1
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Świątek S, Czyrski A. Analytical Methods for Determining Psychoactive Substances in Various Matrices: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-27. [PMID: 39155524 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2388123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances pose significant challenges and dangers to society due to their impact on perception, mood, and behavior, leading to health and life disturbances. The consumption of these substances is largely influenced by their legal status, cultural norms, and religious beliefs. Continuous development and chemical modifications of psychoactive substances complicate their control, detection, and determination in the human body. This paper addresses the terminological distinctions between psychoactive and psychotropic substances and drugs. It provides a comprehensive review of analytical methods used to identify and quantify 25 psychoactive substances in various biological matrices, including blood, urine, saliva, hair, and nails. The analysis categorizes these substances into four primary groups: stimulants, neuroleptics, depressants, and hallucinogens. The study specifically focuses on chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as other novel analytical techniques. Methodology includes a review of scientific articles containing validation studies of these methods and innovative approaches to psychoactive substance determination. Articles were sourced from the PubMed database, with most research originating from the twenty first century. The paper discusses the limits of detection and quantitation for each method, along with current trends and challenges in the analytical determination of evolving psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Świątek
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Doctoral School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Czyrski
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Chen Y, Ma S, Zhou M, Yao Y, Gao X, Fan X, Wu G. Advancements in the preparation technology of small molecule artificial antigens and their specific antibodies: a comprehensive review. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39140248 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Small molecules find extensive application in medicine, food safety, and environmental studies, particularly in biomedicine. Immunoassay technology, leveraging the specific recognition between antigens and antibodies, offers a superior alternative to traditional physical and chemical analysis methods. This approach allows for the rapid and accurate detection of small molecular compounds, owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, and swift analytical capabilities. However, small molecular compounds often struggle to effectively stimulate an immune response due to their low molecular weight, weak antigenicity, and limited antigenic epitopes. To overcome this, coupling small molecule compounds with macromolecular carriers to form complete antigens is typically required to induce specific antibodies in animals. Consequently, the preparation of small-molecule artificial antigens and the production of efficient specific antibodies are crucial for achieving precise immunoassays. This paper reviews recent advancements in small molecule antibody preparation technology, emphasizing the design and synthesis of haptens, the coupling of haptens with carriers, the purification and identification of artificial antigens, and the preparation of specific antibodies. Additionally, it evaluates the current technological shortcomings and limitations while projecting future trends in artificial antigen synthesis and antibody preparation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuo Ma
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuming Yao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xun Gao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Martens R, Gozdzialski L, Newman E, Gill C, Wallace B, Hore DK. Trace Detection of Adulterants in Illicit Opioid Samples Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Random Forest Classification. Anal Chem 2024; 96. [PMID: 39016148 PMCID: PMC11296309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The detection of trace adulterants in opioid samples is an important aspect of drug checking, a harm reduction measure that is required as a result of the variability and unpredictability of the illicit drug supply. While many analytical methods are suitable for such analysis, community-based approaches require techniques that are amenable to point-of-care applications with minimal sample preparation and automated analysis. We demonstrate that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), combined with a random forest classifier, is able to detect the presence of two common sedatives, bromazolam (0.32-36% w/w) and xylazine (0.15-15% w/w), found in street opioid samples collected as a part of a community drug checking service. The Raman predictions, benchmarked against mass spectrometry results, exhibited high specificity (88% for bromazolam, 96% for xylazine) and sensitivity (88% for bromazolam, 92% for xylazine) for the compounds of interest. We additionally provide evidence that this exceeds the performance of a more conventional approach using infrared spectral data acquired on the same samples. This demonstrates the feasibility of SERS for point-of-care analysis of challenging multicomponent samples containing trace adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
R. Martens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Lea Gozdzialski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Ella Newman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Chris Gill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Canadian
Institute for Substance Use Research, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Bruce Wallace
- Canadian
Institute for Substance Use Research, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- School
of Social Work, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Dennis K. Hore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
- Canadian
Institute for Substance Use Research, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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4
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Juneja S, Zhang B, Wang AX. Limit-Defying μ-Total Analysis System: Achieving Part-Per-Quadrillion Sensitivity on a Hierarchical Optofluidic SERS Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17151-17158. [PMID: 37214736 PMCID: PMC10193394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic sensors have accelerated the growth of smart sensor platforms with improved sensitivity, reliability, and innovation. In this article, we report the integration of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) material consisting of silver nanoparticle-decorated diatomaceous earth (AgNPs-DE) with a flow-through microfluidic device, building up a hierarchical structured micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS) capable of achieving part-per-quadrillion (ppq)-level sensitivity. By the synergic integration of millimeter-scale microfluidic devices and porous laboratory filter paper with a micrometer-sized crosslinked cellulosic network that carries SERS-active AgNPs-DE, which possesses submicron to nanometer regimes of photonic crystals and plasmonic nanostructures, we achieved enhanced mass-transfer efficiency and unprecedented detection sensitivity. In our experiment, fentanyl as the testing analyte at different concentrations was measured using a portable Raman spectrometer. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 10 ppq from a small detection volume of 10 mL with an ultrafast time of sensing (TOS) of 3 min. To attain comparable signals, the traditional soaking method took more than 90 min to detect 10 part-per-trillion fentanyl from a 10 mL sample. Compared with existing SERS sensing results of fentanyl, the limit-defying μ-TAS reduced the LOD-TOS product by almost 4 orders of magnitude, which represents a new stage of ultrafast sensing of extremely low concentration analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhavna Juneja
