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Tamanna N, Mojumder A, Azim T, Iqbal MI, Alam MNU, Rahman A, Seraj ZI. Comparative metabolite profiling of salt sensitive Oryza sativa and the halophytic wild rice Oryza coarctata under salt stress. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10155. [PMID: 38882243 PMCID: PMC11179383 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
To better understand the salt tolerance of the wild rice, Oryza coarctata, root tissue-specific untargeted comparative metabolomic profiling was performed against the salt-sensitive Oryza sativa. Under control, O. coarctata exhibited abundant levels of most metabolites, while salt caused their downregulation in contrast to metabolites in O. sativa. Under control conditions, itaconate, vanillic acid, threonic acid, eicosanoids, and a group of xanthin compounds were comparatively abundant in O. coarctata. Similarly, eight amino acids showed constitutive abundance in O. coarctata. In contrast, under control, glycerolipid abundances were lower in O. coarctata and salt stress further reduced their abundance. Most phospholipids also showed a distribution similar to the glycerolipids. Fatty acyls were however significantly induced in O. coarctata but organic acids were prominently induced in O. sativa. Changes in metabolite levels suggest that there was upregulation of the arachidonic acid metabolism in O. coarctata. In addition, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as well as cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis were also more enriched in O. coarctata, likely contributing to its anatomical traits responsible for salt tolerance. The comparative variation in the number of metabolites like gelsemine, allantoin, benzyl alcohol, specific phospholipids, and glycerolipids may play a role in maintaining the superior growth of O. coarctata in salt. Collectively, our results offer a comprehensive analysis of the metabolite profile in the roots of salt-tolerant O. coarctata and salt-sensitive O. sativa, which confirm potential targets for metabolic engineering to improve salt tolerance and resilience in commercial rice genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Tamanna
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematic TrainingUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Anik Mojumder
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematic TrainingUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Tomalika Azim
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md Ishmam Iqbal
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematic TrainingUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md Nafis Ul Alam
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematic TrainingUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Department of Plant Biosciences, Faculty of AgricultureIwate UniversityMoriokaJapan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and BioresourcesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Zeba I. Seraj
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
- Center for Bioinformatics Learning Advancement and Systematic TrainingUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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2
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Ford CM, Sweetman C, Fry SC. Ascorbate degradation: pathways, products, and possibilities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2733-2739. [PMID: 38349794 PMCID: PMC11066805 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A role for l-ascorbate as the precursor of several plant compounds adds to its already broad metabolic utility. There are many examples of plant species in which oxalate and l-threonate are formed from l-ascorbate breakdown, and a number of roles have been proposed for this: structural, physiological, and biochemical. On the other hand, the synthesis of l-tartrate from l-ascorbate remains limited to a very few species, amongst which we must be grateful to count the domesticated grapevine Vitis vinifera and its relatives on which wine production is based. Pathways for the degradation of ascorbate were first proposed ~50 years ago and have formed the basis of more recent biochemical and molecular analyses. The present review seeks to summarize some of these findings and to propose opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ford
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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3
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Cocetta G, Cavenago B, Bulgari R, Spinardi A. Benzothiadiazole enhances ascorbate recycling and polyphenols accumulation in blueberry in a cultivar-dependent manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032133. [PMID: 36570922 PMCID: PMC9780449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazole (BTH) is a functional analogue of salicylic acid able to induce systemic acquired resistance in many horticultural crops. The aim of the work was to investigate how BTH may affect i) fruit quality, ii) ascorbic acid (AsA) oxidation and recycling metabolism and iii) phenolic compounds accumulation, during development and ripening of berries from the two selected cultivars. Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants (cv 'Brigitta' and 'Duke') were treated with 0.118 mM BTH every two weeks during ripening, then all fruits of each plant were harvested and divided in four developmental stages. Results indicated that BTH had no marked effects on fruit quality parameters. During the first developmental stage, BTH negatively affected dry matter in both cv, while soluble solids and AsA content were affected in 'Duke'. In fully ripe berries, BTH reduced dry matter in 'Duke' and enhanced soluble solids content in 'Brigitta', while diminishing titratable acidity. AsA content was positively affected by BTH in 'Duke', but not in 'Brigitta'. The effect of BTH on the enzymes involved in AsA recycling was recorded in berries at the third (fruit more than half pigmented) and fourth developmental stages. After treatment, in both cv ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased in fully ripe berries, while monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity was stimulated at the third ripening stage. Conversely, the activities of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were enhanced only in 'Brigitta' and in 'Duke', respectively. BTH stimulated total polyphenols, flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation in 'Brigitta' and in 'Duke' at the third and fourth ripening stages. In fully ripe berries, BTH enhanced the accumulation of delphinidins, cyanidins, petunidins and peonidins in 'Brigitta', while in 'Duke' it increased all classes of anthocyanidins, including malvidin. On the contrary, the relative proportion of the individual anthocyanins was only slightly affected by BTH treatment, mainly regarding delphinidin and malvidin at the third and fourth stage of ripening of 'Duke' and 'Brigitta', respectively. These results show that preharvest BTH application can positively impact on fruit bioactive compounds levels, affecting AsA recycling and content and increasing polyphenols accumulation in fruit, but partly depending on cv and ripening stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cocetta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavenago
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Bulgari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Vegetable Crops and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VEGMAP, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Spinardi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Chavan SN, De Kesel J, Desmedt W, Degroote E, Singh RR, Nguyen GT, Demeestere K, De Meyer T, Kyndt T. Dehydroascorbate induces plant resistance in rice against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 35587614 PMCID: PMC9366072 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants and regulates various physiological processes. In this study, we show that exogenous treatments with the oxidized form of AsA, that is, dehydroascorbate (DHA), activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, and investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Detailed transcriptome analysis on roots of rice plants showed an early and robust transcriptional response on foliar DHA treatment, with induction of several genes related to plant stress responses, immunity, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolism already at 1 day after treatment. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of H2 O2 levels confirmed the appearance of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst on DHA treatment, both at the site of treatment and systemically. Experiments using chemical ROS inhibitors or scavengers confirmed that H2 O2 accumulation contributes to DHA-based induced resistance. Furthermore, hormone measurements in DHA-treated plants showed a significant systemic accumulation of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA). The role of the SA pathway in DHA-based induced resistance was confirmed by nematode infection experiments using an SA-signalling deficient WRKY45-RNAi line and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR on SA marker genes. Our results collectively reveal that DHA activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode M. graminicola, mediated through the production of ROS and activation of the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Namdeo Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabadIndia
| | - Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Willem Desmedt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Eva Degroote
