1
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Huang TF, Liu JJ, Lai ZY, Chang JW, Zhuang YR, Jiang ZC, Chang CL, Lin WC, Chen YH, Wu YH, Sun YE, Luo TA, Chen YK, Yen JC, Hsu HK, Chen BH, Ting LY, Lu CY, Lin YT, Hsu LY, Wu TL, Yang SD, Su AC, Jeng US, Chou HH. Performance and Solution Structures of Side-Chain-Bridged Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Photocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution under Natural Light Illumination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304743. [PMID: 37803930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy into hydrogen energy using conjugated polymers (CP) is a promising solution to the energy crisis. Improving water solubility plays one of the critical factors in enhancing the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of CP photocatalysts. In this study, a novel concept of incorporating hydrophilic side chains to connect the backbones of CPs to improve their HER is proposed. This concept is realized through the polymerization of carbazole units bridged with octane, ethylene glycol, and penta-(ethylene glycol) to form three new side-chain-braided (SCB) CPs: PCz2S-OCt, PCz2S-EG, and PCz2S-PEG. Verified through transient absorption spectra, the enhanced capability of PCz2S-PEG for ultrafast electron transfer and reduced recombination effects has been demonstrated. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analyses reveal that these three SCB-CPs form cross-linking networks with different mass fractal dimensions (f) in aqueous solution. With the lowest f value of 2.64 and improved water/polymer interfaces, PCz2S-PEG demonstrates the best HER, reaching up to 126.9 µmol h-1 in pure water-based photocatalytic solution. Moreover, PCz2S-PEG exhibits comparable performance in seawater-based photocatalytic solution under natural sunlight. In situ SAXS analysis further reveals nucleation-dominated generation of hydrogen nanoclusters with a size of ≈1.5 nm in the HER of PCz2S-PEG under light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Fu Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rang Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Yen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Hsu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yeh Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
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2
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Mann A, Wang C, Dumlao BL, Weck M. Functionalized [2.2]Paracyclophanedienes as Monomers for Poly( p-phenylenevinylene)s. ACS Macro Lett 2024:112-117. [PMID: 38190696 PMCID: PMC10883051 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) featuring complex side-chains, to date, have only been synthesized by nonliving polymerization methods which have no control over PPV molecular weights, dispersities, or end groups. [2.2]Paracyclophane-1,9-diene (pCpd) has gained attention as a monomer for its ability to be ring-opened to PPV in a living fashion. pCpd, an organic cyclic scaffold with planar chirality, has seen minimal structural diversity due to the harsh reaction conditions required to afford the highly strained compound. Herein, we introduce a general method to overcome this by targeting the synthesis of a monohydroxy-pCpd via mono-demethylation of a dialkoxy-pCpd. The monohydroxy-pCpd can then be functionalized easily, which we demonstrate using three distinct side-chains with four moieties commonly incorporated in conjugated polymers: an alkyl bromide, an oligo(ethylene glycol) chain, an enantiomerically pure side-chain, and a Boc-protected amine. These monofunctionalized-pCpds were investigated as monomers in the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to afford functionalized PPVs in a living manner. The functional-group-containing PPVs are synthesized with full control over their end groups, repeat units, and dispersities. The feasibility of post-polymerization modifications to incorporate any desired moiety to PPV fabricated by this method was demonstrated using an azide-alkyne click reaction. All synthesized PPVs were soluble in organic solvents and display the same fluorescent emission, indicating their conjugated backbones are unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Mann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bianca L Dumlao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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3
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Mone M, Kim Y, Darabi S, Zokaei S, Karlsson L, Craighero M, Fabiano S, Kroon R, Müller C. Mechanically Adaptive Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on a Polar Polythiophene Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37262133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains are promising mixed ionic-electronic conductors, but they tend to feature a low glass transition temperature and hence a low elastic modulus, which prevents their use if mechanical robust materials are required. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are found to be a suitable reinforcing agent for a soft polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains. Dry nanocomposites feature a Young's modulus of more than 400 MPa, which reversibly decreases to 10 MPa or less upon passive swelling through water uptake. The presence of CNF results in a slight decrease in electronic mobility but enhances the ionic mobility and volumetric capacitance, with the latter increasing from 164 to 197 F cm-3 upon the addition of 20 vol % CNF. Overall, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) feature a higher switching speed and a transconductance that is independent of the CNF content up to at least 20 vol % CNF. Hence, CNF-reinforced conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains facilitate the design of mechanically adaptive mixed ionic-electronic conductors for wearable electronics and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Mone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sozan Darabi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Wang XY, Yu ZD, Lu Y, Yao ZF, Zhou YY, Pan CK, Liu Y, Wang ZY, Ding YF, Wang JY, Pei J. Density of States Engineering of n-Doped Conjugated Polymers for High Charge Transport Performances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300634. [PMID: 36905682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport of conjugated polymers in functional devices closely relates to their density of states (DOS) distributions. However, systemic DOS engineering for conjugated polymers is challenging due to the lack of modulated methods and the unclear relationship between DOS and electrical properties. Here, the DOS distribution of conjugated polymers is engineered to enhance their electrical performances. The DOS distributions of polymer films are tailored using three processing solvents with different Hansen solubility parameters. The highest n-type electrical conductivity (39 ± 3 S cm-1 ), the highest power factor (63 ± 11 µW m-1 K-2 ), and the highest Hall mobility (0.14 ± 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) of the polymer (FBDPPV-OEG) are obtained in three films with three various DOS distributions, respectively. Through theoretical and experimental exploration, it is revealed that the carrier concentration and transport property of conjugated polymers can be efficiently controlled by DOS engineering, paving the way for rationally fabricating organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen-Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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5
