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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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2
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Kim HN, Elgundi Z, Lin X, Fu L, Tang F, Moh ESX, Jung M, Chandrasekar K, Bartlett-Tomasetig F, Foster C, Packer NH, Whitelock JM, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Lord MS. Engineered short forms of perlecan enhance angiogenesis by potentiating growth factor signalling. J Control Release 2023; 362:184-196. [PMID: 37648081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are key molecules involved in angiogenesis, a process critical for tissue repair and regeneration. Despite the potential of growth factor delivery to stimulate angiogenesis, limited clinical success has been achieved with this approach. Growth factors interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and particularly heparan sulphate (HS), to bind and potentiate their signalling. Here we show that engineered short forms of perlecan, the major HS proteoglycan of the vascular ECM, bind and signal angiogenic growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. We also show that engineered short forms of perlecan delivered in porous chitosan biomaterial scaffolds promote angiogenesis in a rat full thickness dermal wound model, with the fusion of perlecan domains I and V leading to superior vascularisation compared to native endothelial perlecan or chitosan scaffolds alone. Together, this study demonstrates the potential of engineered short forms of perlecan delivered in chitosan scaffolds as next generation angiogenic therapies which exert biological activity via the potentiation of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Molecular Surface Interaction Laboratory, Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoting Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lu Fu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edward S X Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; School of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - MoonSun Jung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Keerthana Chandrasekar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Florence Bartlett-Tomasetig
- Katherina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Candice Foster
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; School of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA, Rodrigues NNP. Chondrocyte Homeostasis and Differentiation: Transcriptional Control and Signaling in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Conditions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1460. [PMID: 37511835 PMCID: PMC10381434 DOI: 10.3390/life13071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the main cell type in articular cartilage. They are embedded in an avascular, abundant, and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocytes are responsible for the synthesis and turnover of the ECM, in which the major macromolecular components are collagen, proteoglycans, and non-collagen proteins. The crosstalk between chondrocytes and the ECM plays several relevant roles in the regulation of cell phenotype. Chondrocytes live in an avascular environment in healthy cartilage with a low oxygen supply. Although chondrocytes are adapted to anaerobic conditions, many of their metabolic functions are oxygen-dependent, and most cartilage oxygen is supplied by the synovial fluid. This review focuses on the transcription control and signaling responsible for chondrocyte differentiation, homeostasis, senescence, and cell death and the changes that occur in osteoarthritis. The effects of chondroitin sulfate and other molecules as anti-inflammatory agents are also approached and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara M Michelacci
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Y A Baccarin
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Nubia N P Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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Campos SGP, Gonçalves BF, Ruiz TFR, Leonel ECR, Ribeiro DL, Falleiros Junior LR, Goes RM, Taboga SR. Proteoglycans orchestrate remodeling of prostatic cytoarchitecture after androgenic blockade in old gerbils. Prostate 2023; 83:179-189. [PMID: 36262059 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate modifications in proteoglycan morphology and composition in the prostatic stroma of 18-month-old gerbils after surgical castration, in association or not with an androgenic blockade. METHODS The animals (n = 5) were sorted into groups subjected or not to antiandrogen treatment (flutamide 10 mg/kg/day) administered for the total postsurgery period and euthanized at 7- or 30-day postcastration; the control group consisted of intact animals. Tissue analysis included immunohistochemical assessment (perlecan and chondroitin sulfate) and proteoglycan morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Chondroitin sulfate frequency was increased 7 days postcastration with an androgenic blockade. The presence of these carbohydrates was rare after 30 days of androgenic blockade treatment. There was a significant increase in the amount of perlecan in the prostate stroma from groups subjected to castration plus flutamide for 7 or 30 days. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the incidence of areas occupied by proteoglycans and basement membrane was altered by treatment. In addition, androgenic blockade results in changes in the amount, thickness, and morphology of these structures. At 30 days postcastration, with or without flutamide treatment, larger proteoglycans were common. CONCLUSIONS In this study, in particular, the decrease in chondroitin sulfate after the longer period might be understood as a prostatic response to androgenic deprivation, while the high frequency and permanence of perlecan led to the assumption that its modulation could be androgen-independent. Length and form alterations in proteoglycans as well as associations among them and with the basement membrane were dynamic events in the prostate microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana G P Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Gonçalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina R Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane M Goes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ghannam SF, Rutland CS, Allegrucci C, Mongan NP, Rakha E. Defining invasion in breast cancer: the role of basement membrane. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:11-18. [PMID: 36253088 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Basement membrane (BM) is an amorphous, sheet-like structure separating the epithelium from the stroma. BM is characterised by a complex structure comprising collagenous and non-collagenous proteoglycans and glycoproteins. In the breast, the thickness, density and composition of the BM around the ductal lobular system vary during differing development stages. In pathological conditions, the BM provides a physical barrier that separates proliferating intraductal epithelial cells from the surrounding stroma, and its absence or breach in malignant lesions is a hallmark of invasion and metastases. Currently, diagnostic services often use special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the BM in order to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions. However, distinguishing BM on stained sections, and differentiating the native BM from the reactive capsule or BM-like material surrounding some invasive malignant breast tumours is challenging. Although diagnostic use of the BM is being replaced by myoepithelial cell IHC markers, BM is considered by many to be a useful marker to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions in ambiguous cases. In this review, the structure, function and biological and clinical significance of the BM are discussed in relation to the various breast lesions with emphasis on how to distinguish the native BM from alternative pathological tissue mimicking its histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan F Ghannam
- Division of cancer and stem cells, school of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Histology and Cell Biology, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emad Rakha
- Division of cancer and stem cells, school of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Histopathology,school of Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
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Dhanisha SS, Guruvayoorappan C. Pathological Implications of Mucin Signaling in Metastasis. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:585-602. [PMID: 36941808 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230320121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic mucosal layer provides a selective protective barrier for the epithelial cells lining the body cavities. Diverse human malignancies exploit their intrinsic role to protect and repair epithelia for promoting growth and survival. Aberrant expression of mucin has been known to be associated with poor prognosis of many cancers. However, the emergence of new paradigms in the study of metastasis recognizes the involvement of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC16 during metastasis initiation and progression. Hence mucins can be used as an attractive target in future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss in detail about mucin family and its domains and the role of different mucins in regulating cancer progression and metastasis. In addition, we briefly discuss insights into mucins as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandrasekharan Guruvayoorappan
