1
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Warzecha E, Uhnak NE, Arnold E, Hobbs KP, Beck CL. Separation of gold from irradiated actinide material utilizing a 2- thenoyltrifluoroacetone extraction resin. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:464992. [PMID: 38761701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Post-detonation nuclear forensics capabilities depend on the ability to rapidly isolate radionuclides to improve measurement quality. In this work an extraction chromatography resin was developed utilizing thenoyltrifluoroacetone and 1-octanol supported on Eichrom prefilter resin. The resin was tested in nitric and hydrochloric acid matrices. In nitric acid the resin was able to extract zirconium, while in hydrochloric acid matrices it was possible to extract iron and gallium. In all acid conditions tested, gold was retained but can be eluted from the column with 10 % thiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Warzecha
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Nic E Uhnak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ean Arnold
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kirby P Hobbs
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Chelsie L Beck
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA
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2
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Saha S, Basu H, Singh S, Kumar Singhal R. A biogenic hydrogel to recover Au(III) from electronic waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121384. [PMID: 38850922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In the course of this investigation, we undertook the contemplation of a green chemistry paradigm with the express intent of procuring valuable metal, namely gold, from electronic waste (e-waste). In pursuit of this overarching objective, we conceived a procedural framework consisting of two pivotal stages. As an initial stage, we introduced a physical separation procedure relying on the utilization of the Eddy current separator, prior to embarking on the process of leaching from e-waste. Subsequent to the partitioning of metals from the non-metal constituents of waste printed circuit boards (PCB), we initiated an investigation into the hydrogel derived from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.), utilizing it as a biogenic sorbent medium. The thorough characterization of hydrogel extracted from basil seeds involved the application of an array of analytical techniques, encompassing FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET. The batch sorption experiments show more than 90% uptake in the pH range of 2-5. The sorption capacity of the hydrogel material was evaluated as 188.44 mg g-1 from the Langmuir Isotherm model. The potential interference stemming from a spectrum of other ions, encompassing Al, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb was systematically examined. Notably, the sole instance of interference in the context of adsorption of gold ions was observed to be associated with the presence of lead. The application of the hydrogel demonstrated a commendable efficiency in the recovery of Au(III) from the leached solution derived from the waste PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Saha
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Hirakendu Basu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Shweta Singh
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singhal
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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3
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Xia D, Lee C, Charpentier NM, Deng Y, Yan Q, Gabriel JCP. Drivers and Pathways for the Recovery of Critical Metals from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309635. [PMID: 38837685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing importance of critical metals (CMs) in modern society underscores their resource security and circularity. Waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are particularly attractive reservoirs of CMs due to their gamut CM embedding and ubiquitous presence. However, the recovery of most CMs is out of reach from current metal-centric recycling industries, resulting in a flood loss of refined CMs. Here, 41 types of such spent CMs are identified. To deliver a higher level of CM sustainability, this work provides an insightful overview of paradigm-shifting pathways for CM recovery from WPCBs that have been developed in recent years. As a crucial starting entropy-decreasing step, various strategies of metal enrichment are compared, and the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperspectral sensing is highlighted. Then, tailored metal recycling schemes are presented for the platinum group, rare earth, and refractory metals, with emphasis on greener metallurgical methods contributing to transforming CMs into marketable products. In addition, due to the vital nexus of CMs between the environment and energy sectors, the upcycling of CMs into electro-/photo-chemical catalysts for green fuel synthesis is proposed to extend the recycling chain. Finally, the challenges and outlook on this all-round upgrading of WPCB recycling are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Carmen Lee
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nicolas M Charpentier
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Yuemin Deng
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
- Ecologic France, 15 Avenue du Centre, Guyancour, 78280, France
| | - Qingyu Yan
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe P Gabriel
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
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4
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Gómez M, Grimes S, Fowler G. Development of complete hydrometallurgical processes for gold recovery from ICs and CPUs using ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121306. [PMID: 38833918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Integrated circuits (ICs) and central processing units (CPUs), essential components of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), are complex composite materials rich in recyclable high-value strategic and critical metals, with many in concentrations higher than in their natural ores. With gold the most valuable metal present, increase in demand for gold for EEE and its limited availability have led to a steep rise in the market price of gold, making gold recycling a high priority to meet demand. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional technologies for recycling e-waste, the use of greener technologies (ionic liquids (ILs) as leaching agents), offers greater potential for the recovery of gold from e-waste components. While previous studies have demonstrated the efficiency and feasibility of using ILs for gold recovery, these works predominantly concentrate on the extraction stage and often utilise simulated solutions, lacking the implementation of a complete process validated with real samples to effectively assess its overall effectiveness. In this work, a simulated Model Test System was used to determine the optimal leaching and extraction conditions before application to real samples. With copper being the most abundant metal in the e-waste fractions, to access the gold necessitated a two-stage pre-treatment (nitric acid leaching followed by aqua regia leaching) to ensure complete removal of copper and deliver a gold-enriched leach liquor. Gold extraction from the leach liquor was achieved by liquid-liquid extraction using Cyphos 101 (0.1 M in toluene with an O:A = 1:1, 20 °C, 150 rpm, and 15 min) and as a second process by sorption extraction with loaded resins (Amberlite XAD-7 with 300 mg of Cyphos 101/g of resins at 20 °C, 150 rpm and 3 h). In both processes, complete stripping and desorption of gold was achieved (0.5 M thiourea in 0.5 M HCl) and gold recovered, as nanoparticles of purity ≥95%, via a reduction step using a sodium borohydride solution (0.1 M NaBH4 in 0.1 M NaOH). These two hydrometallurgical processes developed can achieve overall efficiencies of ≥95% for gold recovery from real e-waste components, permit the reuse of the IL and resins up to five consecutive times, and offer a promising approach for recovery from any e-waste stream rich in gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Gómez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sue Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Fowler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Abubakar S, Das G, Prakasam T, Jrad A, Gándara F, Varghese S, Delclos T, Olson MA, Trabolsi A. Enhanced Removal of Ultratrace Levels of Gold from Wastewater Using Sulfur-Rich Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38822789 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In view of the increasing global demand and consumption of gold, there is a growing need and effort to extract gold from alternative sources besides conventional mining, e.g., from water. This drive is mainly due to the potential benefits for the economy and the environment as these sources contain large quantities of the precious metal that can be utilized. Wastewater is one of these valuable sources in which the gold concentration can be in the ppb range. However, the effective selective recovery and recycling of ultratrace amounts of this metal remain a challenge. In this article, we describe the development of a covalent imine-based organic framework with pores containing thioanisole functional groups (TTASDFPs) formed by the condensation of a triazine-based triamine and an aromatic dialdehyde. The sulfur-functionalized pores served as effective chelating agents to bind Au3+ ions, as evidenced by the uptake of more than 99% of the 9 ppm Au3+ solution within 2 min. This is relatively fast kinetics compared with other adsorbents reported for gold adsorption. TTASDFP also showed a high removal capacity of 245 mg·g-1 and a clear selectivity toward gold ions. More importantly, the material can capture gold at concentrations as low as 1 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Abubakar
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gobinda Das
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thirumurugan Prakasam
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa Jrad
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Water Research Centre, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129118 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid─CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabu Varghese
