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Kang M, Kang M, Lee J, Yoo J, Lee S, Oh S. Allium tuberosum-derived nanovesicles with anti-inflammatory properties prevent DSS-induced colitis and modify the gut microbiome. Food Funct 2024; 15:7641-7657. [PMID: 38953279 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Edible plant-derived nanovesicles (ePDNs) have shown potential as a non-pharmacological option for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by maintaining gut health and showing anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of Allium tuberosum-derived nanovesicles (ADNs) on colitis have not been studied to date. Here, we extracted exosome-like nanovesicles from Allium tuberosum and investigated whether they have an anti-inflammatory effect in RAW 264.7 cells and colitis mice. The results showed that ADNs reduced the elevated levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB pathway-related proteins as a consequence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, our mouse experiments demonstrated that ADNs could ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis symptoms (e.g., increased disease activity index score, intestinal permeability, and histological appearance). Additionally, ADNs counteracted DSS-induced colitis by downregulating the expression of serum amyloid A (SAA), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that ADN intervention restored the gut microbial composition, which was similar to that of the DSS non-treated group, by decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, ADNs induced acetic acid production along with an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus. Overall, our findings suggest that ADN supplementation has a crucial role in maintaining gut health and is a novel preventive therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyoung Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minji Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiseon Yoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujeong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
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Patel D, Solanki J, Kher MM, Azagury A. A Review: Surface Engineering of Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401990. [PMID: 39004869 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) for drug delivery (DD). Herein, LBNPs are classified into liposomes and cell membrane-based nanoparticles (CMNPs), each with unique advantages and challenges. Conventional LBNPs possess drawbacks such as poor targeting, quick clearance, and limited biocompatibility. One of the possible alternatives to overcome these challenges is surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs) with materials such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), aptamers, antibody fragments, peptides, CD44, hyaluronic acid, folic acid, palmitic acid, and lactoferrin. Thus, the main focus of this review will be on the different surface modifications that enable LBNPs to have beneficial properties for DD, such as enhancing mass transport properties, immune evasion, improved stability, and targeting. Moreover, various CMNPs are explored used for DD derived from cells such as red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, leukocytes, cancer cells, and stem cells, highlighting their unique natural properties (e.g., biocompatibility and ability to evade the immune system). This discussion extends to the biomimicking of hybrid NPs accomplished through the surface coating of synthetic (mainly polymeric) NPs with different cell membranes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers on recent advances in the field of surface modification of LBNPs and CMNPs. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the dynamic field of lipid-based DD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ariel University, Ariel, 4070000, Israel
| | - Jyoti Solanki
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Mafatlal M Kher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ariel University, Ariel, 4070000, Israel
| | - Aharon Azagury
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ariel University, Ariel, 4070000, Israel
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3
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Rahmani A, Soleymani A, Almukhtar M, Behzad Moghadam K, Vaziri Z, Hosein Tabar Kashi A, Adabi Firoozjah R, Jafari Tadi M, Zolfaghari Dehkharghani M, Valadi H, Moghadamnia AA, Gasser RB, Rostami A. Exosomes, and the potential for exosome-based interventions against COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2562. [PMID: 38924213 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Since late 2019, the world has been devastated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with more than 760 million people affected and ∼seven million deaths reported. Although effective treatments for COVID-19 are currently limited, there has been a strong focus on developing new therapeutic approaches to address the morbidity and mortality linked to this disease. An approach that is currently being investigated is the use of exosome-based therapies. Exosomes are small, extracellular vesicles that play a role in many clinical diseases, including viral infections, infected cells release exosomes that can transmit viral components, such as miRNAs and proteins, and can also include receptors for viruses that facilitate viral entry into recipient cells. SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to impact the formation, secretion, and release of exosomes, thereby potentially facilitating or intensifying the transmission of the virus among cells, tissues and individuals. Therefore, designing synthetic exosomes that carry immunomodulatory cargo and antiviral compounds are proposed to be a promising strategy for the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral diseases. Moreover, exosomes generated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) might be employed as cell-free therapeutic agents, as MSC-derived exosomes can diminish the cytokine storm and reverse the suppression of host anti-viral defences associated with COVID-19, and boost the repair of lung damage linked to mitochondrial activity. The present article discusses the significance and roles of exosomes in COVID-19, and explores potential future applications of exosomes in combating this disease. Despite the challenges posed by COVID-19, exosome-based therapies could represent a promising avenue for improving patient outcomes and reducing the impact of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rahmani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Soleymani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Kimia Behzad Moghadam
- Independent Researcher, Former University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zahra Vaziri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Hosein Tabar Kashi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Reza Adabi Firoozjah
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jafari Tadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maryam Zolfaghari Dehkharghani
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Huang J, Cao X, Wu W, Han L, Wang F. Investigating the proliferative inhibition of HepG2 cells by exosome-like nanovesicles derived from Centella asiatica extract through metabolomics. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116855. [PMID: 38850651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nano-particles demonstrating excellent anticancer properties have gradually found application in cancer therapy. However, their widespread use is impeded by their potential toxicity, high cost, and the complexity of the preparation process. In this study, we achieved exosome-like Centella asiatica-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) through a straightforward juicing and high-speed centrifugation process. We employed transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle flow cytometry to characterize the morphology, diameter, and stability of the ADNVs. We evaluated the in vitro anticancer effects of ADNVs using Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis assays. Through sequencing and bicinchoninic acid protein analysis, we discovered the abundant presence of proteins and microRNAs in ADNVs. These microRNAs can target various diseases such as cancer and infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effective internalization of ADNVs by HepG2 cells, resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial damage, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and apoptosis. Finally, we analyzed changes in cellular metabolites post-treatment using cell metabolomics techniques. Our findings indicated that ADNVs primarily influence metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, which are closely associated with HepG2 treatment. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of ADNVs as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingYi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - XiaoYu Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - WenFeng Wu
- School of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Han
- School of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - FengYun Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhang YB, Wang JF, Wang MX, Peng J, Kong XD, Tian J. Nano-based drug delivery systems for active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine: Harnessing the power of nanotechnology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1405252. [PMID: 38910887 PMCID: PMC11190311 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1405252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining worldwide popularity as a complementary and alternative medicine. The isolation and characterization of active ingredients from TCM has become optional strategies for drug development. In order to overcome the inherent limitations of these natural products such as poor water solubility and low bioavailability, the combination of nanotechnology with TCM has been explored. Taking advantage of the benefits offered by the nanoscale, various drug delivery systems have been designed to enhance the efficacy of TCM in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Methods: The manuscript aims to present years of research dedicated to the application of nanotechnology in the field of TCM. Results: The manuscript discusses the formulation, characteristics and therapeutic effects of nano-TCM. Additionally, the formation of carrier-free nanomedicines through self-assembly between active ingredients of TCM is summarized. Finally, the paper discusses the safety behind the application of nano-TCM and proposes potential research directions. Discussion: Despite some achievements, the safety of nano-TCM still need special attention. Furthermore, exploring the substance basis of TCM formulas from the perspective of nanotechnology may provide direction for elucidating the scientific intension of TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Khristiani Rahayu A, Fibriani A, Irasonia Tan M. Exploring the potential of black cumin derived nanovesicles for miRNA drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114275. [PMID: 38582178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes is a non-viral vector drug delivery system. Nevertheless, the existing commercial liposomes are quite expensive and not always affordable, particularly in developing countries. To address this challenge, plant-derived nanoparticles offer a cost-effective alternative while maintaining similar drug delivery capabilities. Hence, this study aimed to explore the potential of nanovesicles derived from black cumin (Nigella sativa) as a miRNA delivery system. Gradient sucrose-centrifugation was utilized to separate the nanovesicles derived from black cumin. Subsequently, these isolated nanovesicles, originating from black cumin, underwent centrifugation at a speed of 11,000 rpm. The miRNAs were encapsulated within these nanovesicles through the ethanol injection method. Morphological examinations of the nanovesicles derived from black cumin and DOTAP, as the positive control, were conducted using TEM and SEM. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the nanovesicles derived from black cumin was evaluated through the MTT assay on the MCF-7 cell line. Lastly, the process of internalization for both the black cumin-derived nanovesicles and DOTAP was visualized using a confocal microscope. Results demonstrated the successful isolation of nanovesicles from black cumin using the sucrose gradient method. These particles exhibited a spherical shape with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 200 nm, featuring a negative surface charge. When MCF-7 cells were exposed to black cumin-derived nanovesicles at a concentration of 12 mg/mL, cell viability reached 89.8 %, showing no significant difference compared to the positive control (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the MCF-7 cell line effectively internalized the black cumin-derived nanovesicles after a 45-minute incubation period. Notably, the encapsulation of miRNA within these nanovesicles demonstrated an impressive entrapment efficiency of 76.4 %. Subsequent transfection of miRNA-loaded black cumin-derived nanovesicles resulted in a substantial inhibition of MCF-7 cell viability, reducing it to 67 % after 48 h of treatment. These findings underscore the potential of black cumin-derived nanovesicles as potential nanovectors for the encapsulation and delivery of miRNA within drug delivery systems, offering a cost-effective and accessible solution for advanced drug delivery technologies, particularly in developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Khristiani Rahayu
- Doctoral Program of Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Azzania Fibriani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Marselina Irasonia Tan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia.