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
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Sánchez-Porras D, Varas J, Godoy-Guzmán C, Bermejo-Casares F, San Martín S, Carriel V. Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Methods for the Identification of Proteoglycans. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2566:85-98. [PMID: 36152244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2675-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are non-fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules composed by a protein core and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. These molecules are present in all tissues playing essential structural, biomechanical, and biological roles. In addition, PGs can regulate cell behavior due to their versatility and ability to interact with other ECM molecules, growth factors, and cells. The distribution of PGs can be evaluated by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Histochemical methods aimed to provide a useful overview of the presence and distribution pattern of certain groups of PGs. In contrast, immunohistochemical procedures aimed the identification of highly specific target molecules. In this chapter we described Alcian Blue, Safranin O, and Toluidine Blue histochemical methods for the screening of PGs in tissue sections. Finally, we describe the immunohistochemical procedures for specific identification of PGs (decorin, biglycan, and versican) in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Porras
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Varas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Godoy-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Bermejo-Casares
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Sebastián San Martín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
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Schüler SC, Liu Y, Dumontier S, Grandbois M, Le Moal E, Cornelison DDW, Bentzinger CF. Extracellular matrix: Brick and mortar in the skeletal muscle stem cell niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1056523. [PMID: 36523505 PMCID: PMC9745096 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an interconnected macromolecular scaffold occupying the space between cells. Amongst other functions, the ECM provides structural support to tissues and serves as a microenvironmental niche that conveys regulatory signals to cells. Cell-matrix adhesions, which link the ECM to the cytoskeleton, are dynamic multi-protein complexes containing surface receptors and intracellular effectors that control various downstream pathways. In skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue of the body, each individual muscle fiber and its associated muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are surrounded by a layer of ECM referred to as the basal lamina. The core scaffold of the basal lamina consists of self-assembling polymeric laminins and a network of collagens that tether proteoglycans, which provide lateral crosslinking, establish collateral associations with cell surface receptors, and serve as a sink and reservoir for growth factors. Skeletal muscle also contains the fibrillar collagenous interstitial ECM that plays an important role in determining tissue elasticity, connects the basal laminae to each other, and contains matrix secreting mesenchymal fibroblast-like cell types and blood vessels. During skeletal muscle regeneration fibroblast-like cell populations expand and contribute to the transitional fibronectin-rich regenerative matrix that instructs angiogenesis and MuSC function. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the skeletal muscle ECM in health and disease and outline its role in orchestrating tissue regeneration and MuSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja C. Schüler
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dumontier
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - DDW Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - C. Florian Bentzinger
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: C. Florian Bentzinger,
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Karimi F, Lau K, Kim HN, Och Z, Lim KS, Whitelock J, Lord M, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Surface Biofunctionalization of Silk Biomaterials Using Dityrosine Cross-Linking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31551-31566. [PMID: 35793155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctionalization of silk biomaterial surfaces with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, cell binding peptides, or growth factors is important in a range of applications, including tissue engineering and development of implantable medical devices. Passive adsorption is the most common way to immobilize molecules of interest on preformed silk biomaterials but can lead to random molecular orientations and displacement from the surface, limiting their applications. Herein, we developed techniques for covalent immobilization of biomolecules using enzyme- or photoinitiated formation of dityrosine bonds between the molecule of interest and silk. Using recombinantly expressed domain V of the human basement membrane proteoglycan perlecan (rDV) as a model molecule, we demonstrated that rDV can be covalently immobilized via dityrosine cross-linking without the need to modify rDV or silk biomaterials. Dityrosine-based immobilization resulted in a different molecular orientation to passively absorbed rDV with less C- and N-terminal region exposure on the surface. Dityrosine-based immobilization supported functional rDV immobilization where immobilized rDV supported endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and proliferation. These results demonstrate the utility of dityrosine-based cross-linking in covalent immobilization of tyrosine-containing molecules on silk biomaterials in the absence of chemical modification, adding a simple and accessible technique to the silk biofunctionalization toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Och
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Light Activated Biomaterials (LAB) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Xu Z, Chen S, Chen W, Zhou X, Yan F, Huang T, Wang Y, Lu H, Zhao A. Comparative Analysis of the Follicular Transcriptome of Zhedong White Geese (Anser Cygnoides) with Different Photoperiods. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102060. [PMID: 36049293 PMCID: PMC9441338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The laying performance of geese is mainly determined by follicular development and atresia, while follicular status is regulated by photoperiod. To understand the effect of photoperiod on the development of goose follicles, artificial light was used to change the photoperiod. In this study, ten healthy 220-day-old Zhedong white geese (Anser Cygnoides) with similar body weights and similar reproductive start times were reared for 60 days under long photoperiod (15 L:9 D) and short photoperiod (9 L:15 D) artificial light with the intensity controlled at 30 lux, and follicles were collected. Follicle development was analyzed by observing the morphology of follicle tissue, the localization of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related protein factors. Small white follicles (SWFs) were selected for RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptome. Under a long photoperiod, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Caspase-3 were expressed in the granulosa cell layer and oocytes, respectively. LC3 and Caspase-3 protein expression was increased in SWF and large white follicles (LWFs), and there were more autophagosomes and autolysosomes in granulosa cells. RNA-seq found 93 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the short-photoperiod group, including 55 upregulated DEGs and 38 downregulated DEGs, distributed in 37 gene ontology categories. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-enriched signaling pathways revealed 5 pathways enriched in upregulated DEGs, including protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, and 4 pathways enriched in downregulated DEGs, such as fatty acid biosynthesis. Ten differentially expressed genes related to extracellular matrix and fatty acid metabolism (THBS2, COL12A1, MRC2, TUBA, COL1A1, COL11A1, HSPG2, FABP, MGLL, and OLAH) may be involved in the photoperiod regulation of follicle development in Zhedong white geese. The differentially expressed genes screened in this study will provide new ideas to further understand the molecular mechanism underlying photoperiod-mediated regulation of follicle development in Zhedong white geese.