- CTP, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thomas Delclos
- Materials and Surface Core Laboratories, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Olson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412 United States
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Water Research Centre, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129118 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Tay HM, Docker A, Taylor AJ, Beer PD. A Halogen Bonding [2]Rotaxane Shuttle for Chloride-Selective Optical Sensing. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400952. [PMID: 38536767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The first example of a [2]rotaxane shuttle capable of selective optical sensing of chloride anions over other halides is reported. The rotaxane was synthesised via a chloride ion template-directed cyclisation of an isophthalamide macrocycle around a multi-station axle containing peripheral naphthalene diimide (NDI) stations and a halogen bonding (XB) bis(iodotriazole) based station. Proton NMR studies indicate the macrocycle resides preferentially at the NDI stations in the free rotaxane, where it is stabilised by aromatic donor-acceptor charge transfer interactions between the axle NDI and macrocycle hydroquinone moieties. Addition of chloride ions in an aqueous-acetone solvent mixture induces macrocycle translocation to the XB anion binding station to facilitate the formation of convergent XB⋅⋅⋅Cl- and hydrogen bonding HB⋅⋅⋅Cl- interactions, which is accompanied by a reduction of the charge-transfer absorption band. Importantly, little to no optical response was induced by addition of bromide or iodide to the rotaxane, indicative of the size discriminative steric inaccessibility of the interlocked cavity to the larger halides, demonstrating the potential of using the mechanical bond effect as a potent strategy and tool in chloride-selective chemo-sensing applications in aqueous containing solvent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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7
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Vance SM, Mojsak M, Kinsman LMM, Rae R, Kirk C, Love JB, Morrison CA. Selective Gold Precipitation by a Tertiary Diamide Driven by Thermodynamic Control. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9332-9345. [PMID: 38722710 PMCID: PMC11110006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The simple diamide ligand L was previously shown to selectively precipitate gold from acidic solutions typical of e-waste leach streams, with precipitation of gallium, iron, tin, and platinum possible under more forcing conditions. Herein, we report direct competition experiments to afford the order of selectivity. Thermal analysis indicates that the gold-, gallium-, and iron-containing precipitates present as the most thermodynamically stable structures at room temperature, while the tin-containing structure does not. Computational modeling established that the precipitation process is thermodynamically driven, with ion exchange calculations matching the observed experimental selectivity ordering. Calculations also show that the stretched ligand conformation seen in the X-ray crystal structure of the gold-containing precipitate is more strained than in the structures of the other metal precipitates, indicating that intermolecular interactions likely dictate the selectivity ordering. This was confirmed through a combination of Hirshfeld, noncovalent interaction (NCI), and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses, which highlight favorable halogen···halogen contacts between metalates and pseudo-anagostic C-H···metal interactions in the crystal structure of the gold-containing precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna
S. M. Vance
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Mojsak
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luke M. M. Kinsman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Rae
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Kirk
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Zupanc A, Install J, Weckman T, Melander MM, Heikkilä MJ, Kemell M, Honkala K, Repo T. Sequential Selective Dissolution of Coinage Metals in Recyclable Ionic Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407147. [PMID: 38742485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au are essential for modern electronics and their recycling from waste materials is becoming increasingly important to guarantee the security of their supply. Designing new sustainable and selective procedures that would substitute currently used processes is crucial. Here, we describe an unprecedented approach for the sequential dissolution of single metals from Cu, Ag, and Au mixtures using biomass-derived ionic solvents and green oxidants. First, Cu can be selectively dissolved in the presence of Ag and Au with a choline chloride/urea/H2O2 mixture, followed by the dissolution of Ag in lactic acid/H2O2. Finally, the metallic Au, which is not soluble in either solution above, is dissolved in choline chloride/urea/Oxone. Subsequently, the metals were simply and quantitatively recovered from dissolutions, and the solvents were recycled and reused. The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated by recovering metals from electronic waste substrates such as printed circuit boards, gold fingers, and solar panels. The dissolution reactions and selectivity were explored with different analytical techniques and DFT calculations. We anticipate our approach will pave a new way for the contemporary and sustainable recycling of multi-metal waste substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Weckman
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko M Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Honkala
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Koskinen J, Frimodig J, Samulinen M, Tiihonen A, Siljanto J, Haukka M, Väisänen A. Optimization of Selective Hydrometallurgical Tantalum Recovery from E-Waste Using Zeolites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14947-14954. [PMID: 38585115 PMCID: PMC10993384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
To protect future high-tech metal demand, a selective and efficient recovery method for tantalum from a tantalum-rich e-waste component sample was developed. Ultrasound-assisted digestion of the component sample was optimized, and the highest dissolution rate was achieved using a mixture of 8 mol/L H2SO4 and HF at a temperature of 60 °C. The determined amount of tantalum was as high as 11 000 ± 1000 mg/kg, which results in a high potential for recyclable tantalum. The other major elements of this complex e-waste fraction were silicon, iron, aluminum, and tin. Efficient recovery of tantalum from the leachate was performed using the zeolite material ZSM-5. Extremely high selectivity and a recovery rate of over 98% were obtained. In terms of adsorption efficiency, selectivity, and durability of the material, optimal adsorption was obtained using the diluted sample at 0.5 mol/L of H2SO4. The adsorption capacity of ZSM-5 for tantalum was determined to be 10.5 ± 0.6 mg/g, and tantalum was selectively eluted with 1:4 diluted ethanolamine with a yield of 87.2 ± 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Koskinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Janne Frimodig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | | | - Antti Tiihonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Jimi Siljanto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
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10
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Bao L, Yang J, Zhang S, Ding T. Effect of E-waste copper alloy additions on the microstructure and organization of Cu90PSn brazing joints. Front Chem 2024; 12:1342117. [PMID: 38586831 PMCID: PMC10998468 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1342117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of different contents of e-waste alloy on the microstructure and joint properties of Cu90PSn brazing filler metal was investigated during copper and copper brazing. Microstructure of base metal and brazing filler metal was studied with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The properties of brazing joint obtained by adding different electronic waste filler metal for smelting copper alloy were compared together. The results indicated that the fluidity of Cu90PSn brazing filler metal was weakened and the spreading property of Cu90PSn brazing filler metal was damaged after the addition of e-waste copper alloy. The structure of Cu90PSn brazing filler metal is mainly composed of (Cu), Cu3P and (Cu,Sn) compounds. When a small amount of electronic waste copper alloy is added, a trace amount of Fe in the brazing filler metal is distributed in the matrix structure of the filler metal in the form of solid solution. With the increase of copper alloys contents by smelting e-waste, Fe content in Cu90PSn brazing filler metal increases; the granular Fe3P phosphide changes into lamellar form. The Cu3P compound phase changes from continuous large orderly arrangement to discontinuous small block structure. Therefore, adding a trace amount of electronic waste copper alloy to the solder induction brazing copper/copper can obtain a uniform composition of the brazing structure. And the welding performance is not affected. However, As the content of e-waste smelted copper alloy continues to increase, the tensile strength shows a downward trend, which is attributed to the presence of brittle compound Fe3P in the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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11
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Lv Z, Deng J, Cao T, Lee JY, Luo Y, Mao Y, Kim SH, Wang C, Hwang JH, Kang H, Yan X, Na J. Metal-Organic Frameworks Marry Sponge: New Opportunities for Advanced Water Treatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5590-5605. [PMID: 38457783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered attention across various fields due to their noteworthy features like high specific surface area, substantial porosity, and adjustable performance. In the realm of water treatment, MOFs exhibit great potential for eliminating pollutants such as organics, heavy metals, and oils. Nonetheless, the inherent powder characteristics of MOFs pose challenges in terms of recycling, pipeline blockage, and even secondary pollution in practical applications. Addressing these issues, the incorporation of MOFs into sponges proves to be an effective solution. Strategies like one-pot synthesis, in situ growth, and impregnation are commonly employed for loading MOFs onto sponges. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis strategies of MOFs and sponges, along with their applications in water treatment, aiming to contribute to the ongoing advancement of MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lv
