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Lykins J, Moschitto MJ, Zhou Y, Filippova EV, Le HV, Tomita T, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Su C, Rajagopala SV, Flores K, Spano F, Woods S, Roberts CW, Hua C, El Bissati K, Wheeler KM, Dovgin S, Muench SP, McPhillie M, Fishwick CW, Anderson WF, Lee PJ, Hickman M, Weiss LM, Dubey JP, Lorenzi HA, Silverman RB, McLeod RL. From TgO/GABA-AT, GABA, and T-263 Mutant to Conception of Toxoplasma. iScience 2024; 27:108477. [PMID: 38205261 PMCID: PMC10776954 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii causes morbidity, mortality, and disseminates widely via cat sexual stages. Here, we find T. gondii ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is conserved across phyla. We solve TgO/GABA-AT structures with bound inactivators at 1.55 Å and identify an inactivator selective for TgO/GABA-AT over human OAT and GABA-AT. However, abrogating TgO/GABA-AT genetically does not diminish replication, virulence, cyst-formation, or eliminate cat's oocyst shedding. Increased sporozoite/merozoite TgO/GABA-AT expression led to our study of a mutagenized clone with oocyst formation blocked, arresting after forming male and female gametes, with "Rosetta stone"-like mutations in genes expressed in merozoites. Mutations are similar to those in organisms from plants to mammals, causing defects in conception and zygote formation, affecting merozoite capacitation, pH/ionicity/sodium-GABA concentrations, drawing attention to cyclic AMP/PKA, and genes enhancing energy or substrate formation in TgO/GABA-AT-related-pathways. These candidates potentially influence merozoite's capacity to make gametes that fuse to become zygotes, thereby contaminating environments and causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lykins
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew J. Moschitto
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ekaterina V. Filippova
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Tadakimi Tomita
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Barbara A. Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David J. Bzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seesandra V. Rajagopala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kristin Flores
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Furio Spano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland, UK
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland, UK
| | - Cong Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Wheeler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah Dovgin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West York LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin McPhillie
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Colin W.G. Fishwick
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patricia J. Lee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mark Hickman
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hernan A. Lorenzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rima L. McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Institute of Genomics, Genetics, and Systems Biology, Global Health Center, Toxoplasmosis Center, CHeSS, The College, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Gonzalez LN, Cabeza MS, Robello C, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA, Arias DG. Biochemical characterization of GAF domain of free-R-methionine sulfoxide reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochimie 2023; 213:190-204. [PMID: 37423556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas Disease and is a unicellular parasite that infects a wide variety of mammalian hosts. The parasite exhibits auxotrophy by L-Met; consequently, it must be acquired from the extracellular environment of the host, either mammalian or invertebrate. Methionine (Met) oxidation produces a racemic mixture (R and S forms) of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). Reduction of L-MetSO (free or protein-bound) to L-Met is catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs). Bioinformatics analyses identified the coding sequence for a free-R-MSR (fRMSR) enzyme in the genome of T. cruzi Dm28c. Structurally, this enzyme is a modular protein with a putative N-terminal GAF domain linked to a C-terminal TIP41 motif. We performed detailed biochemical and kinetic characterization of the GAF domain of fRMSR in combination with mutant versions of specific cysteine residues, namely, Cys12, Cys98, Cys108, and Cys132. The isolated recombinant GAF domain and full-length fRMSR exhibited specific catalytic activity for the reduction of free L-Met(R)SO (non-protein bound), using tryparedoxins as reducing partners. We demonstrated that this process involves two Cys residues, Cys98 and Cys132. Cys132 is the essential catalytic residue on which a sulfenic acid intermediate is formed. Cys98 is the resolutive Cys, which forms a disulfide bond with Cys132 as a catalytic step. Overall, our results provide new insights into redox metabolism in T. cruzi, contributing to previous knowledge of L-Met metabolism in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihue N Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías S Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno/UBM, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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3
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Kina UY, Kamil M, Deveci G, Rafiqi AM, Matuschewski K, Aly ASI. A Candidate Bacterial-Type Amino Acid Decarboxylase Is Essential for Male Gamete Exflagellation and Mosquito Transmission of the Malaria Parasite. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0016723. [PMID: 37260388 PMCID: PMC10353352 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00167-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A frequent side effect of chemotherapy against malaria parasite blood infections is a dramatic induction of the sexual blood stages, thereby enhancing the risk of future malaria transmissions. The polyamine biosynthesis pathway has been suggested as a candidate target for transmission-blocking anti-malarial drug development. Herein, we describe the role of a bacterial-type amino acid decarboxylase (AAD) in the life cycle of the malaria model parasite Plasmodium yoelii. Hallmarks of AAD include a conserved catalytic lysine residue and high-level homology to arginine/lysine/ornithine decarboxylases of pathogenic bacteria. By targeted gene deletion, we show that AAD plays an essential role in the exflagellation of microgametes, resulting in complete absence of sporozoites in the mosquito vector. These data highlight the central role of the biosysthesis of polyamines in the final steps of male gamete sexual development of the malaria parasite and, hence, onward transmission to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Y. Kina
- Aly lab, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohd Kamil
- Aly lab, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gozde Deveci
- Aly lab, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ab. Matteen Rafiqi
- Aly lab, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. I. Aly
- Aly lab, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco
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4
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Basagni F, Marotta G, Rosini M, Minarini A. Polyamine-Drug Conjugates: Do They Boost Drug Activity? Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114518. [PMID: 37298993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the strategy of conjugating polyamine tails with bioactive molecules such as anticancer and antimicrobial agents, as well as antioxidant and neuroprotective scaffolds, has been widely exploited to enhance their pharmacological profile. Polyamine transport is elevated in many pathological conditions, suggesting that the polyamine portion could improve cellular and subcellular uptake of the conjugate via the polyamine transporter system. In this review, we have presented a glimpse on the polyamine conjugate scenario, classified by therapeutic area, of the last decade with the aim of highlighting achievements and fostering future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giambattista Marotta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Khomutov MA, Salikhov AI, Mitkevich VA, Tunitskaya VL, Smirnova OA, Korolev SP, Chizhov AO, Gottikh MB, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Spermidine Derivatives: Convenient Syntheses and Antizyme-Related Effects. Biomolecules 2023; 13:916. [PMID: 37371496 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation of vitally important cellular functions. Polyamine analogs and derivatives are a traditional and important instrument for the investigation of the cellular functions of polyamines, enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of the biosynthesis of antizyme-a key downregulator of polyamine homeostasis. Here, we describe convenient gram-scale syntheses of a set of C-methylated analogs of Spd. The biochemical properties of these compounds and the possibility for the regulation of their activity by moving a methyl group along the polyamine backbone and by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral center(s) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Arthur I Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera L Tunitskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey P Korolev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina B Gottikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Llanos MA, Alberca LN, Ruiz MD, Sbaraglini ML, Miranda C, Pino-Martinez A, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Alba Soto CD, Gavernet L, Talevi A. A combined ligand and target-based virtual screening strategy to repurpose drugs as putrescine uptake inhibitors with trypanocidal activity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:75-90. [PMID: 36494599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting nearly 7 million people only in the Americas. Polyamines are essential compounds for parasite growth, survival, and differentiation. However, because trypanosomatids are auxotrophic for polyamines, they must be obtained from the host by specific transporters. In this investigation, an ensemble of QSAR classifiers able to identify polyamine analogs with trypanocidal activity was developed. Then, a multi-template homology model of the dimeric polyamine transporter of T. cruzi, TcPAT12, was created with Rosetta, and then refined by enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Using representative snapshots extracted from the trajectory, a docking model able to discriminate between active and inactive compounds was developed and validated. Both models were applied in a parallel virtual screening campaign to repurpose known drugs as anti-trypanosomal compounds inhibiting polyamine transport in T. cruzi. Montelukast, Quinestrol, Danazol, and Dutasteride were selected for in vitro testing, and all of them inhibited putrescine uptake in biochemical assays, confirming the predictive ability of the computational models. Furthermore, all the confirmed hits proved to inhibit epimastigote proliferation, and Quinestrol and Danazol were able to inhibit, in the low micromolar range, the viability of trypomastigotes and the intracellular growth of amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Llanos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas N Alberca
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María D Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Sbaraglini
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Pino-Martinez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina D Alba Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Gavernet
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alan Talevi
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Mitochondrial Spermidine Synthase is Essential for Blood-stage growth of the Malaria Parasite. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127181. [PMID: 36162149 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Positively-charged polyamines are essential molecules for the replication of eukaryotic cells and are particularly important for the rapid proliferation of parasitic protozoa and cancer cells. Unlike in Trypanosoma brucei, the inhibition of the synthesis of intermediate polyamine Putrescine caused only partial defect in malaria parasite blood-stage growth. In contrast, reducing the intracellular concentrations of Spermidine and Spermine by polyamine analogs caused significant defects in blood-stage growth in Plasmodium yoelii and P. falciparum. However, little is known about the synthesizing enzyme of Spermidine and Spermine in the malaria parasite. Herein, malaria parasite conserved Spermidine Synthase (SpdS) gene was targeted for deletion/complementation analyses by knockout/knock-in constructs in P. yoelii. SpdS was found to be essential for blood-stage growth. Live fluorescence imaging in blood-stages and sporozoites confirmed a specific mitochondrial localization, which is not known for any polyamine-synthesizing enzyme so far. This study identifies SpdS as an excellent drug targeting candidate against the malaria parasite, which is localized to the parasite mitochondrion.