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7
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Kaimuangpak K, Rosalina R, Thumanu K, Weerapreeyakul N. Macromolecules with predominant β-pleated sheet proteins in extracellular vesicles released from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens induce DNA damage-mediated apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132001. [PMID: 38702007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived bioactive macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) were prepared as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Plant-derived EVs are gaining pharmaceutical research interest because of their bioactive components and delivery properties. The spherical nanosized EVs derived from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens previously showed antiproliferative activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells from macromolecular compositions (predominantly proteins). To understand the mechanism of action, the biological activity studies, i.e., antiproliferation, cellular biochemical changes, DNA conformational changes, DNA damage, apoptotic nuclear morphological changes, apoptosis induction, and apoptotic pathways, were determined by neutral red uptake assay, synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, comet assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometry, and caspase activity assay, respectively. EVs inhibited HCT116 cell growth in concentration- and time-dependent manners, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 675.4 ± 33.8 μg/ml at 48 h and a selectivity index of 1.5 ± 0.076. HCT116 treated with EVs mainly changed the cellular biochemical compositions in the nucleic acids and carbohydrates region. The DNA damage caused no changes in DNA conformation. The apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were associated with the increased apoptotic cell population. The apoptotic cell death was induced by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. EVs have potential as antiproliferative bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnchanok Kaimuangpak
- Graduate School (Research and Development in Pharmaceuticals Program), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Reny Rosalina
- Graduate School (Biomedical Sciences Program), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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8
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Yi C, Lu L, Li Z, Guo Q, Ou L, Wang R, Tian X. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles for microRNA delivery in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01621-x. [PMID: 38758499 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) are natural nanocarriers and effective delivery systems for plant microRNAs (miRNAs). These PELN-carrying plant miRNAs can regulate mammalian genes across species, thereby increasing the diversity of miRNAs in mammals and exerting multi-target effects that play a crucial role in diseases, particularly cancer. PELNs demonstrate exceptional stability, biocompatibility, and targeting capabilities that protect and facilitate the up-take and cross-kingdom communication of plant miRNAs in mammals. Primarily ingested and absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, PELNs preferentially act on the intestine to regulate intestinal homeostasis through functional miRNA activity. The oncogenesis and progression of cancer are closely associated with disruptions in intestinal barriers, ecological imbalances, as well as secondary changes, such as abnormal inflammatory reactions caused by them. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate whether PELNs exert their anticancer effects by regulating mammalian intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. This review aims to elucidate the intrinsic crosstalk relationships and mechanisms of PELNs-mediated miRNAs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, regulating inflammation and cancer treatment. Furthermore, serving as exceptional drug delivery systems for miRNAs molecules, PELNs offer broad prospects for future applications, including new drug research and development along with drug carrier selection within targeted drug delivery approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linzhu Lu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Longyun Ou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 95 Shaoshan Rd, Hunan, 410208, Changsha, China.
| | - Xuefei Tian
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Tradional Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Bai C, Liu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Qin Q, Song H, Yuan C, Huang Z. Research status and challenges of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116543. [PMID: 38608523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing number of related studies on exosomes. Most studies have focused on exosomes derived from mammals, confirming the important role that exosomes play in cell communication. Plants, as a natural ingredient, plant-derived exosomes have been confirmed to have similar structures and functions to mammalian-derived exosomes. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) are lipid bilayer membrane nanovesicles containing bioactive constituents such as miRNA, mRNA, protein, and lipids obtained from plant cells, that can participate in intercellular communication and mediate transboundary communication, have high bioavailability and low immunogenicity, are relatively safe, and have been shown to play an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and preventing, and treating a variety of diseases. In this review, we describe the biogenesis, isolation and purification methods, structural composition, stability, safety, function of PELNs and challenges. The functions of PELNs in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and drug delivery are mainly described, and the status of research on exosome nanoparticles of Chinese herbal medicines is outlined. Overall, we summarized the importance of PELNs and the latest research results in this field and provided a theoretical basis for the future research and clinical application of PELNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Bai
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China; Department of reproductive medicine of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shuangtaxi Street, Taiyuan City, 030012, China.
| | - Xumin Zhang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Yang Li
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Qin Qin
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China; Department of reproductive medicine of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shuangtaxi Street, Taiyuan City, 030012, China
| | - Haixia Song
- Department of reproductive medicine of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shuangtaxi Street, Taiyuan City, 030012, China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Department of reproductive medicine of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shuangtaxi Street, Taiyuan City, 030012, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of reproductive medicine of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shuangtaxi Street, Taiyuan City, 030012, China
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10
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Hillman T. The application of plant-exosome-like nanovesicles as improved drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38683256 PMCID: PMC11058161 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cancer immunotherapeutics is currently increasing. Cancer vaccines, as a form of immunotherapy, are gaining much attention in the medical community since specific tumor-antigens can activate immune cells to induce an anti-tumor immune response. However, the delivery of cancer vaccines presents many issues for research scientists when designing cancer treatments and requires further investigation. Nanoparticles, synthetic liposomes, bacterial vectors, viral particles, and mammalian exosomes have delivered cancer vaccines. In contrast, the use of many of these nanotechnologies produces many issues of cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Plant-exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNVs) can provide solutions for many of these challenges because they are innocuous and nonimmunogenic when delivering nanomedicines. Hence, this review will describe the potential use of PELNVs to deliver cancer vaccines. In this review, different approaches of cancer vaccine delivery will be detailed, the mechanism of oral vaccination for delivering cancer vaccines will be described, and the review will discuss the use of PELNVs as improved drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines via oral administration while also addressing the subsequent challenges for advancing their usage into the clinical setting.