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Berl AJ, Sklar JH, Yun YJ, Kalow JA. Side-Chain Engineering in Hydrophilic n-Type π-Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Reactivity. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:503-509. [PMID: 37011181 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Minor changes to side chains in conjugated polymers (CPs) can have pronounced effects on polymer properties by altering backbone planarity, solubility, and interaction with ions. Here, we report the photocontrolled synthesis of hydrophilic CPs from Grignard monomers and find that switching from alkyl to oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains changes their photoreactivity. Specifically, installing hydrophilic side chains on the same monomer core yields higher molecular weight polymers and allows polymerization to proceed with lower-energy red light. Additionally, we discover a side chain decomposition pathway for N-OEG monomers, which are prevalent in CP research. Decomposition can be overcome by adding an extra methylene unit in the side chains without compromising polymer molecular weight or hydrophilicity. Importantly, this polymerization does not require transition metal catalysts and is a promising approach to the preparation of n-type conjugated block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan H Sklar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Young Ju Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Duan J, Zhu G, Chen J, Zhang C, Zhu X, Liao H, Li Z, Hu H, McCulloch I, Nielsen CB, Yue W. Highly Efficient Mixed Conduction in a Fused Oligomer n-Type Organic Semiconductor Enabled by 3D Transport Pathways. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300252. [PMID: 36918256 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring organic semiconductors to facilitate mixed conduction of ionic and electronic charges when interfaced with an aqueous media has spurred many recent advances in organic bioelectronics. The field is still restricted, however, by very few n-type (electron-transporting) organic semiconductors with adequate performance metrics. Here, a new electron-deficient, fused polycyclic aromatic system, TNR, is reported with excellent n-type mixed conduction properties including a µC* figure-of-merit value exceeding 30 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 for the best performing derivative. Comprising three naphthalene bis-isatin moieties, this new molecular design builds on successful small-molecule mixed conductors; by extending the molecular scaffold into the oligomer domain, good film-forming properties, strong π-π interactions, and consequently excellent charge-transport properties are obtained. Through judicious optimization of the side chains, the linear oligoether and branched alkyl chain derivative bgTNR is obtained which shows superior mixed conduction in an organic electrochemical transistor configuration including an electron mobility around 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 . By optimizing the side chains, the dominant molecular packing can be changed from a preferential edge-on orientation (with high charge-transport anisotropy) to an oblique orientation that can support 3D transport pathways which in turn ensure highly efficient mixed conduction properties across the bulk semiconductor film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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7
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Yang L, Li Y, Ke C, Zheng Y, Long H, Ouyang Z, Lin R, Zhou X, Chen S, Jiang ZX. One-Pot Synthesis of Monofunctionalized Oligoethylene Glycols through Ring-Opening and Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of Macrocyclic Sulfates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7684-7689. [PMID: 36873021 PMCID: PMC9979223 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of oligoethylene glycol macrocyclic sulfates provides an efficient strategy for the monofunctionalization of oligoethylene glycols without protecting or activating group manipulation. In this strategy, the hydrolysis process is generally promoted by sulfuric acid, which is hazardous, difficult to handle, environmentally unfriendly, and unfit for industrial operation. Here, we explored a convenient handling solid acid, Amberlyst-15, as a replacement for sulfuric acid to accomplish the hydrolysis of sulfate salt intermediates. With this method, 18 valuable oligoethylene glycol derivatives were prepared with high efficiency, and gram-scale applicability of this method has been successfully demonstrated to afford a clickable oligoethylene glycol derivative 1b and a valuable building block 1g for F-19 magnetic resonance imaging traceable biomaterial construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changsheng Ke
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanxiong Long
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruoyun Lin
- Hubei
Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated
Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement
Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Effects of Different Lengths of Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains on the Electrochromic and Photovoltaic Properties of Benzothiadiazole-Based Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052056. [PMID: 36903301 PMCID: PMC10004708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, donor-acceptor (D-A)-type conjugated polymers have been widely used in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) and electrochromism (EC). Considering the poor solubility of D-A conjugated polymers, the solvents used in material processing and related device preparation are mostly toxic halogenated solvents, which have become the biggest obstacle to the future commercial process of the OSC and EC field. Herein, we designed and synthesized three novel D-A conjugated polymers, PBDT1-DTBF, PBDT2-DTBF, and PBDT3-DTBF, by introducing polar oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains of different lengths in the donor unit benzodithiophene (BDT) as side chain modification. Studies on solubility, optics, electrochemical, photovoltaic and electrochromic properties are conducted, and the influence of the introduction of OEG side chains on its basic properties is also discussed. Studies on solubility and electrochromic properties show unusual trends that need further research. However, since PBDT-DTBF-class polymers and acceptor IT-4F failed to form proper morphology under the low-boiling point solvent THF solvent processing, the photovoltaic performance of prepared devices is not ideal. However, films with THF as processing solvent showed relatively desirable electrochromic properties and films cast from THF display higher CE than CB as the solvent. Therefore, this class of polymers has application feasibility for green solvent processing in the OSC and EC fields. The research provides an idea for the design of green solvent-processable polymer solar cell materials in the future and a meaningful exploration of the application of green solvents in the field of electrochromism.