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8
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Ramu D, Singh S. Potential molecular targets of Leishmania pathways in developing novel antileishmanials. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:41-57. [PMID: 34877877 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness known as leishmaniasis has not become a household name like malaria, although it stands as the second-largest parasitic disease, surpassed only by malaria. As no licensed vaccine is available, treatment for leishmaniasis mostly relies on chemotherapy. Inefficiency and drug resistance are the major impediments in current therapeutics. In this scenario, identification of novel molecular drug candidates is indispensable to develop robust antileishmanials. The exploration of structure-based drugs to target enzymes/molecules of Leishmania which differ structurally/functionally from their equivalents in mammalian hosts not only helps in developing a new class of antileishmanials, but also paves the way to understand Leishmania biology. This review provides a comprehensive overview on possible drug candidates relating to various Leishmania molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandugudumula Ramu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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9
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Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Echarren ML, Faral-Tello P, Iglesias AA, Robello C, Guerrero SA. On the functionality of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B from Trypanosoma cruzi. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:96-114. [PMID: 32682073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine is an amino acid susceptible to be oxidized to give a racemic mixture of R and S forms of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). This posttranslational modification has been reported to occur in vivo under either normal or stress conditions. The reduction of MetSO to methionine is catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), thiol-dependent enzymes present in almost all organisms. These enzymes can reduce specifically one or another of the isomers of MetSO (free and protein-bound). This redox modification could change the structure and function of many proteins, either concerned in redox or other metabolic pathways. The study of antioxidant systems in Trypanosoma cruzi has been mainly focused on the involvement of trypanothione, a specific redox component for these organisms. Though, little information is available concerning mechanisms for repairing oxidized methionine residues in proteins, which would be relevant for the survival of these pathogens in the different stages of their life cycle. METHODS We report an in vitro functional and in vivo cellular characterization of methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MSRB, specific for protein-bound MetSO R-enantiomer) from T. cruzi strain Dm28c. RESULTS MSRB exhibited both cytosolic and mitochondrial localization in epimastigote cells. From assays involving parasites overexpressing MSRB, we observed the contribution of this protein to increase the general resistance against oxidative damage, the infectivity of trypomastigote cells, and intracellular replication of the amastigote stage. Also, we report that epimastigotes overexpressing MSRB exhibit inhibition of the metacyclogenesis process; this suggesting the involvement of the proteins as negative modulators in this cellular differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This report contributes to novel insights concerning redox metabolism in T. cruzi. Results herein presented support the importance of enzymatic steps involved in the metabolism of L-Met and in repairing oxidized macromolecules in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Matías S Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María L Echarren
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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10
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Pardali V, Giannakopoulou E, Balourdas DI, Myrianthopoulos V, Taylor MC, Šekutor M, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Kelly JM, Zoidis G. Lipophilic Guanylhydrazone Analogues as Promising Trypanocidal Agents: An Extended SAR Study. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:838-866. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200210150127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we extend the SAR analysis of a number of lipophilic guanylhydrazone analogues with
respect to in vitro growth inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. Sleeping sickness and Chagas
disease, caused by the tropical parasites T. brucei and T. cruzi, constitute a significant socioeconomic burden
in low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, respectively. Drug development is underfunded.
Moreover, current treatments are outdated and difficult to administer, while drug resistance is an emerging
concern. The synthesis of adamantane-based compounds that have potential as antitrypanosomal agents is
extensively reviewed. The critical role of the adamantane ring was further investigated by synthesizing and testing
a number of novel lipophilic guanylhydrazones. The introduction of hydrophobic bulky substituents onto the
adamantane ring generated the most active analogues, illustrating the synergistic effect of the lipophilic character
of the C1 side chain and guanylhydrazone moiety on trypanocidal activity. The n-decyl C1-substituted compound
G8 proved to be the most potent adamantane derivative against T. brucei with activity in the nanomolar range
(EC50=90 nM). Molecular simulations were also performed to better understand the structure-activity relationships
between the studied guanylhydrazone analogues and their potential enzyme target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pardali
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Myrianthopoulos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin C. Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Mlinarić-Majerski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
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11
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Reigada C, Sayé M, Phanstiel O, Valera-Vera E, Miranda MR, Pereira CA. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi Polyamine Transport Inhibitors by Computational Drug Repurposing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:256. [PMID: 31781568 PMCID: PMC6857147 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a parasitic infection endemic in Latin America. In T. cruzi the transport of polyamines is essential because this organism is unable to synthesize these compounds de novo. Therefore, the uptake of polyamines from the extracellular medium is critical for survival of the parasite. The anthracene-putrescine conjugate Ant4 was first designed as a polyamine transport probe in cancer cells. Ant4 was also found to inhibit the polyamine transport system and produced a strong trypanocidal effect in T. cruzi. Considering that Ant4 is not currently approved by the FDA, in this work we performed computer simulations to find trypanocidal drugs approved for use in humans that have structures and activities similar to Ant4. Through a similarity ligand-based virtual screening using Ant4 as reference molecule, four possible inhibitors of polyamine transport were found. Three of them, promazine, chlorpromazine, and clomipramine, showed to be effective inhibitors of putrescine uptake, and also revealed a high trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi amastigotes (IC50 values of 3.8, 1.9, and 2.9 μM, respectively) and trypomastigotes (IC50 values of 3.4, 2.7, and 1.3 μM, respectively) while in epimastigotes the IC50 were significantly higher (34.7, 41.4, and 39.7 μM, respectively). Finally, molecular docking simulations suggest that the interactions between the T. cruzi polyamine transporter TcPAT12 and all the identified inhibitors occur in the same region of the protein. However, this location is different from the site occupied by the natural substrates. The value of this effort is that repurposing known drugs in the treatment of other pathologies, especially neglected diseases such as Chagas disease, significantly decreases the time and economic cost of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Reigada
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Sayé
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Edward Valera-Vera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana R Miranda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Pereira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Khomutov MA, Mikhura IV, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Analogs of Spermine and Spermidine: Synthesis and Biological Activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MÁ, Villalobos-Rueda L, Urdiales JL. Polyamines in mammalian pathophysiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3987-4008. [PMID: 31227845 PMCID: PMC11105599 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are essential organic polycations for cell viability along the whole phylogenetic scale. In mammals, they are involved in the most important physiological processes: cell proliferation and viability, nutrition, fertility, as well as nervous and immune systems. Consequently, altered polyamine metabolism is involved in a series of pathologies. Due to their pathophysiological importance, PA metabolism has evolved to be a very robust metabolic module, interconnected with the other essential metabolic modules for gene expression and cell proliferation/differentiation. Two different PA sources exist for animals: PA coming from diet and endogenous synthesis. In the first section of this work, the molecular characteristics of PAs are presented as determinant of their roles in living organisms. In a second section, the metabolic specificities of mammalian PA metabolism are reviewed, as well as some obscure aspects on it. This second section includes information on mammalian cell/tissue-dependent PA-related gene expression and information on crosstalk with the other mammalian metabolic modules. The third section presents a synthesis of the physiological processes described as modulated by PAs in humans and/or experimental animal models, the molecular bases of these regulatory mechanisms known so far, as well as the most important gaps of information, which explain why knowledge around the specific roles of PAs in human physiology is still considered a "mysterious" subject. In spite of its robustness, PA metabolism can be altered under different exogenous and/or endogenous circumstances so leading to the loss of homeostasis and, therefore, to the promotion of a pathology. The available information will be summarized in the fourth section of this review. The different sections of this review also point out the lesser-known aspects of the topic. Finally, future prospects to advance on these still obscure gaps of knowledge on the roles on PAs on human physiopathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lorena Villalobos-Rueda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain
| | - José Luis Urdiales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Málaga, Spain.