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zheng Zhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jianmian Deng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zheng Zhou, 450046, China
| | - Taiyang Cao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zheng Zhou, 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulong Luo
- Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macao, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yanli Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaohai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jin Hyun Hwang
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyan Kang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Green Low Carbon-Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Xia J, Ghahreman A. Sustainable technologies for the recycling and upcycling of precious metals from e-waste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170154. [PMID: 38242454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
E-waste is the fastest growing solid waste in the world. Each year, over 50 million tonnes of e-waste are produced, with its rate increasing by 3-5 % annually. Currently, only 17 % of e-waste is properly recycled, leaving the majority managed unsustainably, thereby causing detrimental environmental and economic effects. Cleaner e-waste management technologies are essential to address this urgent and rapidly expanding issue. Precious metals within e-waste significantly contribute to recycling revenues. In this paper, we review state-of-the-art technologies for sustainable recycling and upcycling of these metals from e-waste, including cleaner extractive metallurgy, solution purification technologies, and direct synthesis of green nanomaterials. We also discuss the potential impacts and constraints of these technologies and provide recommendations for improving and implementing both existing and prospective technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xia
- Hydrometallurgy and Environment Laboratory, Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ghahreman
- Hydrometallurgy and Environment Laboratory, Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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13
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Ahmad M, Naik MUD, Tariq MR, Khan I, Zhang L, Zhang B. Advances in natural polysaccharides for gold recovery from e-waste: Recent developments in preparation with structural features. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129688. [PMID: 38280695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for gold because of its high market price and its wide use in the electronic industry has attracted interest in gold recovery from electronic waste (e-waste). Gold is being dumped as solid e-waste which contains gold concentrations ten times higher than gold ores. Adsorption is a widely used approach for extracting gold from e-waste due to its simplicity, low cost, high efficiency, and reusability of adsorbent material. Natural polysaccharides received increased attention due to their natural abundance, multi-functionality, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. In this review, a brief history, and advancements in this technology were evaluated with recent developments in the preparation and mechanism advancements of natural polysaccharides for efficient gold recovery. Moreover, we have discussed some bifunctional modified polysaccharides with detailed gold adsorption mechanisms. The modified adsorbent materials developed from polysaccharides coupled with inorganic/organic functional groups would demonstrate an efficient technology for the development of new bio-based materials for efficient gold recovery from e-waste. Also, future views are recommended for highlighting the direction to achieve fast and effective gold recovery from e-waste in a friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Ahmad
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Xian Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129, China
| | - Mehraj Ud-Din Naik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Tariq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China
| | - Idrees Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China
| | - Baoliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center for Functional Polymers on Adsorption and Separation, Sunresins New Materials Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710072, China.
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14
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Nag A, Morrison CA, Love JB. Rapid Dissolution of Gold in Alcohols by In-Situ Generation of Halogens. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301695. [PMID: 38412014 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The dissolution of elemental gold is a fundamental step in its recycling by hydrometallurgy but has a significant environmental impact due to the use of strong acids or highly toxic reagents. Herein, it is shown that mixtures of acetyl halides and hydrogen peroxide in alcohols promote the rapid room-temperature dissolution of gold by halogenation to form Au(III) metalates. After leaching, distillation of the alcohol and re-dissolution in dilute HCl, the gold was refined through its precipitation by a simple diamide ligand; this method was also applied to separate gold from a mixture of metals. The leaching process is rapid, avoids the use of highly toxic materials and corrosive acids, and can be integrated into selective separation processes, so has the potential to be used in the purification of gold from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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15
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Ang JNS, Chahine AY, Raeber TJ, Batten SR, Turner DR. Amine-Based MOF for Precious Metal Remediation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1258-1265. [PMID: 38166375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Due to the continuous growth rate of the electronic industry, hi-tech companies depend on mining and extracting precious metals to meet the public demand. The high turnover of modern devices generates an alarming amount of electronic waste (e-waste), which contains more precious metals than mined ores and therefore needs efficient recovery procedures. A highly stable homopiperazine-derived Cd-MOF, poly-[Cd(H2L)]·9H2O, with a protonated amine ligand core, exists as a twofold interpenetrated 3D framework with 1D channels into which the N+-H bond is directed. The geometry of these channels appears to be suitable to host square planar metalate complexes. Under acidic conditions, [MCl4]x- anions containing Au, Cu, Ni, and Pt, representing common components of e-waste under extraction conditions, were tested for capture and recovery. Cd-MOF exhibits remarkable selectivity and uptake performance toward Au with an adsorbent capacity of 25 mg g-1ads and shows a marked selectivity for Au over Cu in competitive experiments. The adsorption mechanism of Au appears to be predominantly physical adsorption at the surface of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Nadine S Ang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ali Y Chahine
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Stuart R Batten
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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16
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Vlasopoulos D, Mendrinou P, Oustadakis P, Kousi P, Stergiou A, Karamoutsos SD, Hatzikioseyian A, Tsakiridis PE, Remoundaki E, Agatzini-Leonardou S. Hydrometallurgical recovery of silver and gold from waste printed circuit boards and treatment of the wastewater in a biofilm reactor: An integrated pilot application. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118334. [PMID: 37354591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of gold and silver from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) was experimentally verified and tested at pilot scale. The process comprises four sequential leaching stages; the first two based on HCl, correspond to base metals (e.g. Sn, Cu) removal, while the third is based on HNO3 for Ag leaching and the final on aqua regia for Au leaching. After base metals leaching, the solid residue, enriched in silver and gold about 5 times, contained silver almost quantitively as insoluble AgCl and significant losses (Ag loss <8%) were avoided. The necessary reduction of Ag in the solid phase was achieved with a solution of 0.5 M N2H4 and 3 M NaOH, at 80 °C and S/L ratio 10%. Leaching of silver by 4 M HNO3 was followed by its recovery from nitrate solution by 0.08 Μ N2H4 at ambient temperature with an efficiency of 83%. Gold was leached by aqua regia and quantitively recovered by 0.13 M N2H4 at ambient temperature. Wastewater resulting from the process, rich in nitrate (5 g/L) and chloride (50 g/L), was treated by an effective and novel biological denitrification system tolerating metals at ppm level, to comply with zero nitrate and residual metals discharge guidelines. The overall process requires low reagents and energy input and has zero discharge for liquid effluents. The scheme is appropriate to be applied at local small to medium industrial units, complying with decentralized circular economy principles for metal recovery from electronic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vlasopoulos
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Panagiota Mendrinou
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Paschalis Oustadakis
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Pavlina Kousi
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | | | | | - Artin Hatzikioseyian
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Petros E Tsakiridis
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Emmanouella Remoundaki
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece.