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9
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Shaya J, Ribierre JC, Correia G, Dappe YJ, Mathevet F, Mager L, Heinrich B, Méry S. Control of the Organization of 4,4'-bis(carbazole)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) Molecular Materials through Siloxane Functionalization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052038. [PMID: 36903284 PMCID: PMC10003964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that through the introduction of short dimethylsiloxane chains, it was possible to suppress the crystalline state of CBP in favor of various types of organization, transitioning from a soft crystal to a fluid liquid crystal mesophase, then to a liquid state. Characterized by X-ray scattering, all organizations reveal a similar layered configuration in which layers of edge-on lying CBP cores alternate with siloxane. The difference between all CBP organizations essentially lay on the regularity of the molecular packing that modulates the interactions of neighboring conjugated cores. As a result, the materials show quite different thin film absorption and emission properties, which could be correlated to the features of the chemical architectures and the molecular organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janah Shaya
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS, Strasbourg University, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Charles Ribierre
- Service de Physique de l’État Condensé, CEA CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriel Correia
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS, Strasbourg University, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick J. Dappe
- Service de Physique de l’État Condensé, CEA CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabrice Mathevet
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), CNRS, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Universty, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Loïc Mager
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS, Strasbourg University, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS, Strasbourg University, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Stéphane Méry
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS, Strasbourg University, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (S.M.)
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10
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Choi W, Kim S, Lee S, Jung C, Tripathi A, Lee Y, Woo HY, Lee H. Unravelling Disorder Effects on Thermoelectric Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers in a Wide Range of Doping Levels. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201145. [PMID: 36440652 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) performance of a specific semicrystalline polymer is studied experimentally only in a limited range of doping levels with molecular doping methods. The doping level is finely controlled via in situ electrochemical doping in a wide range of carrier concentrations with an electrolyte ([PMIM]+ [TFSI]- )-gated organic electrochemical transistor system. Then, the charge generation/transport and TE properties of four p-type semicrystalline polymers are analyzed and their dynamic changes of crystalline morphologies and local density of states (DOS) during electrochemical doping are compared. These polymers are synthesized based on poly[(2,5-bis(2-alkyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophene-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)] by varying side chains: With oligoethylene glycol (OEG) substituents, facile p-doping is achieved because of easy penetration of TFSI- ions into the polymer matrix. However, the charge transport is hindered with longer OEG chains length because of the enhanced insulation. Therefore, with the shortest OEG substituents the electrical conductivity (30.1 S cm-1 ) and power factor (2.88 µW m-1 K-2 ) are optimized. It is observed that all polymers exhibit p- to n-type transition in Seebeck coefficients in heavily doped states, which can be achieved by electrochemical doping. These TE behaviors are interpreted based on the relation between the localized DOS band structure and molecular packing structure during electrochemical doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwa Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayushi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
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11
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Yu SH, Hassan SZ, So C, Kang M, Chung DS. Molecular-Switch-Embedded Solution-Processed Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203401. [PMID: 35929102 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent improvements in the performance of solution-processed semiconductor materials and optoelectronic devices have shifted research interest to the diversification/advancement of their functionality. Embedding a molecular switch capable of transition between two or more metastable isomers by light stimuli is one of the most straightforward and widely accepted methods to potentially realize the multifunctionality of optoelectronic devices. A molecular switch embedded in a semiconductor can effectively control various parameters such as trap-level, dielectric constant, electrical resistance, charge mobility, and charge polarity, which can be utilized in photoprogrammable devices including transistors, memory, and diodes. This review classifies the mechanism of each optoelectronic transition driven by molecular switches regardless of the type of semiconductor material or molecular switch or device. In addition, the basic characteristics of molecular switches and the persisting technical/scientific issues corresponding to each mechanism are discussed to help researchers. Finally, interesting yet infrequently reported applications of molecular switches and their mechanisms are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan So
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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12
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Sami S, Alessandri R, W. Wijaya JB, Grünewald F, de Vries AH, Marrink SJ, Broer R, Havenith RWA. Strategies for Enhancing the Dielectric Constant of Organic Materials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:19462-19469. [PMID: 36425002 PMCID: PMC9677499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High dielectric constant organic semiconductors, often obtained by the use of ethylene glycol (EG) side chains, have gained attention in recent years in the efforts of improving the device performance for various applications. Dielectric constant enhancements due to EGs have been demonstrated extensively, but various effects, such as the choice of the particular molecule and the frequency and temperature regime, that determine the extent of this enhancement require further understanding. In this work, we study these effects by means of polarizable molecular dynamics simulations on a carefully selected set of fullerene derivatives with EG side chains. The selection allows studying the dielectric response in terms of both the number and length of EG chains and also the choice of the group connecting the fullerene to the EG chain. The computed time- and frequency-dependent dielectric responses reveal that the experimentally observed rise of the dielectric constant within the kilo/megahertz regime for some molecules is likely due to the highly stretched dielectric response of the EGs: the initial sharp increase over the first few nanoseconds is followed by a smaller but persistent increase in the range of microseconds. Additionally, our computational protocol allows the separation of different factors that contribute to the overall dielectric constant, providing insights to make several molecular design guides for future organic materials in order to enhance their dielectric constant further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Sami
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff B. W. Wijaya
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. de Vries
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria Broer
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W. A. Havenith
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-(S3), B-9000Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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14
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High-Quality Conjugated Polymers Achieving Ultra-Trace Detection of Cr2O72− in Agricultural Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134294. [PMID: 35807539 PMCID: PMC9268218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of that conjugated polymers (CPs) are an attractive option for constructing high-sensitive Cr2O72− sensors but suffer from lacking a general design strategy, we first proposed a rational structure design of CPs to tailor their sensing properties while validating the structure-to-performance correlation. Short side chains decorated with N and O atoms as recognition groups were instructed into fluorene to obtain monomers Fmoc-Ala-OH and Fmoc-Thr-OH. Additionally, their polymers P(Fmoc-Ala-OH) and P(Fmoc-Thr-OH) were obtained through electrochemical polymerization. P(Fmoc-Ala-OH) and P(Fmoc-Thr-OH) with high polymerization degrees have an excellent selectivity towards Cr2O72− in comparison to other cations and anions. Additionally, their limit of detection could achieve 1.98 fM and 3.72 fM, respectively. Especially, they could realize the trace detection of Cr2O72− in agricultural products (red bean, black bean, and millet). All these results indicate that short side chains decorated with N and O atoms functionalizing polyfluorene enables the ultra-trace detection of Cr2O72−. Additionally, the design strategy will spark new ideas for the construction of highly selective and sensitive Cr2O72− sensors.