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Giang Thu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Lips S, Larras F, Schmitt-Jansen M. Community metabolomics provides insights into mechanisms of pollution-induced community tolerance of periphyton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153777. [PMID: 35150676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is a major concern for freshwater ecosystems, but the impact and mechanisms of chemical stressors on communities are barely understood. Pollution stress beyond natural homeostatic capacities can trigger succession of tolerant species within a community, enhancing the overall community tolerance. This process was operationalized in the Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) concept and applied in many case studies, however, the molecular mechanisms of community tolerance and implications for ecological functions remain largely unexplored. Our study aimed to demonstrate that 1) community metabolomics can unravel potential mechanisms of PICT in periphyton and 2) induced tolerance helps to maintain primary production under re-occuring pollution. To this end, we grew periphyton for 5 weeks with and without the model herbicide diuron in microcosms, quantified PICT, and determined the related metabolic fingerprint of periphyton by GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Further, we explored the autotrophic community based on pigment composition and functional parameters including photosynthesis and gross primary production. Chronic diuron exposure resulted in a shift in pigment composition, higher community tolerance and an individual metabolic fingerprint in the contaminated communities. Opposing responses of selected metabolites during a short-term exposure indicated differences in diuron pre-adaptation in the different communities. Metabolites (threonic acid and two sugar acid lactones) were found to be related to tolerance development, suggesting that ascorbate metabolism was induced in contaminated communities. Despite these compensating mechanism, contaminated communities were compromised in production-to-respiration ratio and biomass. A ranking of sensitivity thresholds of different biological endpoints revealed that metabolites were less sensitive than photosynthetic parameters, which reflects the mode-of-action of the herbicide. In conclusion, we could demonstrate that community metabolomics is able to unravel complex biochemical changes and allows mechanistic insights into community tolerance. Moreover, we were able to show that induced community tolerance was insufficient to safeguard functions like primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lips
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Floriane Larras
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; INRAE, Directorate for Collective Scientific Assessment, Foresight and Advanced Studies, Paris, 75338, France
| | - Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Do JH, Park SY, Park SH, Kim HM, Ma SH, Mai TD, Shim JS, Joung YH. Development of a Genome-Edited Tomato With High Ascorbate Content During Later Stage of Fruit Ripening Through Mutation of SlAPX4. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836916. [PMID: 35498670 PMCID: PMC9039661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is an essential antioxidant substance for humans. Due to the lack of ascorbate biosynthetic enzyme, a human must intake ascorbate from the food source. Tomato is one of the most widely consumed fruits, thus elevation of ascorbate content in tomato fruits will improve their nutritional value. Here we characterized Solanum lycopersicum ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE 4 (SlAPX4) as a gene specifically induced during fruit ripening. In tomatoes, ascorbate accumulates in the yellow stage of fruits, then decreases during later stages of fruit ripening. To investigate whether SlAPX is involved in the decrease of ascorbate, the expression of SlAPXs was analyzed during fruit maturation. Among nine SlAPXs, SlAPX4 is the only gene whose expression was induced during fruit ripening. Mutation of SlAPX4 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system increased ascorbate content in ripened tomato fruits, while ascorbate content in leaves was not significantly changed by mutation of SlAPX4. Phenotype analysis revealed that mutation of SlAPX4 did not induce an adverse effect on the growth of tomato plants. Collectively, we suggest that SlAPX4 mediates a decrease of ascorbate content during the later stage of fruit ripening, and mutation of SlAPX4 can be used for the development of genome-edited tomatoes with elevated ascorbate content in fruits.
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7
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Shen J, Griffiths PT, Campbell SJ, Utinger B, Kalberer M, Paulson SE. Ascorbate oxidation by iron, copper and reactive oxygen species: review, model development, and derivation of key rate constants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7417. [PMID: 33795736 PMCID: PMC8016884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is among the most abundant antioxidants in the lung, where it likely plays a key role in the mechanism by which particulate air pollution initiates a biological response. Because ascorbic acid is a highly redox active species, it engages in a far more complex web of reactions than a typical organic molecule, reacting with oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical as well as redox-active transition metals such as iron and copper. The literature provides a solid outline for this chemistry, but there are large disagreements about mechanisms, stoichiometries and reaction rates, particularly for the transition metal reactions. Here we synthesize the literature, develop a chemical kinetics model, and use seven sets of laboratory measurements to constrain mechanisms for the iron and copper reactions and derive key rate constants. We find that micromolar concentrations of iron(III) and copper(II) are more important sinks for ascorbic acid (both AH2 and AH-) than reactive oxygen species. The iron and copper reactions are catalytic rather than redox reactions, and have unit stoichiometries: Fe(III)/Cu(II) + AH2/AH- + O2 → Fe(III)/Cu(II) + H2O2 + products. Rate constants are 5.7 × 104 and 4.7 × 104 M-2 s-1 for Fe(III) + AH2/AH- and 7.7 × 104 and 2.8 × 106 M-2 s-1 for Cu(II) + AH2/AH-, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California At Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1565, USA
| | - Paul T Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Battist Utinger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California At Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1565, USA.
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Burbidge CA, Ford CM, Melino VJ, Wong DCJ, Jia Y, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Castellarin SD, Darriet P, Rienth M, Bonghi C, Walker RP, Famiani F, Sweetman C. Biosynthesis and Cellular Functions of Tartaric Acid in Grapevines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643024. [PMID: 33747023 PMCID: PMC7970118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tartaric acid (TA) is an obscure end point to the catabolism of ascorbic acid (Asc). Here, it is proposed as a "specialized primary metabolite", originating from carbohydrate metabolism but with restricted distribution within the plant kingdom and lack of known function in primary metabolic pathways. Grapes fall into the list of high TA-accumulators, with biosynthesis occurring in both leaf and berry. Very little is known of the TA biosynthetic pathway enzymes in any plant species, although recently some progress has been made in this space. New technologies in grapevine research such as the development of global co-expression network analysis tools and genome-wide association studies, should enable more rapid progress. There is also a lack of information regarding roles for this organic acid in plant metabolism. Therefore this review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge about the key intermediates and enzymes of TA biosynthesis in grapes and the regulation of its precursor, ascorbate, followed by speculative discussion around the potential roles of TA based on current knowledge of Asc metabolism, TA biosynthetic enzymes and other aspects of fruit metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren Chern Jan Wong
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Barley Genetic Alliance, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kathleen Lydia Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université Bordeaux, Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Markus Rienth