| | - Styliani Agatzini-Leonardou
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Zografou, Greece
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17
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Rao MD, Meshram RB, Singh KK, Morrison CA, Love JB. Life cycle analysis on sequential recovery of copper and gold from waste printed circuit boards. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:621-627. [PMID: 37837909 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Informal recycling activities of waste printed circuit boards, such as pyrolysis and landfilling, cause severe environmental harm to society. Pyrolysis of resin and polymer fraction leads to the generation of toxic effluents, and landfilling causes the leaching of heavy metals into the groundwater. A sustainable and eco-friendly way to recover base and precious elements will be an economically attractive option. Current research studied the cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of the sequential recovery of copper and gold through delamination, leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning and cementation from waste printed circuit boards with the help of life cycle assessment.GaBi software was utilized to assess environmental impacts such as global warming, abiotic depletion (fossil), acidification potential and human toxicity potential during the process. Inventory data was collected by conducting several experiments and from optimizing parameters for recycling and separating 4.53 g of copper and 2.25 mg of gold from 16 g of component-free waste printed circuit boards. Results indicate that the chemical pre-treatment or delamination process for separating metal clads from the non-metallic fraction is primarily involved in the impact category. The higher impact during delamination is due to electricity consumption. The proposed study also corroborates the industrial viability of recycling valuable metals from waste printed circuit boards to minimize the environmental impacts. The outcomes of this work could be beneficial in creating the environmental guiding principle for WPCBs recycling plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudila Dhanunjaya Rao
- CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India; Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Rohit B Meshram
- CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Kamalesh K Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
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18
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Nag A, Singh MK, Morrison CA, Love JB. Efficient Recycling of Gold and Copper from Electronic Waste by Selective Precipitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308356. [PMID: 37594475 PMCID: PMC10952234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of metals from electronic waste (e-waste) using efficient, selective, and sustainable processes is integral to circular economy and net-zero aspirations. Herein, we report a new method for the selective precipitation of metals such as gold and copper that offsets the use of organic solvents that are traditionally employed in solvent extraction processes. We show that gold can be selectively precipitated from a mixture of metals in hydrochloric acid solution using triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), as the complex [(TPPO)4 (H5 O2 )][AuCl4 ]. By tuning the acid concentration, controlled precipitation of gold, zinc and iron can be achieved. We also show that copper can be selectively precipitated using 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid (2,3-PDCA), as the complex [Cu(2,3-PDCA-H)2 ]n ⋅ 2n(H2 O). The combination of these two precipitation methods resulted in the recovery of 99.5 % of the Au and 98.5 % of the Cu present in the connector pins of an end-of-life computer processing unit. The selectivity of these precipitation processes, combined with their straightforward operation and the ability to recycle and reuse the precipitants, suggests potential industrial uses in the purification of gold and copper from e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
| | - Mukesh K. Singh
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
| | | | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
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19
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Botelho Meireles de Souza G, Bisinotto Pereira M, Clementino Mourão L, Gonçalves Alonso C, Jegatheesan V, Cardozo-Filho L. Valorization of e-waste via supercritical water technology: An approach for obsolete mobile phones. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139343. [PMID: 37379987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The improper handling of electronic waste has not only severe environmental impacts but also results in the loss of high economic potential. To address this issue, the use of supercritical water (ScW) technology for the eco-friendly processing of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) obtained from obsolete mobile phones has been explored in this study. The WPCBs were characterized via MP-AES, WDXRF, TG/DTA, CHNS elemental analysis, SEM and XRD. A L9 Taguchi orthogonal array design was employed to evaluate the impact of four independent variables on the organic degradation rate (ODR) of the system. After optimization, an ODR of 98.4% was achieved at a temperature of 600 °C, a reaction time of 50 min, a flowrate of 7 mL min-1, and the absence of an oxidizing agent. The removal of the organic content from the WPCBs resulted in an increase in the metal concentration, with up to 92.6% of the metal content being efficiently recovered. During the ScW process, the decomposition by-products were continuously removed from the reactor system through the liquid or gaseous outputs. The liquid fraction, which was composed of phenol derivatives, was treated using the same experimental apparatus, achieving a total organic carbon reduction of 99.2% at 600 °C using H2O2 as the oxidizing agent. The gaseous fraction was found to contain hydrogen, methane, CO2, and CO as the major components. Finally, the addition of co-solvents, namely ethanol and glycerol, enhanced the production of combustible gases during the ScW processing of WPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Botelho Meireles de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Zona 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, S/n - Chácaras de Recreio Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil; School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Mariana Bisinotto Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Zona 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Clementino Mourão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, S/n - Chácaras de Recreio Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Christian Gonçalves Alonso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, S/n - Chácaras de Recreio Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Veeriah Jegatheesan
- School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Lucio Cardozo-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Zona 7, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil; School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Avenida Professora Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505 - Jardim Das Flores, São João da Boa Vista, SP, 13876-750, Brazil.
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20
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Mondal MS, Paul A, Rhaman M. Recycling of silver nanoparticles from electronic waste via green synthesis and application of AgNPs-chitosan based nanocomposite on textile material. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13798. [PMID: 37612338 PMCID: PMC10447510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The main thrust of this project is the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from electronic waste (PCB board) and applying it on 100% cotton fabric as an antimicrobial agent. The nanoparticle formation of silver was done by green synthesis way using an aqueous leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes. Furthermore, chitosan was also applied to the fabric with silver nanoparticles by coating. FTIR and SEM tests characterized the fabricated silver nanoparticles, and antimicrobial tests were followed by the disc diffusion method. The SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 76.91 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the successful reduction of silver nanoparticles and the bonding with chitosan and cellulose. Besides, the EDX reports confirmed the existence of AgNPs by indicating a strong signal in the silver region. In addition, SEM characteristics analysis confirmed the uniform deposition of silver nanoparticles. Finally, the antimicrobial property was tested against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The antimicrobial result was found satisfactory in the case of green-synthesized recycled AgNPs. However, the effectiveness was not observed to be higher than green-synthesized pure AgNPs. In this study, the zone of inhibition of AgNPs was also compared to the reference antibiotics Ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Sankar Mondal
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
| | - Ayon Paul
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mukitur Rhaman
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
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21
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Gautam P, De AK, Rao MD, Sinha I, Behera CK, Singh KK. Waste remediation: Low-temperature synthesis of hybrid Cu(OH) 2/CuO and CuO nanostructures from spent printed circuit boards and their dye degradation studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29005-7. [PMID: 37542015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable resource utilization techniques for recycling waste printed circuit boards is significant due to their status as valuable secondary resources, containing high-purity copper and precious metals. In this context, Cu(OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures were fabricated using alkaline precipitation and low-temperature aging methods using the strip solution originated from laboratory-scale spent mobile phone printed circuit board recovery process. XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, and TEM were utilized to characterize the as-recovered nanoproducts. A hybrid structure of Cu(OH)2/CuO was formed at 70°, and monoclinic CuO phase was formed at 80 °C aging time. The results show that Cu(OH)2/CuO nanoflakes have an average crystallite size of 24.06 nm and a particle width of 22 ± 3 nm. Cu(OH)2/CuO nanoflakes formed at 70 °C aging temperature and 24-h residence time have finer crystallite and particle sizes than CuO-ridged nanospheres formed at 80 °C aging temperature. The optical band gap energy of Cu(OH)2/CuO and CuO nanostructures formed was found to be 2.28 eV and 2.22 eV, respectively. The hybrid Cu(OH)2/CuO nanostructure photocatalyzed the decomposed 97.28% rhodamine blue using a visible light source, whereas the CuO nanostructure degraded only 14.64% rhodamine blue dye under similar conditions. A surfactant-less hybrid structure is developed without the use of any chemical precursor. Thus, a high value-added product is produced using one waste material to remove another waste in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Gautam