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15
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Kang SH, Lee D, Choi W, Oh JH, Yang C. Usefulness of Polar and Bulky Phosphonate Chain-End Solubilizing Groups in Polymeric Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Doyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kosco J, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Howells CT, Zhang W, Moser M, Sheelamanthula R, Zhao L, Willner B, Hidalgo TC, Faber H, Purushothaman B, Sachs M, Cha H, Sougrat R, Anthopoulos TD, Inal S, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chains Increase Charge Generation in Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105007. [PMID: 34714562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) composed of an electron donor/acceptor (D/A) semiconductor blend have recently emerged as an efficient class of hydrogen-evolution photocatalysts. It is demonstrated that using conjugated polymers functionalized with (oligo)ethylene glycol side chains in NP photocatalysts can greatly enhance their H2 -evolution efficiency compared to their nonglycolated analogues. The strategy is broadly applicable to a range of structurally diverse conjugated polymers. Transient spectroscopic studies show that glycolation facilitates charge generation even in the absence of a D/A heterojunction, and further suppresses both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination in D/A NPs. This results in a high yield of photogenerated charges with lifetimes long enough to efficiently drive ascorbic acid oxidation, which is correlated with greatly enhanced H2 -evolution rates in the glycolated NPs. Glycolation increases the relative permittivity of the semiconductors and facilitates water uptake. Together, these effects may increase the high-frequency relative permittivity inside the NPs sufficiently, to cause the observed suppression of exciton and charge recombination responsible for the high photocatalytic activities of the glycolated NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosco
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Calvyn T Howells
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Willner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Tania C Hidalgo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
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17
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Using automated synthesis to understand the role of side chains on molecular charge transport. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2102. [PMID: 35440635 PMCID: PMC9019014 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of next-generation organic electronic materials critically relies on understanding structure-function relationships in conjugated polymers. However, unlocking the full potential of organic materials requires access to their vast chemical space while efficiently managing the large synthetic workload to survey new materials. In this work, we use automated synthesis to prepare a library of conjugated oligomers with systematically varied side chain composition followed by single-molecule characterization of charge transport. Our results show that molecular junctions with long alkyl side chains exhibit a concentration-dependent bimodal conductance with an unexpectedly high conductance state that arises due to surface adsorption and backbone planarization, which is supported by a series of control experiments using asymmetric, planarized, and sterically hindered molecules. Density functional theory simulations and experiments using different anchors and alkoxy side chains highlight the role of side chain chemistry on charge transport. Overall, this work opens new avenues for using automated synthesis for the development and understanding of organic electronic materials. Development of organic electronic materials relies on understanding structure-function relationships in conjugated polymers but the synthetic workload to make large numbers of new compounds presents a practical barrier to properly survey conjugated organic derivatives. Here, the authors use automated synthesis to prepare a library of conjugated oligomers with systematically varied side chain composition followed by single-molecule characterization of charge transport.