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Boxin Zhang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Alan X. Wang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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5
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Ultra-trace SERS detection of cocaine and heroin using bimetallic gold-silver nanostars (BGNS-Ag). Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340956. [PMID: 36925275 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, in-field, and reliable method for the detection of illegal drugs of abuse in biological fluids without any sample pretreatment would potentially be helpful for law enforcement, drug control officials, and public healthcare. In this study, we presented a cost-effective and highly reproducible solution-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform utilizing a portable Raman instrument for fast sensitive SERS detection of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, and heroin in human urine without any sample preprocessing. The SERS platform was constructed for the first time by combining the superior SERS enhancement properties of bimetallic silver-coated gold nanostars (BGNS-Ag) and the advantages of suitable alkaline metal salts such as NaI for SERS signal amplification. The effects of the silver thickness of BGNS-Ag and alkaline salts on the SERS performance were investigated in detail; we observed that the maximum SERS enhancement was obtained for BGNS-Ag with the maximum silver thickness (54 ± 5 nm) in presence of NaI salt. Our SERS platform shows ultra-high sensitivity of cocaine and heroin with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 10 pg/mL for cocaine and 100 pg/mL for heroin, which was 100 times lower than that of the traditional silver nanoparticle-based illegal drug detection. As a demonstration, the platform was further applied to detect cocaine and heroin spiked in human urine without any sample preprocessing achieving a LOD of 100 pg/mL for cocaine and 1 ng/mL for heroin. Overall, our SERS detection platform shows potential for rapid, onsite, ultra-low-cost portable applications for trace detection of illegal drugs and biomarkers.
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6
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Su X, Liu X, Xie Y, Chen M, Zhong H, Li M. Quantitative Label-Free SERS Detection of Trace Fentanyl in Biofluids with a Freestanding Hydrophobic Plasmonic Paper Biosensor. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3821-3829. [PMID: 36752236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of fentanyl abuse raises global public health concerns with an unprecedented surge in overdose deaths. Rapid identification and quantification of fentanyl in biofluids is of paramount importance to combat fentanyl abuse for law enforcement agencies and promptly treat patients for medical professionals. Herein, a freestanding surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) biosensor with excellent condensing enrichment capability, termed FrEnSERS biosensor, is reported for quantitative label-free detection of trace fentanyl in biofluids. This biosensor comprises a reduced graphene oxide membrane decorated with high-density hydrophobic Au nanostars. A combination of the high SERS enhancement and the focusing effect for analyte enrichment of the hydrophobic surface accounts for the remarkable SERS performance of the FrEnSERS biosensor. We demonstrate that the FrEnSERS biosensor achieves the sensitive and quantitative detection of fentanyl in both serum and urine over a wide dynamic range spanning more than 4 orders of magnitude, with a limit of detection of 0.47 ng/mL for serum samples and 0.73 ng/mL for urine samples. Our biosensor is sensitive, cost-effective, and reliable for rapid quantitative analysis of fentanyl in biofluids with great promise for forensic analysis and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yangcenzi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hong Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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7
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Zhao L, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Y, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Cai W. Rapid and sensitive SERS detection of opioids in solutions based on the solid chip Au-coated Si nano-cone array. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121720. [PMID: 35987036 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and flexible detection or accurate recognition of trace drugs is of great importance in cracking down on drug crimes, but it remains to be expected. Here, a solid chip is presented for the efficient detection and recognition of trace opioids (typically morphine) in aqueous solutions based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Firstly, a Au-coated Si nano-cone array (Au-SNCA) is designed and fabricated via Si-based organic colloidal template etching and Au deposition. This Au-SNCA shows three-dimensional nanostructure with high densities of nanotips and deep nanogaps as well as high structural consistency, which exhibits strong SERS activity to morphine and outstanding stability. Then, such Au-SNCA is used as solid SERS chip to detect morphine in aqueous solutions. It has been demonstrated that using such solid chip, trace morphine in solutions could be recognized and detected within 1 min, and the detection limit is 10-5 mg/mL (∼10 ppb), showing rapid and sensitive detection, which is much better than the previous reports. Meanwhile, the Au-SNCA chip also can be utilized to detect trace morphine in tap water and reservoir water, the recoveries range from 90.4% to 102.4%. Such excellent SERS performance of this Au-SNCA chip is attributed to its special structure which enhances not only local electromagnetic field but also molecular adsorption. The experimental results about the effects of immersion time and concentration show that the adsorption behavior of morphine molecules on such Au-SNCA chip can be explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption mode. Moreover, the Au-SNCA chip is also suitable for the identification of morphine homologues and the broad-spectrum detection of various common drugs. This study presents a practical solid chip and a simple approach for the efficient SERS detection and recognition of trace drugs in solutions. This is of significance to on-site detect drugs in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Zhao
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Yang
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, PR China.