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Arup Kumar De
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Indrajit Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chhail Kumar Behera
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kamalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, 221005, India
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22
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Hu G, Wang Z, Zhang W, He H, Zhang Y, Deng X, Li W. MIL-161 Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Au(III) Recovery from Secondary Resources: Performance, Mechanism, and DFT Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:5459. [PMID: 37513331 PMCID: PMC10384270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of precious metals from secondary resources is significant economically and environmentally. However, their separation is still challenging because they often occur in complex metal ion mixtures. The poor selectivity of adsorbents for gold in complicated solutions prevents further application of adsorption technology. In this study, a Zr-based MOF adsorbent, MIL-161, was synthesized using s-tetrazine dicarboxylic acid (H2STz) as an organic ligand. MIL-161 demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of up to 446.49 mg/g and outstanding selectivity for gold(III) in a simulated electronic waste solution as a result of the presence of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing groups. In addition, the MIL-161 adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Brunner-Emment-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of the MOF adsorbents were also thoroughly examined. More importantly, the experimental results and DFT calculations indicate that chelation and electrostatic interactions are the main adsorption mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Weiye Zhang
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Hongxing He
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Weili Li
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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23
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Pople JMM, Nicholls TP, Pham LN, Bloch WM, Lisboa LS, Perkins MV, Gibson CT, Coote ML, Jia Z, Chalker JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Poly(trisulfides). J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11798-11810. [PMID: 37196214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With increasing interest in high sulfur content polymers, there is a need to develop new methods for their synthesis that feature improved safety and control of structure. In this report, electrochemically initiated ring-opening polymerization of norbornene-based cyclic trisulfide monomers delivered well-defined, linear poly(trisulfides), which were solution processable. Electrochemistry provided a controlled initiation step that obviates the need for hazardous chemical initiators. The high temperatures required for inverse vulcanization are also avoided resulting in an improved safety profile. Density functional theory calculations revealed a reversible "self-correcting" mechanism that ensures trisulfide linkages between monomer units. This control over sulfur rank is a new benchmark for high sulfur content polymers and creates opportunities to better understand the effects of sulfur rank on polymer properties. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the ability to recycle the polymer to the cyclic trisulfide monomer by thermal depolymerization. The featured poly(trisulfide) is an effective gold sorbent, with potential applications in mining and electronic waste recycling. A water-soluble poly(trisulfide) containing a carboxylic acid group was also produced and found to be effective in the binding and recovery of copper from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M M Pople
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Thomas P Nicholls
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Le Nhan Pham
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Lynn S Lisboa
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael V Perkins
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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24
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Pourhossein F, Mousavi SM. Improvement of gold bioleaching extraction from waste telecommunication printed circuit boards using biogenic thiosulfate by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131073. [PMID: 36867908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide usage in gold processing techniques has become increasingly challenging due to its toxicity and environmental impact. It is possible to develop environmentally friendly technology using thiosulfate because of its nontoxic characteristics. Thiosulfate production requires high temperatures, resulting in high greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. The biogenesized thiosulfate is an unstable intermediate product of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans sulfur oxidation pathway to sulfate. A novel eco-friendly method was presented in this study to treat spent printed circuit boards (STPCBs) using biogenesized thiosulfate (Bio-Thio) obtained from Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans cultured medium. To obtain a preferable concentration of thiosulfate among other metabolites by limiting thiosulfate oxidation, optimal concentrations of inhibitor (NaN3: 3.25 mg/L) and pH adjustments (pH= 6-7) were found to be effective. Selection of the optimal conditions has led to the highest bio-production of thiosulfate (500 mg/L). The impact of STPCBs content, ammonia, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and leaching time on Cu bio-dissolution and gold bio-extraction were investigated using enriched-thiosulfate spent medium. The suitable conditions were a pulp density of 5 g/L, an ammonia concentration of 1 M, and a leaching time of 36 h, which led to the highest selective extraction of gold (65 ± 0.78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourhossein
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Gautam P, De AK, Sinha I, Behera CK, Singh KK. Genesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from waste printed circuit boards and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115951. [PMID: 37084944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Discarded Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are one of the secondary resources of high-purity copper, and precious materials, which if disposed off inappropriately may present several environmental risks. This study focuses on the production of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from reclaimed copper via a facile precipitation route to obtain a value-added nanoproduct. The synthesis involved the dissolution of downsized PCBs, leaching of Cu into the solution phase and the precipitation of nanoparticles (NPs) in an alkaline medium. XRD analysis confirmed the as-synthesized NPs were monoclinic CuO of size 19.23 nm without any impurity. HRTEM analysis confirmed that the NPs were nearly round spheres with average particle size of 19.973 ± 6.036 nm. The NPs have a specific surface area of 200 m2/g and mesoporous structure with mean pore diameter of 18.051 nm. The CuO NPs photocatalyzed the degradation of Congo Red under visible light irradiation. Hence, the PCB e-waste was utilized to produce nanomaterials with added-values, decreasing environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Gautam
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Arup Kumar De
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Indrajit Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chhail Kumar Behera
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kamalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
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26
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Nogueira AF, Carreira AR, Vargas SJ, Passos H, Schaeffer N, Coutinho JA. Simple gold recovery from e-waste leachate by selective precipitation using a quaternary ammonium salt. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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27
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Varela AS. Gold Extracted from Wastewater as an Efficient MOF-Supported Electrocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217395. [PMID: 36645803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of gold from wastewater is necessary from both environmental and economic standpoints. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as high-capacity and selective adsorbents, as shown in a recent work by Zhao and co-workers. Their novel three-dimension cationic framework goes further than selectively adsorbing AuCl4 - . It also serves as a stable platform to transform adsorbed gold into an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 . This work highlights the versatility of MOFs, which can serve as selective adsorbents and as a support for nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Varela
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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28
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Cui X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Lu W. Extraction of Gold Based on Ionic Liquid Immobilized in UiO-66: An Efficient and Reusable Way to Avoid IL Loss Caused by Ion Exchange in Solvent Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052165. [PMID: 36903412 PMCID: PMC10004778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable attention as a promising green solvent for extracting metal ions from aqueous solutions. However, the recycling of ILs remains difficult and challenging because of the leaching of ILs, which is caused by the ion exchange extraction mechanism and hydrolysis of ILs in acidic aqueous conditions. In this study, a series of imidazolium-based ILs were confined in a metal-organic framework (MOF) material (UiO-66) to overcome the limitations when used in solvent extraction. The effect of the various anions and cations of the ILs on the adsorption ability of AuCl4- was studied, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ([HMIm]+[BF4]-@UiO-66) was used for the construction of a stable composite. The adsorption properties and mechanism of [HMIm]+[BF4]-@UiO-66 for Au(III) adsorption were also studied. The concentrations of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]-) in the aqueous phase after Au(III) adsorption by [HMIm]+[BF4]-@UiO-66 and liquid-liquid extraction by [HMIm]+[BF4]- IL were 0.122 mg/L and 18040 mg/L, respectively. The results reveal that Au(III) coordinated with the N-containing functional groups, while [BF4]- was effectively confined in UiO-66, instead of undergoing anion exchange in liquid-liquid extraction. Electrostatic interactions and the reduction of Au(III) to Au(0) were also important factors determining the adsorption ability of Au(III). [HMIm]+[BF4]-@UiO-66 could be easily regenerated and reused for three cycles without any significant drop in the adsorption capacity.