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18
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Bianchi M, De Salvo A, Asplund M, Carli S, Di Lauro M, Schulze‐Bonhage A, Stieglitz T, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Neural Interfaces for Recording and Stimulation: Fundamental Aspects and In Vivo Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104701. [PMID: 35191224 PMCID: PMC9036021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation neural interfaces for bidirectional communication with the central nervous system aim to achieve the intimate integration with the neural tissue with minimal neuroinflammatory response, high spatio-temporal resolution, very high sensitivity, and readout stability. The design and manufacturing of devices for low power/low noise neural recording and safe and energy-efficient stimulation that are, at the same time, conformable to the brain, with matched mechanical properties and biocompatibility, is a convergence area of research where neuroscientists, materials scientists, and nanotechnologists operate synergically. The biotic-abiotic neural interface, however, remains a formidable challenge that prompts for new materials platforms and innovation in device layouts. Conductive polymers (CP) are attractive materials to be interfaced with the neural tissue and to be used as sensing/stimulating electrodes because of their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, their low contact impedance, high charge storage capacitance, chemical versatility, and biocompatibility. This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based neural interfaces for extracellular recording and stimulation, focusing on those technological approaches that are successfully demonstrated in vivo. The aim is to highlight the most reliable and ready-for-clinical-use solutions, in terms of materials technology and recording performance, other than spot major limitations and identify future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Anna De Salvo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Maria Asplund
- Division of Nursing and Medical TechnologyLuleå University of TechnologyLuleå971 87Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Present address:
Department of Environmental and Prevention SciencesUniversità di FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Andreas Schulze‐Bonhage
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Epilepsy CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Life Science DepartmentUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaVia Campi 103Modena41125Italy
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19
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Chiong JA, Zheng Y, Zhang S, Ma G, Wu Y, Ngaruka G, Lin Y, Gu X, Bao Z. Impact of Molecular Design on Degradation Lifetimes of Degradable Imine-Based Semiconducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3717-3726. [PMID: 35179880 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient electronics are a rapidly emerging field due to their potential applications in the environment and human health. Recently, a few studies have incorporated acid-labile imine bonds into polymer semiconductors to impart transience; however, understanding of the structure-degradation property relationships of these polymers is limited. In this study, we systematically design and characterize a series of fully degradable diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers with engineered sidechains to investigate the impact of several molecular design parameters on the degradation lifetimes of these polymers. By monitoring degradation kinetics via ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, we reveal that polymer degradation in solution is aggregation-dependent based on the branching point and Mn, with accelerated degradation rates facilitated by decreasing aggregation. Additionally, increasing the hydrophilicity of the polymers promotes water diffusion and therefore acid hydrolysis of the imine bonds along the polymer backbone. The aggregation properties and degradation lifetimes of these polymers rely heavily on solvent, with polymers in chlorobenzene taking six times as long to degrade as in chloroform. We develop a new method for quantifying the degradation of polymers in the thin film and observe that similar factors and considerations (e.g., interchain order, crystallite size, and hydrophilicity) used for designing high-performance semiconductors impact the degradation of imine-based polymer semiconductors. We found that terpolymerization serves as an attractive approach for achieving degradable semiconductors with both good charge transport and tuned degradation properties. This study provides crucial principles for the molecular design of degradable semiconducting polymers, and we anticipate that these findings will expedite progress toward transient electronics with controlled lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika A Chiong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gradie Ngaruka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Heimfarth D, Balcı Leinen M, Klein P, Allard S, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. Enhancing Electrochemical Transistors Based on Polymer-Wrapped (6,5) Carbon Nanotube Networks with Ethylene Glycol Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8209-8217. [PMID: 35108486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are an important building block for bioelectronics. To promote the required ion transport through the active layer, state-of-the-art semiconducting polymers feature hydrophilic ethylene glycol side chains that increase the volumetric capacitance and transconductance of the devices. Here, we apply this concept to polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a high-mobility semiconducting material. We replace the polyfluorene copolymer (PFO-BPy), which is used for selectively dispersing semiconducting (6,5) SWCNTs and contains octyl side chains, by an equivalent polymer with tetraethylene glycol side chains. Aerosol-jet printed networks of these SWCNTs are applied as the active layer in water-gated ECTs. These show high hole mobilities (3-15 cm2·V-1·s-1), significantly improved volumetric capacitances and larger transconductances. Thin networks of SWCNTs reach (219 ± 16) F·cm-1·V-1·s-1 as the product of mobility and volumetric capacitance. In situ photoluminescence measurements show more efficient quenching of the near-infrared fluorescence for nanotube networks with hydrophilic glycol side chains compared to those with hydrophobic alkyl side chains, thus corroborating more complete charging under bias. Overall, networks of semiconducting SWCNTs with such tailored wrapping polymers provide excellent device performance. Combined with their inherent mechanical flexibility and durability, they constitute a competitive material for bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heimfarth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Merve Balcı Leinen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Klein
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Zokaei S, Craighero M, Cea C, Kneissl LM, Kroon R, Khodagholy D, Lund A, Müller C. Electrically Conducting Elastomeric Fibers with High Stretchability and Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102813. [PMID: 34816573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conducting materials are appealing for the design of unobtrusive wearable electronic devices. Conjugated polymers with oligoethylene glycol side chains are excellent candidate materials owing to their low elastic modulus and good compatibility with polar stretchable polymers. Here, electrically conducting elastomeric blend fibers with high stretchability, wet spun from a blend of a doped polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains and a polyurethane are reported. The wet-spinning process is versatile, reproducible, scalable, and produces continuous filaments with a diameter ranging from 30 to 70 µm. The fibers are stretchable up to 480% even after chemical doping with iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate and exhibit an electrical conductivity of up to 7.4 S cm-1 , which represents a record combination of properties for conjugated polymer-based fibers. The fibers remain conductive during elongation until fiber fracture and display excellent long-term stability at ambient conditions. Cyclic stretching up to 50% strain for at least 400 strain cycles reveals that the doped fibers exhibit high cyclic stability and retain their electrical conductivity. Finally, a directional strain sensing device, which makes use of the linear increase in resistance of the fibers up to 120% strain is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lucas M Kneissl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