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
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8
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Liu Y, Zhang N, Tua D, Zhu Y, Rada J, Yang W, Song H, Thompson AC, Collins RL, Gan Q. Superhydrophobic 3D-Assembled Metallic Nanoparticles for Trace Chemical Enrichment in SERS Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204234. [PMID: 36260841 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is determined by the interaction between highly diluted analytes and boosted localized electromagnetic fields in nanovolumes. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are developed for analyte enrichment, i.e., to concentrate and transfer analytes toward a specific position, it is still challenging to realize reproducible, uniform, and sensitive superhydrophobic SERS substrates over large scales, representing a major barrier for practical sensing applications. To overcome this challenge, a superhydrophobic SERS chip that combines 3D-assembled gold nanoparticles on nanoporous substrates is proposed, for a strong localized field, with superhydrophobic surface treatment for analyte enrichment. Intriguingly, by concentrating droplets in the volume of 40 µL, the sensitivity of 1 nm is demonstrated using 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene molecules. In addition, this unique chip demonstrates a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2% in chip-to-chip reproducibility for detection of fentanyl at 1 µg mL-1 concentration, revealing its potential for quantitative sensing of chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, the trace analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl-heroin mixture in human saliva is realized after a simple pretreatment process. This superhydrophobic chip paves the way toward on-site and real-time drug sensing to tackle many societal issues like drug abuse and the opioid crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhai Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Dylan Tua
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jacob Rada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhong Yang
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haomin Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexis C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Qiaoqiang Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Khamcharoen W, Kaewjua K, Yomthiangthae P, Anekrattanasap A, Chailapakul O, Siangproh W. Recent developments in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for pharmaceutical analysis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:CTMC-EPUB-127245. [PMID: 36305123 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221027144310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, due to the global increase in diseases, drugs for biomedical applications have increased dramatically. Therefore, there is an urgent need for analytical tools to monitor, treat, investigate, and control drug compounds in diverse matrices. The new and challenging task has been looking for simple, low-cost, rapid, and portable analytical platforms. The development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) has garnered immense attention in many analytical applications due to the benefit of cellulose structure. It can be functionalized and serves as an ideal channel and scaffold for the transportation and immobilization of various substances. Microfluidic technology has been considered an effective tool in pharmaceutical analysis that facilitates the quantitative measurement of several parameters on cells or other biological systems. The µPADs represent unique advantages over conventional microfluidics, such as the self-pumping capability. They have low material costs, are easy to fabricate, and do not require external power sources. This review gives an overview of the current designs in this decade for µPADs and their respective application in pharmaceutical analysis. These include device designs, choice of paper material, and fabrication techniques with their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, the strategies for improving analytical performance in terms of simplicity, high sensitivity, and selectivity are highlighted, followed by the application of µPADs design for the detection of drug compounds for various purposes. Moreover, we present recent advances involving µPAD technologies in the field of pharmaceutical applications. Finally, we discussed the challenges and potential of µPADs for the transition from laboratory to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Kantima Kaewjua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Phanumas Yomthiangthae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Ananyaporn Anekrattanasap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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10
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Quantitative and rapid detection of morphine and hydromorphone at the point of care by an automated giant magnetoresistive nanosensor platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7211-7221. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Markina NE, Goryacheva IY, Markin AV. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Determination of Medical and Narcotic Drugs in Human Biofluids. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482208007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Yence M, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. Recent Developments in the Sensitive Electrochemical Assay of Common Opioid Drugs. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:882-895. [PMID: 35853096 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2099732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are a class of drugs used to treat moderate to severe pain and have short-term adverse effects. Nevertheless, they are considered necessary for pain management. However, well-known hazards are connected with an opioid prescription, such as overuse, addiction, and overdose deaths. For example, the death rate from opioid analgesic poisoning in the USA approximately doubled, owing to the overuse and addiction of opioid analgesics. Also, opioids are a very important group of analytes in forensic chemistry, so it is necessary to use reliable, fast, and sensitive analytical tools to determine opioid analgesics. This review focuses on the opioid overdose crisis, the properties of commonly used opioid drugs, their mechanism, effects, and some chromatographic and spectroscopic detection methods are explained briefly. Then most essentially recent developments covering the last ten years in the sensitive electrochemical methods of common opioid analgesics, their innovations and features, and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yence