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29
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Zupanc A, Install J, Jereb M, Repo T. Sustainable and Selective Modern Methods of Noble Metal Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214453. [PMID: 36409274 PMCID: PMC10107291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Noble metals exhibit broad arrange of applications in industry and several aspects of human life which are becoming more and more prevalent in modern times. Due to their limited sources and constantly and consistently expanding demand, recycling of secondary and waste materials must accompany the traditional mineral extractions. This Minireview covers the most recent solvometallurgical developments in regeneration of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ag and Au with emphasis on sustainability and selectivity. Processing-by selective oxidative dissolution, reductive precipitation, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, membrane transfer and trapping to solid media-of eligible multi-metal substrates for recycling from waste printed circuit boards to end-of-life automotive catalysts are discussed. Outlook for possible future direction for noble metal recycling is proposed with emphasis on sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Nag A, Morrison CA, Love JB. Rapid Dissolution of Noble Metals in Organic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201285. [PMID: 35929761 PMCID: PMC9804267 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of elemental noble metals (NMs) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and copper is necessary for their recycling but carries a high environmental burden due to the use of strong acids and toxic reagents. Herein, a new approach was developed for the rapid dissolution of elemental NMs in organic solvents using mixtures of triphenylphosphine dichloride or oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, forming metal chloride salts directly. Almost quantitative dissolution of metallic Au, Pd, and Cu was observed within minutes at room temperature. For Pt, dissolution was achieved, albeit more slowly, using the chlorinating oxidant alone but was inhibited on addition of hydrogen peroxide. After leaching, transfer of PtIV and PdII chloride salts from the organic phase into a 6 m HCl aqueous phase facilitated their separation by precipitation of PtIV using a simple diamide ligand. In contrast, the retention of AuIII chloridometalate in the organic phase allowed its selective separation from Ni and Cu from a leachate solution obtained from electronic CPUs. This new approach has potential application in the hydrometallurgical leaching and purification of NMs from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
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31
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Yang J, Bao L, Long W, Zhong S, Qin J, Qiao R. Microstructure and properties analysis of the brazing alloy prepared from recycled E-waste. Front Chem 2022; 10:1038555. [PMID: 36277346 PMCID: PMC9581399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1038555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to realize the efficient and comprehensive utilization of e-waste resources and short process preparation of alloy brazing materials, this study has analyzed the microstructure and properties of e-waste recycled brazing alloys by the analysis methods of inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, metalloscope, X-ray diffractometer, micro-hardness tester. Experimental results showed that phase compositions are significant differences between the alloys prepared by the recycled e-waste and the pure metals. The circuit board recycling alloy mainly consisted of α-Fe dendrites, (Cu, Sn) phases, Sn-rich phases and Cu matrix, while the alloy obtained by pure metals is composed of (Cu, Sn) phase, Sn-rich phase and Cu matrix. The melting temperature of alloy obtained by melting the circuit board is in the range of 985.3°C–1,053.0°C, which was wider and higher than that of alloy obtained by pure metal smelting. The shear strengths of the joints brazed by the brazing alloys prepared by the recycle e-waste and pure metals are 182.21 MPa and 277.02 MPa, respectively. There is little difference in hardness between the two types of brazed joints. In addition, there are a large number of precipitated phases in alloy obtained by the recycled circuit board, owing to the precipitation strengthening mechanism. The main strengthening mechanism of alloy obtained by pure metals is solid-solution strengthening. The paper focused primarily on alloy obtained by melting the circuit board and studying the specific composition, melting temperature, structure, and properties of alloys formed by melting the circuit board and pure metals. Meawhile, the size, morphology and other microstructure evolution of the second phase of brazing alloy were investigated to provide theoretical guidance for the brazing alloy in the subsequent actual production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Bao, ; Jiao Yang,
| | - Li Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Bao, ; Jiao Yang,
| | - Weimin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sujuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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32
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Highly efficient and selective extraction of gold by reduced graphene oxide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4472. [PMID: 35918342 PMCID: PMC9345893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials capable of extracting gold from complex sources, especially electronic waste (e-waste), are needed for gold resource sustainability and effective e-waste recycling. However, it remains challenging to achieve high extraction capacity and precise selectivity if only a trace amount of gold is present along with other metallic elements . Here we report an approach based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which provides an ultrahigh capacity and selective extraction of gold ions present in ppm concentrations (>1000 mg of gold per gram of rGO at 1 ppm). The excellent gold extraction performance is accounted to the graphene areas and oxidized regions of rGO. The graphene areas spontaneously reduce gold ions to metallic gold, and the oxidized regions allow good dispersibility of the rGO material so that efficient adsorption and reduction of gold ions at the graphene areas can be realized. By controlling the protonation of the oxidized regions of rGO, gold can be extracted exclusively, without contamination by the other 14 co-existing elements typically present in e-waste. These findings are further exploited to demonstrate recycling gold from real-world e-waste with good scalability and economic viability, as exemplified by using rGO membranes in a continuous flow-through process.
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33
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Hyder MKZ, Ochiai B. Synthesis of a Highly Selective Scavenger of Precious Metals from a Printed Circuit Board Based on Cellulose Filter Paper Functionalized with a Grafted Polymer Chain Bearing N-Methyl-2-hydroxyethylcarbamothioate Moieties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10355-10364. [PMID: 35382283 PMCID: PMC8973153 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and practical application of a novel scavenger for precious metals. The scavenger was prepared from cellulose filter paper with grafted chains of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) modified with a novel ligand group of N-methyl-2-hydroxyethylcarbamothioate moieties, introduced by the reaction with O-1-mercapto-3-phenoxypropan-2-yl N-methyl-2-hydroxyethylcarbamothioate. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the capability of the scavenger in ranges of pH and acid concentration as well as to determine the kinetics and isotherm models. The scavenger was found to adsorb only Ag(I), Pd(II), and Au(III) from an aqueous media in the presence of coexisting ions of different bases and precious metals at wide ranges of pH and acid concentration. The adsorption rates fit a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, and the adsorption reached equilibrium within 60 min. The isotherm studies indicated that the obtained data were a good fit with the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Ag(I), Pd(II), and Au(III) were 126.95, 124.67, and 230.67 mg g-1, respectively. Regeneration experiments indicated that the adsorbent maintained 97% of its initial efficiency even after five adsorption/desorption cycles. The scavenger was effectively utilized to recover Ag(I), Pd(II), and Au(III) from an aqua regia solution of waste printed circuit boards.