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Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Impact of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan on Human Disease and Health. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1117-C1122. [PMID: 35417267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00113.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan, a basement membrane-type heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is an important molecule in the functional diversity of organisms because of the diversity of its glycan chains and the multifunctionality of its core proteins. Human diseases associated with perlecan have been identified using gene-deficient mice. Two human diseases related to perlecan have been reported. One is Silverman-Handmaker type Dyssegmental Dysplasia, resulting from complete loss of function of the HSPG2 gene which encods perlecan core protein which maps to chromosome 1p36. The other is Schwartz-Jampel syndrome from partial loss of function of the HSPG2 gene. Subsequent in vivo and in vitrostudies have revealed the organ-specific functions of perlecan, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of perlecan in human diseases and summarize our knowledge about perlecan as a future therapeutic target to treat the related diseases and for healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of OldAge Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Qiu Z, Park A, Wang L, Wilsey R, Lee M. The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) is a potential cell-binding motif of UNC-52/PERLECAN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:143-149. [PMID: 34844120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNC-52/perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) proteoglycan playing an essential role in the muscle cell attachment of C. elegans. The UNC-52 protein contains two RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motifs in domains III and IV, a well-characterized tripeptide known for binding to mammalian β integrin. To investigate the role of the RGD motif in UNC-52/perlecan, we created two mutations in the 2021RGD2023 motif: one mutation changed the RGD to an RGE, and the other deleted the RGD motif. The RGE2023 caused defective actin filaments and aberrant localization of PAT-3 β integrin and TLN-1/talin. Additionally, the in-frame deletion of RGD2023 resulted in a paralyzed and arrested at two-fold embryonic stages (Pat) phenotype, which is the identical phenotype of the pat-3 β integrin null allele. These results indicate that RGD2023 is a potential ligand for cell binding and is essential for development and survival. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the RGD of an invertebrate BM molecule is a potential cell-binding motif, suggesting that the function of the RGD motif is conserved among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Qiu
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Aileen Park
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Lianzijun Wang
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Rachel Wilsey
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Myeongwoo Lee
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exists as a dynamic network of biophysical and biochemical factors that maintain tissue homeostasis. Given its sensitivity to changes in the intra- and extracellular space, the plasticity of the ECM can be pathological in driving disease through aberrant matrix remodelling. In particular, cancer uses the matrix for its proliferation, angiogenesis, cellular reprogramming and metastatic spread. An emerging field of matrix biology focuses on proteoglycans that regulate autophagy, an intracellular process that plays both critical and contextual roles in cancer. Here, we review the most prominent autophagic modulators from the matrix and the current understanding of the cellular pathways and signalling cascades that mechanistically drive their autophagic function. We then critically assess how their autophagic functions influence tumorigenesis, emphasizing the complexities and stage-dependent nature of this relationship in cancer. We highlight novel emerging data on immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor-1, heparanase and thrombospondin 1 in autophagy and cancer. Finally, we further discuss the pro- and anti-autophagic modulators originating from the ECM, as well as how these proteoglycans and other matrix constituents specifically influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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14
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Impact of perlecan, a core component of basement membrane, on regeneration of cartilaginous tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:13-26. [PMID: 34454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable component of the extracellular matrix, perlecan (Pln) plays an essential role in cartilaginous tissue function. Although there exist studies suggesting that Pln expressed by cartilaginous tissues is critical for chondrogenesis, few papers have discussed the potential impact Pln may have on cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineate Pln structure, biomechanical properties, and interactive ligands-which together contribute to the effect Pln has on cartilaginous tissue development. We also review how the signaling pathways of Pln affect cartilage development and scrutinize the potential application of Pln to divisions of cartilage regeneration, spanning vascularization, stem cell differentiation, and biomaterial improvement. The aim of this review is to deepen our understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions that occur between Pln and cartilaginous tissue and ultimately apply Pln in scaffold design to improve cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As a key component of the basement membrane, Pln plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Recent findings suggest that Pln existing in the pericellular matrix surrounding mature chondrocytes is actively involved in cartilage regeneration and functionality. We propose that Pln is essential to developing an in vitro matrix niche within biological scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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15
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Chandrasekar K, Farrugia BL, Johnson L, Marks D, Irving D, Elgundi Z, Lau K, Kim HN, Rnjak‐Kovacina J, Bilek MM, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. Effect of Recombinant Human Perlecan Domain V Tethering Method on Protein Orientation and Blood Contacting Activity on Polyvinyl Chloride. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100388. [PMID: 33890424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials is a promising approach to control biofunctionality while retaining the bulk biomaterial properties. Perlecan is the major proteoglycan in the vascular basement membrane that supports low levels of platelet adhesion but not activation. Thus, perlecan is a promising bioactive for blood-contacting applications. This study furthers the mechanistic understanding of platelet interactions with perlecan by establishing that platelets utilize domains III and V of the core protein for adhesion. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is functionalized with recombinant human perlecan domain V (rDV) to explore the effect of the tethering method on proteoglycan orientation and bioactivity. Tethering of rDV to PVC is achieved via either physisorption or covalent attachment via plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment. Both methods of rDV tethering reduce platelet adhesion and activation compared to the pristine PVC, however, the mechanisms are unique for each tethering method. Physisorption of rDV on PVC orientates the molecule to hinder access to the integrin-binding region, which inhibits platelet adhesion. In contrast, PIII treatment orientates rDV to allow access to the integrin-binding region, which is rendered antiadhesive to platelets via the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. These effects demonstrate the potential of rDV biofunctionalization to modulate platelet interactions for blood contacting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Melbourne School of Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Denese Marks
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - David Irving
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Marcela M. Bilek
- The Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Physics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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16
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Chen CG, Iozzo RV. Angiostatic cues from the matrix: Endothelial cell autophagy meets hyaluronan biology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16797-16812. [PMID: 33020183 PMCID: PMC7864073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix encompasses a reservoir of bioactive macromolecules that modulates a cornucopia of biological functions. A prominent body of work posits matrix constituents as master regulators of autophagy and angiogenesis and provides molecular insight into how these two processes are coordinated. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyaluronan and HAS2 regulation and the role of soluble proteoglycan in affecting autophagy and angiogenesis. Specifically, we assess the role of proteoglycan-evoked autophagy in regulating angiogenesis via the HAS2-hyaluronan axis and ATG9A, a novel HAS2 binding partner. We discuss extracellular hyaluronan biology and the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that regulate its main synthesizer, HAS2. We highlight the emerging group of proteoglycans that utilize outside-in signaling to modulate autophagy and angiogenesis in cancer microenvironments and thoroughly review the most up-to-date understanding of endorepellin signaling in vascular endothelia, providing insight into the temporal complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Chen
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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17
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Jansson M, Billing O, Herdenberg C, Lundin C, Tolockiene E, Nazemroaya A, Sund M. Expression and Circulating Levels of Perlecan in Breast Cancer - Implications for Oestrogen Dependent Stromal Remodeling. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:69-77. [PMID: 32124140 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Localised breast cancer can be cured by surgery and adjuvant treatments, but mortality remains high as some tumours metastasize early. Perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) protein involved in tumour development and progression. Here, mRNA and protein expression of perlecan, and mRNA expression of matrix degrading enzymes were studied in normal breast and invasive breast cancer, and correlated to prognostic risk factors, in particular oestrogen status. Moreover, plasma levels of perlecan were measured in patients with breast cancer and compared with controls. mRNA data was extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Perlecan protein expression was visualized using immunofluorescence and plasma levels measured by ELISA assay. Perlecan mRNA levels were twice as high in normal breast compared with breast cancer tissue. A strong correlation was found between mRNA expression of perlecan and several matrix-degrading enzymes in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumours. Perlecan protein was localized to both epithelial and vascular BMs, but absent in the stroma in normal breast. In breast cancer, the expression of perlecan in epithelial BM was fragmented or completely lost, with a marked upregulation of perlecan expression in the stroma. Significantly higher levels of perlecan were found in plasma of ER+ patients when compared with ER- patients. This study shows that perlecan expression and degradation in breast cancer may be linked to the ER status of the tumour.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/blood
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/blood
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Jansson
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ola Billing
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl Herdenberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Lundin
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Egle Tolockiene
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anoosheh Nazemroaya
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Recent advances in the field of glycobiology have exposed a multitude of biological processes that are controlled or influenced by proteoglycans, in both physiological and pathological conditions ranging from early embryonic development, inflammation, and fibrosis to tumor invasion and metastasis. The first part of this article reviews the biosynthesis of proteoglycans and their multifunctional roles in health and disease; the second part of this review focuses on their putative roles in peritoneal homeostasis and peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in the context of chronic peritoneal dialysis and peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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19
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Production of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Cytoplasm of E. coli: Making Giants in Tiny Factories. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030688. [PMID: 31973001 PMCID: PMC7037224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most widely used protein production host in academia and a major host for industrial protein production. However, recombinant production of eukaryotic proteins in prokaryotes has challenges. One of these is post-translational modifications, including native disulfide bond formation. Proteins containing disulfide bonds have traditionally been made by targeting to the periplasm or by in vitro refolding of proteins made as inclusion bodies. More recently, systems for the production of disulfide-containing proteins in the cytoplasm have been introduced. However, it is unclear if these systems have the capacity for the production of disulfide-rich eukaryotic proteins. To address this question, we tested the capacity of one such system to produce domain constructs, containing up to 44 disulfide bonds, of the mammalian extracellular matrix proteins mucin 2, alpha tectorin, and perlecan. All were successfully produced with purified yields up to 6.5 mg/L. The proteins were further analyzed using a variety of biophysical techniques including circular dichroism spectrometry, thermal stability assay, and mass spectrometry. These analyses indicated that the purified proteins are most likely correctly folded to their native state. This greatly extends the use of E. coli for the production of eukaryotic proteins for structural and functional studies.