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Ren J, Mao S, Lin J, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Xu N. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1445-1456. [PMID: 35593344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analytical investigation of the pharmaceutical process monitors the critical process parameters of the drug, beginning from its development until marketing and postmarketing, and appropriate corrective action can be taken to change the pharmaceutical design at any stage of the process. Advanced analytical methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, are particularly suitable for use in the field of drug analysis, especially for qualitative and quantitative work, due to the advantages of simple sample preparation, fast, nondestructive analysis speed, and effective avoidance of moisture interference. Advanced Raman imaging techniques have gradually become a powerful alternative method for monitoring changes in polymorph distribution and active pharmaceutical ingredient distribution in drug processing and pharmacokinetics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has also solved the inherent insensitivity and fluorescence problems of Raman, which has made good progress in the field of illegal drug analysis. This review summarizes the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging technology, which are used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid tablets, quality control of the production process, drug crystal analysis, illegal drug analysis, and monitoring of drug dissolution and release in the field of drug analysis in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
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14
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Anh NH, Doan MQ, Dinh NX, Huy TQ, Tri DQ, Ngoc Loan LT, Van Hao B, Le AT. Gold nanoparticle-based optical nanosensors for food and health safety monitoring: recent advances and future perspectives. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10950-10988. [PMID: 35425077 PMCID: PMC8988175 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08311b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern society has been facing serious health-related problems including food safety, diseases and illness. Hence, it is urgent to develop analysis methods for the detection and control of food contaminants, disease biomarkers and pathogens. As the traditional instrumental methods have several disadvantages, including being time consuming, and having high cost and laborious procedures, optical nanosensors have emerged as promising alternative or complementary approaches to those traditional ones. With the advantages of simple preparation, high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent biocompatibility, and especially, unique optical properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been demonstrated as excellent transducers for optical sensing systems. Herein, we provide an overview of the synthesis of AuNPs and their excellent optical properties that are ideal for the development of optical nanosensors based on local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), colorimetry, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) phenomena. We also review the sensing strategies and their mechanisms, as well as summarizing the recent advances in the monitoring of food contaminants, disease biomarkers and pathogens using developed AuNP-based optical nanosensors in the past seven years (2015-now). Furthermore, trends and challenges in the application of these nanosensors in the determination of those analytes are discussed to suggest possible directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ha Anh
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Mai Quan Doan
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Ngo Xuan Dinh
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Tran Quang Huy
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- Faculty of Electric and Electronics, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Doan Quang Tri
- Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (AIST), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1st Dai Co Viet Road Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Ngoc Loan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University Quy Nhon 55113 Vietnam
| | - Bui Van Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116
| | - Anh-Tuan Le
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116
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15
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Zhang M, Pan J, Xu X, Fu G, Zhang L, Sun P, Yan X, Liu F, Wang C, Liu X, Lu G. Gold-Trisoctahedra-Coated Capillary-Based SERS Platform for Microsampling and Sensitive Detection of Trace Fentanyl. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4850-4858. [PMID: 35258921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cost-effective and highly reproducible capillary-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform for sensitive, portable detection and identification of fentanyl is presented. Through encapsulating gold trisoctahedra (Au TOH) in the capillary tube for the first time, the SERS platform was constructed by combining the superior SERS properties of Au TOH and the advantages of capillaries in SERS signal amplification, facile sample extraction, and portable trace analysis. The effects of the size and density of Au TOH on the SERS performance were investigated by experiments and simulations, which showed that the maximum SERS enhancement was obtained for Au TOH with the size of 75 nm when particle density reached 74.54 counts/μm2. The proposed SERS platform possesses good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 5%. As a demonstration, the platform was applied to detect fentanyl spiked in aqueous solution and serum samples with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.86 and 40.63 ng/mL, respectively. We also validated the feasibility of the designed platform for accurate identification of trace fentanyl adulterated in heroin at mass concentration down to 0.1% (10 ng in 10 μg total). Overall, this work advances more explorations on capillary-based SERS platform to benefit portable trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Pan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Public Security of Jilin Province, Changchun 130051, People's Republic of China
