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Cho S, Yang X, Won KJ, Leone VA, Chang EB, Guzman G, Ko Y, Bae ON, Lee H, Jeong H. Phenylpropionic acid produced by gut microbiota alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2231590. [PMID: 37431867 PMCID: PMC10337503 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2231590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota affects hepatic drug metabolism. However, gut microbial factors modulating hepatic drug metabolism are largely unknown. In this study, using a mouse model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, we identified a gut bacterial metabolite that controls the hepatic expression of CYP2E1 that catalyzes the conversion of APAP to a reactive, toxic metabolite. By comparing C57BL/6 substrain mice from two different vendors, Jackson (6J) and Taconic (6N), which are genetically similar but harbor different gut microbiotas, we established that the differences in the gut microbiotas result in differential susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. 6J mice exhibited lower susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity than 6N mice, and such phenotypic difference was recapitulated in germ-free mice by microbiota transplantation. Comparative untargeted metabolomic analysis of portal vein sera and liver tissues between conventional and conventionalized 6J and 6N mice led to the identification of phenylpropionic acid (PPA), the levels of which were higher in 6J mice. PPA supplementation alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in 6N mice by lowering hepatic CYP2E1 levels. Moreover, PPA supplementation also reduced carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mediated by CYP2E1. Our data showed that previously known PPA biosynthetic pathway is responsible for PPA production. Surprisingly, while PPA in 6N mouse cecum contents is almost undetectable, 6N cecal microbiota produces PPA as well as 6J cecal microbiota in vitro, suggesting that PPA production in the 6N gut microbiota is suppressed in vivo. However, previously known gut bacteria harboring the PPA biosynthetic pathway were not detected in either 6J or 6N microbiota, suggesting the presence of as-yet-unidentified PPA-producing gut microbes. Collectively, our study reveals a novel biological function of the gut bacterial metabolite PPA in the gut-liver axis and presents a critical basis for investigating PPA as a modulator of CYP2E1-mediated liver injury and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Zhang Y, Yan T, Wang T, Liu X, Hamada K, Sun D, Sun Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Takahashi S, Wang Q, Krausz KW, Jiang C, Xie C, Yang X, Gonzalez FJ. Crosstalk between CYP2E1 and PPAR α substrates and agonists modulate adipose browning and obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2224-2238. [PMID: 35646522 PMCID: PMC9136617 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the functions of metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors in controlling physiological homeostasis have been established, their crosstalk in modulating metabolic disease has not been explored. Genetic ablation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 in mice markedly induced adipose browning and increased energy expenditure to improve obesity. CYP2E1 deficiency activated the expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, that upon release from the liver, enhanced adipose browning and energy expenditure to decrease obesity. Nineteen metabolites were increased in Cyp2e1-null mice as revealed by global untargeted metabolomics, among which four compounds, lysophosphatidylcholine and three polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be directly metabolized by CYP2E1 and to serve as PPARα agonists, thus explaining how CYP2E1 deficiency causes hepatic PPARα activation through increasing cellular levels of endogenous PPARα agonists. Translationally, a CYP2E1 inhibitor was found to activate the PPARα–FGF21–beige adipose axis and decrease obesity in wild-type mice, but not in liver-specific Ppara-null mice. The present results establish a metabolic crosstalk between PPARα and CYP2E1 that supports the potential for a novel anti-obesity strategy of activating adipose tissue browning by targeting the CYP2E1 to modulate endogenous metabolites beyond its canonical role in xenobiotic-metabolism.