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22
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Ponder JF, Gregory SA, Atassi A, Menon AK, Lang AW, Savagian LR, Reynolds JR, Yee SK. Significant Enhancement of the Electrical Conductivity of Conjugated Polymers by Post-Processing Side Chain Removal. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1351-1360. [PMID: 35007084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The processability and electronic properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) have become increasingly important due to the potential of these materials in redox and solid-state devices for a broad range of applications. To solubilize CPs, side chains are needed, but such side chains reduce the relative fraction of electroactive material in the film, potentially obstructing π-π intermolecular interactions, localizing charge carriers, and compromising desirable optoelectronic properties. To reduce the deleterious effects of side chains, we demonstrate that post-processing side chain removal, exemplified here via ester hydrolysis, significantly increases the electrical conductivity of chemically doped CP films. Beginning with a model system consisting of an ester functionalized ProDOT copolymerized with a dimethylProDOT, we used a variety of methods to assess the changes in polymer film volume and morphology upon hydrolysis and resulting active material densification. Via a combination of electrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and charge transport models, we demonstrate that this increase in electrical conductivity is not due to an increase in degree of doping but an increase in charge carrier density and reduction in carrier localization that occurs due to side chain removal. With this improved understanding of side chain hydrolysis, we then apply this method to high-performance ProDOT-alt-EDOTx copolymers. After hydrolysis, these ProDOT-alt-EDOTx copolymers yield exceptional electrical conductivities (∼700 S/cm), outperforming all previously reported oligoether-/glycol-based CP systems. Ultimately, this methodology advances the ability to solution process highly electrically conductive CP films.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Akanksha K Menon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Augustus W Lang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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23
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Wang LH, Chen XJ, Ye DN, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhong AG, Li CZ, Liu SY. Pot- and atom-economic synthesis of oligomeric non-fullerene acceptors via C–H direct arylation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Three long-chain oligomeric acceptors with a stepwise increase in conjugation length are obtained via three successive one-pot reactions and a systematic structure–property–performance relationship study was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xian-Jie Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Nai Ye
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ai-Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy & Chemistry, Taizhou University, 317000, PR China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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24
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Kang SH, Lee D, Kim H, Choi W, Oh J, Oh JH, Yang C. Effects of the Polarity and Bulkiness of End-Functionalized Side Chains on the Charge Transport of Dicyanovinyl-End-Capped Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based n-Type Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52840-52849. [PMID: 34704746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When designing organic semiconductors, side-chain engineering is as important as modifying the conjugated backbone, which has a significant impact on molecular ordering, morphology, and thus electronic device performance. We have developed three dicyanovinyl-end-capped donor-acceptor diketopyrrolopyrrole-based n-type small molecules (C2C9CN, SiC4CN, and EH4PCN) bearing an identical length of alkyl spacer yet different end-functionalized side chains (i.e., alkyl-, siloxane-, and phosphonate-end pendants). The effects of the end-functionalized side chains on the intrinsic molecular properties, microstructure, and charge transport of the small-molecule series were investigated. In comparison with the alkyl-end side chains, incorporating siloxane-end side chains into the backbone facilitates 2D edge-on oriented high intergrain connectivity/crystallinity and compatibility with the substrate surface, whereas the phosphonate-end analogues have an adverse effect on the film-forming quality due to high polarity. Thereby, an organic field-effect transistor fabricated by SiC4CN shows the best electron mobility up to 1.59 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 along with a high current on/off ratio >105. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of the end-functionalized side chains (e.g., the effects of polarity and bulkiness of the end groups) for the development of high-performance semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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25
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Mao X, Li X, Zheng D, Nie X, Yin X, Li B, Wu J, Gao C, Gao Y, Wang L. Crystalline Domain Formation to Enable High-Performance Polymer Thermoelectrics Inspired by Thermocleavable Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49348-49357. [PMID: 34617435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical conductivity is an important role in realizing high thermoelectric performance of solution-processable polymers. Herein, a simple and robust approach to boost the mobility and doping efficiency of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymer with the introduction of thermocleavable side chains (PDPPS-X, where X is the molar ratio of the thermocleavable side chains and alkyl chains) is first provided. Notably, the incorporated thermocleavable groups can be effectively removed after thermal treatment and therefore contribute to the crystalline domain formation via hydrogen-bonded networks, which is critical for conductivity enhancements. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) patterns give a clear indication that the thermal treatment of PDPPS-5 can greatly improve the structural arrangement, resulting in a significantly enhanced hole mobility (5.4 times that of PDPPS-0 without thermocleavable chains). Compared to PDPPS-0, a larger Fermi level shift is observed after doping PDPPS-5 with FeCl3, reflecting a better doping efficiency. Consequently, remarkably improved conductivity and power factor are achieved by PDPPS-5 after doping with 0.03 M FeCl3 at room temperature, which are about 2.2 and 3.5 times higher than that of PDPPS-0 at the same testing condition, respectively. Moreover, PDPPS-5 achieved a maximum power factor of 57.5 μW m-1 K-2 at 404 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Mao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dinglei Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiuxiu Nie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Benzhang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiatao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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26