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20
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Cruz LA, Tellman TV, Farach-Carson MC. Flipping the Molecular Switch: Influence of Perlecan and Its Modifiers in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:133-146. [PMID: 32266656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is rich in matrix components, growth factors, cytokines, and enzymatic modifiers that respond to changing conditions, to alter the fundamental properties of the tumor bed. Perlecan/HSPG2, a large, multi-domain heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is concentrated in the reactive stroma that surrounds tumors. Depending on its state in the TME, perlecan can either prevent or promote the progression of cancers to metastatic disease. Breast, prostate, lung, and renal cancers all preferentially metastasize to bone, a dense, perlecan-rich environment that is initially a "hostile" niche for cancer cells. Driven by inflammation, production of perlecan and its enzyme modifiers, which include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), sulfatases (SULFs), and heparanase (HPSE), increases in the reactive stroma surrounding growing and invading tumors. MMPs act upon the perlecan core protein, releasing bioactive fragments of the protein, primarily from C-terminal domains IV and V. These fragments influence cell adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Sulfatases and heparanases act directly upon the heparan sulfate chains, releasing growth factors from reservoirs to reach receptors on the cancer cell surface. We propose that perlecan modifiers, by promoting the degradation of the perlecan-rich stroma, "flip the molecular switch" and convert the "hostile" stroma into a welcoming one that supports cancer dissemination and metastasis. Targeted therapies that prevent this molecular conversion of the TME should be considered as potential new therapeutics to limit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette A Cruz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tristen V Tellman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Interaction of arterial proteoglycans with low density lipoproteins (LDLs): From theory to promising therapeutic approaches. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Discovery of HSPG2 (Perlecan) as a Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12492. [PMID: 31462656 PMCID: PMC6713791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advances in the treatment of breast cancer resulting in remarkably high survival rates. However, treatment options for metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are quite limited due to a lack of identifiable, unique markers. Using a phage display-based whole cell biopanning procedure, we developed two human antibodies that bind to tumor cells with a metastatic TNBC phenotype. Our studies further identified domain 1 of HSPG2 (perlecan) protein as the cognate cell surface antigen bound by the antibody. Immunohistochemistry studies utilizing patient tissue samples revealed significant cell surface expression of HSPG2 in both primary tumors and metastatic lesions. Further, higher HSPG2 expression correlated with poor survival in TNBC. The affinity-matured antibody inhibited the growth of triple negative MDA-MB-231 tumors to a greater extent in nude mice than in NSG mice, pointing to the potential role of natural killer cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. This mechanism of action was confirmed through in vitro assays using mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These results suggest that HSPG2 is a promising target in metastatic TNBC and HSPG2-targeted antibodies could represent a potentially novel class of targeted therapeutics for TNBC.
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23
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Carmen L, Maria V, Morales-Medina JC, Vallelunga A, Palmieri B, Iannitti T. Role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Glycobiology 2019; 29:110-123. [PMID: 29924302 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited fatal X-linked myogenic disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 3500 male live births. It affects voluntary muscles, and heart and breathing muscles. DMD is characterized by continuous degeneration and regeneration cycles resulting in extensive fibrosis and a progressive reduction in muscle mass. Since the identification of a reduction in dystrophin protein as the cause of this disorder, numerous innovative and experimental therapies, focusing on increasing the levels of dystrophin, have been proposed, but the clinical improvement has been unsatisfactory. Dystrophin forms the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and its proteins have been studied as a promising novel therapeutic target to treat DMD. Among these proteins, cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are found almost ubiquitously on the surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of mammalian cells. These macromolecules interact with numerous ligands, including ECM constituents, adhesion molecules and growth factors that play a crucial role in muscle development and maintenance. In this article, we have reviewed in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies focused on the functional role of GAGs in the pathophysiology of DMD with the final aim of summarizing the state of the art of GAG dysregulation within the ECM in DMD and discussing future therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurino Carmen
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Vadala' Maria
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CP, AP 62, Mexico
| | - Annamaria Vallelunga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
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24
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Synthesis Is Dysregulated in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:632-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates modulation of autophagy by a variety of matrix constituents, including decorin, endorepellin, and endostatin. These matrix proteins are both pro-autophagic and anti-angiogenic. Here, we detail a series of methods to monitor matrix-induced autophagy and its concurrent effects on angiogenesis. We first discuss cloning and purifying proteoglycan fragment and core proteins in the laboratory and review relevant techniques spanning from cell culture to treatment with these purified proteoglycans in vitro and ex vivo. Further, we cover protocols in monitoring autophagic progression via morphological and microscopic characterization, biochemical western blot analysis, and signaling pathway investigation. Downstream angiogenic effects using in vivo approaches are then discussed using wild-type mice and the GFP-LC3 transgenic mouse model. Finally, we explore matrix-induced mitophagy via monitoring changes in mitochondrial DNA and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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DeStefano JG, Jamieson JJ, Linville RM, Searson PC. Benchmarking in vitro tissue-engineered blood-brain barrier models. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:32. [PMID: 30514389 PMCID: PMC6280508 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in regulating transport into and out of the brain. With increasing interest in the role of the BBB in health and disease, there have been significant advances in the development of in vitro models. The value of these models to the research community is critically dependent on recapitulating characteristics of the BBB in humans or animal models. However, benchmarking in vitro models is surprisingly difficult since much of our knowledge of the structure and function of the BBB comes from in vitro studies. Here we describe a set of parameters that we consider a starting point for benchmarking and validation. These parameters are associated with structure (ultrastructure, wall shear stress, geometry), microenvironment (basement membrane and extracellular matrix), barrier function (transendothelial electrical resistance, permeability, efflux transport), cell function (expression of BBB markers, turnover), and co-culture with other cell types (astrocytes and pericytes). In suggesting benchmarks, we rely primarily on imaging or direct measurements in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson G DeStefano
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John J Jamieson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raleigh M Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,120 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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27