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Gao XX, Zhang F, Xing J, Jia JP, Tian JS, Zhang JJ, Qin XM. Metabolic profiling of RB-2 and RB-4, two analogs of polyacetylene from Bupleurum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:1045-1064. [PMID: 31674206 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1681409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RB-2 and RB-4 are two structural analogs of polyacetylene from Radix Bupleuri that show antidepressant effects. However, no metabolic data are available to elucidate their systemic homeostasis. Mass spectrometry combined with liver microsomes and recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were performed to profile the biotransformations of RB-2/RB-4 in vitro and in vivo. Oxidation should be the major metabolic pathways for them in phase I, while CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 was the major contributor. In phase II, conjugational groups usually combined with the metabolites from phase I. This study provides an important reference basis for the safety evaluation and rational application of RB-2/RB-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Ping Jia
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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4
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Lu Q, Song J, Wu P, Li C, Thiel W. Mechanistic Insights into the Directing Effect of Thr303 in Ethanol Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 2E1. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Zeigler M, Whittington D, Sotoodehnia N, Lemaitre RN, Totah RA. A sensitive and improved throughput UPLC-MS/MS quantitation method of total cytochrome P450 mediated arachidonic acid metabolites that can separate regio-isomers and cis/trans-EETs from human plasma. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:162-170. [PMID: 30201384 PMCID: PMC6269592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for the detection and quantification of hydroxyl and epoxy arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in human plasma was developed using liquid-liquid extraction, phospholipid saponification followed by derivatization of the acid moiety and liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric detection. Derivatization with a pyridinium analog allowed for detection in the positive ion mode, greatly improving sensitivity and the stability of the more labile AA metabolites. The entire method utilizes a 96-well plate format, increasing sample throughput, and was optimized to measure 5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 12-, 15-, 19-, and 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET), and the regio- and cis-/ trans- isomers of 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). The method was validated for its applicability over the FA concentration range found in human plasma. Using 100 μL aliquots of pooled human plasma, EET levels, particularly 5,6-EET, were observed to be higher than previously reported, with measured concentrations of 23.6 ng/ml for 5,6-EET, 5.6 ng/mL for 5,6-trans-EET, 8.0 ng/mL for 8,9-EET, 1.9 ng/mL for 8,9-trans-EET, 8.8 ng/mL for 11,12-EET, 3.4 ng/mL for 11,12-trans-EET, 10.7 ng/mL for 14,15-EET, and 1.7 ng/mL 14,15-trans- EET. This method is suitable for large population studies to elucidate the complex interactions between the eicosanoids and various disease states and may be used for quantitation of a wide variety of fattyacids beyond eicosanoids from small volumes of human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Zeigler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Box 356422, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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6
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Ehrhardt M, Gerber A, Zapp J, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. Human CYP27A1 catalyzes hydroxylation of β-sitosterol and ergosterol. Biol Chem 2016; 397:513-8. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
β-Sitosterol and ergosterol are the equivalents of cholesterol in plants and fungi, respectively, and common sterols in the human diet. In the current work, both were identified as novel CYP27A1 substrates by in vitro experiments applying purified human CYP27A1 and its redox partners adrenodoxin (Adx) and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR). A Bacillus megaterium based biocatalyst recombinantly expressing the same proteins was utilized for the conversion of the substrates to obtain sufficient amounts of the novel products for a structural NMR analysis. β-Sitosterol was found to be converted into 26-hydroxy-β-sitosterol and 29-hydroxy-β-sitosterol, whereas ergosterol was converted into 24-hydroxyergosterol, 26-hydroxyergosterol and 28-hydroxyergosterol.
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7
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Anwar-Mohamed A, Elshenawy OH, El-Sherbeni AA, Abdelrady M, El-Kadi AO. Acute arsenic treatment alters arachidonic acid and its associated metabolite levels in the brain of C57Bl/6 mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:693-702. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of arsenic on the whole brain, as well as the discrete regions, has been previously reported for mice. We investigated the effects of acute arsenite (As(III)) on brain levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and its associated metabolites generated through cytochrome P450 (CYP), cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. Our results demonstrated that acute As(III) treatment (12.5 mg·(kg body mass)−1) decreases cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) with a subsequent decrease in its catalytic activity and brain AA levels. In addition, As(III) differentially altered CYP epoxygenases and CYP ω-hydroxylases, but it did not affect brain Ephx2 mRNA or sEH catalytic activity levels. As(III)-mediated effects on Cyps caused an increase in brain 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET) and 16/17-hydroxyeicosatetreinoic acid (16/17-HETE) levels, and a decrease in 18- and 20-HETE levels. Furthermore, As(III) increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA while decreasing prostaglandins F2α (PGF2α) and PGJ2. As(III) also increased brain 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 15-LOX mRNA, but decreased 12-LOX mRNA. These changes in LOX mRNA were associated with a decrease in 8/12-HETE levels only. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that As(III) decreases AA levels coinciding with alterations to EET, HETE, and PG levels, which affects brain development and neurochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Anwar-Mohamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Osama H. Elshenawy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ahmed A. El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Abdelrady
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ayman O.S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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8
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El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. Alterations in cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acid metabolism during pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:456-66. [PMID: 24300133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for many serious heart diseases. Recent data demonstrated the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in cardiovascular pathophysiology. In the current study our aim was to determine the aberrations in CYP-mediated AA metabolism in the heart during cardiac hypertrophy. Pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy was induced in Sprague Dawley rats using the descending aortic constriction procedure. Five weeks post-surgery, the cardiac levels of AA metabolites were determined in hypertrophied and normal hearts. In addition, the formation rate of AA metabolites, as well as, CYP expression in cardiac microsomal fraction was also determined. AA metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy, whereas, the expression of CYPs was determined by Western blot analysis. Non-parametric analysis was performed to examine the association between metabolites formation and CYP expressions. Our results showed that 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and 5-, 12-, 15-, and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) levels were increased, whereas, 19-HETE formation was decreased in hypertrophied hearts. The increase in EETs was linked to CYP2B2. On the other hand, CYP1B1 and CYP2J3 were involved in mid-chain HETE metabolism, whereas, CYP4A2/3 inhibition was involved in the decrease in 19-HETE formation in hypertrophied hearts. In conclusion, CYP1B1 played cardiotoxic role, whereas, CYP2B2, CYP2J3 and CYP4A2/3 played cardioprotective roles during pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. These CYP can be valid targets for the development of drugs to treat and prevent cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.