- University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Robert Peter Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Kuhlisch C, Althammer J, Sazhin AF, Jakobsen HH, Nejstgaard JC, Pohnert G. Metabolomics-derived marker metabolites to characterize Phaeocystis pouchetii physiology in natural plankton communities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20444. [PMID: 33235278 PMCID: PMC7686483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim, 1893 regularly dominates phytoplankton blooms in higher latitudes spanning from the English Channel to the Arctic. Through zooplankton grazing and microbial activity, it is considered to be a key resource for the entire marine food web, but the actual relevance of biomass transfer to higher trophic levels is still under discussion. Cell physiology and algal nutritional state are suggested to be major factors controlling the observed variability in zooplankton grazing. However, no data have so far yielded insights into the metabolic state of Phaeocystis populations that would allow testing this hypothesis. Therefore, endometabolic markers of different growth phases were determined in laboratory batch cultures using comparative metabolomics and quantified in different phytoplankton blooms in the field. Metabolites, produced during exponential, early and late stationary growth of P. pouchetii, were profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, metabolites were characterized that correlate with the growth phases using multivariate statistical analysis. Free amino acids characterized the exponential growth, whereas the early stationary phase was correlated with sugar alcohols, mono- and disaccharides. In the late stationary phase, free fatty acids, sterols and terpenes increased. These marker metabolites were then traced in Phaeocystis blooms during a cruise in the Barents Sea and North Norwegian fjords. About 50 endometabolites of P. pouchetii were detected in natural phytoplankton communities. Mannitol, scyllo-inositol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, and several free fatty acids were characteristic for Phaeocystis-dominated blooms but showed variability between them. Distinct metabolic profiles were detected in the nutrient-depleted community in the inner Porsangerfjord (< 0.5 µM NO3-, < 0.1 µM PO 4 3- ), with high relative amounts of free mono- and disaccharides indicative for a limited culture. This study thereby shows how the variable physiology of phytoplankton can alter the metabolic landscape of entire plankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuhlisch
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Althammer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.,JenaBios GmbH, Löbstedter Straße 80, 07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey F Sazhin
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Prospect 36, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hans H Jakobsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens C Nejstgaard
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Dep. 3, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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10
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Foyer CH, Kyndt T, Hancock RD. Vitamin C in Plants: Novel Concepts, New Perspectives, and Outstanding Issues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:463-485. [PMID: 31701753 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The concept that vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is at the heart of the peroxide processing and redox signaling hub in plants is well established, but our knowledge of the precise mechanisms involved remains patchy at best. Recent Advances: Ascorbate participates in the multifaceted signaling pathways initiated by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Crucially, the apoplastic ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (DHA) ratio that is regulated by ascorbate oxidase (AO) sculpts the apoplastic ROS (apoROS) signal that controls polarized cell growth, biotic and abiotic defences, and cell to cell signaling, as well as exerting control over the light-dependent regulation of photosynthesis. Critical Issues: Here we re-evaluate the roles of ascorbate in photosynthesis and other processes, addressing the question of how much we really know about the regulation of ascorbate homeostasis and its functions in plants, or how AO is regulated to modulate apoROS signals. Future Directions: The role of microRNAs in the regulation of AO activity in relation to stress perception and signaling must be resolved. Similarly, the molecular characterization of ascorbate transporters and mechanistic links between photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and ascorbate synthesis/homeostasis are a prerequisite to understanding ascorbate homeostasis and function. Similarly, there is little in vivo evidence for ascorbate functions as an enzyme cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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11
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Stack TMM, Morrison KN, Dettmer TM, Wille B, Kim C, Joyce R, Jermain M, Naing YT, Bhatti K, Francisco BS, Carter MS, Gerlt JA. Characterization of an l-Ascorbate Catabolic Pathway with Unprecedented Enzymatic Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1657-1661. [PMID: 31917558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
l-Ascorbate (vitamin C) is ubiquitous in both our diet and the environment. Here we report that Ralstonia eutropha H16 (Cupriavidus necator ATCC 17699) uses l-ascorbate as sole carbon source via a novel catabolic pathway. RNaseq identified eight candidate catabolic genes, sequence similarity networks, and genome neighborhood networks guided predictions for function of the encoded proteins, and the predictions were confirmed by in vitro assays and in vivo growth phenotypes of gene deletion mutants. l-Ascorbate, a lactone, is oxidized and ring-opened by enzymes in the cytochrome b561 and gluconolactonase families, respectively, to form 2,3-diketo-l-gulonate. A protein predicted to have a WD40-like fold catalyzes an unprecedented benzilic acid rearrangement involving migration of a carboxylate group to form 2-carboxy-l-lyxonolactone; the lactone is hydrolyzed by a member of the amidohydrolase superfamily to yield 2-carboxy-l-lyxonate. A member of the PdxA family of oxidative decarboxylases catalyzes a novel decarboxylation that uses NAD+ catalytically. The product, l-lyxonate, is catabolized to α-ketoglutarate by a previously characterized pathway. The pathway is found in hundreds of bacteria, including the pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M M Stack
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | | | | | - Brendan Wille
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Madison Jermain
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Yadanar Than Naing
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Khadija Bhatti
- Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - Brian San Francisco
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Michael S Carter
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Salisbury University , Salisbury , Maryland 21801 , United States
| | - John A Gerlt
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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12
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Abstract
HVPE is an excellent and often overlooked method for obtaining objective and meaningful information about cell-wall "building blocks" and their metabolic precursors. It provides not only a means of analysis of known compounds but also an insight into the charge and/or mass of any unfamiliar compounds that may be encountered. It can be used preparatively or analytically. It can achieve either "class separations" (e.g., delivering all hexose monophosphates into a single pool) or the resolution of different compounds within a given class (e.g., ADP-Glc from UDP-Glc; or GlcA from GalA).All information from HVPE about charge and mass can be obtained on minute traces of analytes, especially those that have been radiolabeled, for example by in-vivo feeding of a 3H- or 14C-labeled precursor. HVPE does not usually damage the substance under investigation (unless staining is used), so samples of interest can be eluted intact from the paper ready for further analysis. Although HVPE is a technique that has been available for several decades, recently it has tended to be sidelined, possible because the apparatus is not widely available. Interested scientists are invited to contact the author about the possibility of accessing the Edinburgh apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Dewhirst RA, Murray L, Mackay CL, Sadler IH, Fry SC. Characterisation of the non-oxidative degradation pathway of dehydroascorbic acid in slightly acidic aqueous solution. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 681:108240. [PMID: 31883928 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although l-ascorbate (vitamin C) is an important biological antioxidant, its degradation pathways in vivo remain incompletely characterised. Ascorbate is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid, which can be either hydrolysed to diketogulonate (DKG) or further oxidised. DKG can be further degraded, oxidatively or non-oxidatively. Here we characterise DKG products formed non-enzymically and non-oxidatively at 20 °C and at a slightly acidic pH typical of the plant apoplast. High-voltage electrophoresis revealed at least five products, including two novel CPLs (epimers of 2-carboxy-l-threo-pentonolactone), which slowly interconverted with CPA (2-carboxy-l-threo-pentonate). One of the two CPLs has an exceptionally low pKa. The CPL structures were supported by MS [(C6H7O7)-] and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Xylonate and its lactone also appeared. Experiments with [1-14C]DKG showed that all five products (including the 5-carbon xylonate and its lactone) retained DKG's carbon-1; therefore, most xylonate arose by decarboxylation of CPLs or CPA, one of whose -COOH groups originates from C-2 or C-3 of DKG after a 'benzilic acid rearrangement'. Since CPLs appeared before CPA, a DKG lactone is probably the main species undergoing this rearrangement. CPA and CPL also form non-enzymically in vivo, where they may be useful to researchers as 'fingerprints', or to organisms as 'signals', indicating a non-oxidative, slightly acidic biological compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Lorna Murray
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ian H Sadler
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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14