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Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117587. [PMID: 35106899 PMCID: PMC9305299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gold is a scarce element in the Earth's crust but indispensable in modern electronic devices. New, sustainable methods of gold recycling are essential to meet the growing eco‐social demand of gold. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign dissolution of gold under mild conditions. Gold dissolves quantitatively in ethanol using 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole as a ligand in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. Mechanistically, the dissolution of gold begins when I2 oxidizes Au0 and forms a [AuII2]− species, which undergoes subsequent ligand‐exchange reactions and forms a stable bis‐ligand AuI complex. H2O2 oxidizes free iodide and regenerated I2 returns back to the catalytic cycle. Addition of a reductant to the reaction mixture precipitates gold quantitatively and partially regenerates the ligand. We anticipate our work will open a new pathway to more sustainable metal recycling with the utilization of just catalytic amounts of reagents and green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
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35
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Ruck EB, Amikam G, Darom Y, Manor-Korin N, Gendel Y. Catalytic selective recovery of silver from dilute aqueous solutions and e-waste leachates. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
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37
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Hao F, Miao X, Zhang M, Dong Z, Zhai M, Shen Y, Zu J, Yang J, Zhao L. Efficient and selective adsorption of Au( iii), Pt( iv), and Pd( ii) by a radiation-crosslinked poly(ionic liquid) gel. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A PIL gel was prepared for Au(iii), Pt(iv), and Pd(ii) recovery. The PIL gel exhibited fast adsorption rates and excellent selectivity for target ions. Furthermore, the gel could efficiently separate Au(iii) from gold slag leaching solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulai Hao
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Changchun Gold Research Institute, China National Gold Group Co. Ltd, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xinying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Maolin Zhai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanbai Shen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Zu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Kinsman LMM, Ngwenya BT, Morrison CA, Love JB. Tuneable separation of gold by selective precipitation using a simple and recyclable diamide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6258. [PMID: 34716348 PMCID: PMC8556376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient separation of metals from ores and secondary sources such as electronic waste is necessary to realising circularity in metal supply. Precipitation processes are increasingly popular and are reliant on designing and understanding chemical recognition to achieve selectivity. Here we show that a simple tertiary diamide precipitates gold selectively from aqueous acidic solutions, including from aqua regia solutions of electronic waste. The X-ray crystal structure of the precipitate displays an infinite chain of diamide cations interleaved with tetrachloridoaurate. Gold is released from the precipitate on contact with water, enabling ligand recycling. The diamide is highly selective, with its addition to 29 metals in 2 M HCl resulting in 70% gold uptake and minimal removal of other metals. At 6 M HCl, complete collection of gold, iron, tin, and platinum occurs, demonstrating that adaptable selective metal precipitation is controlled by just one variable. This discovery could be exploited in metal refining and recycling processes due to its tuneable selectivity under different leaching conditions, the avoidance of organic solvents inherent to biphasic extraction, and the straightforward recycling of the precipitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M M Kinsman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Bryne T Ngwenya
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Oliveira JSS, Hacha RR, d’Almeida FS, Almeida CA, Moura FJ, Brocchi EA, Souza RFM. Electronic Waste Low-Temperature Processing: An Alternative Thermochemical Pretreatment to Improve Component Separation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6228. [PMID: 34683820 PMCID: PMC8540244 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of electronic waste due to technological development, economic growth and increasing population has been rising fast, pushing for solutions before the environmental pressure achieves unprecedented levels. Recently, it was observed that many extractive metallurgy alternatives had been considered to recover value from this type of waste. Regarding pyrometallurgy, little is known about the low-temperature processing applied before fragmentation and subsequent component separation. Therefore, the present manuscript studies such alternative based on scanning electron microscopy characterization. The sample used in the study was supplied by a local recycling center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mass loss was constant at around 30% for temperatures higher than 300 °C. Based on this fact, the waste material was then submitted to low-temperature processing at 350 °C followed by attrition disassembling, size classification, and magnetic concentration steps. In the end, this first report of the project shows that 15% of the sample was recovered with metallic components with high economic value, such as Cu, Ni, and Au, indicating that such methods could be an interesting alternative to be explored in the future for the development of alternative electronic waste extraction routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo F. M. Souza
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil; (J.S.S.O.); (R.R.H.); (F.S.d.); (C.A.A.); (F.J.M.); (E.A.B.)
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Keerthana L, Ahmad Dar M, Dharmalingam G. Plasmonic Au-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for High-Temperature and Harsh Environment Sensing Applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3558-3584. [PMID: 34510778 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles like Au have long been admired for their brilliant colour, significantly influenced by plasmon resonance. When embedded in metal oxides, they exhibit unique properties which make them an excellent choice for sensing in high-temperature and harsh environment atmospheres. In this review, the various morphologies of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) used in combination with metal oxides for sensing gases at temperatures greater than 300 °C are discussed. Theoretical discussions on the plasmon resonance properties of AuNPs as well as computational techniques like finite difference time domain (FDTD), are often used for understanding and correlating their extinction spectra and are briefed initially. The sensing properties of AuNPs embedded on a metal oxide matrix (such as TiO2 , SiO2 , NiO etc) for quantifying multiple analytes are then elucidated. The effect of high temperature as well as gas environments including corrosive atmospheres on such nanocomposites, and the different approaches to comprehend them are presented. Finally, techniques and methods to improve on the challenges associated with the realization and integration such Au-metal oxide plasmonic nanostructures for applications such as combustion monitoring, fuel cells, and other applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Keerthana
- Plasmonic nanomaterials laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Dar
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering (CEREM), College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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McCarthy S, Lee Wei Jie A, Braddock DC, Serpe A, Wilton-Ely JDET. From Waste to Green Applications: The Use of Recovered Gold and Palladium in Catalysis. Molecules 2021; 26:5217. [PMID: 34500651 PMCID: PMC8434531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct use in catalysis of precious metal recovery products from industrial and consumer waste is a very promising recent area of investigation. It represents a more sustainable, environmentally benign, and profitable way of managing the low abundance of precious metals, as well as encouraging new ways of exploiting their catalytic properties. This review demonstrates the feasibility and sustainability of this innovative approach, inspired by circular economy models, and aims to stimulate further research and industrial processes based on the valorisation of secondary resources of these raw materials. The overview of the use of recovered gold and palladium in catalytic processes will be complemented by critical appraisal of the recovery and reuse approaches that have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Alvin Lee Wei Jie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - D. Christopher Braddock
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
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Bożejewicz D, Witt K, Kaczorowska MA, Urbaniak W, Ośmiałowski B. The Application of 2,6-Bis(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Diaminopyridine in Solvent Extraction and Polymer Membrane Separation for the Recovery of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9123. [PMID: 34502032 PMCID: PMC8431065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The work describes the results of the first application of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) for the recovery of noble metal ions (Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Pt(II)) from aqueous solutions using two different separation processes: dynamic (classic solvent extraction) and static (polymer membranes). The stability constants of the complexes formed by the L with noble metal ions were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results of the performed experiments clearly show that 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine is an excellent extractant, as the recovery was over 99% for all studied noble metal ions. The efficiency of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine as a carrier in polymer membranes after 24 h of sorption was lower; the percentage of metal ions removal from the solutions (%Rs) decreased in following order: Ag(I) (94.89%) > Au(III) (63.46%) > Pt(II) (38.99%) > Pd(II) (23.82%). The results of the desorption processes carried out showed that the highest percentage of recovery was observed for gold and silver ions (over 96%) after 48 h. The results presented in this study indicate the potential practical applicability of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine in the solvent extraction and polymer membrane separation of noble metal ions from aqueous solutions (e.g., obtained as a result of WEEE leaching or industrial wastewater).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bożejewicz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, PL 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Witt
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, PL 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Małgorzata A. Kaczorowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, PL 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Włodzimierz Urbaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, PL 61712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Borys Ośmiałowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Street, PL 87100 Toruń, Poland;
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Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) management and recycling are gaining significant attention due to the presence of precious, critical, or strategic metals combined with the associated environmental burden of recovering metals from natural mines. Metal recovery from e-waste is being prioritized in metallurgical extraction owing to the fast depletion of natural mineral ores and the limited geographical availability of critical and/or strategic metals. Following collection, sorting, and physical pre-treatment of e-waste, electrochemical processes-based metal recovery involves leaching metals in an ionic form in a suitable electrolyte. Electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste uses much less solvent (minimal reagent) and shows convenient and precise control, reduced energy consumption, and low environmental impact. This critical review article covers recent progress in such electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste, emphasizing the comparative significance of electrochemical methods over other methods in the context of an industrial perspective.