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11
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Fang X, Feng J, Zhu X, Feng D, Zheng L. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles: A new tool for inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer treatment. Mol Ther 2024; 32:890-909. [PMID: 38369751 PMCID: PMC11163223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term use of conventional drugs to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC) has an adverse impact on the human immune system and easily leads to drug resistance, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel biotherapeutic tools with improved activity and limited side effects. Numerous products derived from plant sources have been shown to exert antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) are natural nanocarriers containing lipids, protein, DNA and microRNA (miRNA) with the ability to enter mammalian cells and regulate cellular activity. PDVLNs have significant potential in immunomodulation of macrophages, along with regulation of intestinal microorganisms and friendly antioxidant activity, as well as overcoming drug resistance. PDVLNs have utility as effective drug carriers and potential modification, with improved drug stability. Since immune function, intestinal microorganisms, and antioxidative stress are commonly targeted key phenomena in the treatment of IBD and CAC, PDVLNs offer a novel therapeutic tool. This review provides a summary of the latest advances in research on the sources and extraction methods, applications and mechanisms in IBD and CAC therapy, overcoming drug resistance, safety, stability, and clinical application of PDVLNs. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of PDVLN-based treatment of IBD and CAC are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junjie Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhu
- Medical Laboratory Department, Second People's Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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12
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Dhar R, Mukerjee N, Mukherjee D, Devi A, Jha SK, Gorai S. Plant-derived exosomes: A new dimension in cancer therapy. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1721-1723. [PMID: 37037490 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dhar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| | | | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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13
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Yang LY, Li CQ, Zhang YL, Ma MW, Cheng W, Zhang GJ. Emerging Drug Delivery Vectors: Engineering of Plant-Derived Nanovesicles and Their Applications in Biomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2591-2610. [PMID: 38505167 PMCID: PMC10949304 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can transmit intercellular information and transport biomolecules to recipient cells during various pathophysiological processes in the organism. Animal cell exosomes have been identified as potential nanodrugs delivery vehicles, yet they have some shortcomings such as high immunogenicity, high cytotoxicity, and complicated preparation procedures. In addition to exosomes, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDVs), which carry a variety of active substances, are another promising nano-transport vehicles emerging in recent years due to their stable physicochemical properties, wide source, and low cost. This work briefly introduces the collection and characterization of PDVs, then focuses on the application of PDVs as natural or engineered drug carriers in biomedicine, and finally discusses the development and challenges of PDVs in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yao Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Qing Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Wen Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan Cheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
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Chaya T, Banerjee A, Rutter BD, Adekanye D, Ross J, Hu G, Innes RW, Caplan JL. The extracellular vesicle proteomes of Sorghum bicolor and Arabidopsis thaliana are partially conserved. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1481-1497. [PMID: 38048422 PMCID: PMC10904328 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound organelles involved mainly in intercellular communications and defense responses against pathogens. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of proteins, nucleic acids including small RNAs, and lipids along with other metabolites in plant EVs. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of EVs from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, and cryo-electron tomography showed the presence of a heterogeneous population of EVs isolated from the apoplastic wash of sorghum leaves. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that EVs had a median size of 110 nm and distinct populations of vesicles with single or multiple lipid bilayers and low or high amounts of contents. The heterogeneity was further supported by data showing that only a subset of EVs that were stained with a membrane dye, Potomac Gold, were also stained with the membrane-permeant esterase-dependent dye, calcein acetoxymethyl ester. Proteomic analysis identified 437 proteins that were enriched in multiple EV isolations, with the majority of these also found in the EV proteome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These data suggest a partial conservation of EV contents and function between the monocot, sorghum, and a distantly related eudicot, Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Chaya
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Aparajita Banerjee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian D Rutter
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Deji Adekanye
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jean Ross
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Guobin Hu
- The Laboratory for Biomolecular Structures, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Roger W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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15
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Nemidkanam V, Banlunara W, Chaichanawongsaroj N. Kaempferia parviflora Extracellular Vesicle Loaded with Clarithromycin for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1967-1983. [PMID: 38435753 PMCID: PMC10908287 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Kaempferia parviflora extracellular vesicles (KPEVs) have been reported as promising nanovesicles for drug delivery. This study aimed to load clarithromycin (CLA) into KPEVs (KPEVS-CLA) and determine the physical properties, drug-releasing efficiency, gastric cell uptake, anti-H. pylori activities, and anti-inflammatory responses in comparison with free CLA and KPEVs. Methods The size and surface charge of KPEVs-CLA were evaluated using dynamic light scattering and visualized using a transmission electron microscope. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%), loading capacity (LC%), and drug release of KPEVs-CLA were examined using HPLC. Anti-H. pylori growth and anti-adhesion were evaluated. IL-8 gene expression, NF-κB signaling proteins, and anti-inflammatory profiles were examined using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and Bio-Plex immunoassay, respectively. Anti-chemotaxis was then examined using a Transwell assay. Results KPEVs-CLA were intact and showed a negative surface charge similar to that of KPEVs. However, slightly enlarged KPEVs were observed. CLA was successfully loaded into KPEVs with EE of 93.45% ± 2.43%, LC of 9.3% ± 3.02%. CLA release in the PBS and gastric mimic buffer with Fickian diffusion (n ≤ 0.43) according to Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model (R2=0.98). KPEVs-CLA was localized in the gastric cells' cytoplasm and perinuclear region. Anti-H. pylori growth and anti-H. pylori adhesion of KPEVs-CLA were compared with those of free CLA with no cytotoxicity to adenocarcinoma gastric cells. KPEVs-CLA significantly reduced IL-8, G-CSF, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels. Moreover, KPEVs-CLA showed a superior effect over CLA in reducing G-CSF, MIP-1α, and NF-κB phosphorylation and monocyte chemotactic activities. Conclusion KPEVs serve as potential carriers of CLA. They exhibited a higher efficiency in inhibiting gastric cell inflammation mediated by H. pylori infection than free CLA. The establishment of KPEVs-CLA as a nanodrug delivery model for H. pylori treatment could be applied to other plant extracellular vesicles or loaded with other cancer drugs for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Variya Nemidkanam
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuntaree Chaichanawongsaroj
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Research Unit of Innovative Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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16
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Daniello V, De Leo V, Lasalvia M, Hossain MN, Carbone A, Catucci L, Zefferino R, Ingrosso C, Conese M, Di Gioia S. Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)-Derived Nanovesicles Accelerate Wound Healing by Eliciting the Migration of Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2452. [PMID: 38473700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived nanovesicles have been considered interesting in medicine for their breakthrough biological effects, including those relevant to wound healing. However, tomato-derived nanovesicles (TDNVs) have not been studied for their effects on wound closure yet. TDNVs were isolated from Solanum lycopersicum (var. Piccadilly) ripe tomatoes by ultracentrifugation. Extract (collected during the isolation procedure) and NVs (pellet) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and laser Doppler electrophoresis. Wound healing in the presence of Extract or NVs was analyzed by a scratch assay with monocultures of human keratinocytes (HUKE) or NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Cell proliferation and migration were studied by MTT and agarose spot assay, respectively. The vesicles in the Extract and NV samples were nanosized with a similar mean diameter of 115 nm and 130 nm, respectively. Both Extract and NVs had already accelerated wound closure of injured HUKE and NIH-3T3 monocultures by 6 h post-injury. Although neither sample exerted a cytotoxic effect on HUKE and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, they did not augment cell proliferation. NVs and the Extract increased cell migration of both cell types. NVs from tomatoes may accelerate wound healing by increasing keratinocyte and fibroblast migration. These results indicate the potential therapeutic usefulness of TDNVs in the treatment of chronic or hard-to-heal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Daniello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Leo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lasalvia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Md Niamat Hossain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ingrosso
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes of National Research Council (CNR-IPCF), S.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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17
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Trentini M, Zanolla I, Tiengo E, Zanotti F, Sommella E, Merciai F, Campiglia P, Licastro D, Degasperi M, Lovatti L, Bonora M, Danese A, Pinton P, Zavan B. Link between organic nanovescicles from vegetable kingdom and human cell physiology: intracellular calcium signalling. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38369472 PMCID: PMC10875884 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are a novelty in medical and agrifood environments, with several studies exploring their functions and potential applications. Among fruits, apples (sp. Malus domestica) have great potential as PDNVs source, given their widespread consumption, substantial waste production, and recognized health benefits. Notably, apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) can interact with human cell lines, triggering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. This work is dedicated to the comprehensive biochemical characterization of apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) through proteomic and lipidomic analysis, and small RNAs sequencing. This research also aims to shed light on the underlying mechanism of action (MOA) when ADNVs interface with human cells, through observation of intracellular calcium signalling in human fibroblasts, and to tackles differences in ADNVs content when isolated from fruits derived from integrated and organic production methods cultivars. RESULTS The ADNVs fraction is mainly composed of exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs) and MVB-derived exosomes, identified through size and molecular markers (Exo70 and TET-3-like proteins). ADNVs' protein cargo is heterogeneous and exhibits a diverse array of functions, especially in plant's protection (favouring ABA stress-induced signalling, pathogen resistance and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) metabolism). Noteworthy plant miRNAs also contribute to phytoprotection. In relation with human cells lines, ADNVs elicit spikes of intracellular Ca2+ levels, utilizing the cation as second messenger, and produce an antioxidant effect. Lastly, organic samples yield a substantial increase in ADNV production and are particularly enriched in bioactive lysophospholipids. CONCLUSIONS We have conclusively demonstrated that ADNVs confer an antioxidant effect upon human cells, through the initiation of a molecular pathway triggered by Ca2+ signalling. Within ADNVs, a plethora of bioactive proteins, small RNAs, and lipids have been identified, each possessing well-established functions within the realm of plant biology. While ADNVs predominantly function in plants, to safeguard against pathogenic agents and abiotic stressors, it is noteworthy that proteins with antioxidant power might act as antioxidants within human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Trentini
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tiengo
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Merciai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Lovatti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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18
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Shen S, Liu Y, Xia Y, Xia H, Xie Z, Xu Y. Engineered plant extracellular vesicles for natural delivery across physiological barriers. Food Funct 2024; 15:1737-1757. [PMID: 38284549 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale luminal vesicles that participate in the information transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids between cells, thereby playing a role in the treatment of diseases and the delivery of nutrients. In recent years, plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) containing bioactive compounds have attracted increasing interest due to their better biocompatibility and lower cytotoxicity in healthy tissues. In the biomedical field, PDEVs have been used as cargo carriers to achieve various functions through engineering modification techniques. This review focuses on the biogenesis, isolation, and identification of PDEVs. We discuss the surface functionalization of PDEVs to enhance therapeutic efficacy, thereby improving their efficiency as a next-generation drug delivery vehicle and their feasibility to treat diseases across the physiological barriers, while critically analyzing the current challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yifang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Si Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yinyin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Ying Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Hongmei Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Zili Xie
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Yinxiang Xu
- Zhaoke (Hefei) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei 230088, China
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19
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Li J, Luo T, Wang D, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Yang G, Zhang X. Therapeutic application and potential mechanism of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in inflammatory bowel disease. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00047-X. [PMID: 38341033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are membrane vesicles characterized by a phospholipid bilayer as the basic skeleton that is wrapped by various functional components of proteins and nucleic acids. An increasing number of studies have confirmed that PDEVs can be a potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and can, to some extent, compensate for the limitations of existing therapies. AIM OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent advances and potential mechanisms underlying PDEVs obtained from different sources to alleviate IBD. In addition, the review discusses the possible applications and challenges of PDEVs, providing a theoretical basis for exploring novel and practical therapeutic strategies for IBD. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In IBD, the crosstalk mechanism of PDEVs may regulate the intestinal microenvironment homeostasis, especially immune responses, the intestinal barrier, and the gut microbiota. In addition, drug loading enhances the therapeutic potential of PDEVs, particularly regarding improved tissue targeting and stability. In the future, not only immunotherapy based on PDEVs may be an effective treatment for IBD, but also the intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota will be a new direction for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute of Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute of Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China; Biomanufacturing Research Institute of Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China.