| | - Gege Fu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yao L, Chen Y, Wang R, Yan C, Xu J, Yao B, Cheng J, Chen W. Rapid and sensitive detection of Hg 2+ with a SERS-enhanced lateral flow strip. Analyst 2022; 147:4337-4347. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A SERS-LFS strategy was designed and applied for the direct detection of target Hg2+ with greatly improved sensing performance by SERS measurements on the T line of the LFS, which did not change the intrinsic simplicity of the LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunlin Chen
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Bangben Yao
- Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Jigui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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17
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Lin D, He Y, Dong R, Li W, Meng F, Zhang Y, Yang L. The rapid SERS detection of succinylcholine chloride in human plasma is based on the high affinity between quaternary ammonium salt structures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120172. [PMID: 34273893 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Succinylcholine chloride (SCC) is a common poison that threatens human life. At present, there is a lack of research on its on-site rapid detection methods. In this work, the use of gold nanorods as an enhanced substrate based on the high affinity between the quaternary ammonium salt structure can achieve rapid SERS detection of SCC in plasma. The long alkane chain structure of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the quaternary ammonium salt structure of SCC have a high molecular affinity, so that the target molecule can show a strong and obvious characteristic signal of SERS. Combined with a simple pretreatment method, acetonitrile is used as a protein precipitation agent to effectively remove matrix interference. The constructed SERS substrate can achieve the sensitive detection of 2 × 10-8 M level of SCC in plasma samples and has high detection reproducibility. The entire pre-processing and testing process can be completed within 7 min, which can be used as an important technical basis for the preliminary identification of on-site SCC-related drug cases. The research results provide an effective solution for the establishment of SCC analysis strategies in complex matrices, and can provide new ideas for solving the problems of difficult identification of common poisons in the field and the lack of rapid detection methods on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Lin
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031,China
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ronglu Dong
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031,China.
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18
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McNeill L, Megson D, Linton PE, Norrey J, Bradley L, Sutcliffe OB, Shaw KJ. Lab-on-a-Chip approaches for the detection of controlled drugs, including new psychoactive substances: A systematic review. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Chen N, Yuan Y, Lu P, Wang L, Zhang X, Chen H, Ma P. Detection of carbamazepine in saliva based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7673-7688. [PMID: 35003859 PMCID: PMC8713680 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of epilepsy. Due to the narrow effective range, CBZ concentration was usually monitored with blood draw from patients. Frequent blood draw is inconvenient and causes physical and psychological pain. Therefore, highly-sensitive, rapid, label-free, and non-invasive drug detection methods can be alternatives to bring a relief. In this work, we have proposed a method for the non-invasive detection of CBZ using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Gold-silver core-shell nanomaterial substrates were prepared and optimized. Salivary CBZ concentration was measured with SERS as a non-invasive alternative to blood draw. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between SERS response and CBZ concentration in the entire measured range of 10-1 ∼ 10-8 mol/L. The detection limit of this method was 1.26 × 10-9 mol/L. Satisfactory repeatability and stability were also demonstrated. Due to its high sensitivity and ease of operation, the proposed method can serve as an alternative to blood draw for non-invasively monitoring CBZ concentration. It also has great potentials in many other applications of biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Yanbing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science
and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai
200092, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
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20
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Zhang B, Hou X, Zhen C, Wang AX. Sub-Part-Per-Billion Level Sensing of Fentanyl Residues from Wastewater Using Portable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100370. [PMID: 34677326 PMCID: PMC8534101 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drug residues from wastewater provides a new route toward community-level assessment of drug abuse that is critical to public health. However, traditional chemistry analytical tools such as high-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) cannot meet the large-scale testing requirement in terms of cost, promptness, and convenience of use. In this article, we demonstrated ultra-sensitive and portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing (SERS) of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, from sewage water and achieved quantitative analysis through principal component analysis and partial least-squares regression. The SERS substrates adopted in this application were synthesized by in situ growth of silver nanoparticles on diatomaceous earth films, which show ultra-high sensitivity down to 10 parts per trillion in artificially contaminated tap water in the lab using a commercial portable Raman spectrometer. Based on training data from artificially contaminated tap water, we predicted the fentanyl concentration in the sewage water from a wastewater treatment plant to be 0.8 parts per billion (ppb). As a comparison, the HPLC-MS confirmed the fentanyl concentration was below 1 ppb but failed to provide a specific value of the concentration since the concentration was too low. In addition, we further proved the validity of our SERS sensing technique by comparing SERS results from multiple sewage water treatment plants, and the results are consistent with the public health data from our local health authority. Such SERS sensing technique with ultra-high sensitivity down to sub-ppb level proved its feasibility for point-of-care detection of illicit drugs from sewage water, which is crucial to assess public health.