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Tuzet A, Rahantaniaina MS, Noctor G. Analyzing the Function of Catalase and the Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in H 2O 2 Processing: Insights from an Experimentally Constrained Kinetic Model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1238-1268. [PMID: 30044135 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Plant stress involves redox signaling linked to reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be generated at high rates in photosynthetic cells. The systems that process H2O2 include catalase (CAT) and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but interactions between them remain unclear. Modeling can aid interpretation and pinpoint areas for investigation. Recent Advances: Based on emerging data and concepts, we introduce a new experimentally constrained kinetic model to analyze interactions between H2O2, CAT, ascorbate, glutathione, and NADPH. The sensitivity points required for accurate simulation of experimental observations are analyzed, and the implications for H2O2-linked redox signaling are discussed. CRITICAL ISSUES We discuss several implications of the modeled results, in particular the following. (i) CAT and ascorbate peroxidase can share the load in H2O2 processing even in optimal conditions. (ii) Intracellular H2O2 concentrations more than the low μM range may rarely occur. (iii) Ascorbate redox turnover is largely independent of glutathione until ascorbate peroxidation exceeds a certain value. (iv) NADPH availability may determine glutathione redox status through its influence on monodehydroascorbate reduction. (v) The sensitivity of glutathione status to oxidative stress emphasizes its potential suitability as a sensor of increased H2O2. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Important future questions include the roles of other antioxidative systems in interacting with CAT and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway as well as the nature and significance of processes that achieve redox exchange between different subcellular compartments. Progress in these areas is likely to be favored by integrating kinetic modeling analyses into experimentally based programs, allowing each approach to inform the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Tuzet
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.,2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- 2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
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15
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Fenech M, Amaya I, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Vitamin C Content in Fruits: Biosynthesis and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:2006. [PMID: 30733729 PMCID: PMC6353827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, a number of animals including humans have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C), an essential molecule in the physiology of animals and plants. In addition to its main role as an antioxidant and cofactor in redox reactions, recent reports have shown an important role of ascorbate in the activation of epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell differentiation, dysregulation of which can lead to the development of certain types of cancer. Although fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of ascorbate in the human diet, rising its content has not been a major breeding goal, despite the large inter- and intraspecific variation in ascorbate content in fruit crops. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest to boost ascorbate content, not only to improve fruit quality but also to generate crops with elevated stress tolerance. Several attempts to increase ascorbate in fruits have achieved fairly good results but, in some cases, detrimental effects in fruit development also occur, likely due to the interaction between the biosynthesis of ascorbate and components of the cell wall. Plants synthesize ascorbate de novo mainly through the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the dominant pathway in photosynthetic tissues. Two intermediates of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, GDP-D-mannose and GDP-L-galactose, are also precursors of the non-cellulosic components of the plant cell wall. Therefore, a better understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and regulation is essential for generation of improved fruits without developmental side effects. This is likely to involve a yet unknown tight regulation enabling plant growth and development, without impairing the cell redox state modulated by ascorbate pool. In certain fruits and developmental conditions, an alternative pathway from D-galacturonate might be also relevant. We here review the regulation of ascorbate synthesis, its close connection with the cell wall, as well as different strategies to increase its content in plants, with a special focus on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fenech
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Area de Genómica y Biotecnología, Centro de Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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16
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Flaherty EJ, Lum GB, DeEll JR, Subedi S, Shelp BJ, Bozzo GG. Metabolic Alterations in Postharvest Pear Fruit As Influenced by 1-Methylcyclopropene and Controlled Atmosphere Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12989-12999. [PMID: 30472842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and controlled atmosphere (CA) on the metabolism of targeted amino acids, organic acids, and antioxidants in stored 'AC Harrow Crisp' pears and their relationships to storage disorders. Pears were treated with 0 or 300 nL L-1 1-MCP and stored at 0 °C under ambient air or CA. Spectrophotometric assays demonstrated that glutathione levels fluctuated with storage and were most preserved by 1-MCP under ambient air. HPLC analysis revealed that ascorbate concentrations declined with storage and were little affected by 1-MCP and CA. Citrate, lactate, and fumarate accumulated with storage but were differentially affected by 1-MCP. Aspartate and glutamate concentrations were greater with 1-MCP; γ-aminobutyrate accumulated in disordered fruit. Principal component analysis demonstrated that alterations in citrate and fumarate were, respectively, correlated with internal breakdown and senescent scald. γ-Aminobutyrate and alanine were associated with internal cavities. All disorders were associated with antioxidant depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Flaherty
- Department of Plant Agriculture , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road E. , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Geoffrey B Lum
- Department of Plant Agriculture , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road E. , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jennifer R DeEll
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs , Box 587, 1283 Blueline Road at Highway 3 , Simcoe , Ontario , Canada N3Y 4N5
| | - Sanjeena Subedi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences , Binghamton University-State University of New York , 4440 Vestal Parkway E., Binghamton, New York 13902 , United States
| | - Barry J Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road E. , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Gale G Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road E. , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 2W1
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17
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Dewhirst RA, Fry SC. The oxidation of dehydroascorbic acid and 2,3-diketogulonate by distinct reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 2018; 475:3451-3470. [PMID: 30348642 PMCID: PMC6225978 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
l-Ascorbate, dehydro-l-ascorbic acid (DHA), and 2,3-diketo-l-gulonate (DKG) can all quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and animals. The vitamin C oxidation products thereby formed are investigated here. DHA and DKG were incubated aerobically at pH 4.7 with peroxide (H2O2), 'superoxide' (a ∼50 : 50 mixture of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), hydroxyl radicals (•OH, formed in Fenton mixtures), and illuminated riboflavin (generating singlet oxygen, 1O2). Products were monitored electrophoretically. DHA quenched H2O2 far more effectively than superoxide, but the main products in both cases were 4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate (4-OxT) and smaller amounts of 3-OxT and OxA + threonate. H2O2, but not superoxide, also yielded cyclic-OxT. Dilute Fenton mixture almost completely oxidised a 50-fold excess of DHA, indicating that it generated oxidant(s) greatly exceeding the theoretical •OH yield; it yielded oxalate, threonate, and OxT. 1O2 had no effect on DHA. DKG was oxidatively decarboxylated by H2O2, Fenton mixture, and 1O2, forming a newly characterised product, 2-oxo-l-threo-pentonate (OTP; '2-keto-l-xylonate'). Superoxide yielded negligible OTP. Prolonged H2O2 treatment oxidatively decarboxylated OTP to threonate. Oxidation of DKG by H2O2, Fenton mixture, or 1O2 also gave traces of 4-OxT but no detectable 3-OxT or cyclic-OxT. In conclusion, DHA and DKG yield different oxidation products when attacked by different ROS. DHA is more readily oxidised by H2O2 and superoxide; DKG more readily by 1O2 The diverse products are potential signals, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to diverse stresses. Also, the reaction-product 'fingerprints' are analytically useful, indicating which ROS are acting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K.