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20
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Hao S, Yang H, Hu J, Luo L, Yuan Y, Liu L. Bioactive compounds and biological functions of medicinal plant-derived extracellular vesicles. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107062. [PMID: 38211637 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny lipid bilayer-enclosed membrane particles released from a variety of cell types into the surrounding environment. These EVs have massive participated in cell-to-cell communication and interspecies communication. In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) and "exosome-like" EVs populations found in distinct plants have attracted widespread attention. Especially, research on medicinal plant-derived extracellular vesicles (MPDEVs) are increasing, which are considered a kind of promising natural compound. This review summarizes current knowledge on MPDEVs in terms of bioactive compounds, including small RNA, protein, lipid, and metabolite, have been found on the surface and/or in the lumen of MPDEVs. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that MPDEVs exert broad biomedical functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, modulate microbiota, etc. MPDEVs may be a better substitute than animal-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) because of safety and biocompatibility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hao
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hu
- China Agricultural University, Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China; Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanning, China
| | - Lili Luo
- China Agricultural University, Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Libing Liu
- China Agricultural University, Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China.
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21
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Yang C, Xue Y, Duan Y, Mao C, Wan M. Extracellular vesicles and their engineering strategies, delivery systems, and biomedical applications. J Control Release 2024; 365:1089-1123. [PMID: 38065416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles that can be secreted by all cell types, are intracellular in origin and have the same composition as their parent cells, play a key role in intercellular communication in organismal health and disease, and are now often used as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic agents in biomedical research. When injected locally or systemically, they have the ability to provide a variety of therapeutic effects, for example, regeneration of skin damage or restoration of cardiac function. However, direct injection of extracellular vesicles may result in their rapid clearance from the injection site.In order to maintain the biological activity of extracellular vesicles and to control the release of effective concentrations for better therapeutic efficacy during long-term disease treatment, the design of an optimized drug delivery system is necessary and different systems for the continuous delivery of extracellular vesicles have been developed. This paper first provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition and physiological function of extracellular vesicles, followed by a review of different strategies for extracellular vesicle isolation and methods for engineering extracellular vesicles. In addition, this paper reviews the latest extracellular vesicle delivery platforms such as micro-nanoparticles, injectable hydrogels, microneedles and scaffold patches. At the same time, the research progress and key cases of extracellular vesicle delivery systems in the field of biomedical therapeutics are described. Finally, the challenges and future trends of extracellular vesicle delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunxin Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Duan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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22
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Hur JY, Lee S, Shin WR, Kim YH, Ahn JY. The emerging role of medical foods and therapeutic potential of medical food-derived exosomes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:32-50. [PMID: 38125597 PMCID: PMC10729880 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical food is consumed for the purpose of improving specific nutritional requirements or disease conditions, such as inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. It involves partial or exclusive feeding for fulfilling unique nutritional requirements of patients and is different from medicine, consisting of basic nutrients, such as polyphenols, vitamins, sugars, proteins, lipids, and other functional ingredients to nourish the patients. Recently, studies on extracellular vesicles (exosomes) with therapeutic and drug carrier potential have been actively conducted. In addition, there have been attempts to utilize exosomes as medical food components. Consequently, the application of exosomes is expanding in different fields with increasing research being conducted on their stability and safety. Herein, we introduced the current trends of medical food and the potential utilization of exosomes in them. Moreover, we proposed Medi-Exo, a exosome-based medical food. Furthermore, we comprehensively elucidate various disease aspects between medical food-derived exosomes (Medi-Exo) and therapeutic natural bionanocomposites. This review highlights the therapeutic challenges regarding Medi-Exo and its potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Hur
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu Cheongju 28644 South Korea +82-43-264-9600 +82-43-261-2301 +82-43-261-3575
| | - SeonHyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania 210 S 33rd St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Woo-Ri Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu Cheongju 28644 South Korea +82-43-264-9600 +82-43-261-2301 +82-43-261-3575
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania 210 S 33rd St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu Cheongju 28644 South Korea +82-43-264-9600 +82-43-261-2301 +82-43-261-3575
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu Cheongju 28644 South Korea +82-43-264-9600 +82-43-261-2301 +82-43-261-3575
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23
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Tan X, Xu Y, Zhou S, Pan M, Cao Y, Cai X, Zhao Q, Zhao K. Advances in the Study of Plant-Derived Vesicle-Like Nanoparticles in Inflammatory Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4363-4372. [PMID: 37795493 PMCID: PMC10547002 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s421124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All humans are universally affected by inflammatory diseases, and there is an urgent need to identify new anti-inflammatory drugs with good therapeutic benefits and minimal side effects to the organism. Recently, it has been found that plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) have good biocompatibility, with their active ingredients exhibiting good therapeutic effects on inflammation. They can also be used as drug carriers for targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, PDVLNs represent a popular research area for novel anti-inflammatory drugs. This paper details the origin, biological functions, isolation and purification, and identification of PDVLNs, as well as the therapeutic effects of their intrinsic bioactive components on inflammatory diseases. It also introduces their targets as drug carriers to facilitate the development and application of PDVLNs anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Tan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yukun Xu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sirui Zhou
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Pan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Cao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kewei Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Long D, Alghoul Z, Sung J, Yang C, Merlin D. Prevention of Colitis-Associated Cancer via Oral Administration of M13-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2331. [PMID: 37765299 PMCID: PMC10534593 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, is known to increase the risk of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). CAC has been found to be unresponsive to standard chemotherapy regimens, and the current treatments do not utilize effective small-molecule drugs and colon-targeted delivery systems. Previous studies indicated that the M13-nano-liposome (NL) formulation can effectively target the colon and reshape the gut microbiota in ex vivo cultures, generating altered microbial metabolites that can efficiently prevent chronic UC. In this study, we tested the cancer cell uptake ability of the NL formulation and investigated the potential of the M13-NL formulation to prevent CAC in the azoxymethane (AOM)-exposed IL10-/- mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that oral administration of M13-NL prevents tumor development in AOM-exposed IL10-/- mice, suggesting that M13-NL is a promising oral drug formulation for preventing CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpei Long
- Digestive Disease Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (D.L.); (Z.A.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Zahra Alghoul
- Digestive Disease Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (D.L.); (Z.A.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Junsik Sung
- Digestive Disease Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (D.L.); (Z.A.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Digestive Disease Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (D.L.); (Z.A.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30302, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Digestive Disease Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (D.L.); (Z.A.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30302, USA
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25
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Sall IM, Flaviu TA. Plant and mammalian-derived extracellular vesicles: a new therapeutic approach for the future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1215650. [PMID: 37781539 PMCID: PMC10534050 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1215650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, extracellular vesicles have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication through the transfer of active biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) across the plant and animal kingdoms and have considerable roles in several physiological and pathological mechanisms, showing great promise as new therapeutic strategies for a variety of pathologies. Methods: In this study, we carefully reviewed the numerous articles published over the last few decades on the general knowledge of extracellular vesicles, their application in the therapy of various pathologies, and their prospects as an approach for the future. Results: The recent discovery and characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of diverse origins and biogenesis have altered the current paradigm of intercellular communication, opening up new diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Research into these EVs released by plant and mammalian cells has revealed their involvement in a number of physiological and pathological mechanisms, such as embryonic development, immune response, tissue regeneration, and cancer. They are also being studied as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and vectors for drug delivery. Conclusion: Nanovesicles represent powerful tools for intercellular communication and the transfer of bioactive molecules. Their molecular composition and functions can vary according to their origin (plant and mammalian), so their formation, composition, and biological roles open the way to therapeutic applications in a variety of pathologies, which is arousing growing interest in the scientific community. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03608631.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tabaran Alexandru Flaviu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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26