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Gibbon A, Saunders CJ, Collins M, Gamieldien J, September AV. Defining the molecular signatures of Achilles tendinopathy and anterior cruciate ligament ruptures: A whole-exome sequencing approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205860. [PMID: 30359423 PMCID: PMC6201890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries are complex phenotypes with genetics being one of many proposed risk factors. Case-control association studies using the candidate gene approach have predominately been used to identify risk loci for these injuries. However, the ability to identify all risk conferring variants using this approach alone is unlikely. Therefore, this study aimed to further define the genetic profile of these injuries using an integrated omics approach involving whole exome sequencing and a customised analyses pipeline. The exomes of ten exemplar asymptomatic controls and ten exemplar cases with Achilles tendinopathy were individually sequenced using a platform that included the coverage of the untranslated regions and miRBase miRNA genes. Approximately 200 000 variants were identified in the sequenced samples. Previous research was used to guide a targeted analysis of the genes encoding the tenascin-C (TNC) glycoprotein and the α1 chain of type XXVII collagen (COL27A1) located on chromosome 9. Selection of variants within these genes were; however, not predetermined but based on a tiered filtering strategy. Four variants in TNC (rs1061494, rs1138545, rs2104772 and rs1061495) and three variants in the upstream COL27A1 gene (rs2567706, rs2241671 and rs2567705) were genotyped in larger Achilles tendinopathy and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture sample groups. The CC genotype of TNC rs1061494 (C/T) was associated with the risk of Achilles tendinopathy (p = 0.018, OR: 2.5 95% CI: 1.2-5.1). Furthermore, the AA genotype of the TNC rs2104772 (A/T) variant was significantly associated with ACL ruptures in the female subgroup (p = 0.035, OR: 2.3 95% CI: 1.1-5.5). An inferred haplotype in the TNC gene was also associated with the risk of Achilles tendinopathy. These results provide a proof of concept for the use of a customised pipeline for the exploration of a larger genomic dataset. This approach, using previous research to guide a targeted analysis of the data has generated new genetic signatures in the biology of musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gibbon
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colleen J. Saunders
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/SA MRC Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Junaid Gamieldien
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/SA MRC Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V. September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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Sujitha P, Kavitha S, Shakilanishi S, Babu NKC, Shanthi C. Enzymatic dehairing: A comprehensive review on the mechanistic aspects with emphasis on enzyme specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:168-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tang F, Lord MS, Stallcup WB, Whitelock JM. Cell surface chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) binds to the basement membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan, perlecan, and is involved in cell adhesion. J Biochem 2018; 163:399-412. [PMID: 29462330 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a cell surface proteoglycan highly expressed by tumour, perivascular and oligodendrocyte cells and known to be involved cell adhesion and migration. This study showed that CSPG4 was present as a proteoglycan on the cell surface of two melanoma cell lines, MM200 and Me1007, as well as shed into the conditioned medium. CSPG4 from the two melanoma cell lines differed in the amount of chondroitin sulphate (CS) decoration, as well as the way the protein core was fragmented. In contrast, the CSPG4 expressed by a colon carcinoma cell line, WiDr, was predominantly as a protein core on the cell surface lacking glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. This study demonstrated that CSPG4 immunopurified from the melanoma cell lines formed a complex with perlecan synthesized by the same cultured cells. Mechanistic studies showed that CSPG4 bound to perlecan via hydrophobic protein-protein interactions involving multiple sites on perlecan including the C-terminal region. Furthermore, this study revealed that CSPG4 interacted with perlecan to support cell adhesion and actin polymerization. Together these data suggest a novel mechanism by which CSPG4 expressing cells might attach to perlecan-rich matrices so as those found in connective tissues and basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Level 5 Samuels Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Level 5 Samuels Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William B Stallcup
- Tumour Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Centre, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Level 5 Samuels Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Celestrin K, Díaz-Balzac CA, Tang LTH, Ackley BD, Bülow HE. Four specific immunoglobulin domains in UNC-52/Perlecan function with NID-1/Nidogen during dendrite morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2018; 145:dev.158881. [PMID: 29678816 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is essential for various aspects of nervous system patterning. For example, sensory dendrites in flies, worms and fish have been shown to rely on coordinated interactions of tissues with extracellular matrix proteins. Here we show that the conserved basement membrane protein UNC-52/Perlecan is required for establishing the correct number of the highly ordered dendritic trees in the somatosensory neuron PVD in Caenorhabditis elegans This function is dependent on four specific immunoglobulin domains, but independent of the known functions of UNC-52 in mediating muscle-skin attachment. Intriguingly, the four conserved immunoglobulin domains in UNC-52 are necessary to correctly localize the basement membrane protein NID-1/Nidogen. Genetic experiments further show that unc-52, nid-1 and genes of the netrin axon guidance signaling cassette share a common pathway to establish the correct number of somatosensory dendrites. Our studies suggest that, in addition to its role in mediating muscle-skin attachment, UNC-52 functions through immunoglobulin domains to establish an ordered lattice of basement membrane proteins, which may control the function of morphogens during dendrite patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Celestrin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Carlos A Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leo T H Tang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, KS 66045, USA
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA .,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Solute transport in the lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) plays important roles in osteocyte metabolism and cell-cell signaling. This review will summarize recent studies that establish pericellular matrix (PCM), discovered inside the LCS, as a crucial regulator of solute transport in bone. RECENT FINDINGS Utilizing confocal imaging and mathematical modeling, recent studies successfully quantified molecular diffusion and convection in the LCS as well as the size-dependent sieving effects of the PCM, leading to the quantification of the effective PCM fiber spacing (10 to 17 nm) in murine adult bones. Perlecan/HSPG2, a large linear proteoglycan, was identified to be an essential PCM component. The PCM-filled LCS is bone's chromatographic column, where fluid/solute transport to and from the osteocytes is regulated. The chemical composition, deposition rate, and turnover rate of the osteocyte PCM should be further defined to better understand osteocyte physiology and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- Center for Biomechanical Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Rnjak-Kovacina J, Tang F, Lin X, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. Recombinant Domain V of Human Perlecan Is a Bioactive Vascular Proteoglycan. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28846206 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal domain V of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan perlecan plays unique and often divergent roles in a number of biological processes, including angiogenesis, vascular cell interactions, wound healing, and autophagy. Recombinant forms of domain V have been proposed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, stroke, and the development of cardiovascular devices and bioartificial tissues. However, the effect of domain V appears to be related to the differences in domain V structure and function observed in different expression systems and environments and exactly how this occurs is not well understood. In this study, the sequence from amino acid 3626 to 4391 of the perlecan protein core, which includes domain V, is expressed in HEK-293 cells and purified as a secreted product from conditioned media. This recombinant domain V (rDV) is expressed as a proteoglycan decorated with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains and supports endothelial cell interactions to the same extent as full-length perlecan. This expression system serves as an important model of recombinant proteoglycan expression, as well as a source of biologically active rDV for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaoting Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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A Whole Exome Study Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for Vertebral Bone Marrow Signal Changes (Modic Changes). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:1201-1206. [PMID: 27997510 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A family-based study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify rare genetic factors predisposing to Modic changes (MCs). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is one of the contributing factors behind low back pain (LBP). Lumbar MC visualized as bone marrow signal intensity changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent a specific phenotype of LDD, which has a stronger association with LBP than LDD without MC. METHODS The study set consisted of two Finnish families: Family I included seven affected and four unaffected individuals and Family II eight affected and seven unaffected individuals. MCs were evaluated in 26 individuals using MRI. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify alleles cosegregating with MC. Annotate variation was used to carry out functional annotation of alleles and their frequencies were evaluated using 1000Genomes, Sequencing Initiative Suomi (SISu), and the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) databases. RESULTS We identified predisposing genetic alleles for MC in two Finnish families. In each family, only single allele cosegregated with MC. In Family I, the observed allele was an insertion and deletion in the HSPG2 gene, resulting in a premature termination codon. In Family II, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs61753465) in the MAML1 gene was identified in all affected family members. CONCLUSION We have identified two novel candidate genes, MAML1 and HSPG2, associating with MC. These genes are important in cartilage structure and joint cartilage maintenance. Our findings are novel among lumbar spine degenerative phenotypes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Motta G, Tersariol ILS. Modulation of the Plasma Kallikrein-Kinin System Proteins Performed by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Front Physiol 2017; 8:481. [PMID: 28744223 PMCID: PMC5504176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins are related to inflammation through bradykinin. In the proximity of its target cells, high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen) is the substrate of plasma kallikrein, which releases bradykinin from H-kininogen. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a critical role in either recruiting kinin precursors from the plasma, or in the assembly of kallikrein-kinin system components on the cell surface. Furthermore, HSPGs mediate the endocytosis and activation of H-kininogen and plasma prekallikrein. In the presence of HSPGs (Chinese hamster ovary cell, CHO-K1, wild type cells) both heparin and heparan sulfate strongly inhibit the H-kininogen interaction with the cell membrane. H-kininogen is internalized in endosomal acidic vesicles in CHO-K1 but not in CHO-745 cells (mutant cells deficient in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis). The endocytosis process is lipid raft-mediated and is dependent on caveolae. Both types of CHO cells do not internalize bradykinin-free H-kininogen. At pH 7.35, bradykinin is released from H-kininogen on the surface of CHO-745 cells only by serine proteases; however, in CHO-K1 cells either serine or cysteine proteases are found to be involved. The CHO-K1 cell lysate contains different kininogenases. Plasma prekallikrein endocytosis in CHO-K1 cells is independent of H-kininogen, and also prekallikrein is not internalized by CHO-745 cells. Plasma prekallikrein cleavage/activation is independent of glycosaminoglycans but plasma kallikrein formation is more specific on H-kininogen assembled on the cell surface through glycosaminoglycans. In this mini-review, the importance of HSPGs in the regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira-Ferrer L, Legler K, Milde-Langosch K. Role of protein glycosylation in cancer metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:141-152. [PMID: 28315783 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although altered glycosylation has been detected in human cancer cells decades ago, only investigations in the last years have enormously increased our knowledge about the details of protein glycosylation and its role in tumour progression. Many proteins, which are heavily glycosylated, i.e. adhesion proteins or proteases, play an important role in cancer metastasis that represents the crucial and frequently life-threatening step in progression of most tumour types. Compared to normal tissue, tumour cells often show altered glycosylation patters with appearance of new tumour-specific antigens. In this review, we give an overview about the role of glycosylation in tumour metastasis, describing recent results about O-glycans, N-glycans and glycosaminoglycans. We show that glycan structures, glycosylated proteins and glycosylation enzymes have influence on different steps of the metastatic process, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion/intravasation and extravasation of tumour cells. Regarding the important role of cancer metastasis for patients survival, further knowledge about the consequences of altered glycosylation patterns in tumour cells is needed which might eventually lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Legler
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karin Milde-Langosch
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Yukita A, Hara M, Hosoya A, Nakamura H. Relationship between localization of proteoglycans and induction of neurotrophic factors in mouse dental pulp. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lepedda AJ, De Muro P, Capobianco G, Formato M. Significance of urinary glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans in the evaluation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes complications. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:149-155. [PMID: 27842978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high incidence of kidney disease in diabetic patients, the early diagnosis of renal impairment is a key point for intervention and management. Although urinary albumin excretion currently represents the accepted standard to assess both diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular risk, it has some limitations as structural changes in the glomerular basement membrane may occur before the onset of microalbuminuria. It is therefore important to identify urinary markers that may provide greater sensitivity, earlier detection, and greater predictive power for diabetes complications. In this respect, urinary glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans (GAGs/PGs) have been long associated with several kidney diseases as well as diabetic nephropathies as their levels increase more readily than albuminuria. In particular, heparan sulfate, a key component of the glomerular basement membrane responsible for its charge-dependent permeability, is excreted into urine at higher concentrations during the early kidney remodeling events caused by the altered glucose metabolism in diabetes. Over the past few years, also urinary trypsin inhibitor has been linked to a chronic inflammatory condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms of such increase are not completely known since either a systemic inflammatory condition or a more localized early renal impairment could play a role. Nevertheless, the association with other inflammatory markers and a detailed urinary trypsin inhibitor structural characterization in diabetes remain to be elucidated. This review will discuss a great deal of information on the association between urinary GAGs/PGs and type 1 and 2 diabetes, with particular emphasis on renal involvement, and their potential as markers useful in screening, diagnosis and follow up to be associated with the current standard tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Junior Lepedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pierina De Muro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 12, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Silk biomaterials functionalized with recombinant domain V of human perlecan modulate endothelial cell and platelet interactions for vascular applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Milan PB, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Joghataie M, Ai J, Pazouki A, Kaplan D, Kargozar S, Amini N, Hamblin M, Mozafari M, Samadikuchaksaraei A. Accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model using decellularized dermal matrix and human umbilical cord perivascular cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:234-246. [PMID: 27591919 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for novel wound healing strategies to treat full thickness skin defects, especially in diabetic patients. We hypothesized that a scaffold could perform dual roles of a biomechanical support and a favorable biochemical environment for stem cells. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been recently reported as a type of mesenchymal stem cell that can accelerate early wound healing in skin defects. However, there are only a limited number of studies that have incorporated these cells into natural scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering. The aim of the present study was to promote angiogenesis and accelerate wound healing by using HUCPVCs and decellularized dermal matrix (DDM) in a rat model of diabetic wounds. The DDM scaffolds were prepared from harvested human skin samples and histological, ultrastructural, molecular and mechanical assessments were carried out. In comparison with the control (without any treatment) and DDM alone group, full thickness excisional wounds treated with HUCPVCs-loaded DDM scaffolds demonstrated an accelerated wound closure rate, faster re-epithelization, more granulation tissue formation and decreased collagen deposition. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed that the VEGFR-2 expression and vascular density in the HUCPVCs-loaded DDM scaffold treated group were also significantly higher than the other groups at 7days post implantation. Since the rates of angiogenesis, re-epithelization and formation of granulation tissue are directly correlated with full thickness wound healing in patients, the proposed HUCPVCs-loaded DDM scaffolds may fulfil a role neglected by current treatment strategies. This pre-clinical proof-of-concept study warrants further clinical evaluation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The aim of the present study was to design a novel tissue-engineered system to promote angiogenesis, re-epithelization and granulation of skin tissue using human umbilical cord perivascular stem cells and decellularized dermal matrix natural scaffolds in rat diabetic wound models. The authors of this research article have been working on stem cells and tissue engineering scaffolds for years. According to our knowledge, there is a lack of an efficient system for the treatment of skin defects using tissue engineering strategy. Since the rates of angiogenesis, re-epithelization and granulation tissue are directly correlated with full thickness wound healing, the proposed HUCPVCs-loaded DDM scaffolds perfectly fills the niche neglected by current treatment strategies. This pre-clinical study demonstrates the proof-of-concept that necessitates clinical evaluations.
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Extracellular Matrix, a Hard Player in Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111822. [PMID: 27809279 PMCID: PMC5133823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and polysaccharides. Through multiple interactions with each other and the cell surface receptors, not only the ECM determines the physical and mechanical properties of the tissues, but also profoundly influences cell behavior and many physiological and pathological processes. One of the functions that have been extensively explored is its impingement on angiogenesis. The strong impact of the ECM in this context is both direct and indirect by virtue of its ability to interact and/or store several growth factors and cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide some examples of the complex molecular mechanisms that are elicited by these molecules in promoting or weakening the angiogenic processes. The scenario is intricate, since matrix remodeling often generates fragments displaying opposite effects compared to those exerted by the whole molecules. Thus, the balance will tilt towards angiogenesis or angiostasis depending on the relative expression of pro- or anti-angiogenetic molecules/fragments composing the matrix of a given tissue. One of the vital aspects of this field of research is that, for its endogenous nature, the ECM can be viewed as a reservoir to draw from for the development of new more efficacious therapies to treat angiogenesis-dependent pathologies.
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Ushiyama A, Kataoka H, Iijima T. Glycocalyx and its involvement in clinical pathophysiologies. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:59. [PMID: 27617097 PMCID: PMC5017018 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is a frequent intractable feature involved in a wide range of diseases in the intensive care unit. The glycocalyx (GCX) seemingly plays a key role to control vascular permeability. The GCX has attracted the attention of clinicians working on vascular permeability involving angiopathies, and several clinical approaches to examine the involvement of the GCX have been attempted. The GCX is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer (ESL), which covers most of the surface of the endothelial cells and reduces the access of cellular and macromolecular components of the blood to the surface of the endothelium. It has become evident that this structure is not just a barrier for vascular permeability but contributes to various functions including signal sensing and transmission to the endothelium. Because GCX is a highly fragile and unstable layer, the image had been only obtained by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Recently, advanced microscopy techniques have enabled direct visualization of the GCX in vivo, most of which use fluorescent-labeled lectins that bind to specific disaccharide moieties of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Fluorescent-labeled solutes also enabled to demonstrate vascular leakage under the in vivo microscope. Thus, functional analysis of GCX is advancing. A biomarker of GCX degradation has been clinically applied as a marker of vascular damage caused by surgery. Fragments of the GCX, such as syndecan-1 and/or hyaluronan (HA), have been examined, and their validity is now being examined. It is expected that GCX fragments can be a reliable diagnostic or prognostic indicator in various pathological conditions. Since GCX degradation is strongly correlated with disease progression, pharmacological intervention to prevent GCX degradation has been widely considered. HA and other GAGs are candidates to repair GCX; further studies are needed to establish pharmacological intervention. Recent advancement of GCX research has demonstrated that vascular permeability is not regulated by simple Starling’s law. Biological regulation of vascular permeability by GCX opens the way to develop medical intervention to control vascular permeability in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hanae Kataoka
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Iijima
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Jiang X, Multhaupt H, Chan E, Schaefer L, Schaefer RM, Couchman JR. Essential Contribution of Tumor-derived Perlecan to Epidermal Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:1575-90. [PMID: 15557212 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6353.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan (PG) in basement membranes, perlecan has been linked to tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here we produced epidermal tumors in immunocompromised rats by injection of mouse RT101 tumor cells. Tumor sections stained with species-specific perlecan antibodies, together with immuno-electron microscopy, showed that perlecan distributed around blood vessels was of both host and tumor cell origin. Tumor-derived perlecan was also distributed throughout the tumor matrix. Blood vessels stained with rat-specific PECAM-1 antibody showed their host origin. RT101 cells also expressed two other basement membrane heparan sulfate PGs, agrin and type XVIII collagen. Antisense targeting of perlecan inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro, while exogenous recombinant perlecan, but not heparin, restored the growth of antisense perlecan-expressing cells, suggesting that perlecan core protein, rather than heparan sulfate chains from perlecan, agrin, or type XVIII collagen, regulates tumor cell growth. However, perlecan core protein requirement was not related to fibroblast growth factor-7 binding because RT101 cells were unresponsive to and lacked receptors for this growth factor. In vivo, antisense perlecan-transfected cells generated no tumors, whereas untransfected and vector-transfected cells formed tumors with obvious neovascularization, suggesting that tumor perlecan rather than host perlecan controls tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnong Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Herrera C, Macêdo JKA, Feoli A, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Muscle Tissue Damage Induced by the Venom of Bothrops asper: Identification of Early and Late Pathological Events through Proteomic Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004599. [PMID: 27035343 PMCID: PMC4818029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The time-course of the pathological effects induced by the venom of the snake Bothrops asper in muscle tissue was investigated by a combination of histology, proteomic analysis of exudates collected in the vicinity of damaged muscle, and immunodetection of extracellular matrix proteins in exudates. Proteomic assay of exudates has become an excellent new methodological tool to detect key biomarkers of tissue alterations for a more integrative perspective of snake venom-induced pathology. The time-course analysis of the intracellular proteins showed an early presence of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in exudates, while cytoskeletal proteins increased later on. This underscores the rapid cytotoxic effect of venom, especially in muscle fibers, due to the action of myotoxic phospholipases A2, followed by the action of proteinases in the cytoskeleton of damaged muscle fibers. Similarly, the early presence of basement membrane (BM) and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in exudates reflects the rapid microvascular damage and hemorrhage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases. The presence of fragments of type IV collagen and perlecan one hour after envenoming suggests that hydrolysis of these mechanically/structurally-relevant BM components plays a key role in the genesis of hemorrhage. On the other hand, the increment of some ECM proteins in the exudate at later time intervals is likely a consequence of the action of endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or of de novo synthesis of ECM proteins during tissue remodeling as part of the inflammatory reaction. Our results offer relevant insights for a more integrative and systematic understanding of the time-course dynamics of muscle tissue damage induced by B. asper venom and possibly other viperid venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jéssica Kele A. Macêdo
