo Wei
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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44
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Saborío MG, Bertran O, Lanzalaco S, Häring M, Franco L, Puiggalí J, Díaz DD, Estrany F, Alemán C. Isomeric cationic ionenes as n-dopant agents of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for in situ gelation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6374-6385. [PMID: 30028464 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three isomeric ionene polymers containing 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and N,N'-(x-phenylene)dibenzamide (x = ortho-/meta-/para-) linkages have been used as dopant agents to produce n-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes by reducing already dedoped conducting polymer (CP) films. This work focuses on the influence of the ionene topology on both the properties of n-doped PEDOT:ionene electrodes and the success of the in situ thermal gelation of the ionene inside the CP matrix. The highest doping level is reached for the para-isomeric ionene-containing electrode, even though the content of ortho- and meta-topomers in the corresponding n-doped PEDOT:ionene electrodes is greater. Thus, many of the incorporated ionene units are not directly interacting with CP chains and, therefore, they do not play an active role as n-dopant agents but they are crucial for the in situ formation of the ionene hydrogels. The effect of the ionene topology is practically non-existent on properties such as the specific capacitance and wettability of PEDOT:ionene films, and it is small but non-negligible on the electrochemical and thermal stability. In contrast, the surface morphology, topography, and distribution of dopant molecules significantly depend on the ionene topology. In situ thermal gelation was successful in PEDOT films n-doped with the ortho- and para-topomers, even though this assembly process was much faster for the former than for the latter. The gelation considerably improved the mechanical response of the electropolymerized PEDOT film, which was practically non-existent before it. Molecular dynamics simulations prove that the strength and abundance of PEDOTionene specific interactions (i.e. π-π stacking, N-HS hydrogen bonds and both N+O and N+S interactions) are higher for the meta-isomeric ionene, for which the in situ gelation was not achieved, than for the ortho- and para-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz G Saborío
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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45
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Bansal M, Sharma M, Bullen C, Svirskis D. Free standing PEDOT films prepared by vapour phase polymerisation as electrically tuneable barriers to drug permeability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Yao H, Fan Z, Cheng H, Guan X, Wang C, Sun K, Ouyang J. Recent Development of Thermoelectric Polymers and Composites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700727. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Zeng Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Hanlin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems; Ministry of Education; School of Power Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Kuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems; Ministry of Education; School of Power Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
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47
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Cigarini L, Ruini A, Catellani A, Calzolari A. Conflicting effect of chemical doping on the thermoelectric response of ordered PEDOT aggregates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5021-5027. [PMID: 29388641 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) semiconductor plays a relevant role in the development of organic thermoelectric (TE) devices for low-power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cigarini
- Dipartimento FIM
- Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
- CNR-NANO
| | - Alice Ruini
- Dipartimento FIM
- Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
- CNR-NANO
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48
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Modarresi M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. Morphology and ion diffusion in PEDOT:Tos. A coarse grained molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17188-17198. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Martini coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for the doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is developed. It is shown that the diffusion coefficients decrease exponentially as the hydration level is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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49
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Rudd S, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Kumar Singh S, Ullah Khan Z, Crispin X, Andreasen JW, Zozoulenko I, Evans D. Charge transport and structure in semimetallic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:97-104. [PMID: 29242675 PMCID: PMC5725714 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to changes in their chemistry and structure, polymers can be fabricated to demonstrate vastly different electrical conductivities over many orders of magnitude. At the high end of conductivity is the class of conducting polymers, which are ideal candidates for many applications in low‐cost electronics. Here, we report the influence of the nature of the doping anion at high doping levels within the semi‐metallic conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on its electronic transport properties. Hall effect measurements on a variety of PEDOT samples show that the choice of doping anion can lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in the charge carrier mobility > 3 cm2/Vs at conductivities approaching 3000 S/cm under ambient conditions. Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering, Density Functional Theory calculations, and Molecular Dynamics simulations indicate that the chosen doping anion modifies the way PEDOT chains stack together. This link between structure and specific anion doping at high doping levels has ramifications for the fabrication of conducting polymer‐based devices. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 97–104
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rudd
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Juan F Franco-Gonzalez
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399 Technical University of Denmark Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
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50
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Wijeratne K, Vagin M, Brooke R, Crispin X. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) electrodes in thermogalvanic cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2017; 5:19619-19625. [PMID: 29308202 PMCID: PMC5735355 DOI: 10.1039/c7ta04891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest in thermogalvanic cells (TGCs) has grown because it is a candidate technology for harvesting electricity from natural and waste heat. However, the cost of TGCs has a major component due to the use of the platinum electrode. Here, we investigate new alternative electrode material based on conducting polymers, more especially poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) together with the ferro/ferricyanide redox electrolyte. The power generated by the PEDOT-Tos based TGCs increases with the conducting polymer thickness/multilayer and reaches values similar to the flat platinum electrode based TGCs. The physics and chemistry behind this exciting result as well as the identification of the limiting phenomena are investigated by various electrochemical techniques. Furthermore, a preliminary study is provided for the stability of the PEDOT-Tos based TGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Robert Brooke
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
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