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Mu N, Li J, Zeng L, You J, Li R, Qin A, Liu X, Yan F, Zhou Z. Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles: Current Progress and Prospects. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4987-5009. [PMID: 37693885 PMCID: PMC10492547 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s420748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, ranging in size from 30-150nm, which can be derived from various types of cells. In recent years, mammalian-derived exosomes have been extensively studied and found to play a crucial role in regulating intercellular communication, thereby influencing the development and progression of numerous diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine has employed plant-based remedies for thousands of years, and an increasing body of evidence suggests that plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNs) share similarities with mammalian-derived exosomes in terms of their structure and function. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the study of PELNs and their potential implications for human health. Specifically, we summarize the roles of PELNs in respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and other diseases. Furthermore, we have extensively investigated the potential shortcomings and challenges in current research regarding the mechanism of action, safety, administration routes, isolation and extraction methods, characterization and identification techniques, as well as drug-loading capabilities. Based on these considerations, we propose recommendations for future research directions. Overall, our review highlights the potential of PELNs as a promising area of research, with broad implications for the treatment of human diseases. We anticipate continued interest in this area and hope that our summary of recent findings will stimulate further exploration into the implications of PELNs for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Mu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan You
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anquan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yan
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Okeke ES, Nweze EJ, Anaduaka EG, Okoye CO, Anosike CA, Joshua PE, Ezeorba TPC. Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM): a review on pharmacological potentials against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and some metabolic diseases. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:291. [PMID: 37547919 PMCID: PMC10403488 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM) have gained significant attention recently due to their potential pharmacological applications against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and certain metabolic diseases. This review introduces the concept of PDNMs and their unique properties, including their small size, high surface area, and ability to penetrate biological barriers. Besides various methods for synthesizing PDNMs, such as green synthesis techniques that utilize plant extracts and natural compounds, the advantages of using plant-derived materials, such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, were elucidated. In addition, it examines the recent and emerging trends in nanomaterials derived from plant approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance and metabolic diseases. The sizes of nanomaterials and their surface areas are vital as they play essential roles in the interactions and relationships between these materials and the biological components or organization. We critically analyze the biomedical applications of nanoparticles which include antibacterial composites for implantable devices and nanosystems to combat antimicrobial resistance, enhance antibiotic delivery, and improve microbial diagnostic/detection systemsIn addition, plant extracts can potentially interfere with metabolic syndrome pathways; hence most nano-formulations can reduce chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and antimicrobial resistance. As a result, these innovative plant-based nanosystems may be a promising contender for various pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Ekene John Nweze
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
| | - Emeka Godwin Anaduaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chioma Assumpta Anosike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
| | - Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu Nigeria
- Department of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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28
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Zhao Q, Liu G, Liu F, Xie M, Zou Y, Wang S, Guo Z, Dong J, Ye J, Cao Y, Zheng L, Zhao K. An enzyme-based system for extraction of small extracellular vesicles from plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13931. [PMID: 37626167 PMCID: PMC10457285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived nanovesicles (NVs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the next generation of nanocarrier platforms for biotherapeutics and drug delivery. EVs exist not only in the extracellular space, but also within the cell wall. Due to the limitations of existing isolation methods, the EVs extraction efficiency is low, and a large amount of plant material is wasted, which is of concern for rare and expensive medicinal plants. We proposed and validated a novel method for isolation of plant EVs by enzyme degradation of the plant cell wall to release the EVs. The released EVs can easily be collected. The new method was used for extraction of EVs from the roots of Morinda officinalis (MOEVs). For comparison, nanoparticles from the roots (MONVs) were extracted using the grinding method. The new method yielded a greater amount of MOEVs, and the vesicles had a smaller diameter compared to MONVs. Both MOEVs and MONVs were readily absorbed by endothelial cells without cytotoxic effect and promoted the expression of miR-155. The promotion of miR-155 by MOEVs was dose-dependent. More importantly, we found that MOEVs and MONVs were enriched toward bone tissue. These results support our hypothesis that EVs in plants could be efficiently extracted by enzymatic cell wall digestion and confirm the potential of MOEVs as therapeutic agents and drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510378, Guangdong, China
| | - Guilong Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510378, Guangdong, China
| | - Fubin Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Manlin Xie
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Zou
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, 519000, China
| | - Zhaodi Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510378, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Dong
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Ye
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Cao
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510378, Guangdong, China.
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kewei Zhao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510378, Guangdong, China.
- The Third Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, Guangdong, China.
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29
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Kadriya A, Falah M. Nanoscale Phytosomes as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:1999. [PMID: 37566078 PMCID: PMC10417745 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research has expanded substantially over the years. EVs have been identified in all living organisms and are produced and released as a means of intercellular communication or as a defense mechanism. Recently, nano-scaled vesicles were successfully isolated from edible plant sources. Plant-derived EVs, referred to here as phytosomes, are of a size reported to range between 30 nm and 120 nm in diameter, similar to small mammalian extracellular vesicles, and carry various bioactive molecules such as mRNA, proteins, miRNA and lipids. Due to the availability of many plants, phytosomes can be easily isolated on a large scale. The methods developed for EV isolation from mammalian cells have been successfully applied for isolation and purification of phytosomes. The therapeutic effects of phytosomes on different disease models, such as inflammation and autoimmune disease, have been reported, and a handful of studies have suggested their therapeutic effects on cancer diseases. Overall, the research on phytosomes is still in its infancy and requires more exploration. This review will narrate the anti-cancer activity and characteristics of phytosomes derived from edible plants as well as describe studies which have utilized phytosomes as drug delivery vehicles for cancer with the ultimate objective of significantly reducing the adverse effects associated with conventional therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kadriya
- Medical Research Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
| | - Mizied Falah
- Medical Research Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
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30
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Li A, Li D, Gu Y, Liu R, Tang X, Zhao Y, Qi F, Wei J, Liu J. Plant-derived nanovesicles: Further exploration of biomedical function and application potential. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3300-3320. [PMID: 37655320 PMCID: PMC10465964 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer vesicles actively secreted by cells, that contain a variety of functional nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and are important mediums of intercellular communication. Based on their natural properties, EVs can not only retain the pharmacological effects of their source cells but also serve as natural delivery carriers. Among them, plant-derived nanovesicles (PNVs) are characterized as natural disease therapeutics with many advantages such as simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness, low cost, and low toxicity due to their abundant resources, large yield, and low risk of immunogenicity in vivo. This review systematically introduces the biogenesis, isolation methods, physical characterization, and components of PNVs, and describes their administration and cellular uptake as therapeutic agents. We highlight the therapeutic potential of PNVs as therapeutic agents and drug delivery carriers, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, regeneration, and antiaging properties as well as their potential use in the treatment of liver disease and COVID-19. Finally, the toxicity and immunogenicity, the current clinical application, and the possible challenges in the future development of PNVs were analyzed. We expect the functions of PNVs to be further explored to promote clinical translation, thereby facilitating the development of a new framework for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fu Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai 201315, China
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31
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Chaturvedi VK, Sharma B, Tripathi AD, Yadav DP, Singh KRB, Singh J, Singh RP. Biosynthesized nanoparticles: a novel approach for cancer therapeutics. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1236107. [PMID: 37521721 PMCID: PMC10374256 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1236107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapid, innovative, and adaptable sciences in modern science and cancer therapy. Traditional chemotherapy has limits owing to its non-specific nature and adverse side effects on healthy cells, and it remains a serious worldwide health issue. Because of their capacity to specifically target cancer cells and deliver therapeutic chemicals directly to them, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable strategy for cancer therapies. Nanomaterials disclose novel properties based on size, distribution, and shape. Biosynthesized or biogenic nanoparticles are a novel technique with anti-cancer capabilities, such as triggering apoptosis in cancer cells and slowing tumour growth. They may be configured to deliver medications or other therapies to specific cancer cells or tumour markers. Despite their potential, biosynthesized nanoparticles confront development obstacles such as a lack of standardisation in their synthesis and characterization, the possibility of toxicity, and their efficiency against various forms of cancer. The effectiveness and safety of biosynthesized nanoparticles must be further investigated, as well as the types of cancer they are most successful against. This review discusses the promise of biosynthesized nanoparticles as a novel approach for cancer therapeutics, as well as their mode of action and present barriers to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K. Chaturvedi