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18
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Zhao L, Huang Y, Keller AA. Comparative Metabolic Response between Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) and Corn ( Zea mays) to a Cu(OH) 2 Nanopesticide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6628-6636. [PMID: 28493687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, copper-based nanopesticides are emerging in the market. Thus, understanding their effect on crop plants is very important. Metabolomics can capture a snapshot of cellular metabolic responses to a stressor. We selected maize and cucumber as model plants for exposure to different doses of Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide. GC-TOF-MS-based metabolomics was employed to determine the metabolic responses of these two species. Results revealed significant differences in metabolite profile changes between maize and cucumber. Furthermore, the Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide induced metabolic reprogramming in both species, but in different manners. In maize, several intermediate metabolites of the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) were up-regulated, indicating the energy metabolism was activated. In addition, the levels of aromatic compounds (4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 1,2,4-benzenetriol) and their precursors (phenylalanine, tyrosine) were enhanced, indicating the activation of shikimate-phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in maize leaves, which is an antioxidant defense-related pathway. In cucumber, arginine and proline metabolic pathways were the most significantly altered pathway. Both species exhibited altered levels of fatty acids and polysaccharides, suggesting the cell membrane and cell wall composition may change in response to Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide. Thus, metabolomics helps to deeply understand the differential response of these plants to the same nanopesticide stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5131 , United States
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19
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Dewhirst RA, Fry SC. Oxalyltransferase, a plant cell-wall acyltransferase activity, transfers oxalate groups from ascorbate metabolites to carbohydrates. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:743-757. [PMID: 29882267 PMCID: PMC6099474 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the plant apoplast, ascorbate is oxidised, via dehydroascorbic acid, to O-oxalyl esters [oxalyl-l-threonate (OxT) and cyclic oxalyl-l-threonate (cOxT)]. We tested whether OxT and cOxT can donate the oxalyl group in transacylation reactions to form oxalyl-polysaccharides, potentially modifying the cell wall. [oxalyl-14 C]OxT was incubated with living spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Arabidopsis cell-suspension cultures in the presence or absence of proposed acceptor substrates (carbohydrates). In addition, [14 C]OxT and [14 C]cOxT were incubated in vitro with cell-wall enzyme preparations plus proposed acceptor substrates. Radioactive products were monitored electrophoretically. Oxalyltransferase activity was detected. Living cells incorporated oxalate groups from OxT into cell-wall polymers via ester bonds. When sugars were added, [14 C]oxalyl-sugars were formed, in competition with OxT hydrolysis. Preferred acceptor substrates were carbohydrates possessing primary alcohols e.g. glucose. A model transacylation product, [14 C]oxalyl-glucose, was relatively stable in vivo (half-life >24 h), whereas [14 C]OxT underwent rapid turnover (half-life ~6 h). Ionically wall-bound enzymes catalysed similar transacylation reactions in vitro with OxT or cOxT as oxalyl donor substrates and any of a range of sugars or hemicelluloses as acceptor substrates. Glucosamine was O-oxalylated, not N-oxalylated. We conclude that plants possess apoplastic acyltransferase (oxalyltransferase) activity that transfers oxalyl groups from ascorbate catabolites to carbohydrates, forming relatively long-lived O-oxalyl-carbohydrates. The findings increase the range of known metabolites whose accumulation in vivo indicates vitamin C catabolism. Possible signalling roles of the resulting oxalyl-sugars can now be investigated, as can the potential ability of polysaccharide oxalylation to modify the wall's physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
wildFIRE labHatherly LaboratoriesPrince of Wales RoadUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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20
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Dobrzanski T, Gravina F, Steckling B, Olchanheski LR, Sprenger RF, Espírito Santo BC, Galvão CW, Reche PM, Prestes RA, Pileggi SAV, Campos FR, Azevedo RA, Sadowsky MJ, Beltrame FL, Pileggi M. Bacillus megaterium strains derived from water and soil exhibit differential responses to the herbicide mesotrione. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196166. [PMID: 29694403 PMCID: PMC5918998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intense use of herbicides for weed control in agriculture causes selection pressure on soil microbiota and water ecosystems, possibly resulting in changes to microbial processes, such as biogeochemical cycles. These xenobiotics may increase the production of reactive oxygen species and consequently affect the survival of microorganisms, which need to develop strategies to adapt to these conditions and maintain their ecological functionality. This study analyzed the adaptive responses of bacterial isolates belonging to the same species, originating from two different environments (water and soil), and subjected to selection pressure by herbicides. The effects of herbicide Callisto and its active ingredient, mesotrione, induced different adaptation strategies on the cellular, enzymatic, and structural systems of two Bacillus megaterium isolates obtained from these environments. The lipid saturation patterns observed may have affected membrane permeability in response to this herbicide. Moreover, this may have led to different levels of responses involving superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and enzyme polymorphisms. Due to these response systems, the strain isolated from water exhibited higher growth rates than did the soil strain, in evaluations made in oligotrophic culture media, which would be more like that found in semi-pristine aquatic environments. The influence of the intracellular oxidizing environments, which changed the mode of degradation of mesotrione in our experimental model and produced different metabolites, can also be observed in soil and water at sites related to agriculture. Since the different metabolites may present different levels of toxicity, we suggest that this fact should be considered in studies on the fate of agrochemicals in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Dobrzanski
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gravina
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Steckling
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Olchanheski
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Ecologia Microbiana, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Sprenger
- Separare - Núcleo de Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Espírito Santo
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Microbiana, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina W. Galvão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Microbiana, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Péricles M. Reche
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Recursos Hídricos, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem e Saúde Pública, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosilene A. Prestes
- Departamento Acadêmico, Campus Ponta Grossa, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR, Campus Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sônia A. V. Pileggi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francinete R. Campos
- Laboratório de Biociências e Espectrometria de Massas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, and The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Flávio L. Beltrame
- Laboratório de Fitoterapia, Tecnologia e Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pileggi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Effects of Agitating Culture Condition on the Growth, Metabolic and Carotenoid Profiles of Lemna paucicostata. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Dewhirst RA, Clarkson GJJ, Rothwell SD, Fry SC. Novel insights into ascorbate retention and degradation during the washing and post-harvest storage of spinach and other salad leaves. Food Chem 2017; 233:237-246. [PMID: 28530571 PMCID: PMC5441274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-harvest treatments of pre-packaged salad leaves potentially cause l-ascorbate loss, but the mechanisms of ascorbate degradation remain incompletely understood, especially in planta. We explored the extent and pathways of ascorbate loss in variously washed and stored salad leaves. Ascorbate was assayed by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol titration, and pathways were monitored by 14C-radiolabelling followed by high-voltage electrophoresis. All leaves tested showed ascorbate loss during storage: lettuce showed the greatest percentage loss, wild rocket the least. Spinach leaves were particularly prone to losing ascorbate during washing, especially with simultaneous mechanical agitation; however, washing in the presence of hypochlorite did not significantly increase ascorbate loss. In spinach, [14C]oxalate was the major product of [14C]ascorbate degradation, suggesting that commercial washing causes oxidative stress. This study highlights that ascorbate/dehydroascorbic acid are lost via the oxidative pathway during washing and post-harvest storage of salad leaves. Thus changes to washing procedures could potentially increase the post-harvest retention of ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; wildFIRE Lab, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK(1)
| | - Graham J J Clarkson
- Vitacress, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire SP11 6DB, UK; Edward Vinson Ltd, 4 Ewell Barn, Graveney Rd, Faversham ME13 8UP, UK(1)
| | - Steve D Rothwell
- Vitacress, Lower Link Farm, St Mary Bourne, Andover, Hampshire SP11 6DB, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Bayer SB, Gearry RB, Drummond LN. Putative mechanisms of kiwifruit on maintenance of normal gastrointestinal function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2432-2452. [PMID: 28557573 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1327841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruits are recognized as providing relief from constipation and symptoms of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). However, the underlying mechanisms, specifically in regards to gastrointestinal transit time and motility, are still not completely understood. This review provides an overview on the physiological and pathophysiological processes underlying constipation and IBS-C, the composition of kiwifruit, and recent advances in the research of kiwifruit and abdominal comfort. In addition, gaps in the research are highlighted and scientific studies of other foods with known effects on the gastrointestinal tract are consulted to find likely mechanisms of action. While the effects of kiwifruit fiber are well documented, observed increases in gastrointestinal motility caused by kiwifruit are not fully characterized. There are a number of identified mechanisms that may be activated by kiwifruit compounds, such as the induction of motility via protease-activated signaling, modulation of microflora, changes in colonic methane status, bile flux, or mediation of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Birgit Bayer
- a Department of Pathology , Center for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Richard Blair Gearry
- b Department of Medicine , University of Otago , 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Lynley Ngaio Drummond
- c Drummond Food Science Advisory Ltd. , 1137 Drain Road, Killinchy RD 2, Leeston , New Zealand