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Serpe A, Pilia L, Balestri D, Marchiò L, Deplano P. Characterization and Structural Insights of the Reaction Products by Direct Leaching of the Noble Metals Au, Pd and Cu with N, N'-Dimethyl-piperazine-2,3-dithione/I 2 Mixtures. Molecules 2021; 26:4721. [PMID: 34443309 PMCID: PMC8400658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of new efficient and safe leaching agents for noble metals, this paper describes the capability of the Me2pipdt/I2 mixture (where Me2pipdt = N,N'-dimethyl-piperazine-2,3-dithione) in organic solutions to quantitatively dissolve Au, Pd, and Cu metal powders in mild conditions (room temperature and pressure) and short times (within 1 h in the reported conditions). A focus on the structural insights of the obtained coordination compounds is shown, namely [AuI2(Me2pipdt)]I3 (1), [Pd(Me2pipdt)2]I2 (2a) and [Cu(Me2pipdt)2]I3 (3), where the metals are found, respectively, in 3+, 2+ and 1+ oxidation states, and of [Cu(Me2pipdt)2]BF4 (4) and [Cu(Me2dazdt)2]I3 (5) (Me2dazdt = N,N'-dimethyl-perhydrodizepine-2,3-dithione) compared with 3. Au(III) and Pd(II) (d8 configuration) form square-planar complexes, whereas Cu(I) (d10) forms tetrahedral complexes. Density functional theory calculations performed on the cationic species of 1-5 help to highlight the nature of the bonding in the different complexes. Finally, the valorization of the noble metals-rich leachates is assessed. Specifically, gold metal is quantitatively recovered from the solution besides the ligands, showing the potential of these systems to promote metal recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Environmental Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council (IGAG-CNR), Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Pilia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemical, Life and Environmental Sustainability Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemical, Life and Environmental Sustainability Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Paola Deplano
- Department of Chemical and Soil Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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45
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Torres MR, Slate AJ, Ryder SF, Akram M, Iruzubieta CJC, Whitehead KA. Ionic gold demonstrates antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains due to cellular ultrastructure damage. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3015-3024. [PMID: 33782717 PMCID: PMC8289768 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing rise of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, the development of alternative antimicrobial agents is a global priority. The antimicrobial activity of ionic gold was explored against four Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with different AMR profiles in order to determine the antimicrobial activity of ionic gold and elucidate the mechanisms of action. Disc diffusion assays (zone of inhibition: ZoI) coupled with minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were conducted to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of ionic gold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualise morphological changes to the bacterial cell ultrastructure. Strains with increased AMR were slower to grow which is likely a fitness cost due to the enhanced AMR activity. Although greater concentrations of ionic gold were required to promote antimicrobial activity, ionic gold demonstrated similar antimicrobial values against all strains tested. Lowry assay results indicated that protein leakage was apparent following incubation with ionic gold, whilst SEM revealed cellular ultrastructure damage. This study suggests that the application of ionic gold as an alternative antimicrobial is promising, particularly against AMR P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of ionic gold against P. aeruginosa could potentially be utilised as an alternative therapeutic option in wound management, an approach that could benefit healthcare systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reyes Torres
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Anthony J Slate
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Steven F Ryder
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Maliha Akram
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Conrado Javier Carrascosa Iruzubieta
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production, and Food Science and Technology, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, Gran Canarias, 35413, Arucas, Spain
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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Zhang S, Zhao Q, Wang D, Deng S, Li D, Liu X, Wu S, Zhang X, Xing B. Turning Waste into Wealth: Remotely NIR Light-Controlled Precious Metal Recovery by Covalently Functionalized Black Phosphorus. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2698-2703. [PMID: 33960137 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to refine precious metals from e-wastes under mild conditions without hazardous reagents. Herein, black phosphorus (BP) was covalently functionalized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to obtain thermo/near-infrared (NIR)-responsive BP-P for precious metal recovery. Precious metals (Au, Ag, and Pd) with higher redox potentials than BP-P could be efficiently recovered by reduction-driven enrichment. Taking Au as an example, the recovery process presented fast kinetics (<15 min), excellent selectivity, and high efficiency (≈98 %). Remote operation with NIR light could generate heat by BP, which induced the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition of PNIPAM, allowing the spontaneous gathering, facile collection, and practical recycle of BP-P following Au extraction. Thanks to the unique features of BP-P, not only could high-quality Au nanoparticles (20-30 nm) be economically extracted (cost: $0.731-1.222 g-1 Au nanoparticles; 5-6 orders of magnitude lower than the market price), but also the formed BP-P-Au nanocomposites have potential application in hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Shuyao Wu
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Heliövaara E, Liljeqvist H, Muuronen M, Eronen A, Moslova K, Repo T. Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold. Chemistry 2021; 27:8668-8672. [PMID: 33881191 PMCID: PMC8251914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of new, environmentally benign dissolution methods for metallic gold is driven by needs in the circular economy. Gold is widely used in consumer electronics, but sustainable and selective dissolution methods for Au are scarce. Herein, we describe a quantitative dissolution of gold in organic solution under mild conditions by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. In the dissolution reaction, two thiol ligands, pyridine-4-thiol and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, work in a cooperative manner. The mechanistic investigations suggest that two pyridine-4-thiol molecules form a complex with Au0 that can be oxidized, whereas the role of inexpensive 2-mercaptobenzimidazole is to stabilize the formed AuI species through a ligand exchange process. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds vigorously and gold dissolves quantitatively in two hours. The demonstrated ligand-exchange mechanism with two thiols allows to drastically reduce the thiol consumption and may lead to even more effective gold dissolution methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Henri Liljeqvist
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
- BASF SECarl-Bosch-Strasse 3867056LudwigshafenGermany)y
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
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48
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Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process for Mobile Phone Printed Circuit Boards Using Ozone. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be an important source of non-ferrous metals (Al, Sn, Zn, and Ni) and precious metals (Au, Ag, Cu, and Pd). With the continuous increase in demand for metals due to the depletion of ores, recycling of this waste is becoming an attractive alternative. The printed circuits also contain hazardous metals, such as Pb, Hg, As, and Cd. Due to the huge increase in the amount of e-waste, the processing of printed circuit boards for metal recovery and proper handling of hazardous substances has a positive effect on the environment. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods are used for the treatment of this waste. Various oxidizing agents are used in the hydrometallurgical processes, including ozone. PCBs from mobile phones were assessed for the recovery of Cu, Sn, and precious metals. The ground and sieved materials were leached in nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid at various process parameters, such as leaching time, leaching agent, and temperature. It was found that the best result was obtained using hydrochloric acid with the addition of ozone at 353 K for a period of 4 h to obtain 68.45 g/dm3 of copper. Preliminary results of electrolysis and cementation are also presented.
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49
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Recycling copper and gold from e-waste by a two-stage leaching and solvent extraction process. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Witt K, Urbaniak W, Kaczorowska MA, Bożejewicz D. Simultaneous Recovery of Precious and Heavy Metal Ions from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Using Polymer Films Containing Cyphos IL 101. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1454. [PMID: 33946200 PMCID: PMC8124808 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the application of a polymer film containing the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101 for the simultaneous recovery of precious and heavy metal ions ((Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Sn(II), Pb(II), Ag(I), Pd(II), and Au(III)) from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is described. The experiments were performed for solutions containing metal ions released from computer e-waste due to leaching carried out with concentrated nitric(V) acid and aqua regia. It was found that the applied polymer film allows for the efficient recovery of precious metals (98.9% of gold, 79.3% of silver, and 63.6% of palladium). The recovery of non-ferrous metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb) was less efficient (25-40%). Moreover, the results of the performed sorption/desorption processes show that the polymer film with Cyphos IL 101 can be successfully used after regeneration to recover metals ions several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Witt
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Urbaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, 61712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata A Kaczorowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daria Bożejewicz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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