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Krauss G, Hochgesang A, Mohanraj J, Thelakkat M. Highly Efficient Doping of Conjugated Polymers Using Multielectron Acceptor Salts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100443. [PMID: 34599788 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical doping is a vital tool for tuning electronic properties of conjugated polymers. Most single electron acceptors used for p-doping necessitate high dopant concentrations to achieve good electrical conductivity. However, high-molar doping ratios hamper doping efficiency. Here a new concept of using multielectron acceptor (MEA) salts as dopants for conjugated polymers is presented. Two novel MEA salts are synthesized and their doping efficiency towards two polymers differing in their dielectric properties are compared with two single electron acceptors such as NOPF6 and magic blue. Cutting-edge methods such as ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), impedance spectroscopy, and density of states analysis in addition to UV-vis-NIR absorption, spectroelectrochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy methods are used to characterize the doped systems. The tetracation salt improves the conductivity by two orders of magnitude and quadruples the charge carrier concentration compared to single electron acceptors for the same molar ratio. The differences in charge carrier density and activation energy on doping are delineated. Further, a strong dependency of the carrier release on the polymer polarity is observed. High carrier densities at reduced dopant loadings and improved doping efficacies using MEA dopants offer a highly efficient doping strategy for conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Adrian Hochgesang
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - John Mohanraj
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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27
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Ma T, Dong BX, Onorato JW, Niklas J, Poluektov O, Luscombe CK, Patel SN. Correlating conductivity and Seebeck coefficient to doping within crystalline and amorphous domains in poly(3‐(methoxyethoxyethoxy)thiophene). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhou Ma
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Oleg Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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28
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Wang X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Lu Y, Yao Z, Ding Y, Yu Z, Wang J, Pei J. Revealing the effect of oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains on
n‐doping
process in
FBDPPV
‐based polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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29
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Griggs S, Marks A, Bristow H, McCulloch I. n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:8099-8128. [PMID: 34277009 PMCID: PMC8264852 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc02048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the design strategies which aim to develop high performing n-type materials in the fields of organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) and organic thermoelectrics (OTE). Figures of merit for each application and the limitations in obtaining these are set out, and the challenges with achieving consistent and comparable measurements are addressed. We present a thorough discussion of the limitations of n-type materials, particularly their ambient operational instability, and suggest synthetic methods to overcome these. This instability originates from the oxidation of the negative polaron of the organic semiconductor (OSC) by water and oxygen, the potentials of which commonly fall within the electrochemical window of n-type OSCs, and consequently require a LUMO level deeper than ∼-4 eV for a material with ambient stability. Recent high performing n-type materials are detailed for each application and their design principles are discussed to explain how synthetic modifications can enhance performance. This can be achieved through a number of strategies, including utilising an electron deficient acceptor-acceptor backbone repeat unit motif, introducing electron-withdrawing groups or heteroatoms, rigidification and planarisation of the polymer backbone and through increasing the conjugation length. By studying the fundamental synthetic design principles which have been employed to date, this review highlights a path to the development of promising polymers for n-type OSC applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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30
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Adhikari C. Polymer nanoparticles-preparations, applications and future insights: a concise review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1939715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Adhikari
- School of Basic Science and Humanities, Institute of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
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31
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Eichhorn SH, El-Ballouli AO, Cassar A, Kaafarani BR. Columnar Mesomorphism of Board-Shaped Perylene, Diketopyrrolopyrrole, Isoindigo, Indigo, and Quinoxalino-Phenanthrophenazine Dyes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:319-339. [PMID: 33624951 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The properties of organic dyes depend as much on their intermolecular interactions as on their molecular structure. While it is generally predictable what supramolecular structure would be ideal for a specific application, the generation of specific supramolecular structures by molecular design and suitable processing methods remains to be a challenge. A versatile approach to different supramolecular structures has been the application of mesomorphism in conjunction with alignment techniques and self-assembly at interfaces. Reviewed here is the columnar mesomorphism of board-shaped dyes perylene, indigo, isoindigo, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine. They generate a larger number of different supramolecular structures than conventional disc-shaped (discotic) mesogens because of their non-circular shape and directional intermolecular interactions. The mesomorphism of all but the perylene derivatives is systematically and comprehensively covered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holger Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - A O El-Ballouli
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Cassar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Bilal R Kaafarani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
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32
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Ye G, Liu J, Qiu X, Stäter S, Qiu L, Liu Y, Yang X, Hildner R, Koster LJA, Chiechi RC. Controlling n-Type Molecular Doping via Regiochemistry and Polarity of Pendant Groups on Low Band Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3886-3896. [PMID: 34054145 PMCID: PMC8154869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We demonstrate the
impact of the type and position of pendant groups
on the n-doping of low-band gap donor–acceptor (D–A)
copolymers. Polar glycol ether groups simultaneously increase the
electron affinities of D–A copolymers and improve the host/dopant
miscibility compared to nonpolar alkyl groups, improving the doping
efficiency by a factor of over 40. The bulk mobility of the doped
films increases with the fraction of polar groups, leading to a best
conductivity of 0.08 S cm–1 and power factor (PF)
of 0.24 μW m–1 K–2 in the
doped copolymer with the polar pendant groups on both the D and A
moieties. We used spatially resolved absorption spectroscopy to relate
commensurate morphological changes to the dispersion of dopants and
to the relative local doping efficiency, demonstrating a direct relationship
between the morphology of the polymer phase, the solvation of the
molecular dopant, and the electrical properties of doped films. Our
work offers fundamental new insights into the influence of the physical
properties of pendant chains on the molecular doping process, which