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24
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Nizioł J, Sekuła J, Ruman T. Visualizing spatial distribution of small molecules in the rhubarb stalk (Rheum rhabarbarum) by surface-transfer mass spectrometry imaging. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:72-80. [PMID: 28426978 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDI-MSI) with gold nanoparticle-enhanced target (AuNPET) was used for visualization of small molecules in the rhubarb stalk (Rheum rhabarbarum L.). Analysis was focused on spatial distribution of biologically active compounds which are found in rhubarb species. Detected compounds belong to a very wide range of chemical compound classes such as anthraquinone derivatives and their glucosides, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, chromenes, chromanones, chromone glycosides and vitamins. The analysis of the spatial distribution of these compounds in rhubarb stalk with the nanoparticle-rich surface of AuNPET target plate has been made without additional matrix and with minimal sample preparation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nizioł
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Justyna Sekuła
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
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25
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Kärkönen A, Dewhirst RA, Mackay CL, Fry SC. Metabolites of 2,3-diketogulonate delay peroxidase action and induce non-enzymic H 2O 2 generation: Potential roles in the plant cell wall. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 620:12-22. [PMID: 28315301 PMCID: PMC5398285 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of the plant's l-ascorbate (vitamin C) occurs in the apoplast, where it and its metabolites may act as pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants. One ascorbate metabolite is 2,3-diketogulonate (DKG), preparations of which can non-enzymically generate H2O2 and delay peroxidase action on aromatic substrates. As DKG itself generates several by-products, we characterised these and their ability to generate H2O2 and delay peroxidase action. DKG preparations rapidly produced a by-product, compound (1), with λmax 271 and 251 nm at neutral and acidic pH respectively. On HPLC, (1) co-eluted with the major H2O2-generating and peroxidase-delaying principle. Compound (1) was slowly destroyed by ascorbate oxidase, and was less stable at pH 6 than at pH 1. Electrophoresis of an HPLC-enriched preparation of (1) suggested a strongly acidic (pKa ≈ 2.3) compound. Mass spectrometry suggested that un-ionised (1) has the formula C6H6O5, i.e. it is a reduction product of DKG (C6H8O7). In conclusion, compound (1) is the major H2O2-generating, peroxidase-delaying principle formed non-enzymically from DKG in the pathway ascorbate → dehydroascorbic acid → DKG → (1). We hypothesise that (1) generates apoplastic H2O2 (and consequently hydroxyl radicals) and delays cell-wall crosslinking - both these effects favouring wall loosening, and possibly playing a role in pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Finland; The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Rebecca A Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Woznicki TL, Sønsteby A, Aaby K, Martinsen BK, Heide OM, Wold AB, Remberg SF. Ascorbate pool, sugars and organic acids in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) berries are strongly influenced by genotype and post-flowering temperature. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1302-1309. [PMID: 27328984 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marked effects of the climatic environment on fruit chemical composition have often been demonstrated in field experiments. However, complex covariations of several climatic factors in the natural environment complicate the interpretation of such experiments and the identification of the causal factors. This can be better achieved in a phytotron where the various climatic factors can be varied systematically. Therefore, we grew four black currant cultivars of contrasting origin in a phytotron under controlled post-flowering temperature and photoperiod conditions and analysed the berries for their ascorbic acid, sugar and organic acid contents. RESULTS The analyses revealed significant effects of genotype on all investigated compounds. Particularly large cultivar differences were observed in the concentrations of l-ascorbic acid (AA) and sucrose. The concentrations of both AA and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), as well as the concentrations of all major sugars, decreased consistently with an increasing temperature over the temperature range 12-24 °C. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars with concentrations several fold higher than that for sucrose. AA was the main contributor to the total ascorbate pool in black currant berries. The AA/DHAA ratio varied from 5.6 to 10.3 among the studied cultivars. The concentration of citric acid, which was the predominant organic acid in black currant berries, increased with an increasing temperature, whereas the opposite trend was observed for malic and shikimic acid. Quninic acid was always present at relatively low concentrations. By contrast, photoperiod had no significant effect on berry content of any of the investigated compounds. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the post-flowering temperature has marked effects on the concentration of important chemical compounds responsible for taste and nutritional value of black currant berries, whereas photoperiod has no such effect in the studied cultivars. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz L Woznicki
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anita Sønsteby
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Kjersti Aaby
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, NO-1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Berit K Martinsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, NO-1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Ola M Heide
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anne-Berit Wold
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Siv F Remberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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27
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Truffault V, Fry SC, Stevens RG, Gautier H. Ascorbate degradation in tomato leads to accumulation of oxalate, threonate and oxalyl threonate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:996-1008. [PMID: 27888536 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate content in plants is controlled by its synthesis from carbohydrates, recycling of the oxidized forms and degradation. Of these pathways, ascorbate degradation is the least studied and represents a lack of knowledge that could impair improvement of ascorbate content in fruits and vegetables as degradation is non-reversible and leads to a depletion of the ascorbate pool. The present study revealed the nature of degradation products using [14 C]ascorbate labelling in tomato, a model plant for fleshy fruits; oxalate and threonate are accumulated in leaves, as is oxalyl threonate. Carboxypentonates coming from diketogulonate degradation were detected in relatively insoluble (cell wall-rich) leaf material. No [14 C]tartaric acid was found in tomato leaves. Ascorbate degradation was stimulated by darkness, and the degradation rate was evaluated at 63% of the ascorbate pool per day, a percentage that was constant and independent of the initial ascorbate or dehydroascorbic acid concentration over periods of 24 h or more. Furthermore, degradation could be partially affected by the ascorbate recycling pathway, as lines under-expressing monodehydroascorbate reductase showed a slight decrease in degradation product accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Truffault
- INRA, UR-1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143, Montfavet, France
- INRA, UR-1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rebecca G Stevens
- INRA, UR-1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR-1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
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28
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León J, Costa Á, Castillo MC. Nitric oxide triggers a transient metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37945. [PMID: 27885260 PMCID: PMC5122866 DOI: 10.1038/srep37945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates plant growth and development as well as responses to stress that enhanced its endogenous production. Arabidopsis plants exposed to a pulse of exogenous NO gas were used for untargeted global metabolomic analyses thus allowing the identification of metabolic processes affected by NO. At early time points after treatment, NO scavenged superoxide anion and induced the nitration and the S-nitrosylation of proteins. These events preceded an extensive though transient metabolic reprogramming at 6 h after NO treatment, which included enhanced levels of polyamines, lipid catabolism and accumulation of phospholipids, chlorophyll breakdown, protein and nucleic acid turnover and increased content of sugars. Accordingly, lipid-related structures such as root cell membranes and leaf cuticle altered their permeability upon NO treatment. Besides, NO-treated plants displayed degradation of starch granules, which is consistent with the increased sugar content observed in the metabolomic survey. The metabolic profile was restored to baseline levels at 24 h post-treatment, thus pointing up the plasticity of plant metabolism in response to nitroxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Costa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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29
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Lum GB, Shelp BJ, DeEll JR, Bozzo GG. Oxidative metabolism is associated with physiological disorders in fruits stored under multiple environmental stresses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:143-52. [PMID: 26940499 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In combination with low temperature, controlled atmosphere storage and 1-methylcyclopropene (ethylene antagonist) application are used to delay senescence of many fruits and vegetables. Controlled atmosphere consists of low O2 and elevated CO2. When sub-optimal partial pressures are used, these practices represent multiple abiotic stresses that can promote the development of physiological disorders in pome fruit, including flesh browning and cavities, although there is some evidence for genetic differences in susceptibility. In the absence of surface disorders, fruit with flesh injuries are not easily distinguished from asymptomatic fruit until these are consumed. Oxidative stress metabolites tend to accumulate (e.g., γ-aminobutyrate) or rapidly decline (e.g., ascorbate and glutathione) in vegetative tissues exposed to hypoxic and/or elevated CO2 environments. Moreover, these phenomena can be associated with altered energy and redox status. Biochemical investigations of Arabidopsis and tomato plants with genetically-altered levels of enzymes associated with the γ-aminobutyrate shunt and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway indicate that these metabolic processes are functionally related and critical for dampening the oxidative burst in vegetative and fruit tissues, respectively. Here, we hypothesize that γ-aminobutyrate accumulation, as well energy and antioxidant depletion are associated with the development of physiological injury in pome fruit under multiple environmental stresses. An improved understanding of this relationship could assist in maintaining the quality of stored fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B Lum
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E., Guelph, ON N1 G 2W1 Canada
| | - Barry J Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E., Guelph, ON N1 G 2W1 Canada
| | - Jennifer R DeEll
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Box 587, 1283 Blueline Rd. at Highway 3, Simcoe, Ontario N3Y 4N5 Canada
| | - Gale G Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E., Guelph, ON N1 G 2W1 Canada.