- UNIT 741, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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14
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Malik A, Dalal V, Ankri S, Tomar S. Structural insights into
Entamoeba histolytica
arginase and structure‐based identification of novel non‐amino acid based inhibitors as potential antiamoebic molecules. FEBS J 2019; 286:4135-4155. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Malik
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India
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15
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Hubin TJ, Walker AN, Davilla DJ, Freeman TNC, Epley BM, Hasley TR, Amoyaw PNA, Jain S, Archibald SJ, Prior TJ, Krause JA, Oliver AG, Tekwani BL, Khan MOF. Tetraazamacrocyclic derivatives and their metal complexes as antileishmanial leads. Polyhedron 2019; 163:42-53. [PMID: 30976133 PMCID: PMC6452907 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 44 bis-aryl-monocyclic polyamines, monoaryl-monocyclic polyamines and their transition metal complexes were prepared, chemically characterized, and screened in vitro against the Leishmania donovani promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in THP1 cells. The IC50 and/or IC90 values showed that 10 compounds were similarly active at about 2-fold less potent than known drug pentamidine against promastigotes. The most potent compound had an IC50 of 2.82 μM (compared to 2.93 μM for pentamidine). Nine compounds were 1.1-13.6-fold more potent than pentamidine against axenic amastigotes, the most potent one being about 2-fold less potent than amphotericin B. Fourteen compounds were about 2-10 fold more potent than pentamidine, the most potent one is about 2-fold less potent than amphotericin B against intracellular amastigotes in THP1 cells. The 2 most promising compounds (FeL7Cl2 and MnL7Cl2), with strong activity against both promastigotes and amastigotes and no observable toxicity against the THP1 cells are the Fe2+- and Mn2+- complexes of a dibenzyl cyclen derivative. Only 2 of the 44 compounds showed observable cytotoxicity against THP1 cells. Tetraazamacrocyclic monocyclic polyamines represent a new class of antileishmanial lead structures that warrant follow up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - Ashlie N. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - Dustin J. Davilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - TaRynn N. Carder Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - Brittany M. Epley
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - Travis R. Hasley
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096
| | - Prince N. A. Amoyaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Surendra Jain
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | | | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct., Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- (Present address) Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, 2000 9th Avenue South Birmingham, AL 35205
| | - M. Omar F. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
- (Present address) University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE Charleston, WV 25304
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16
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Perdeh J, Berioso B, Love Q, LoGiudice N, Le TL, Harrelson JP, Roberts SC. Critical functions of the polyamine putrescine for proliferation and viability of Leishmania donovani parasites. Amino Acids 2019; 52:261-274. [PMID: 30993465 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are metabolites that play important roles in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania parasites. However, little is known about the function of polyamines in parasites. To address this question, we assessed the effect of polyamine depletion in Leishmania donovani mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (Δodc) or spermidine synthase (Δspdsyn). Intracellular putrescine levels depleted rapidly in Δodc mutants and accumulated in Δspdsyn mutants, while spermidine levels were maintained at low but stable levels in both cell lines. Putrescine depletion in the Δodc mutants led to cell rounding, immediate cessation of proliferation, and loss of viability, while putrescine-rich Δspdsyn mutants displayed an intermediate proliferation phenotype and were able to arrest in a quiescent-like state for 6 weeks. Supplementation of Δodc mutants with spermidine had little effect on cell proliferation and morphology but enabled parasites to persist for 14 weeks. Thus, putrescine is not only essential as precursor for spermidine formation but also critical for parasite proliferation, morphology, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Perdeh
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Brandon Berioso
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Quintin Love
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Nicole LoGiudice
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,McKenzie Willamette Medical Center, Springfield, OR, 97477, USA
| | - Thao Linh Le
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - John P Harrelson
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Polyamines are polycationic organic amines that are required for all eukaryotic life, exemplified by the polyamine spermidine, which plays an essential role in translation. They also play more specialized roles that differ across species, and their chemical versatility has been fully exploited during the evolution of protozoan pathogens. These eukaryotic pathogens, which cause some of the most globally widespread infectious diseases, have acquired species-specific polyamine-derived metabolites with essential cellular functions and have evolved unique mechanisms that regulate their core polyamine biosynthetic pathways. Many of these parasitic species have lost enzymes and or transporters from the polyamine metabolic pathway that are found in the human host. These pathway differences have prompted drug discovery efforts to target the parasite polyamine pathways, and indeed, the only clinically approved drug targeting the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is used to manage human African trypanosomiasis. This Minireview will primarily focus on polyamine metabolism and function in Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium species, which are the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis, and malaria, respectively. Aspects of polyamine metabolism across a diverse group of protozoan pathogens will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Phillips
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
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18
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Keinänen TA, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Huang Q, Uimari A, Alhonen L, Hyvönen MT, Vepsäläinen J. Controlling the regioselectivity and stereospecificity of FAD-dependent polyamine oxidases with the use of amine-attached guide molecules as conformational modulators. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180527. [PMID: 30006473 PMCID: PMC6131205 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes generally display strict stereospecificity and regioselectivity for their substrates. Here by using FAD-dependent human acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO), human spermine (Spm) oxidase (SMOX) and yeast polyamine oxidase (Fms1), we demonstrate that these fundamental properties of the enzymes may be regulated using simple guide molecules, being either covalently attached to polyamines or used as a supplement to the substrate mixtures. APAO, which naturally metabolizes achiral N1-acetylated polyamines, displays aldehyde-controllable stereospecificity with chiral 1-methylated polyamines, like (R)- and (S)-1-methylspermidine (1,8-diamino-5-azanonane) (1-MeSpd). Among the novel N1-acyl derivatives of MeSpd, isonicotinic acid (P4) or benzoic acid (Bz) with (R)-MeSpd had Km of 3.6 ± 0.6/1.2 ± 0.7 µM and kcat of 5.2 ± 0.6/4.6 ± 0.7 s-1 respectively, while N1 -AcSpd had Km 8.2 ± 0.4 µM and kcat 2.7 ± 0.0 s-1 On the contrary, corresponding (S)-MeSpd amides were practically inactive (kcat < 0.03 s-1) but they retained micromole level Km for APAO. SMOX did not metabolize any of the tested compounds (kcat < 0.05 s-1) that acted as non-competitive inhibitors having Ki ≥ 155 µM for SMOX. In addition, we tested (R,R)-1,12-bis-methylspermine (2,13-diamino-5,10-diazatetradecane) (R,R)-(Me2Spm) and (S,S)-Me2Spm as substrates for Fms1. Fms1 preferred (S,S)- to (R,R)-diastereoisomer, but with notably lower kcat in comparison with spermine. Interestingly, Fms1 was prone to aldehyde supplementation in its regioselectivity, i.e. the cleavage site of spermidine. Thus, aldehyde supplementation to generate aldimines or N-terminal substituents in polyamines, i.e. attachment of guide molecule, generates novel ligands with altered charge distribution changing the binding and catalytic properties with polyamine oxidases. This provides means for exploiting hidden capabilities of polyamine oxidases for controlling their regioselectivity and stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo A Keinänen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Nikolay Grigorenko
- BASF Schweiz AG, Dispersions and Pigments Division, Klybeckstrasse 141, P.O. Box CH 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- MacCHESS at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-8001, U.S.A
| | - Anne Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Natural Resources Division, Neulaniementie 5, Kuopio FI-70210, Finland
| | - Leena Alhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mervi T Hyvönen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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19
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Gazanion E, Vergnes B. Protozoan Parasite Auxotrophies and Metabolic Dependencies. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:351-375. [PMID: 30535605 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a major impact on world health. These early branching eukaryotes cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. During evolution, protozoan parasites have evolved toward complex life cycles in multiple host organisms with different nutritional resources. The conservation of functional metabolic pathways required for these successive environments is therefore a prerequisite for parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, parasitism drives genome evolution toward gene loss and metabolic dependencies (including strict auxotrophy), especially for obligatory intracellular parasites. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast how protozoan parasites have perfected this metabolic adaptation by focusing on specific auxotrophic pathways and scavenging strategies used by clinically relevant apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites to access host's nutritional resources. We will further see how these metabolic dependencies have in turn been exploited for therapeutic purposes against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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20
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Rojas-Martínez C, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Figueroa Millán JV, Acosta Viana KY, Gutiérrez Ruíz EJ, Bautista-Garfias CR, Lira-Amaya JJ, Polanco-Martínez DJ, Álvarez Martínez JA. Babesia bigemina: Advances in continuous in vitro culture using serum-free medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenite, and putrescine. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:294-301. [PMID: 29199117 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rojas-Martínez
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Roger I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Julio V Figueroa Millán
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - Karla Y Acosta Viana
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzáes No. 490 x 59 Col. Centro, C.P.97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Edwin J Gutiérrez Ruíz
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos R Bautista-Garfias
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - José J Lira-Amaya
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - Diego J Polanco-Martínez
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico
| | - Jesús A Álvarez Martínez
- CENID-Parasitología Veterinaria INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos C.P. 62550, Mexico.