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrés Feoli
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail: (JMG); (JWF)
| | - Jay W. Fox
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMG); (JWF)
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Hasegawa M, Cheng J, Maruyama S, Yamazaki M, Abé T, Babkair H, Saito C, Saku T. Differential immunohistochemical expression profiles of perlecan-binding growth factors in epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:426-36. [PMID: 26965914 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular deposit of perlecan, a basement-membrane type heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is considered to function as a growth factor reservoir and is enhanced in oral epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS). However, it remains unknown which types of growth factors function in these perlecan-enriched epithelial conditions. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemically which growth factors were associated with perlecan in normal oral epithelia and in different epithelial lesions from dysplasia and CIS to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Eighty-one surgical tissue specimens of oral SCC containing different precancerous stages, along with ten of normal mucosa, were examined by immunohistochemistry for growth factors. In normal epithelia, perlecan and growth factors were not definitely expressed. In epithelial dysplasia, VEGF, SHH, KGF, Flt-1, and Flk-1were localized in the lower half of rete ridges (in concordance with perlecan, 33-100%), in which Ki-67 positive cells were densely packed. In CIS, perlecan and those growth factors/receptors were more strongly expressed in the cell proliferating zone (63-100%). In SCC, perlecan and KGF disappeared from carcinoma cells but emerged in the stromal space (65-100%), while VEGF, SHH, and VEGF receptors remained positive in SCC cells (0%). Immunofluorescence showed that the four growth factors were shown to be produced by three oral SCC cell lines and that their signals were partially overlapped with perlecan signals. The results indicate that perlecan and its binding growth factors are differentially expressed and function in specific manners before (dysplasia/CIS) and after (SCC) invasion of dysplasia/carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hasegawa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hamzah Babkair
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chikara Saito
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saku
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
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46
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Emerging Implications for Extracellular Matrix-Based Technologies in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1541823. [PMID: 26839554 PMCID: PMC4709778 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1541823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), limitations including complex, high dose immunosuppression regimens, lifelong risk of toxicity from immunosuppressants, acute and most critically chronic graft rejection, and suboptimal nerve regeneration remain particularly challenging obstacles restricting clinical progress. When properly configured, customized, and implemented, biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) retain bioactive molecules and immunomodulatory properties that can promote stem cell migration, proliferation and differentiation, and constructive functional tissue remodeling. The present paper reviews the emerging implications of ECM-based technologies in VCA, including local immunomodulation, tissue repair, nerve regeneration, minimally invasive graft targeted drug delivery, stem cell transplantation, and other donor graft manipulation.
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Poluzzi C, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Endostatin and endorepellin: A common route of action for similar angiostatic cancer avengers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:156-73. [PMID: 26518982 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cancer therapy typically targets the tumor proper. However, newly-formed vasculature exerts a major role in cancer development and progression. Autophagy, as a biological mechanism for clearing damaged proteins and oxidative stress products released in the tumor milieu, could help in tumor resolution by rescuing cells undergoing modifications or inducing autophagic-cell death of tumor blood vessels. Cleaved fragments of extracellular matrix proteoglycans are emerging as key players in the modulation of angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. An essential characteristic of cancer progression is the remodeling of the basement membrane and the release of processed forms of its constituents. Endostatin, generated from collagen XVIII, and endorepellin, the C-terminal segment of the large proteoglycan perlecan, possess a dual activity as modifiers of both angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Manipulation of these endogenously-processed forms, located in the basement membrane within tumors, could represent new therapeutic approaches for cancer eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Poluzzi
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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48
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De Muro P, Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Idini M, Tram Nguyen HQ, Lobina O, Fresu P, Formato M. Evaluation of Early Markers of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:7497614. [PMID: 26904288 PMCID: PMC4745372 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7497614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims. T2DM often remains undiagnosed for many years because hyperglycemia develops gradually and may not produce any symptoms. As patients with T2DM are at increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications, the preclinical diagnosis of the state is the key point of the disease management. Methods. We evaluated parameters such as GAGs/PGs, NAG, and NGAL in urine samples from 43 normoalbuminuric T2DM patients and 31 apparently healthy control subjects. Results. The total urinary GAG excretion showed no significant differences between patients and controls. The electrophoretic analysis evidenced the presence of UTI and its degradation products (LSC and SM-LSC), CS, and HS. We observed modifications of HS and total UTI (including UTI and its degradation products) relative contents in T2DM patients compared with controls whereas no differences in CS percentage were found. NGAL levels were significantly increased in T2DM patients and were positively correlated with both NAG (r = 0.606, p < 0.0001) and the presence of hypertension (r = 0.352, p < 0.05). Conclusions. These data suggest that the assessed molecules could represent useful markers to detect early renal impairment in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierina De Muro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Idini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Hai Quy Tram Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Omar Lobina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro Fresu
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, AOU-Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Varshney S, Hunter DD, Brunken WJ. Extracellular Matrix Components Regulate Cellular Polarity and Tissue Structure in the Developing and Mature Retina. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 10:329-39. [PMID: 26730321 PMCID: PMC4687269 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While genetic networks and other intrinsic mechanisms regulate much of retinal development, interactions with the extracellular environment shape these networks and modify their output. The present review has focused on the role of one family of extracellular matrix molecules and their signaling pathways in retinal development. In addition to their effects on the developing retina, laminins play a role in maintaining Müller cell polarity and compartmentalization, thereby contributing to retinal homeostasis. This article which is intended for the clinical audience, reviews the fundamentals of retinal development, extracellular matrix organization and the role of laminins in retinal development. The role of laminin in cortical development is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Varshney
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA
| | - Dale D Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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50
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Morita SY. Metabolism and Modification of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Involved in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1-24. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital
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