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30
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Chormova D, Fry SC. Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II is promoted in vitro by cationic chaperones, including polyhistidine and wall glycoproteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:241-51. [PMID: 26301520 PMCID: PMC4973674 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dimerization of rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron cross-links contributes to the assembly and biophysical properties of the cell wall. Pure RG-II is efficiently dimerized by boric acid (B(OH)3 ) in vitro only if nonbiological agents for example Pb(2+) are added. By contrast, newly synthesized RG-II domains dimerize very rapidly in vivo. We investigated biological agents that might enable this. We tested for three such agents: novel enzymes, borate-transferring ligands and cationic 'chaperones' that facilitate the close approach of two polyanionic RG-II molecules. Dimerization was monitored electrophoretically. Parsley shoot cell-wall enzymes did not affect RG-II dimerization in vitro. Borate-binding ligands (apiose, dehydroascorbic acid, alditols) and small organic cations (including polyamines) also lacked consistent effects. Polylysine bound permanently to RG-II, precluding electrophoretic analysis. However, another polycation, polyhistidine, strongly promoted RG-II dimerization by B(OH)3 without irreversible polyhistidine-RG-II complexation. Likewise, partially purified spinach extensins (histidine/lysine-rich cationic glycoproteins), strongly promoted RG-II dimerization by B(OH)3 in vitro. Thus certain polycations, including polyhistidine and wall glycoproteins, can chaperone RG-II, manoeuvring this polyanionic polysaccharide domain such that boron-bridging is favoured. These chaperones dissociate from RG-II after facilitating its dimerization, indicating that they act catalytically rather than stoichiometrically. We propose a natural role for extensin-RG-II interaction in steering cell-wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Chormova
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghThe King's BuildingsMayfield RoadEdinburghEH9 3JHUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghThe King's BuildingsMayfield RoadEdinburghEH9 3JHUK
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31
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Muscolo A, Junker A, Klukas C, Weigelt-Fischer K, Riewe D, Altmann T. Phenotypic and metabolic responses to drought and salinity of four contrasting lentil accessions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5467-80. [PMID: 25969553 PMCID: PMC4585415 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses which, often inter-relatedly, adversely affect plant growth and productivity. Plant stress responses depend on the type of stress, on its intensity, on the species, and also on the genotype. Different accessions of a species may have evolved different mechanisms to cope with stress and to complete their life cycles. This study is focused on lentil, an important Mediterranean legume with high quality protein for the human diet. The effects of salinity and drought on germination and early growth of Castelluccio di Norcia (CAST), Pantelleria (PAN), Ustica (UST), and Eston (EST) accessions were evaluated to identify metabolic and phenotypic traits related to drought and/or salinity stress tolerance. The results showed a relationship between imposed stresses and performance of the cultivars. According to germination frequencies, the accession ranking was as follows: NaCl resistant > susceptible, PAN > UST > CAST > EST; polyethylene glycol (PEG) resistant > susceptible, CAST > UST > EST > PAN. Seedling tolerance rankings were: NaCl resistant > susceptible, CAST ≈ UST > PAN ≈ EST; PEG resistant > susceptible, CAST > EST ≈ UST > PAN. Changes in the metabolite profiles, mainly quantitative rather than qualitative, were observed in the same cultivar in respect to the treatments, and among the cultivars under the same treatment. Metabolic differences in the stress tolerance of the different genotypes were related to a reduction in the levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. The relevant differences, between the most NaCl-tolerant genotype (PAN) and the most sensitive one (EST) were related to the decrease in the threonic acid level. Stress-specific metabolite indicators were also identified: ornithine and asparagine as markers of drought stress and alanine and homoserine as markers of salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muscolo
- Agriculture Department, Mediterranea University, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - A Junker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - C Klukas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - K Weigelt-Fischer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - D Riewe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - T Altmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
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32
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Noctor G, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Mhamdi A. The metabolomics of oxidative stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:33-53. [PMID: 25306398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from increased availability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key component of many responses of plants to challenging environmental conditions. The consequences for plant metabolism are complex and manifold. We review data on small compounds involved in oxidative stress, including ROS themselves and antioxidants and redox buffers in the membrane and soluble phases, and we discuss the wider consequences for plant primary and secondary metabolism. While metabolomics has been exploited in many studies on stress, there have been relatively few non-targeted studies focused on how metabolite signatures respond specifically to oxidative stress. As part of the discussion, we present results and reanalyze published datasets on metabolite profiles in catalase-deficient plants, which can be considered to be model oxidative stress systems. We emphasize the roles of ROS-triggered changes in metabolites as potential oxidative signals, and discuss responses that might be useful as markers for oxidative stress. Particular attention is paid to lipid-derived compounds, the status of antioxidants and antioxidant breakdown products, altered metabolism of amino acids, and the roles of phytohormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | | | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Iurlaro A, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Miller JG, Fry SC, Lenucci MS. Evaluation of glycosidic bond cleavage and formation of oxo groups in oxidized barley mixed-linkage β-glucans using tritium labelling. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Venkatesh J, Park SW. Role of L-ascorbate in alleviating abiotic stresses in crop plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:38. [PMID: 28510969 PMCID: PMC5432849 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a major antioxidant in plants and plays a significant role in mitigation of excessive cellular reactive oxygen species activities caused by number of abiotic stresses. Plant ascorbate levels change differentially in response to varying environmental stress conditions, depending on the degree of stress and species sensitivity. Successful modulation of ascorbate biosynthesis through genetic manipulation of genes involved in biosynthesis, catabolism and recycling of ascorbate has been achieved. Recently, role of ascorbate in alleviating number of abiotic stresses has been highlighted in crop plants. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and its antioxidant role in order to increase our comprehension of how ascorbate helps plants to counteract or cope with various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
| | - Se Won Park
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