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Pearce AN, Kaiser M, Copp BR. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of artesunate-polyamine and trioxolane-polyamine conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:595-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Polyamine-based analogs and conjugates as antikinetoplastid agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:982-1015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Prior to infecting erythrocytes and causing malaria symptoms, Plasmodium parasites undergo an obligatory phase of invasion and extensive replication inside their mammalian host's liver cells that depends on the parasite's ability to obtain the nutrients it requires for its intra-hepatic growth and multiplication. Here, we show that L-arginine (Arg) uptake through the host cell's SLC7A2-encoded transporters is essential for the parasite's development and maturation in the liver. Our data suggest that the Arg that is taken up is primarily metabolized by the arginase pathway to produce the polyamines required for Plasmodium growth. Although the parasite may hijack the host's biosynthesis pathway, it relies mainly upon its own arginase-AdoMetDC/ODC pathway to acquire the polyamines it needs to develop. These results identify for the first time a pivotal role for Arg-dependent polyamine production during Plasmodium's hepatic development and pave the way to the exploitation of strategies to impact liver infection by the malaria parasite through the modulation of Arg uptake and polyamine synthesis.
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Adinehbeigi K, Razi Jalali MH, Shahriari A, Bahrami S. In vitro antileishmanial activity of fisetin flavonoid via inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis and arginase activity in Leishmania infantum. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:176-185. [PMID: 28385129 PMCID: PMC5498762 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1312777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing emergence of drug resistant Leishmania sp. in recent years, combination therapy has been considered as a useful way to treat and control of Leishmaniasis. The present study was designed to evaluate the antileishmanial effects of the fisetin alone and combination of fisetin plus Meglumine antimoniate (Fi-MA) against Leishmania infantum. The IC50 values for fisetin were obtained 0.283 and 0.102 μM against promastigotes and amastigote forms, respectively. Meglumine antimoniate (MA, Glucantime) as control drug also revealed IC50 values of 0.247 and 0.105 μM for promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum, respectively. In order to determine the mode of action of fisetin and Meglumine antimoniate (MA, Glucantime), the activities of arginase (ARG), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Moreover, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in L. infantum-infected macrophages and L. infantum promastigotes which were treated with IC50 concentrations of fisetin, MA and Fi-MA were investigated. Our results showed that MA decreased CAT and SOD activity and increased NO levels in L. infantum-infected macrophages. In promastigotes, MA inhibited parasite SOD activity and reduced parasite NO production. The decreased levels of most of the antioxidant enzymes, accompanying by the raised level of NO in treated macrophages with MA, were observed to regain their normal profiles due to Fi-MA treatment. Furthermore, fisetin could prevent the growth of promastigotes by inhibition of ARG activity and reduction of GSH levels and NO production. In conclusion, these findings showed that fisetin improves MA side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Adinehbeigi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Shahriari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic sciences Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bahrami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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25
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Rojas-Martínez C, Rodríguez-Vivas R, Figueroa Millán J, Acosta Viana K, Gutiérrez Ruiz E, Álvarez Martínez J. Putrescine: Essential factor for in vitro proliferation of Babesia bovis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 175:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gevrekci AÖ. Fission Yeast srm1 is Involved in Stress Response and Cell Cycle. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:725-731. [PMID: 28345120 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are well-conserved, multifunctional polycations that contribute to a number of processes in the cells such as cell cycle, apoptosis, stress response, and gene expression. Therefore, polyamine levels should be kept under strict regulation by specific polyamine transporters and polyamine synthases. In this study, the aim is to experimentally characterize a predicted spermidine synthase gene srm1, which was identified upon sequence similarity, in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In an attempt to understand the role of this gene in cell cycle and stress response, deletion mutant of srm1 was generated and analyzed in terms of cell cycle regulation and environmental stress response. The results showed that srm1Δ cells had elongated cell size and were sensitive to osmotic stress, while they showed no sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental characterization of srm1 gene and its role in cell cycle progression and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Örs Gevrekci
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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27
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Unique substrate specificity of ornithine aminotransferase from Toxoplasma gondii. Biochem J 2017; 474:939-955. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary relevance responsible for toxoplasmosis in humans. As an efficacious vaccine remains a challenge, chemotherapy is still the most effective way to combat the disease. In search of novel druggable targets, we performed a thorough characterization of the putative pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme ornithine aminotransferase from T. gondii ME49 (TgOAT). We overexpressed the protein in Escherichia coli and analysed its molecular and kinetic properties by UV-visible absorbance, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, in addition to kinetic studies of both the steady state and pre-steady state. TgOAT is largely similar to OATs from other species regarding its general transamination mechanism and spectral properties of PLP; however, it does not show a specific ornithine aminotransferase activity like its human homologue, but exhibits both N-acetylornithine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase activity in vitro, suggesting a role in both arginine and GABA metabolism in vivo. The presence of Val79 in the active site of TgOAT in place of Tyr, as in its human counterpart, provides the necessary room to accommodate N-acetylornithine and GABA, resembling the active site arrangement of GABA transaminases. Moreover, mutation of Val79 to Tyr results in a change of substrate preference between GABA, N-acetylornithine and L-ornithine, suggesting a key role of Val79 in defining substrate specificity. The findings that TgOAT possesses parasite-specific structural features as well as differing substrate specificity from its human homologue make it an attractive target for anti-toxoplasmosis inhibitor design that can be exploited for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Fonseca MS, Comini MA, Resende BV, Santi AMM, Zoboli AP, Moreira DS, Murta SMF. Ornithine decarboxylase or gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase overexpression protects Leishmania (Vianna) guyanensis against antimony. Exp Parasitol 2017; 175:36-43. [PMID: 28167207 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids present a unique mechanism for detoxification of peroxides that is dependent on trypanothione (bisglutathionylspermidine). Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) produce molecules that are direct precursors of trypanothione. In this study, Leishmania guyanensis odc and gsh1 overexpressor cell lines were generated to investigate the contribution of these genes to the trivalent antimony (SbIII)-resistance phenotype. The ODC- or GSH1-overexpressors parasites presented an increase of two and four-fold in SbIII-resistance index, respectively, when compared with the wild-type line. Pharmacological inhibition of ODC and GSH1 with the specific inhibitors α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), respectively, increased the antileishmanial effect of SbIII in all cell lines. However, the ODC- and GSH1-overexpressor were still more resistant to SbIII than the parental cell line. Together, our data shows that modulation of ODC and GSH1 levels and activity is sufficient to affect L. guyanensis susceptibility to SbIII, and confirms a role of these genes in the SbIII-resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa S Fonseca
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratorio de Biología Redox de Tripanosomátidos, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bethânia V Resende
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria M Santi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio P Zoboli
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Moreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvane M F Murta