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21
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Wille SMR, Elliott S. The Future of Analytical and Interpretative Toxicology: Where are We Going and How Do We Get There? J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:619-632. [PMID: 33245325 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(Forensic) toxicology has faced many challenges, both analytically and interpretatively, especially in relation to an increase in potential drugs of interest. Analytical toxicology and its application to medicine and forensic science have progressed rapidly within the past centuries. Technological innovations have enabled detection of more substances with increasing sensitivity in a variety of matrices. Our understanding of the effects (both intended and unintended) have also increased along with determination and degree of toxicity. However, it is clear there is even more to understand and consider. The analytical focus has been on typical matrices such as blood and urine but other matrices could further increase our understanding, especially in postmortem (PM) situations. Within this context, the role of PM changes and potential redistribution of drugs requires further research and identification of markers of its occurrence and extent. Whilst instrumentation has improved, in the future, nanotechnology may play a role in selective and sensitive analysis as well as bioassays. Toxicologists often only have an advisory impact on pre-analytical and pre-interpretative considerations. The collection of appropriate samples at the right time in an appropriate way as well as obtaining sufficient circumstance background is paramount in ensuring an effective analytical strategy to provide useful results that can be interpreted within context. Nevertheless, key interpretative considerations such as pharmacogenomics and drug-drug interactions as well as determination of tolerance remain and in the future, analytical confirmation of an individual's metabolic profile may support a personalized medicine and judicial approach. This should be supported by the compilation and appropriate application of drug data pursuant to the situation. Specifically, in PM circumstances, data pertaining to where a drug was not/may have been/was contributory will be beneficial with associated pathological considerations. This article describes the challenges faced within toxicology and discusses progress to a future where they are being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon Elliott
- Elliott Forensic Consulting Ltd, Birmingham, UK.,Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Science, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Lima C, Muhamadali H, Goodacre R. The Role of Raman Spectroscopy Within Quantitative Metabolomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:323-345. [PMID: 33826853 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091420-092323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-four years have passed since the discovery of the Raman effect, and there are currently more than 25 different types of Raman-based techniques. The past two decades have witnessed the blossoming of Raman spectroscopy as a powerful physicochemical technique with broad applications within the life sciences. In this review, we critique the use of Raman spectroscopy as a tool for quantitative metabolomics. We overview recent developments of Raman spectroscopy for identification and quantification of disease biomarkers in liquid biopsies, with a focus on the recent advances within surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based methods. Ultimately, we discuss the applications of imaging modalities based on Raman scattering as label-free methods to study the abundance and distribution of biomolecules in cells and tissues, including mammalian, algal, and bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;
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23
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Guo X, Shang Y, Lv Y, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect Screening of Fentanyl Analogs Using Matrix-Assisted Ionization and a Miniature Mass Spectrometer with a Custom Expandable Mass Spectral Library. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10152-10159. [PMID: 34254788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliable identification of fentanyl and its analogs is of great significance for public security. However, with the growing prevalence of fentanyl compounds, current analytical strategies cannot fully meet the need for fast and high-throughput detection. In this study, a simple, rapid, and on-site analytical protocol was developed based on a miniature mass spectrometer. A dramatically simplified workflow was implemented using matrix-assisted ionization, bypassing complex sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capability afforded by the miniature ion trap mass spectrometer facilitated the investigation of fragmentation patterns for 49 fentanyl analogs during collision-induced dissociation, revealing valuable information on marker fragment ions and characteristic neutral loss. Calculations on Laplacian bond order values further verified the mass spectrometric behavior. A computation-assisted expandable mass spectral library was constructed in-house for fentanyl compounds. Smart suspect screening was carried out based on the full-scan MS and MS/MS data. The present study demonstrates an appealing potential for forensic applications, enabling streamlined screening for the presence of illicit fentanyl compounds at the point of seizures of suspect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuhan Shang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yueguang Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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24