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Anjum NA, Gill SS, Gill R, Hasanuzzaman M, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Metal/metalloid stress tolerance in plants: role of ascorbate, its redox couple, and associated enzymes. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1265-83. [PMID: 24682425 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under metal/metalloid stress is most common in plants, and the elevated ROS must be successfully metabolized in order to maintain plant growth, development, and productivity. Ascorbate (AsA) is a highly abundant metabolite and a water-soluble antioxidant, which besides positively influencing various aspects in plants acts also as an enigmatic component of plant defense armory. As a significant component of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway, it performs multiple vital functions in plants including growth and development by either directly or indirectly metabolizing ROS and its products. Enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) maintain the reduced form of AsA pool besides metabolically controlling the ratio of AsA with its oxidized form (dehydroascorbate, DHA). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) utilizes the reduced AsA pool as the specific electron donor during ROS metabolism. Thus, AsA, its redox couple (AsA/DHA), and related enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR, and APX) cumulatively form an AsA redox system to efficiently protect plants particularly against potential anomalies caused by ROS and its products. Here we present a critical assessment of the recent research reports available on metal/metalloid-accrued modulation of reduced AsA pool, AsA/DHA redox couple and AsA-related major enzymes, and the cumulative significance of these antioxidant system components in plant metal/metalloid stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Smith CM, Fry SC, Gough KC, Patel AJF, Glenn S, Goldrick M, Roberts IS, Whitelam GC, Andrew PW. Recombinant plants provide a new approach to the production of bacterial polysaccharide for vaccines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88144. [PMID: 24498433 PMCID: PMC3912152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial polysaccharides have numerous clinical or industrial uses. Recombinant plants could offer the possibility of producing bacterial polysaccharides on a large scale and free of contaminating bacterial toxins and antigens. We investigated the feasibility of this proposal by cloning and expressing the gene for the type 3 synthase (cps3S) of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Nicotinia tabacum, using the pCambia2301 vector and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. In planta the recombinant synthase polymerised plant-derived UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid to form type 3 polysaccharide. Expression of the cps3S gene was detected by RT-PCR and production of the pneumococcal polysaccharide was detected in tobacco leaf extracts by double immunodiffusion, Western blotting and high-voltage paper electrophoresis. Because it is used a component of anti-pneumococcal vaccines, the immunogenicity of the plant-derived type 3 polysaccharide was tested. Mice immunised with extracts from recombinant plants were protected from challenge with a lethal dose of pneumococci in a model of pneumonia and the immunised mice had significantly elevated levels of serum anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies. This study provides the proof of the principle that bacterial polysaccharide can be successfully synthesised in plants and that these recombinant polysaccharides could be used as vaccines to protect against life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Smith
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Gough
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. F. Patel
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Glenn
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Goldrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Roberts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Garry C. Whitelam
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Höller S, Hajirezaei MR, von Wirén N, Frei M. Ascorbate metabolism in rice genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. PLANTA 2014; 239:367-79. [PMID: 24173698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of zinc (Zn) deficiency on shoot metabolites were investigated in contrasting rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with special focus on ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis, recycling, and catabolism. The genotypes IR74 (sensitive) and RIL46 (tolerant) were subjected to -Zn and control treatments for 3 weeks, and samples were taken at three different stages representing the pre-stress phase, emergence of visible stress, and severe visible stress. The emergence of visible symptoms was paralleled by an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in AsA concentration in the sensitive, but not in the tolerant genotype. The tolerant RIL46 showed enhanced transcript levels of several genes involved in the mannose/L-galactose pathway to AsA biosynthesis, and significant up-regulation of a gene involved in the putative alternative myo-inositol pathway under low Zn stress. The level of most AsA precursors was negatively affected by Zn deficiency, but RIL46 had a constitutively higher level of non-phosphorylated precursors. Products of AsA catabolism such as oxalate and threonate did not accumulate in either genotype, suggesting that AsA degradation did not contribute to the stress-induced decline of the AsA pool in IR74. Further factors possibly contributing to tolerance in RIL46 included an almost fivefold higher proline level under -Zn stress and significantly higher trehalose content. The implications of these compounds in AsA metabolism and Zn efficiency thus deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Höller
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Massot C, Bancel D, Lopez Lauri F, Truffault V, Baldet P, Stevens R, Gautier H. High temperature inhibits ascorbate recycling and light stimulation of the ascorbate pool in tomato despite increased expression of biosynthesis genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84474. [PMID: 24367665 PMCID: PMC3868655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the fruit microclimate affects ascorbate (AsA) biosynthesis, oxidation and recycling is a great challenge in improving fruit nutritional quality. For this purpose, tomatoes at breaker stage were harvested and placed in controlled environment conditions at different temperatures (12, 17, 23, 27 and 31 °C) and irradiance regimes (darkness or 150 µmol m(-2) s(-1)). Fruit pericarp tissue was used to assay ascorbate, glutathione, enzymes related to oxidative stress and the AsA/glutathione cycle and follow the expression of genes coding for 5 enzymes of the AsA biosynthesis pathway (GME, VTC2, GPP, L-GalDH, GLDH). The AsA pool size in pericarp tissue was significantly higher under light at temperatures below 27 °C. In addition, light promoted glutathione accumulation at low and high temperatures. At 12 °C, increased AsA content was correlated with the enhanced expression of all genes of the biosynthesis pathway studied, combined with higher DHAR and MDHAR activities and increased enzymatic activities related to oxidative stress (CAT and APX). In contrast, at 31 °C, MDHAR and GR activities were significantly reduced under light indicating that enzymes of the AsA/glutathione cycle may limit AsA recycling and pool size in fruit pericarp, despite enhanced expression of genes coding for AsA biosynthesis enzymes. In conclusion, this study confirms the important role of fruit microclimate in the regulation of fruit pericarp AsA content, as under oxidative conditions (12 °C, light) total fruit pericarp AsA content increased up to 71%. Moreover, it reveals that light and temperature interact to regulate both AsA biosynthesis gene expression in tomato fruits and AsA oxidation and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Massot
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Doriane Bancel
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | | | - Vincent Truffault
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, France Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- INRA, UR 1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Montfavet, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
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Cruz-Rus E, Amaya I, Valpuesta V. The challenge of increasing vitamin C content in plant foods. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1110-21. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Parsons HT, Fry SC. Oxidation of dehydroascorbic acid and 2,3-diketogulonate under plant apoplastic conditions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 75:41-9. [PMID: 22226246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rate of L-ascorbate catabolism in plants often correlates positively with the rate of cell expansion. The reason for this correlation is difficult to explore because of our incomplete knowledge of ascorbate catabolism pathways. These involve enzymic and/or non-enzymic oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which may then be hydrolysed to 2,3-diketogulonate (DKG). Both DHA and DKG were susceptible to further oxidation under conditions of pH and H₂O₂ concentration comparable with the plant apoplast. The kinetics of their oxidation and the identity of some of the products have been investigated here. DHA, whether added in pure form or generated in situ by ascorbate oxidation, was oxidised non-enzymically to yield, almost simultaneously, a monoanion (cyclic-oxalyl-threonate; cOxT) and a dianion (oxalyl-threonate; OxT). The monoanion was resistant to periodate oxidation, showing that it was not oxalic threonic anhydride. The OxT population was shown to be an interconverting mixture of 3-OxT and 4-OxT, differing in pK(a). The 3-OxT appeared to be formed earlier than 4-OxT, but the latter predominated at equilibrium. DKG was oxidised by H₂O₂ to two partially characterised products, one of which was itself further oxidised by H₂O₂ to yield threonate. The possible occurrence of these reactions in the apoplast in vivo and the biological roles of vitamin C catabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet T Parsons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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