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR/Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715 301190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Jagu E, Pomel S, Diez-Martinez A, Ramiandrasoa F, Krauth-Siegel RL, Pethe S, Blonski C, Labruère R, Loiseau PM. Synthesis and in vitro antikinetoplastid activity of polyamine–hydroxybenzotriazole conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Sprenger J, Carey J, Svensson B, Wengel V, Persson L. Binding and Inhibition of Spermidine Synthase from Plasmodium falciparum and Implications for In Vitro Inhibitor Testing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163442. [PMID: 27661085 PMCID: PMC5035006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopropyltransferase spermidine synthase (SpdS) is a promising drug target in cancer and in protozoan diseases including malaria. Plasmodium falciparum SpdS (PfSpdS) transfers the aminopropyl group of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcAdoMet) to putrescine or to spermidine to form spermidine or spermine, respectively. In an effort to understand why efficient inhibitors of PfSpdS have been elusive, the present study uses enzyme activity assays and isothermal titration calorimetry with verified or predicted inhibitors of PfSpdS to analyze the relationship between binding affinity as assessed by KD and inhibitory activity as assessed by IC50. The results show that some predicted inhibitors bind to the enzyme with high affinity but are poor inhibitors. Binding studies with PfSpdS substrates and products strongly support an ordered sequential mechanism in which the aminopropyl donor (dcAdoMet) site must be occupied before the aminopropyl acceptor (putrescine) site can be occupied. Analysis of the results also shows that the ordered sequential mechanism adequately accounts for the complex relationship between IC50 and KD and may explain the limited success of previous efforts at structure-based inhibitor design for PfSpdS. Based on PfSpdS active-site occupancy, we suggest a classification of ligands that can help to predict the KD−IC50 relations in future design of new inhibitors. The present findings may be relevant for other drug targets that follow an ordered sequential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Sprenger
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jannette Carey
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States of America
| | - Bo Svensson
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Verena Wengel
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lo Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hart RJ, Ghaffar A, Abdalal S, Perrin B, Aly ASI. Plasmodium AdoMetDC/ODC bifunctional enzyme is essential for male sexual stage development and mosquito transmission. Biol Open 2016; 5:1022-9. [PMID: 27387533 PMCID: PMC5004602 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are positively-charged organic molecules that are important for cellular growth and division. Polyamines and their synthesizing enzymes are particularly abundant in rapidly proliferating eukaryotic cells such as parasitic protozoa and cancer cells. Polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors, such as Elfornithine, are now being considered for cancer prevention and have been used effectively against Trypanosoma brucei. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis have caused growth arrest of Plasmodium falciparum blood stages in vitro, but in P. berghei only partial inhibition has been observed. While polyamine biosynthesis enzymes are characterized and conserved in Plasmodium spp., little is known on the biological roles of these enzymes inside malaria parasite hosts. The bifunctional polyamine biosynthesis enzyme S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC/ODC) was targeted for deletion in P. yoelii. Deletion of AdoMetDC/ODC significantly reduced blood stage parasitemia but Anopheles transmission was completely blocked. We showed that male gametocytogenesis and male gamete exflagellation were abolished and consequently no ookinetes or oocyst sporozoites could be generated from adometdc/odc(–) parasites. Supplementation of putrescine and spermidine did not rescue the defective phenotypes of male gametocytes and gametes of the knockout parasites. These results highlight the crucial role of polyamine homeostasis in the development and functions of Plasmodium erythrocytic stages in the blood and in the mosquito vector and validate polyamine biosynthesis pathway enzymes as drug targeting candidates for malaria parasite transmission blocking. Summary: We provide the first genetic evidence for the crucial roles of de novo polyamine biosynthesis in the development of Plasmodium male sexual stages and in the transmission of malaria parasite to mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hart
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Atif Ghaffar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shaymaa Abdalal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin Perrin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ahmed S I Aly
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Hasne MP, Soysa R, Ullman B. The Trypanosoma cruzi Diamine Transporter Is Essential for Robust Infection of Mammalian Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152715. [PMID: 27050410 PMCID: PMC4822861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is incapable of synthesizing putrescine or cadaverine de novo, and, therefore, salvage of polyamines from the host milieu is an obligatory nutritional function for the parasite. A high-affinity diamine transporter (TcPOT1) from T. cruzi has been identified previously that recognizes both putrescine and cadaverine as ligands. In order to assess the functional role of TcPOT1 in intact parasites, a Δtcpot1 null mutant was constructed by targeted gene replacement and characterized. The Δtcpot1 mutant lacked high-affinity putrescine-cadaverine transport capability but retained the capacity to transport diamines via a non-saturable, low-affinity mechanism. Transport of spermidine and arginine was not impacted by the Δtcpot1 lesion. The Δtcpot1 cell line exhibited a significant but not total defect in its ability to subsist in Vero cells, although initial infection rates were not affected by the lesion. These findings reveal that TcPOT1 is the sole high-affinity diamine permease in T. cruzi, that genetic obliteration of TcPOT1 impairs the ability of the parasite to maintain a robust infection in mammalian cells, and that a secondary low-affinity uptake mechanism for this key parasite nutrient is operative but insufficient for optimal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Hasne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Radika Soysa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Buddy Ullman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Balcazar D, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Medeiros A, Benitez D, Comini M, Talevi A. Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:305-21. [PMID: 26891837 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi that affects about 6 million people in Latin America. Despite its sanitary importance, there are currently only two drugs available for treatment: benznidazole and nifurtimox, both exhibiting serious adverse effects and limited efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease. Polyamines are ubiquitous to all living organisms where they participate in multiple basic functions such as biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, proliferation and cell differentiation. T. cruzi is auxotroph for polyamines, which are taken up from the extracellular medium by efficient transporters and, to a large extent, incorporated into trypanothione (bis-glutathionylspermidine), the major redox cosubstrate of trypanosomatids. From a 268-compound database containing polyamine analogs with and without inhibitory effect on T. cruzi we have inferred classificatory models that were later applied in a virtual screening campaign to identify anti-trypanosomal compounds among drugs already used for other therapeutic indications (i.e. computer-guided drug repositioning) compiled in the DrugBank and Sweetlead databases. Five of the candidates identified with this strategy were evaluated in cellular models from different pathogenic trypanosomatids (T. cruzi wt, T. cruzi PAT12, T. brucei and Leishmania infantum), and in vitro models of aminoacid/polyamine transport assays and trypanothione synthetase inhibition assay. Triclabendazole, sertaconazole and paroxetine displayed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T. cruzi (epimastigotes) and the uptake of putrescine by the parasite. They also interfered with the uptake of others aminoacids and the proliferation of infective T. brucei and L. infantum (promastigotes). Trypanothione synthetase was ruled out as molecular target for the anti-parasitic activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas N Alberca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Sbaraglini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Balcazar
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benitez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sprenger J, Svensson B, Hålander J, Carey J, Persson L, Al-Karadaghi S. Three-dimensional structures of Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthase with bound inhibitors suggest new strategies for drug design. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:484-93. [PMID: 25760598 PMCID: PMC4356361 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714027011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes of the polyamine-biosynthesis pathway have been proposed to be promising drug targets in the treatment of malaria. Spermidine synthase (SpdS; putrescine aminopropyltransferase) catalyzes the transfer of the aminopropyl moiety from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, leading to the formation of spermidine and 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA). In this work, X-ray crystallography was used to examine ligand complexes of SpdS from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfSpdS). Five crystal structures were determined of PfSpdS in complex with MTA and the substrate putrescine, with MTA and spermidine, which was obtained as a result of the enzymatic reaction taking place within the crystals, with dcAdoMet and the inhibitor 4-methylaniline, with MTA and 4-aminomethylaniline, and with a compound predicted in earlier in silico screening to bind to the active site of the enzyme, benzimidazol-(2-yl)pentan-1-amine (BIPA). In contrast to the other inhibitors tested, the complex with BIPA was obtained without any ligand bound to the dcAdoMet-binding site of the enzyme. The complexes with the aniline compounds and BIPA revealed a new mode of ligand binding to PfSpdS. The observed binding mode of the ligands, and the interplay between the two substrate-binding sites and the flexible gatekeeper loop, can be used in the design of new approaches in the search for new inhibitors of SpdS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Sprenger