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9
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Das UN. Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to cancer: part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Chakravartula SVS, Balazy M. Characterization of Nitro Arachidonic Acid and Nitro Linoleic Acid by Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.693558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Martikainen LE, Rahnasto-Rilla M, Neshybova S, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Raunio H, Juvonen RO. Interactions of inhibitor molecules with the human CYP2E1 enzyme active site. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:996-1005. [PMID: 23069620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 is an important enzyme oxidizing ethanol as well as several drugs and other xenobiotics in the human liver. We determined the inhibition potency of structurally diverse compounds against human CYP2E1, and analyzed their interactions with the enzyme active site by molecular docking and 3D-QSAR approaches. The IC(50) values for the tested compounds varied from 1.4 μM for γ-undecanolactone to over 46 mM for glycerol. This data set was used to create a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model. The most important interactions for binding of inhibitors were identified by docking and key features for inhibitors were characterized via the COMFA model. Since the active site of CYP2E1 is flexible, long chain lactones and alkyl alcohols fitted best into the larger open form while the other compounds fitted better in the smaller closed form of the active site. Electrostatic interactions near the Thr(303) residue proved to be important for inhibition of the enzyme activity. Thus, docking analysis and the predictive CoMFA model proved to be efficient tools for revealing interactions between inhibiting compounds and CYP2E1. These approaches can be used to analyze CYP2E1-mediated metabolism and drug interactions in the development of new chemical entities.
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12
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Zong H, Armoni M, Harel C, Karnieli E, Pessin JE. Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 knockout mice are protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E532-9. [PMID: 22185839 PMCID: PMC3311288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00258.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional (whole body) CYP2E1 knockout mice displayed protection against high-fat diet-induced weight gain, obesity, and hyperlipidemia with increased energy expenditure despite normal food intake and spontaneous locomotor activity. In addition, the CYP2E1 knockout mice displayed a marked improvement in glucose tolerance on both normal chow and high-fat diets. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps demonstrated a marked protection against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in CYP2E1 knockout mice, with enhanced adipose tissue glucose uptake and insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output. In parallel, adipose tissue was protected against high-fat diet-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the CYP2E1 deletion protects mice against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance with improved glucose homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zong
- Dept. of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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13
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Structural features of cytochromes P450 and ligands that affect drug metabolism as revealed by X-ray crystallography and NMR. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1451-68. [PMID: 21103389 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) play a major role in the clearance of drugs, toxins, and environmental pollutants. Additionally, metabolism by P450s can result in toxic or carcinogenic products. The metabolism of pharmaceuticals by P450s is a major concern during the design of new drug candidates. Determining the interactions between P450s and compounds of very diverse structures is complicated by the variability in P450-ligand interactions. Understanding the protein structural elements and the chemical attributes of ligands that dictate their orientation in the P450 active site will aid in the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents. The goal of this review is to describe P450-ligand interactions from two perspectives. The first is the various structural elements that microsomal P450s have at their disposal to assume the different conformations observed in X-ray crystal structures. The second is P450-ligand dynamics analyzed by NMR relaxation studies.