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Wang H, Xue Z, Wu Y, Gilmore J, Wang L, Fabris L. Rapid SERS Quantification of Trace Fentanyl Laced in Recreational Drugs with a Portable Raman Module. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9373-9382. [PMID: 34191499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification and quantification of opioid drugs are of significant importance and an urgent need in drug regulation and control, considering the serious social and economic impact of the opioid epidemic in the United States. Unfortunately, techniques for accurate detection of these opioids, particularly for fentanyl, an extremely potent synthetic drug of abuse and a main perpetrator in the opioid crisis, are often not readily accessible. Therefore, a fast, highly sensitive, and preferably quantitative technique, with excellent portability, is highly desirable. Such a technique can potentially offer timely and crucial information for drug control officials, as well as health professionals, about drug distribution and overdose prevention. We therefore propose a portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) approach by pairing an easy to perform yet reliable SERS protocol with a compact Raman module suitable for rapid, on-site identification and quantification of trace fentanyl. Fentanyl spiked in urine control was successfully detected at concentrations as low as 5 ng/mL. Portable SERS also enabled detection of trace fentanyl laced in recreational drugs at mass concentrations as low as 0.05% (5 ng in 10 μg total) and 0.1% (10 ng in 10 μg total) in heroin and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), respectively. Drug interaction with the nanoparticle surface was simulated through molecular dynamics to investigate the molecular adsorption mechanism and account for SERS signal differences observed for opioid drugs. Furthermore, resolution of fentanyl in binary and ternary opioid mixtures was readily achieved with multivariate data analysis. In sum, we developed a rapid, highly sensitive, and reliably quantitative method for trace fentanyl analysis by synergizing a streamlined SERS procedure and a portable Raman module at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - John Gilmore
- Hamamatsu Corporation, 360 Foothill Road, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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25
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Lukose J, M. SP, N. M, Barik AK, Pai KM, Unnikrishnan VK, George SD, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:359-385. [PMID: 34093888 PMCID: PMC8170462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva can be treated as a pool of biological markers able to reflect on the state of personal health. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of optical devices for the analysis of body fluids. Several groups have carried out studies investigating the potential of saliva as a non-invasive and reliable clinical specimen for use in medical diagnostics. This brief review aims to highlight the optical technologies, mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which are being used for the probing of saliva for diverse biomedical applications. Advances in bio photonics offer the promise of unambiguous, objective and fast detection of abnormal health conditions and viral infections (such as COVID-19) from the analysis of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mithun N.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Keerthilatha M. Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. K. Unnikrishnan
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanoscience, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. B. Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Zhang M, Jin C, Nie Y, Ren Y, Hao N, Xu Z, Dong L, Zhang JXJ. Silver nanoparticle on zinc oxide array for label-free detection of opioids through surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11329-11337. [PMID: 35423637 PMCID: PMC8695809 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid abuse is a significant public health problem. Over two million Americans have some form of addiction to opioids; however, despite governmental programs established to treat overdoses and restrict opioid distribution, there are still few screening tools that are quantitative, portable and easy to use for high-throughput mapping and monitoring this ongoing crisis. In this paper, we demonstrated a plasmonic zinc oxide (ZnO) arrays-on-silicon sensor for the label-free detection of opioids through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and evaluated the chips' opioid sensing performance. Specifically, we tested our device with oxycodone, a potent and commonly abused opioid, dissolved in methanol and blood serum as a proof-of-concept study. Ag particles were in situ patterned onto the ZnO array to form the completed sensing platform. The resulting Ag@ZnO arrays were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDS), and element mapping. In addition, the enhanced electric field induced by the localized surface plasmonic resonance at the Ag particle decorated ZnO is simulated using COMSOL. Opioid-containing samples at varying concentrations, from 900 μg mL-1 to 90 ng mL-1 were tested using SERS to characterize the chip's accuracy and sensitivity. We demonstrated that the sensor can reliably detect opioid concentrations as low as 90 ng mL-1 with great accuracy and sensitivity even spiked into blood serum. The chips could provide a cost-effective, high-throughput method for detecting opiate oxycodone, thereby providing a powerful tool to monitor and control the emerging public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Congran Jin
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Yundong Ren
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Zhe Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Lin Dong
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
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Ye J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li B, Lu M, Qi X, Wei H, Li Y, Zou M. Surface-enhanced shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for trace detection of fentanyl in beverages. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2354-2361. [PMID: 33690335 DOI: 10.1364/ao.418579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the misuse risks of fentanyl, there is an urgent need to develop a useful and rapid analytical method to detect and monitor the opioid drug. The surface-enhanced shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SE-SERDS) method has been demonstrated to suppress background interference and enhance Raman signals. In this study, the SE-SERDS method was used for trace detection of fentanyl in beverages. To prepare the simulated illegal drug-beverages, fentanyls were dissolved into distilled water or Mizone as a series of test samples. Based on our previous work, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection was performed on the beverages containing fentanyl by the prepared AgNPs and the SE-SERDS spectra of test samples were collected by the dual-wavelength rapid excitation Raman difference spectroscopy system. In addition, the quantitative relationship between fentanyl concentrations and the Raman peaks was constructed by the Langmuir equation. The experimental results show that the limits of quantitation for fentanyl in distilled water and Mizone were 10 ng/mL and 200 ng/mL, respectively; the correlation coefficients for the nonlinear regression were as high as 0.9802 and 0.9794, respectively; and the relative standard deviation was less than 15%. Hence, the SE-SERDS method will be a promising method for the trace analyses of food safety and forensics.