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Svensson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Box 724, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hålander
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jannette Carey
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lo Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Salam Al-Karadaghi
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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von Koschitzky I, Gerhardt H, Lämmerhofer M, Kohout M, Gehringer M, Laufer S, Pink M, Schmitz-Spanke S, Strube C, Kaiser A. New insights into novel inhibitors against deoxyhypusine hydroxylase from plasmodium falciparum: compounds with an iron chelating potential. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1155-66. [PMID: 25715757 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) is a dinuclear iron enzyme required for hydroxylation of the aminobutyl side chain of deoxyhypusine in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A), the second step in hypusine biosynthesis. DOHH has been recently identified in P. falciparum and P. vivax. Both enzymes have very peculiar features including E-Z type HEAT-like repeats and a diiron centre in their active site. Both proteins share only 26 % amino acid identity to the human paralogue. Hitherto, no X-ray structure exists from either enzyme. However, structural predictions based on the amino acid sequence of the active site in comparison to the human enzyme show that four conserved histidine and glutamate residues provide the coordination sites for chelating the ferrous iron ions. Recently, we showed that P. vivax DOHH is inhibited by zileuton (N-[1-(1-benzothien-2-yl)ethyl]-N-hydroxyurea), a drug that is known for inhibiting human 5-lipoygenase (5-LOX) by the complexation of ferrous iron. A novel discovery program was launched to identify inhibitors of the P. falciparum DOHH from the Malaria Box, consisting of 400 chemical compounds, which are highly active in the erythrocytic stages of Malaria infections. In a first visual selection for potential ligands of ferrous iron, three compounds from different scaffold classes namely the diazonapthyl benzimidazole MMV666023 (Malaria Box plate A, position A03), the bis-benzimidazole MMV007384 (plate A, position B08), and a 1,2,5,-oxadiazole MMV665805 (plate A, position C03) were selected and subsequently evaluated in silico for their potential to complex iron ions. As a proof of principle, a bioanalytical assay was performed and the inhibition of hypusine biosynthesis was determined by GC-MS. All tested compounds proved to be active in this assay and MMV665805 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. Notably, the results were in accordance with the preliminary quantum-mechanical calculations suggesting the strongest iron complexation capacity for MMV665805. This compound might be a useful tool as well as a novel lead structure for inhibitors of P. falciparum DOHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke von Koschitzky
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics, Medical Research Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Ghosh AK, Sardar AH, Mandal A, Saini S, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Purkait B, Singh R, Das S, Mukhopadhyay R, Roy S, Das P. Metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism: a crucial strategy of Leishmania donovani for its survival during oxidative stress. FASEB J 2015; 29:2081-98. [PMID: 25690656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism that allows the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani (Ld) to respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is of increasing therapeutic importance because of the continuing resistance toward antileishmanial drugs and for determining the illusive survival strategy of these parasites. A shift in primary carbon metabolism is the fastest response to oxidative stress. A (14)CO2 evolution study, expression of glucose transporters together with consumption assays, indicated a shift in metabolic flux of the parasites from glycolysis toward pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) when exposed to different oxidants in vitro/ex vivo. Changes in gene expression, protein levels, and enzyme activities all pointed to a metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism in response to oxidants. Generation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (∼5-fold) and transaldolase (TAL) (∼4.2-fold) overexpressing Ld cells reaffirmed that lethal doses of ROS were counterbalanced by effective manipulation of NADPH:NADP(+) ratio and stringent maintenance of reduced thiol content. The extent of protein carbonylation and accumulation of lipid peroxidized products were also found to be less in overexpressed cell lines. Interestingly, the LD50 of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), amphotericin-B (AmB), and miltefosine were significantly high toward overexpressing parasites. Consequently, this study illustrates that Ld strategizes a metabolic reconfiguration for replenishment of NADPH pool to encounter oxidative challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan K Ghosh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abul H Sardar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Savita Saini
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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A novel inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthase: a twist in the tail. Malar J 2015; 14:54. [PMID: 25651815 PMCID: PMC4342090 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum is the most pathogenic of the human malaria parasite species and a major cause of death in Africa. It's resistance to most of the current drugs accentuates the pressing need for new chemotherapies. Polyamine metabolism of the parasite is distinct from the human pathway making it an attractive target for chemotherapeutic development. Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthase (PfSpdS) catalyzes the synthesis of spermidine and spermine. It is a major polyamine flux-determining enzyme and spermidine is a prerequisite for the post-translational activation of P. falciparum eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (elF5A). The most potent inhibitors of eukaryotic SpdS's are not specific for PfSpdS. METHODS 'Dynamic' receptor-based pharmacophore models were generated from published crystal structures of SpdS with different ligands. This approach takes into account the inherent flexibility of the active site, which reduces the entropic penalties associated with ligand binding. Four dynamic pharmacophore models were developed and two inhibitors, (1R,4R)-(N1-(3-aminopropyl)-trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diamine (compound 8) and an analogue, N-(3-aminopropyl)-cyclohexylamine (compound 9), were identified. RESULTS A crystal structure containing compound 8 was solved and confirmed the in silico prediction that its aminopropyl chain traverses the catalytic centre in the presence of the byproduct of catalysis, 5'-methylthioadenosine. The IC50 value of compound 9 is in the same range as that of the most potent inhibitors of PfSpdS, S-adenosyl-1,8-diamino-3-thio-octane (AdoDATO) and 4MCHA and 100-fold lower than that of compound 8. Compound 9 was originally identified as a mammalian spermine synthase inhibitor and does not inhibit mammalian SpdS. This implied that these two compounds bind in an orientation where their aminopropyl chains face the putrescine binding site in the presence of the substrate, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. The higher binding affinity and lower receptor strain energy of compound 9 compared to compound 8 in the reversed orientation explained their different IC50 values. CONCLUSION The specific inhibition of PfSpdS by compound 9 is enabled by its binding in the additional cavity normally occupied by spermidine when spermine is synthesized. This is the first time that a spermine synthase inhibitor is shown to inhibit PfSpdS, which provides new avenues to explore for the development of novel inhibitors of PfSpdS.
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Interrogating alkyl and arylalkylpolyamino (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea isosteres as potent antimalarial chemotypes against multiple lifecycle forms of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5131-43. [PMID: 25684422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new series of potent potent aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity. Altering the carbon backbone and terminal substituents increased the potency of analogues in the compound library 3-fold, with the most active compounds, 15 and 16, showing half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) of 28 and 30 nM, respectively, against various Plasmodium falciparum parasite strains without any cross-resistance. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of these analogues revealed marked selectivity towards targeting malaria parasites compared to mammalian HepG2 cells (>5000-fold lower IC50 against the parasite). Preliminary biological evaluation of the polyamine analogue antiplasmodial phenotype revealed that (bis)urea compounds target parasite asexual proliferation, whereas (bis)thiourea compounds of the same series have the unique ability to block transmissible gametocyte forms of the parasite, indicating pluripharmacology against proliferative and non-proliferative forms of the parasite. In this manuscript, we describe these results and postulate a refined structure-activity relationship (SAR) model for antiplasmodial polyamine analogues. The terminally aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea-polyamine analogues featuring a 3-5-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbone represent a structurally novel and distinct class of potential antiplasmodials with activities in the low nanomolar range, and high selectivity against various lifecycle forms of P. falciparum parasites.