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14
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Porubsky PR, Battaile KP, Scott EE. Human cytochrome P450 2E1 structures with fatty acid analogs reveal a previously unobserved binding mode. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22282-90. [PMID: 20463018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is widely known for its ability to oxidize >70 different, mostly compact, low molecular weight drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. In addition CYP2E1 oxidizes much larger C9-C20 fatty acids that can serve as endogenous signaling molecules. Previously structures of CYP2E1 with small molecules revealed a small, compact CYP2E1 active site, which would be insufficient to accommodate medium and long chain fatty acids without conformational changes in the protein. In the current work we have determined how CYP2E1 can accommodate a series of fatty acid analogs by cocrystallizing CYP2E1 with omega-imidazolyl-octanoic fatty acid, omega-imidazolyl-decanoic fatty acid, and omega-imidazolyl-dodecanoic fatty acid. In each structure direct coordination of the imidazole nitrogen to the heme iron mimics the position required for native fatty acid substrates to yield the omega-1 hydroxylated metabolites that predominate experimentally. In each case rotation of a single Phe(298) side chain merges the active site with an adjacent void, significantly altering the active site size and topology to accommodate fatty acids. The binding of these fatty acid ligands is directly opposite the channel to the protein surface and the binding observed for fatty acids in the bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium. Instead of the BM3-like binding mode in the CYP2E1 channel, these structures reveal interactions between the fatty acid carboxylates and several residues in the F, G, and B' helices at successive distances from the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Porubsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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15
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Chawengsub Y, Gauthier KM, Nithipatikom K, Hammock BD, Falck JR, Narsimhaswamy D, Campbell WB. Identification of 13-hydroxy-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid as an acid-stable endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rabbit arteries. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31280-90. [PMID: 19737933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.025627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by endothelial 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) to several vasodilatory eicosanoids such as 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12,15-THETA) and its proposed unstable precursor 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-H-11,12-EETA). In the present study, the acid-stable 13-hydroxy-trans-14,15-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid (13-H-14,15-EETA) was identified and its vascular activities characterized. Rabbit aorta, mesenteric arteries, and the combination of 15-LO and cytochrome P450 2J2 converted AA to two distinct HEETA metabolites. The HEETA metabolites were resistant to acidic hydrolysis but were hydrolyzed by recombinant sEH to a more polar metabolite identified by mass spectrometry as 13,14,15-THETA. Mass spectrometric analyses and HPLC comigration identified the HEETAs as threo- and erythro-diastereomers of 13-H-trans-14,15-EETA. Erythro- and threo-diastereomers of 13-H-trans-14,15-EETA relaxed endothelium-denuded rabbit small mesenteric arteries with maximum relaxations of 22.6 +/- 6.0% and 8.6 +/- 4.3%, respectively. Apamin (10(-7) m) inhibited the relaxations to the erythro-isomer (maximum relaxation = 1.2 +/- 5.6%) and increasing [K(+)](o) from 4.6 to 30 mm blocked relaxations to both isomers. In cell-attached patches of mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), erythro-13-H-trans-14,15-EETA (1-3 x 10(-6) m) increased mean open time of small conductance K(+) channels (13-14 pS) from 0.0007 +/- 0.0007 to 0.0053 +/- 0.0042. This activation was inhibited by apamin. The erythro, but not the threo, isomer blocked angiotensin II-stimulated aortic SMC migration. These studies demonstrate that 13-H-14,15-EETAs induces vascular relaxation via K(+) channel activation to cause SMC hyperpolarization. Thus, 13-H-14,15-EETA represents a new endothelial factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Chawengsub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Scanning chimeragenesis: the approach used to change the substrate selectivity of fatty acid monooxygenase CYP102A1 to that of terpene ω-hydroxylase CYP4C7. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:159-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Porubsky PR, Meneely KM, Scott EE. Structures of human cytochrome P-450 2E1. Insights into the binding of inhibitors and both small molecular weight and fatty acid substrates. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33698-707. [PMID: 18818195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805999200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human microsomal cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) monooxygenates > 70 low molecular weight xenobiotic compounds, as well as much larger endogenous fatty acid signaling molecules such as arachidonic acid. In the process, CYP2E1 can generate toxic or carcinogenic compounds, as occurs with acetaminophen overdose, nitrosamines in cigarette smoke, and reactive oxygen species from uncoupled catalysis. Thus, the diverse roles that CYP2E1 has in normal physiology, toxicity, and drug metabolism are related to its ability to metabolize diverse classes of ligands, but the structural basis for this was previously unknown. Structures of human CYP2E1 have been solved to 2.2 angstroms for an indazole complex and 2.6 angstroms for a 4-methylpyrazole complex. Both inhibitors bind to the heme iron and hydrogen bond to Thr303 within the active site. Complementing its small molecular weight substrates, the hydrophobic CYP2E1 active site is the smallest yet observed for a human cytochrome P-450. The CYP2E1 active site also has two adjacent voids: one enclosed above the I helix and the other forming a channel to the protein surface. Minor repositioning of the Phe478 aromatic ring that separates the active site and access channel would allow the carboxylate of fatty acid substrates to interact with conserved 216QXXNN220 residues in the access channel while positioning the hydrocarbon terminus in the active site, consistent with experimentally observed omega-1 hydroxylation of saturated fatty acids. Thus, these structures provide insights into the ability of CYP2E1 to effectively bind and metabolize both small molecule substrates and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Porubsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Balazy M, Chemtob S. Trans-arachidonic acids: new mediators of nitro-oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:275-90. [PMID: 18606454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A reaction of arachidonic acid with the nitrogen dioxide radical (*NO2) or its precursors (peroxynitrite, nitrous acid, nitrogen trioxide) generates a group of nitro lipids named nitroeicosanoids. A distinct feature of this reaction is abundant formation of four trans isomers of arachidonic acid (TAA) via reversible addition of the NO2 radical to the arachidonic acid cis double bonds. This cis-trans isomerization is biologically relevant because many pathologies that involve NO formation such as inflammation, hyperoxia, hypercapnia or exposure to cigarette smoke increase the TAA levels in cells, tissues and in the systemic circulation. Inflammatory conditions have been known to stimulate formation of a variety of oxidized lipids from unsaturated fatty acid precursors via lipid peroxidation mechanisms; however, nitration-dependent cis-trans-isomerization of arachidonic acid is a characteristic process for *NO2. TAA are likely to function as specific and selective biomarkers of the pathologic conditions that define nitro-oxidative stress. Diet independent biosynthesis of trans fatty acids as a result of disease is our new observation. In the past, experimental feeding and clinical studies have supported the concerns that dietary trans fatty acids are cardiovascular risk factors, however, clinical consequences of the endogenous formation of trans fatty acids are not known but potentially important given available studies on TAA. This review aims to summarize the emerging role of TAA as a unique group of biomarkers that target microcirculation and other systems. A biological mechanism that generates endogenous trans fatty acids poses new challenges for pharmacologic intervention and we suggest approaches that may limit TAA effects.
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Kooli A, Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Sennlaub F, Bossolasco M, Hou X, Honoré JC, Dennery PA, Sapieha P, Varma D, Lachapelle P, Zhu T, Tremblay S, Hardy P, Jain K, Balazy M, Chemtob S. trans-Arachidonic acids induce a heme oxygenase-dependent vasorelaxation of cerebral microvasculature. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:815-25. [PMID: 18082639 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrative stress is an important regulator of vascular tone. We have recently described that trans-arachidonic acids (TAA) are major products of NO(2)(.)-mediated isomerization of arachidonic acid in cell membranes and that nitrative stress increases TAA levels leading to neural microvascular degeneration. In the present study, we explored whether TAA exert acute effects on neuromicrovascular tone and investigated potential mechanisms thereof. TAA induced an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat brain pial microvasculature. This vasorelaxation was independent of nitric oxide, prostanoids, lipoxygenase products, and CYP(450) metabolite trans-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. However, inhibition of heme oxygenase (using zinc protoporphyrin IX) and of dependent soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC; using ODQ) significantly diminished (by approximately 70%) the TAA-induced vasorelaxation. Consistent with these findings, TAA stimulated heme oxygenase (HO)-2-dependent bilirubin (using siRNA HO-2) and cGMP formation, and the HO product carbon monoxide (using CO-releasing CORM-2) reproduced the sGC-dependent cGMP formation and vasorelaxation. Further exploration revealed that TAA-induced vasorelaxation and bilirubin formation (HO activation) were nearly abrogated by large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels (BK(Ca)) (using TEA and iberiotoxin). Opening of BK(Ca) with the selective activator NS1619 induced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation, which was inhibited by HO and sGC inhibitors. Coimmunoprecipitation suggested a molecular complex interaction between BK(Ca) and HO-2 (but not HO-1). Collectively, these findings identify new properties of TAA, specifically cerebral vasorelaxation through interactive activation of BK(Ca) with HO-2 and, in turn, sGC. Our findings provide new insights into the characterization of nitrative stress-derived TAA products, by showing they can act as acute mediators of nitrative stress on neurovascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Kooli
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Center of Hôpital Ste-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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