- Department of Gastroenterology, I.M.S., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Dev Tripathi
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology-BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dawesh P. Yadav
- Department of Gastroenterology, I.M.S., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshitij RB Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India
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32
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Pomatto MAC, Gai C, Negro F, Massari L, Deregibus MC, De Rosa FG, Camussi G. Oral Delivery of mRNA Vaccine by Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Carriers. Cells 2023; 12:1826. [PMID: 37508491 PMCID: PMC10378442 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based vaccines were effective in contrasting SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, they presented several limitations of storage and supply chain, and their parenteral administration elicited a limited mucosal IgA immune response. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication well-preserved in all life kingdoms, including plants. Their membrane confers protection from enzyme degradation to encapsulated nucleic acids favoring their transfer between cells. In the present study, EVs derived from the juice of an edible plant (Citrus sinensis) (oEVs) were investigated as carriers of an orally administered mRNA vaccine coding for the S1 protein subunit of SARS-CoV-2 with gastro-resistant oral capsule formulation. The mRNA loaded into oEVs was protected and was stable at room temperature for one year after lyophilization and encapsulation. Rats immunized via gavage administration developed a humoral immune response with the production of specific IgM, IgG, and IgA, which represent the first mucosal barrier in the adaptive immune response. The vaccination also triggered the generation of blocking antibodies and specific lymphocyte activation. In conclusion, the formulation of lyophilized mRNA-containing oEVs represents an efficient delivery strategy for oral vaccines due to their stability at room temperature, optimal mucosal absorption, and the ability to trigger an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita A C Pomatto
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Long D, Alghoul Z, Sung J, Yang C, Merlin D. Oral administration of M13-loaded nanoliposomes is safe and effective to treat colitis-associated cancer in mice. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1443-1462. [PMID: 37379034 PMCID: PMC10810011 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2231345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) treatment lacks effective small-molecule drugs and efficient targeted delivery systems. Here, we loaded M13 (an anti-cancer drug candidate) to colon-targeting ginger-derived nanoliposomes (NL) and investigated if orally administered M13-NL could enhance the anticancer effects of M13 in CAC mouse models. METHODS The biopharmaceutical properties of M13 were assessed by physicochemical characterizations. The in vitro immunotoxicity of M13 was assessed against PBMCs using FACS and the mutagenic potential of M13 was evaluated by the Ames assay. The in vitro efficacy of M13 was tested in 2D- and 3D-cultured cancerous intestinal cells. AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of free M13 or M13-NL on CAC in vivo. RESULTS M13 has beneficial physiochemical properties, including high stability, and no apparent immunotoxicity or mutagenic potential in vitro. M13 is effective against the growth of 2D- and 3D-cultured cancerous intestinal cells in vitro. The in vivo safety and efficacy of M13 were significantly improved by using NL for drug delivery (p < 0.001). Oral administration of M13-NL exhibited excellent therapeutic effects in AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice. CONCLUSION M13-NL is a promising oral drug formulation for CAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpei Long
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zahra Alghoul
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Junsik Sung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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Hillman T. The use of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles as a delivery system of CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics for editing long non-coding RNAs in cancer colon cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1194350. [PMID: 37388221 PMCID: PMC10301836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1194350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in the United States. Colon cancer develops from the many gene mutations found in the genomes of colon cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can cause the development and progression of many cancers, including colon cancer. LncRNAs have been and could be corrected through the gene-editing technology of the clustered repeats of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system to reduce the proliferation of cancer cells in the colon. However, many current delivery systems for transporting CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics in vivo need more safety and efficiency. CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics require a safe and effective delivery system to more directly and specifically target cancer cells present in the colon. This review will present pertinent evidence for the increased efficiency and safety of using plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles as nanocarriers for delivering CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics to target colon cancer cells directly.
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Wang L, Wang D, Ye Z, Xu J. Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Systems in Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300552. [PMID: 37080941 PMCID: PMC10265081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are transport vesicles secreted by living cells and released into the extracellular environment. Recent studies have shown that EVs serve as "messengers" in intercellular and inter-organismal communication, in both normal and pathological processes. EVs, as natural nanocarriers, can deliver bioactivators in therapy with their endogenous transport properties. This review article describes the engineering EVs of sources, isolation method, cargo loading, boosting approach, and adjustable targeting of EVs. Furthermore, the review summarizes the recent progress made in EV-based delivery systems applications, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver, kidney, nervous system diseases, and COVID-19 and emphasizes the obstacles and challenges of EV-based therapies and possible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou CityZhejiang Province310009P. R. China
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Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Spada M, Dolo V, Fais S, Logozzi M. Oral Treatment with Plant-Derived Exosomes Restores Redox Balance in H 2O 2-Treated Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1169. [PMID: 37371899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived exosomes (PDEs) are receiving much attention as a natural source of antioxidants. Previous research has shown that PDEs contain a series of bioactives and that their content varies depending on the fruit or vegetable source. It has also been shown that fruits and vegetables derived from organic agriculture produce more exosomes, are safer, free of toxic substances, and contain more bioactives. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of orally administered mixes of PDE (Exocomplex®) to restore the physiological conditions of mice treated for two weeks with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), compared with mice left untreated after the period of H2O2 administration and mice that received only water during the experimental period. The results showed that Exocomplex® had a high antioxidant capacity and contained a series of bioactives, including Catalase, Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbic Acid, Melatonin, Phenolic compounds, and ATP. The oral administration of Exocomplex® to the H2O2-treated mice re-established redox balance with reduced serum levels of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), but also a general recovery of the homeostatic condition at the organ level, supporting the future use of PDE for health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Alzahrani FA, Khan MI, Kameli N, Alsahafi E, Riza YM. Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Exciting Potential as the Future of Next-Generation Drug Delivery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050839. [PMID: 37238708 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cells release tiny membranous vesicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmacologically active compounds. These plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) are safe and easily extractable and have been shown to have therapeutic effects against inflammation, cancer, bacteria, and aging. They have shown promise in preventing or treating colitis, cancer, alcoholic liver disease, and even COVID-19. PDEVs can also be used as natural carriers for small-molecule drugs and nucleic acids through various administration routes such as oral, transdermal, or injection. The unique advantages of PDEVs make them highly competitive in clinical applications and preventive healthcare products in the future. This review covers the latest methods for isolating and characterizing PDEVs, their applications in disease prevention and treatment, and their potential as a new drug carrier, with special attention to their commercial viability and toxicological profile, as the future of nanomedicine therapeutics. This review champions the formation of a new task force specializing in PDEVs to address a global need for rigor and standardization in PDEV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence for Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence for Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader Kameli