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Jagu E, Djilali R, Pomel S, Ramiandrasoa F, Pethe S, Labruère R, Loiseau PM, Blonski C. Design, synthesis and in vitro antikinetoplastid evaluation of N-acylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:207-9. [PMID: 25499437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study on polyamine derivatives led to the synthesis and the determination of antikinetoplastid activity of 17 compounds. Among them, a spermidine derivative (compound 13) was specifically active in vitro against Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes (IC50 at 5.4μM; Selectivity Index >18.5) and a spermine derivative (compound 28) specifically active against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (IC50 at 1.9μM; Selectivity Index >52).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Jagu
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Rachid Djilali
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR 8076 (BioCIS), Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Florence Ramiandrasoa
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Pethe
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR 8076 (BioCIS), Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Casimir Blonski
- Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, LabEx LERMIT, CNRS, UMR 8182 (ICMMO), Bâtiment 420, Université Paris-Sud, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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Yang Y, Xiong J, Zhou Z, Huo F, Miao W, Ran C, Liu Y, Zhang J, Feng J, Wang M, Wang M, Wang L, Yao B. The genome of the myxosporean Thelohanellus kitauei shows adaptations to nutrient acquisition within its fish host. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:3182-98. [PMID: 25381665 PMCID: PMC4986447 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Myxozoa, a parasitic metazoan taxon, have considerable detrimental effects on fish hosts and also have been associated with human food-borne illness. Little is known about their biology and metabolism. Analysis of the genome of Thelohanellus kitauei and comparative analysis with genomes of its two free-living cnidarian relatives revealed that T. kitauei has adapted to parasitism, as indicated by the streamlined metabolic repertoire and the tendency toward anabolism rather than catabolism. Thelohanellus kitauei mainly secretes proteases and protease inhibitors for nutrient digestion (parasite invasion), and depends on endocytosis (mainly low-density lipoprotein receptors-mediated type) and secondary carriers for nutrient absorption. Absence of both classic and complementary anaerobic pathways and gluconeogenesis, the lack of de novo synthesis and reduced activity in hydrolysis of fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides indicated that T. kitauei in this vertebrate host-parasite system has adapted to inhabit a physiological environment extremely rich in both oxygen and nutrients (especially glucose), which is consistent with its preferred parasitic site, that is, the host gut submucosa. Taking advantage of the genomic and transcriptomic information, 23 potential nutrition-related T. kitauei-specific chemotherapeutic targets were identified. This first genome sequence of a myxozoan will facilitate development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of myxozoan parasites and ultimately prevent myxozoan-induced fish-borne illnesses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Huo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Tianjin Biochip Corporation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Medina-Enríquez MM, Alcántara-Farfán V, Aguilar-Faisal L, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Rodríguez-Páez L, Vargas-Ramírez AL. N-ω-chloroacetyl-l-ornithine, a new competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, induces selective growth inhibition and cytotoxicity on human cancer cells versus normal cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:345-53. [PMID: 24939101 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.926342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells have high expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and there is a concerted effort to seek new inhibitors of this enzyme. The aim of the study was to initially characterize the inhibition properties, then to evaluate the cytotoxicity/antiproliferative cell based activity of N-ω-chloroacetyl-l-ornithine (NCAO) on three human cancer cell lines. Results showed NCAO to be a reversible competitive ODC inhibitor (Ki = 59 µM) with cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, which were concentration- and time-dependent. The EC50,72h of NCAO was 15.8, 17.5 and 10.1 µM for HeLa, MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, respectively. NCAO at 500 µM completely inhibited growth of all cancer cells at 48 h treatment, with almost no effect on normal cells. Putrescine reversed NCAO effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cells, indicating that this antiproliferative activity is due to ODC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marlene Medina-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala , México, D.F.
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le Roux D, Burger PB, Niemand J, Grobler A, Urbán P, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Barker RH, Serrano AE, I Louw A, Birkholtz LM. Novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase inhibitors as potent antiproliferative agents against intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 4:28-36. [PMID: 24596666 PMCID: PMC3940083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway has been identified as a suitable drug target in Plasmodium falciparum parasites, which causes the most lethal form of malaria. Derivatives of an irreversible inhibitor of this enzyme, 5'-{[(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino}-5'-deoxyadenosine (MDL73811), have been developed with improved pharmacokinetic profiles and activity against related parasites, Trypanosoma brucei. Here, these derivatives were assayed for inhibition of AdoMetDC from P. falciparum parasites and the methylated derivative, 8-methyl-5'-{[(Z)-4-aminobut-2-enyl]methylamino}-5'-deoxyadenosine (Genz-644131) was shown to be the most active. The in vitro efficacy of Genz-644131 was markedly increased by nanoencapsulation in immunoliposomes, which specifically targeted intraerythrocytic P. falciparum parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina le Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Jandeli Niemand
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Anne Grobler
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Patricia Urbán
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain ; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona E08036, Spain ; Biomolecular Interactions Team, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain ; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona E08036, Spain ; Biomolecular Interactions Team, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
| | - Robert H Barker
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Adelfa E Serrano
- University of Puerto Rico-School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Abraham I Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Manjolin LC, dos Reis MBG, Maquiaveli CDC, Santos-Filho OA, da Silva ER. Dietary flavonoids fisetin, luteolin and their derived compounds inhibit arginase, a central enzyme in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. Food Chem 2013; 141:2253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khomutov MA, Weisell J, Hyvönen M, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN. Hydroxylamine derivatives for regulation of spermine and spermidine metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1431-46. [PMID: 24490733 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and their precursor putrescine are present in micro-to-millimolar concentrations in all cell types and are vitally important for their normal growth. High intracellular content of spermine and spermidine determines the multiplicity of the cellular functions of the polyamines. Many of these functions are not well characterized at the molecular level, ensuring the ongoing development of this field of biochemistry. Tumor cells have elevated polyamine level if compared with normal cells, and this greatly stimulates the search for new opportunities to deplete the intracellular pool of spermine and spermidine resulting in decrease in cell growth and even cell death. O-Substituted hydroxylamines occupy their own place among chemical regulators of the activity of the enzymes of polyamine metabolism. Varying the structure of the alkyl substituent made it possible to obtain within one class of chemical compounds highly effective inhibitors and regulators of the activity of all the enzymes of putrescine, spermine and spermidine metabolism (with the exception of FAD-dependent spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase), effectors of the polyamine transport system, and even actively transported in cells "proinhibitor" of ornithine decarboxylase. Some principles for the design of specific inhibitors of these enzymes as well as the peculiarities of cellular effects of corresponding O-substituted hydroxylamines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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45
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dos Reis MBG, Manjolin LC, Maquiaveli CDC, Santos-Filho OA, da Silva ER. Inhibition of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and rat arginases by green tea EGCG, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin: a comparative structural analysis of enzyme-inhibitor interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78387. [PMID: 24260115 PMCID: PMC3832641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a dietary polyphenol (flavanol) from green tea, possesses leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal activity. Mitochondrial damage was observed in Leishmania treated with EGCG, and it contributed to the lethal effect. However, the molecular target has not been defined. In this study, EGCG, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin were tested against recombinant arginase from Leishmania amazonensis (ARG-L) and rat liver arginase (ARG-1). The compounds inhibit ARG-L and ARG-1 but are more active against the parasite enzyme. Enzyme kinetics reveal that EGCG is a mixed inhibitor of the ARG-L while (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin are competitive inhibitors. The most potent arginase inhibitor is (+)-catechin (IC50 = 0.8 µM) followed by (−)-epicatechin (IC50 = 1.8 µM), gallic acid (IC50 = 2.2 µM) and EGCG (IC50 = 3.8 µM). Docking analyses showed different modes of interaction of the compounds with the active sites of ARG-L and ARG-1. Due to the low IC50 values obtained for ARG-L, flavanols can be used as a supplement for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Balduíno Goncalves dos Reis
- Programa de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Correa Manjolin
- Programa de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia do Carmo Maquiaveli
- Programa de pós-graduação em Fisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Andrade Santos-Filho
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Síntese Orgânica, Farmanguinhos/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Roberto da Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Keinänen TA, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR. Selective regulation of polyamine metabolism with methylated polyamine analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 46:605-20. [PMID: 24022706 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism is intimately linked to the physiological state of the cell. Low polyamines levels promote growth cessation, while increased concentrations are often associated with rapid proliferation or cancer. Delicately balanced biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake and excretion are very important for maintaining the intracellular polyamine homeostasis, and deregulated polyamine metabolism is associated with imbalanced metabolic red/ox state. Although many cellular targets of polyamines have been described, the precise molecular mechanisms in these interactions are largely unknown. Polyamines are readily interconvertible which complicate studies on the functions of the individual polyamines. Thus, non-metabolizable polyamine analogues, like carbon-methylated analogues, are needed to circumvent that problem. This review focuses on methylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine analogues in which at least one hydrogen atom attached to polyamine carbon backbone has been replaced by a methyl group. These analogues allow the regulation of both metabolic and catabolic fates of the parent molecule. Substituting the natural polyamines with methylated analogue(s) offers means to study either the functions of an individual polyamine or the effects of altered polyamine metabolism on cell physiology. In general, gem-dimethylated analogues are considered to be non-metabolizable by polyamine catabolizing enzymes spermidine/spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase and acetylpolyamine oxidase and they support short-term cellular proliferation in many experimental models. Monomethylation renders the analogues chiral, offering some advantage over gem-dimethylated analogues in the specific regulation of polyamine metabolism. Thus, methylated polyamine analogues are practical tools to meet existing biological challenges in solving the physiological functions of polyamines.