should be generalizable to any molecularly doped polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stäter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yuru Liu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Guilbert AAY, Parr ZS, Kreouzis T, Woods DJ, Sprick RS, Abrahams I, Nielsen CB, Zbiri M. Effect of substituting non-polar chains with polar chains on the structural dynamics of small organic molecule and polymer semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7462-7471. [PMID: 33876106 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The processability and optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors can be tuned and manipulated via chemical design. The substitution of the popular alkyl side chains by oligoethers has recently been successful for applications such as bioelectronic sensors and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Beyond the differences in polarity, the carbon-oxygen bond in oligoethers is likely to render the system softer and more prone to dynamical disorder that can be detrimental to charge transport for example. In this context, we use neutron spectroscopy as a master method of probe, in addition to characterisation techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy to study the effect of the substitution of n-hexyl (Hex) chains by triethylene glycol (TEG) chains on the structural dynamics of two organic semiconducting materials: a phenylene-bithiophene-phenylene (PTTP) small molecule and a fluorene-co-dibenzothiophene (FS) polymer. Counterintuitively, inelastic neutron scattering (INS) reveals a general softening of the modes of PTTP and FS materials with Hex chains, pointing towards an increased dynamical disorder in the Hex-based systems. However, temperature-dependent X-ray and neutron diffraction as well as INS and differential scanning calorimetry evidence an extra reversible transition close to room temperature for PTTP with TEG chains. The observed extra structural transition, which is not accompanied by a change in birefringence, can also be observed by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). A fastening of the TEG chains dynamics is observed in the case of PTTP and not FS. We therefore assign this transition to the melt of the TEG chains. Overall the TEG chains are promoting dynamical order at room temperature, but if crystallising, may introduce an extra reversible structural transition above room temperature leading to thermal instabilities. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of chain polarity and structural dynamics can help guide new materials design and navigate the intricate balance between electronic charge transport and aqueous swelling that is being sought for a number of emerging organic electronic and bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Y Guilbert
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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34
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Li R, Dai Z, Zheng M, Wang C, Deng Z, Zhuang T, Feng K, Yang W, Yang K, Zhang H. Benzo/Naphthodifuranone-Based Polymers: Effect of Perpendicular-Extended Main Chain π-Conjugation on Organic Field-Effect Transistor Performances. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000703. [PMID: 33543518 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For polymer semiconductors, the backbone structure plays an essential role in determining their physicochemical properties and charge transport behaviors. In this work, two donor-acceptor-type polymers (P-BDF and P-NDF) based on benzodifuranone (BDF) and naphthodifunarone (NDF) as electron-deficient moieties and indaceno-dithiophene as electron-rich groups are designed, synthesized and, for the first time, applied in organic field-effect transistor. P-BDF and P-NDF differ from their backbone structures while P-BDF has a more planar backbone conformation due to its smaller conjugated core size and P-NDF features a perpendicular-extended main chain structure. As a result, P-BDF polymer exhibits bathochromic optical absorption, deeper molecular orbital energy levels, and more importantly, closer π-stacking and stronger aggregation in the solid state and thus affords a more promising hole mobility of up to 0.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OFET devices, while that of the P-NDF-based devices is only 0.55 cm2 V-1 s-1 . The results suggest the great potential of BDF/NDF-type chromophores in constructing novel organic semiconductors and also indicate that the main chain coplanarity of polymer semiconductors is more essential than the sole extension of π-conjugations (especially at the perpendicular direction of polymer main chains) for the design of high-performance OFET materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China.,Qingdao Haiwan Science and Technology Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., No. 27 Banghai South Road Shibei District, Qingdao, 266031, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Kui Feng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology (SNUT), Hanzhong, 723001, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology (SNUT), Hanzhong, 723001, P. R. China
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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35
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Zokaei S, Kroon R, Gladisch J, Paulsen BD, Sohn W, Hofmann AI, Persson G, Stamm A, Syrén P, Olsson E, Rivnay J, Stavrinidou E, Lund A, Müller C. Toughening of a Soft Polar Polythiophene through Copolymerization with Hard Urethane Segments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002778. [PMID: 33511014 PMCID: PMC7816697 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polar polythiophenes with oligoethylene glycol side chains are exceedingly soft materials. A low glass transition temperature and low degree of crystallinity prevents their use as a bulk material. The synthesis of a copolymer comprising 1) soft polythiophene blocks with tetraethylene glycol side chains, and 2) hard urethane segments is reported. The molecular design is contrary to that of other semiconductor-insulator copolymers, which typically combine a soft nonconjugated spacer with hard conjugated segments. Copolymerization of polar polythiophenes and urethane segments results in a ductile material that can be used as a free-standing solid. The copolymer displays a storage modulus of 25 MPa at room temperature, elongation at break of 95%, and a reduced degree of swelling due to hydrogen bonding. Both chemical doping and electrochemical oxidation reveal that the introduction of urethane segments does not unduly reduce the hole charge-carrier mobility and ability to take up charge. Further, stable operation is observed when the copolymer is used as the active layer of organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Wonil Sohn
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Gustav Persson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Arne Stamm
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
| | - Per‐Olof Syrén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
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36
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Recent development of n-type thermoelectric materials based on conjugated polymers. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Cong S, Creamer A, Fei Z, Hillman SAJ, Rapley C, Nelson J, Heeney M. Tunable Control of the Hydrophilicity and Wettability of Conjugated Polymers by a Postpolymerization Modification Approach. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000087. [PMID: 32537851 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A facile method to prepare hydrophilic polymers by a postpolymerization nucleophillic aromatic substitution reaction of fluoride on an emissive conjugated polymer (CP) backbone is reported. Quantitative functionalization by a series of monofunctionalized ethylene glycol oligomers, from dimer to hexamer, as well as with high molecular weight polyethylene glycol is demonstrated. The length of the ethylene glycol sidechains is shown to have a direct impact on the surface wettability of the polymer, as well as its solubility in polar solvents. However, the energetics and band gap of the CPs remain essentially constant. This method therefore allows an easy way to modulate the wettability and solubility of CP materials for a diverse series of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Adam Creamer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Sam A J Hillman
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charlotte Rapley
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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