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham Alsahafi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm AlQura University, P.O. Box 715, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Mohamed Riza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence for Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Liu C, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang J, Sun C, Li H, Zhuang J, Sun C. Plant-derived nanoparticles and plant virus nanoparticles: Bioactivity, health management, and delivery potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37128778 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural plants have acquired an increasing attention in biomedical research. Recent studies have revealed that plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs), which are nano-sized membrane vesicles released by plants, are one of the important material bases for the health promotion of natural plants. A great deal of research in this field has focused on nanoparticles derived from fresh vegetables and fruits. Generally, PDNPs contain lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other active small molecules and exhibit unique biological regulatory activity and editability. Specifically, they have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication, and thus, are potentially suitable for therapeutic purposes. In this review, PDNPs were extensively explored; by evaluating them systematically starting from the origin and isolation, toward their characteristics, including morphological compositions, biological functions, and delivery potentials, as well as distinguishing them from plant-derived exosomes and highlighting the limitations of the current research. Meanwhile, we elucidated the variations in PDNPs infected by pathogenic microorganisms and emphasized on the biological functions and characteristics of plant virus nanoparticles. After clarifying these problems, it is beneficial to further research on PDNPs in the future and develop their clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liguang Fang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chunjie Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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Bidian C, Filip GA, David L, Moldovan B, Olteanu D, Clichici S, Olănescu-Vaida-Voevod MC, Leostean C, Macavei S, Muntean DM, Cenariu M, Albu A, Baldea I. Green Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Increased Oxidative Stress and Induced Cell Death in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1251. [PMID: 37049344 PMCID: PMC10097358 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The research investigated the effect of gold (Au-CM) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-CM) phytoreduced with Cornus mas fruit extract (CM) on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cell line. The impact of nanoparticles on the viability of DLD-1 tumor cells and normal cells was evaluated. Oxidative stress and cell death mechanisms (annexin/propidium iodide analysis, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels, p53, BCL-2, BAX, NFkB expressions) as well as proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA and MAPK) were evaluated in tumor cells. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by measuring zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. The nanoparticles induced apoptosis and necrosis of DLD-1 cells and reduced cell proliferation, especially Ag-CM, while on normal cells, both nanoparticles maintained their viability up to 80%. Ag-CM and Au-CM increased the expressions of p53 and NFkB in parallel with the downregulation of BCL-2 protein and induced the activation of caspase-8, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in cell death. Lipid peroxidation triggered by Ag-CM was correlated with tumor cell necrosis rate. Both nanoparticles obtained with phytocompounds from the CM extract protected normal cells and induced the death of DLD-1 tumor cells, especially by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bidian
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Luminița David
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bianca Moldovan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Maria-Cristina Olănescu-Vaida-Voevod
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Cristian Leostean
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath St., No. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergiu Macavei
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath St., No. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Dana Maria Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Albu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
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Orefice NS, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Logozzi M, Fais S. Purposing plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles for drug delivery: patents and literature review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:89-100. [PMID: 36947052 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2195093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION How can biotechnology and organic agriculture be fused and promoted simultaneously to overcome the main challenges in drug delivery systems, improving the quality of the care provided, [1] patient outcomes, and [2] reducing the side effects of most of the current treatments? Unfortunately, the role of organic agriculture in future human health treatment still represents a binary organic-conventional question, a debate perpetuating an either/or mentality. However, extracellular exosomes-like nanoparticles define a new organic path that plants and vegetables can release. In this review, we concisely propose plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles and discuss their most important biological and pharmacological roles, representing a new tool for drug delivery. AREAS COVERED plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles; nature farming; green manufacturing practice; drug delivery; organic agriculture. EXPERT OPINION There is growing interest in the potential use of plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications that should translate into a supplement to current nano-pharmaceuticals. Despite their clinical potential, the lack of sensitive preparatory and analytical technologies for plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles poses a barrier to clinical translation. An increasing number of articles are recently published on new analytical platforms to address these challenges in cross-comparison with conventional assay methods. This review also mentions two patents from ExoLab-Italia on plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, respectively, on plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles' ability to naturally deliver a series of potentially therapeutic molecules and a novel approach to upload them with therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17 Loc. Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17 Loc. Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Pomatto MAC, Gai C, Negro F, Massari L, Deregibus MC, Grange C, De Rosa FG, Camussi G. Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Delivery Platform for RNA-Based Vaccine: Feasibility Study of an Oral and Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030974. [PMID: 36986835 PMCID: PMC10058531 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent a platform for the delivery of RNA-based vaccines, exploiting their natural membrane envelope to protect and deliver nucleic acids. Here, EVs extracted from orange (Citrus sinensis) juice (oEVs) were investigated as carriers for oral and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. oEVs were efficiently loaded with different mRNA molecules (coding N, subunit 1 and full S proteins) and the mRNA was protected from degrading stress (including RNase and simulated gastric fluid), delivered to target cells and translated into protein. APC cells stimulated with oEVs loaded with mRNAs induced T lymphocyte activation in vitro. The immunization of mice with oEVs loaded with S1 mRNA via different routes of administration including intramuscular, oral and intranasal stimulated a humoral immune response with production of specific IgM and IgG blocking antibodies and a T cell immune response, as suggested by IFN-γ production by spleen lymphocytes stimulated with S peptide. Oral and intranasal administration also triggered the production of specific IgA, the mucosal barrier in the adaptive immune response. In conclusion, plant-derived EVs represent a useful platform for mRNA-based vaccines administered not only parentally but also orally and intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita A. C. Pomatto
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Chiara Gai
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10122 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.P.); (G.C.)
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Niu G, Jian T, Gai Y, Chen J. Microbiota and plant-derived vesicles that serve as therapeutic agents and delivery carriers to regulate metabolic syndrome. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114774. [PMID: 36906231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The gut is a fundamental organ in controlling human health. Recently, researches showed that substances in the intestine can alter the course of many diseases through the intestinal epithelium, especially intestinal flora and exogenously ingested plant vesicles that can be transported over long distances to various organs. This article reviews the current knowledge on extracellular vesicles in modulating gut homeostasis, inflammatory response and numerous metabolic disease that share obesity as a co-morbidity. These complex systemic diseases that are difficult to cure, but can be managed by some bacterial and plant vesicles. Vesicles, due to their digestive stability and modifiable properties, have emerged as novel and targeted drug delivery vehicles for effective treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanting Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tunyu Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanan Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Tinnirello V, Rabienezhad Ganji N, De Marcos Lousa C, Alessandro R, Raimondo S. Exploiting the Opportunity to Use Plant-Derived Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1207. [PMID: 36986896 PMCID: PMC10053153 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community has become increasingly interested in plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) over the past ten years. Given that they possess all the benefits of a drug carrier, including non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, and a lipid bilayer that protects its content, PDNPs are a viable model for the design of innovative delivery systems. In this review, a summary of the prerequisites for mammalian extracellular vesicles to serve as delivery vehicles will be given. After that, we will concentrate on providing a thorough overview of the studies investigating the interactions of plant-derived nanoparticles with mammalian systems as well as the loading strategies for encapsulating therapeutic molecules. Finally, the existing challenges in establishing PDNPs as reliable biological delivery systems will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Tinnirello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nima Rabienezhad Ganji
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carine De Marcos Lousa
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Sarvarian P, Samadi P, Gholipour E, khodadadi M, Pourakbari R, Akbarzadelale P, Shamsasenjan K. Fisetin-loaded grape-derived nanoparticles improve anticancer efficacy in MOLT-4 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 658:69-79. [PMID: 37027907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fisetin (FIS) is a natural flavonoid with anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on different human cancer cell lines and can be considered a therapeutic agent for ALL treatment. However, FIS has little aqueous solubility and bioavailability, limiting its therapeutic applications. Thus, novel drug delivery systems are needed to improve solubility and bioavailability of FIS. Plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) could be considered a great delivery system for FIS to the target tissues. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect of free FIS and FIS-loaded Grape-derived Nanoparticles (GDN) FIS-GDN in MOLT-4 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS In this study, MOLT-4 cells were treated with increasing concentration of FIS and FIS-GDN and viability of cells were assessed by MTT assay. Additionally, cellular apoptosis rate and related genes expression were evaluated using flow cytometry and Real Time-PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS FIS and FIS-GDN decreased cells viability and increased cells apoptosis dose-dependently, but not time dependently. Treatment of MOLT-4 cells with increasing concentrations of FIS and FIS-GDN considerably increased the expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9 and Bax level, and also decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Results indicated an increased apoptosis after increased concentration of FIS and FIS-GDN at 24, 48 and 72 h. CONCLUSIONS Our data proposed that FIS and FIS-GDN can induce apoptosis and have antitumor properties in MOLT-4 cells. Furthermore, compared to FIS, FIS-GDN induced more apoptosis in these cells by increasing the solubility and efficiency of FIS. Additionally, GDNs increased FIS effectiveness in proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.