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Sánchez-Jiménez F, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Urdiales JL, Medina MA. Pharmacological potential of biogenic amine-polyamine interactions beyond neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:4-16. [PMID: 23347064 PMCID: PMC3764843 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine, serotonin and dopamine are biogenic amines involved in intercellular communication with multiple effects on human pathophysiology. They are products of two highly homologous enzymes, histidine decarboxylase and l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and transmit their signals through different receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. Polyamines derived from ornithine (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are mainly involved in intracellular effects related to cell proliferation and death mechanisms. This review summarizes structural and functional evidence for interactions between components of all these amine metabolic and signalling networks (decarboxylases, transporters, oxidases, receptors etc.) at cellular and tissue levels, distinct from nervous and neuroendocrine systems, where the crosstalk among these amine-related components can also have important pathophysiological consequences. The discussion highlights aspects that could help to predict and discuss the effects of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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Kim DH, Barrett MP. Metabolite-dependent regulation of gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:841-5. [PMID: 23668674 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating gene expression in trypanosomatid protozoa differ significantly from those in other eukaryotes. Transcription of the genome appears to be more or less constitutive with the polyadenylation and trans-splicing of large polycistronic RNAs producing monocistronic RNAs whose translation may then depend upon information within their 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs). Various 3'UTR sequences involved in life-cycle stage-dependent differential gene expression have been described. Moreover, several RNA-binding proteins have been implicated in regulating expression of these transcripts through altering either their stability or their ability to interact with ribosomes. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology Xiao et al. report on a regulatory element within the 3'UTR of the transcript that encodes the polyamine pathway regulatory protein called prozyme. It appears that the RNA element controls translation of the prozyme RNA causing expression to be upregulated when levels of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcAdoMet) are depleted. Since prozyme activates the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), which is responsible for the production of dcAdoMet, losing this metabolite leads to upregulation of prozyme, activation of AdoMetDC and restoration of optimal levels of dcAdomet. The system thus represents a novel metabolite-sensing regulatory circuit that maintains polyamine homeostasis in these cells.
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Allmann S, Morand P, Ebikeme C, Gales L, Biran M, Hubert J, Brennand A, Mazet M, Franconi JM, Michels PAM, Portais JC, Boshart M, Bringaud F. Cytosolic NADPH homeostasis in glucose-starved procyclic Trypanosoma brucei relies on malic enzyme and the pentose phosphate pathway fed by gluconeogenic flux. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18494-505. [PMID: 23665470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All living organisms depend on NADPH production to feed essential biosyntheses and for oxidative stress defense. Protozoan parasites such as the sleeping sickness pathogen Trypanosoma brucei adapt to different host environments, carbon sources, and oxidative stresses during their infectious life cycle. The procyclic stage develops in the midgut of the tsetse insect vector, where they rely on proline as carbon source, although they prefer glucose when grown in rich media. Here, we investigate the flexible and carbon source-dependent use of NADPH synthesis pathways in the cytosol of the procyclic stage. The T. brucei genome encodes two cytosolic NADPH-producing pathways, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (MEc). Reverse genetic blocking of those pathways and a specific inhibitor (dehydroepiandrosterone) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase together established redundancy with respect to H2O2 stress management and parasite growth. Blocking both pathways resulted in ∼10-fold increase of susceptibility to H2O2 stress and cell death. Unexpectedly, the same pathway redundancy was observed in glucose-rich and glucose-depleted conditions, suggesting that gluconeogenesis can feed the PPP to provide NADPH. This was confirmed by (i) a lethal phenotype of RNAi-mediated depletion of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) in the glucose-depleted Δmec/Δmec null background, (ii) an ∼10-fold increase of susceptibility to H2O2 stress observed for the Δmec/Δmec/(RNAi)PGI double mutant when compared with the single mutants, and (iii) the (13)C enrichment of glycolytic and PPP intermediates from cells incubated with [U-(13)C]proline, in the absence of glucose. Gluconeogenesis-supported NADPH supply may also be important for nucleotide and glycoconjugate syntheses in the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Allmann
- Faculty of Biology, Section of Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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50
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Vanrell MC, Cueto JA, Barclay JJ, Carrillo C, Colombo MI, Gottlieb RA, Romano PS. Polyamine depletion inhibits the autophagic response modulating Trypanosoma cruzi infectivity. Autophagy 2013; 9:1080-93. [PMID: 23697944 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell process that in normal conditions serves to recycle cytoplasmic components and aged or damaged organelles. The autophagic pathway has been implicated in many physiological and pathological situations, even during the course of infection by intracellular pathogens. Many compounds are currently used to positively or negatively modulate the autophagic response. Recently it was demonstrated that the polyamine spermidine is a physiological inducer of autophagy in eukaryotic cells. We have previously shown that the etiological agent of Chagas disease, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, interacts with autophagic compartments during host cell invasion and that preactivation of autophagy significantly increases host cell colonization by this parasite. In the present report we have analyzed the effect of polyamine depletion on the autophagic response of the host cell and on T. cruzi infectivity. Our data showed that depleting intracellular polyamines by inhibiting the biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) suppressed the induction of autophagy in response to starvation or rapamycin treatment in two cell lines. This effect was associated with a decrease in the levels of LC3 and ATG5, two proteins required for autophagosome formation. As a consequence of inhibiting host cell autophagy, DFMO impaired T. cruzi colonization, indicating that polyamines and autophagy facilitate parasite infection. Thus, our results point to DFMO as a novel autophagy inhibitor. While other autophagy inhibitors such as wortmannin and 3-methyladenine are nonspecific and potentially toxic, DFMO is an FDA-approved drug that may have value in limiting autophagy and the spread of the infection in Chagas disease and possibly other pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; CONICET; Mendoza, Argentina
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