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28
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Wang W, Li Y, Nie A, Fan GC, Han H. A portable SERS reader coupled with catalytic hairpin assembly for sensitive microRNA-21 lateral flow sensing. Analyst 2021; 146:848-854. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an02177f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive lateral flow sensing platform has been constructed using a portable SERS meter coupled with catalytic hairpin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- People's Republic of China
| | - Axiu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- People's Republic of China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- People's Republic of China
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Lin T, Song YL, Liao J, Liu F, Zeng TT. Applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in detection fields. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2971-2989. [PMID: 33140686 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a Raman spectroscopy technique that has been widely used in food safety, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis and treatment and drug monitoring because of its high selectivity, sensitivity, rapidness, simplicity and specificity in identifying molecular structures. This review introduces the detection mechanism of SERS and summarizes the most recent progress concerning the use of SERS for the detection and characterization of molecules, providing references for the later research of SERS in detection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lin
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710054, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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30
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Kimani MM, Lanzarotta A, Batson JS. Trace level detection of select opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and tramadol) in suspect pharmaceutical tablets using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with handheld devices. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:491-504. [PMID: 33136297 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The opioid crisis in the USA has resulted in over 702,000 overdose fatalities between 1999 and 2017 and can be attributed to over-prescription of opioids and abuse of synthetic opioids in combination with other illicit drugs. A rapid and sensitive SERS method has been developed for trace detection of opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and tramadol in low-dosage suspect tablets using two different handheld Raman spectrometers equipped with 785 and 1064 nm lasers. The method involves a micro-extraction procedure using 10% methanol in deionized water, followed by filtration and addition of colloidal silver and aqueous KBr, resulting in a mixture that can be measured directly via a glass vial. The lowest concentration (Cmin ) of fentanyl, tramadol, oxycodone, and hydrocodone standards that yielded a positive match was 250 ng/ml, 5, 10, and 10 μg/ml using the 1064 nm laser device and 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, 500 ng/ml, and 750 ng/ml using the 785 nm laser device, respectively. For the analysis of suspect tablets containing these opioids, the Cmin ranges between 5 and 75 µg/ml for 1064 nm laser device and 1 and 50 µg/ml for 785 nm laser device. The overall positive identification rate for all the opioids studied in the suspect counterfeit tablets analyzed ranged from 80% to 100%. The use of SERS for rapid chemical identification at remote sampling sites, such as international mail facilities (IMFs) and express courier hubs (ECHs), provides a rugged, simple, and practical method applicable for point-of-entry sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Kimani
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam Lanzarotta
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - JaCinta S Batson
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Ahmed SR, Chand R, Kumar S, Mittal N, Srinivasan S, Rajabzadeh AR. Recent biosensing advances in the rapid detection of illicit drugs. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Drug checking services invite drug consumers to anonymously submit drug samples for chemical analysis and provide feedback of results. Drugs are tested for strength/dose and/or presence of adulterants. Drug checking appears to be more common in recent years in response to increases in fentanyl-related deaths and the proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS). We aim to provide information regarding the current state of drug checking in relation to analysis methods, adulteration rates, and behavioral responses to results. RECENT FINDINGS Various technologies are being used to detect the presence of fentanyl, its analogs, and other NPS in drug samples. Proxy drug checking, which we define as biospecimen testing for drug exposure postconsumption, is also becoming common. However, there appears to a dichotomy between research focusing on populations at high risk for fentanyl exposure and to exposure to NPS such as synthetic cathinones. SUMMARY Drug checking research and services largely focus on opioid consumers and nightclub and dance festival attendees, but more focus may be needed on the general population. Drug checking results can inform surveillance efforts, and more research is needed to overcome barriers to drug checking and to focus on whether test results indeed affect behavior change.
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Farquharson S, Brouillette C, Smith W, Shende C. A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Library of Important Drugs Associated With Point-of-Care and Field Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:706. [PMID: 31709234 PMCID: PMC6823623 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to measure extremely low concentrations, such as mg/L and below, and the availability of hand-held Raman spectrometers, has led to a significant growth in the number and variety of applications of SERS to real-world problems. Most of these applications involve the measurement of drugs, such as quantifying medication in patients, identifying illicit drugs in impaired drivers, and more recently, identifying drugs used as weapons. Similar to Raman spectroscopy, most of the point-of-care and field applications involve the identification of the drug to determine the course of action. However, unlike Raman spectroscopy, spectral libraries are not readily available to perform the necessary identification. In a large part, this is due to the uniqueness of the commercially available SERS substrates, each of which can produce different spectra for the same drug. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we have measured numerous drugs using the most common, and readily available SERS material and hand-held Raman analyzers, specifically gold colloids and analyzers using 785 nm laser excitation. Here we present the spectra of some 39 drugs of current interest, such as buprenorphine, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, and fentanyl, which we hope will aid in the development of current and future SERS drug analysis applications.
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