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Fan J, Yu H, Lu X, Xue R, Guan J, Xu Y, Qi Y, He L, Yu W, Abay S, Li Z, Huo S, Li L, Lv M, Li W, Chen W, Han B. Overlooked Spherical Nanoparticles Exist in Plant Extracts: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8854-8871. [PMID: 36757908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, plant medicine research has focused mainly on the chemical compositions of plant extracts and their medicinal effects. However, the therapeutic or toxic effects of nanoparticles in plant extracts remain unclear. In this study, large numbers of spherical nanoparticles were discovered in some plant extracts. Nanoparticles in Turkish galls extracts were used as an example to examine their pH responsiveness, free radical scavenging, and antibacterial capabilities. By utilizing the underlying formation mechanism of these nanoparticles, a general platform to produce spherical nanoparticles via direct self-assembly of Turkish gall extracts and various functional proteins was developed. The results showed that the nanoparticles retained both the antibacterial ability and intracellular carrier ability of the original protein or catechol. This work introduces a new member of the plant-derived edible nanoparticle (PDEN) family, establishes a simple and versatile platform for mass production nanoparticles, and provides new insight into the formation mechanism of nanoparticles during plant extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Jiawei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Linyun He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Sirapil Abay
- Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Shixia Huo
- Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Mengying Lv
- Department of Pharmacy/The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Laboratory of Nano-biology and Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
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Apple Derived Exosomes Improve Collagen Type I Production and Decrease MMPs during Aging of the Skin through Downregulation of the NF-κB Pathway as Mode of Action. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243950. [PMID: 36552714 PMCID: PMC9776931 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing is strictly related to chronic inflammation of the derma and the decay of structural proteins of the extracellular matrix. Indeed, it has become common practice to refer to this phenomenon as inflammageing. Biotech innovation is always in search of new active principles that induce a youthful appearance. In this paper, apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) were investigated as novel anti-inflammatory compounds, which are able to alter the extracellular matrix production of dermal fibroblasts. Total RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ADNVs negatively influence the activity of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), and, thus, downregulate the NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway. ADNVs also reduce extracellular matrix degradation by increasing collagen synthesis (COL3A1, COL1A2, COL8A1 and COL6A1) and downregulating metalloproteinase production (MMP1, MMP8 and MMP9). Topical applications for skin regeneration were evaluated by the association of ADNVs with hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel and patches.
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Lian MQ, Chng WH, Liang J, Yeo HQ, Lee CK, Belaid M, Tollemeto M, Wacker MG, Czarny B, Pastorin G. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: Recent advancements and current challenges on their use for biomedical applications. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12283. [PMID: 36519808 PMCID: PMC9753580 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a diverse class of lipid bilayer membrane vesicles released by both animal and plant cells. These ubiquitous vesicles are involved in intercellular communication and transport of various biological cargos, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In recent years, interest in plant-derived EVs has increased tremendously, as they serve as a scalable and sustainable alternative to EVs derived from mammalian sources. In vitro and in vivo findings have demonstrated that these plant-derived vesicles (PDVs) possess intrinsic therapeutic activities that can potentially treat diseases and improve human health. In addition, PDVs can also act as efficient and biocompatible drug carriers. While preclinical studies have shown promising results, there are still several challenges and knowledge gaps that have to be addressed for the successful translation of PDVs into clinical applications, especially in view of the lack of standardised protocols for material handling and PDV isolation from various plant sources. This review provides the readers with a quick overview of the current understanding and research on PDVs, critically analysing the current challenges and highlighting the immense potential of PDVs as a novel class of therapeutics to treat human diseases. It is expected that this work will guide scientists to address the knowledge gaps currently associated with PDVs and promote new advances in plant-based therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Heng Chng
- Department of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jeremy Liang
- Department of ChemistryNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hui Qing Yeo
- Department of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Choon Keong Lee
- Department of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mona Belaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matteo Tollemeto
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Bertrand Czarny
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Jain N, Pandey M, Sharma P, Gupta G, Gorain B, Dua K. Recent developments in plant-derived edible nanoparticles as therapeutic nanomedicines. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14479. [PMID: 36268842 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in the treatment of numerous disorders has proven effective. The predicted development of plant-derived edible nanoparticles (PDNPs) as potential therapeutic agents for treating illness or in the delivery of drugs is inevitable. PDNPs generated from plants resemble mammal-extracted exosomes structurally. In contrast to their excellent biocompatibility with healthy cells, PDNPs are skewed toward malignancies by selectively targeting those cells via unique endocytic pathways. They can be generated in large quantities, are nontoxic, and have tissue-specific targeting abilities. Thus, with fewer off-target effects, using these PDNPs could broaden the breadth of pharmacological therapy. In this discussion, we emphasize the properties and biological activities of PDNPs isolated from fruits and vegetables and discuss the promising implications of these particles as nanomedicines. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: PDNPs have reportedly been employed for therapeutic applications for several ailments and are believed to have characteristics in common with exosomes generated from mammals. The advantages of PDNPs over mammalian-derived exosomes are numerous. Firstly, they may be produced on a commercial scale using a variety of efficient renewable sources. Secondly, the PDNPs' natural components developed in plant cells promise improved cytocompatibility, tolerability, low cytotoxicity, or other adverse effects. We evaluated some current studies on the applications and potential of PDNPs in this article. PDNPs could create new opportunities for drug discovery because of recent advancements in medicine and drug delivery system nanotechnology. Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms behind PDNP's functions and interaction in pathogenic processes have not yet been completely elucidated; as a result, the potential consequences of their clinical use are uncertain. Overall, PDNPs show a wide range of therapeutic possibilities that may be advantageous to patients and might eventually make up the next generation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Palak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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Delivery of Corn-Derived Nanoparticles with Anticancer Activity to Tumor Tissues by Modification with Polyethylene Glycol for Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2022; 40:917-926. [PMID: 36352200 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently reported that intratumoral injection of corn-derived nanoparticles (cNPs) affords anticancer activity in tumor-bearing mice. To increase their applicability in cancer therapy, we examined the tissue distribution of cNPs after intravenous injection in mice, modified their surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve tumor delivery, and examined tissue distribution and anticancer activity of PEG-cNPs in tumor-bearing mice. METHODS N-(Carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol2000)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE-PEG) was added to cNPs by sonication to obtain PEG-cNPs, and the ratio of DSPE-PEG to cNPs was optimized by evaluating the modification efficiency. cNPs and PEG-cNPs were labeled with fluorescent dyes DiO or DiR, and their tissue distribution was subsequently examined after intravenous administration to mice. Finally, we determined the anticancer activity and toxicity of PEG-cNPs. RESULTS No detectable fluorescence intensity was observed in mouse serum after intravenous DiR-cNP injection. DSPE-PEG was successfully modified into cNPs, and a PEG:cNPs ratio of 50 was determined as optimal for preparing PEG-cNPs, based on their size and zeta potential. DiO-PEG-cNPs exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations and lower liver accumulation than DiO-cNPs. Moreover, DiR-PEG-cNPs accumulated in tumor tissues of colon26 tumor-bearing mice. Repeated intravenous PEG-cNP injections significantly retarded tumor growth, with no significant hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSION Overall, these results indicate that controlling the tissue distribution of cNPs via PEG modification on their surface can be a valuable strategy for developing intravenously injectable cNPs for cancer therapy.
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Organically derived exosomes as carriers of anticancer drugs and imaging agents for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:80-100. [PMID: 35192929 PMCID: PMC9388703 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), is the umbrella term used for different types of vesicles produced by the cells, among which exosomes form the largest group. Exosomes perform intercellular communication by carrying several biologics from donor or parental cells and delivering them to recipient cells. Their unique cargo-carrying capacity has recently been explored for use as delivery vehicles of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. Being naturally produced, exosomes have many advantages over synthetic lipid-based nanoparticles currently being used clinically to treat cancer and other diseases. The finding of the role of exosomes in human diseases has led to numerous preclinical and clinical studies exploring their use as an amenable drug delivery vehicle and a theranostic in cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, there are certain limitations associated with exosomes, with the most important being the selection of the biological source for producing highly biocompatible exosomes on a large scale. This review article explores the various sources from which therapeutically viable exosomes can be isolated for use as drug carriers for cancer treatment. The methods of exosome isolation and the process of loading them with cancer therapeutics and imaging agents are also discussed in the follow-up sections. Finally, the article concludes with future directions for exosome-based applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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