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Flores-Sauceda MA, Leyva-Carrillo L, Camacho-Jiménez L, Gómez-Jiménez S, Peregrino-Uriarte AB, Yepiz-Plascencia G. Two hexokinases of the shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei are differentially expressed during oxygen limited conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 293:111637. [PMID: 38583741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei is the most cultivated shrimp worldwide. Compared to other shrimp species, it has higher resistance to adverse conditions. During hypoxia, the shrimp reduces oxygen consumption and adjusts energy metabolism via anaerobic glycolysis, among other strategies. Hexokinase (HK) is the first enzyme of glycolysis and a key regulation point. In mammals and other vertebrates, there are several tissue-specific HK isoforms with differences in expression and enzyme activity. In contrast, crustacean HKs have been relatively little studied. We studied the P. vannamei HK isoforms during hypoxia and reoxygenation. We cloned two HK1 sequences named HK1-long (1455 bp) and HK1-short (1302 bp), and one HK2 (1344 bp). In normoxia, total HK1 expression is higher in hepatopancreas, while HK2 is higher in gills. Severe hypoxia (1 mg/L of DO) after 12 h exposure and 1 h of reoxygenation increased HK1 expression in both organs, but HK2 expression changed differentially. In hepatopancreas, HK2 expression increased in 6 and 12 h of hypoxia but diminished to normoxia levels after reoxygenation. In gills, HK2 expression decreased after 12 h of hypoxia. HK activity increased in hepatopancreas after 12 h hypoxia, opposite to gills. These results indicate that shrimp HK isoforms respond to hypoxia and reoxygenation in a tissue-specific manner. Intracellular glucose levels did not change in any case, showing the shrimp ability to maintain glucose homeostasis during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Flores-Sauceda
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Lilia Leyva-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Laura Camacho-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gómez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Alma B Peregrino-Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Qiao Q, Hu S, Wang X. The regulatory roles and clinical significance of glycolysis in tumor. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 38851859 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the biological behaviors of tumor cells, among which glycolysis is an important form. Recent research has revealed that the heightened glycolysis levels, the abnormal expression of glycolytic enzymes, and the accumulation of glycolytic products could regulate the growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells and provide a favorable microenvironment for tumor development and progression. Based on the distinctive glycolytic characteristics of tumor cells, novel imaging tests have been developed to evaluate tumor proliferation and metastasis. In addition, glycolytic enzymes have been found to serve as promising biomarkers in tumor, which could provide assistance in the early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of tumor patients. Numerous glycolytic enzymes have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for tumor treatment, and various small molecule inhibitors targeting glycolytic enzymes have been developed to inhibit tumor development and some of them are already applied in the clinic. In this review, we systematically summarized recent advances of the regulatory roles of glycolysis in tumor progression and highlighted the potential clinical significance of glycolytic enzymes and products as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Qiao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shunfeng Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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3
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Tong Y, Liu X, Wu L, Xiang Y, Wang J, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Han B, Wang L, Yan D. Hexokinase 2 nonmetabolic function-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα enhances pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38801832 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling in tumor cells induces nonmetabolic functions of some metabolic enzymes in many cellular activities. As a key glycolytic enzyme, the nonmetabolic function of hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays a role in tumor immune evasion. However, whether HK2, dependent of its nonmetabolic activity, plays a role in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that HK2 acts as a protein kinase and phosphorylates IκBα at T291 in PDAC cells, activating NF-κB, which enters the nucleus and promotes the expression of downstream targets under hypoxia. HK2 nonmetabolic activity-promoted activation of NF-κB promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PDAC cells. These findings provide new insights into the multifaceted roles of HK2 in tumor development and underscore the potential of targeting HK2 protein kinase activity for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tong
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxian Xiang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Cheng
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baojuan Han
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Wu S, Jiang Q, Xia Z, Sun Z, Mu Q, Huang C, Song F, Yin M, Shen J, Li H, Yan S. Perfect cooperative pest control via nano-pesticide and natural predator: High predation selectivity and negligible toxicity toward predatory stinkbug. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141784. [PMID: 38537714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The improper use of synthetic pesticides has caused adverse effects on global ecosystems and human health. As a part of sustainable pest management strategy, natural predators, along with nano-pesticides, have made significant contributions to ecological agriculture. The cooperative application of both approaches may overcome their limitations, substantially reducing pesticide application while controlling insect pests efficiently. Herein, the current study introduced a cationic star polymer (SPc) to prepare two types of nano-pesticides, which were co-applied with predatory stinkbugs Picromerus lewisi to achieve perfect cooperative pest control. The SPc exhibited nearly no toxicity against predatory stinkbugs at the working concentration, but it led to the death of predatory stinkbugs at extremely high concentration with the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of 13.57 mg/mL through oral feeding method. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the oral feeding of SPc could induce obvious stress responses, leading to stronger phagocytosis, exocytosis, and energy synthesis to ultimately result in the death of predatory stinkbugs. Then, the broflanilide and chlorobenzuron were employed to prepare the self-assembled nano-pesticides via hydrogen bond and Van der Waals force, and the complexation with SPc broke the self-aggregated structures of pesticides and reduced their particle sizes down to nanoscale. The bioactivities of prepared nano-pesticides were significantly improved toward common cutworm Spodoptera litura with the corrected mortality increase by approximately 30%. Importantly, predatory stinkbugs exhibited a strong predation selectivity for alive common cutworms to reduce the exposure risk of nano-pesticides, and the nano-pesticides showed negligible toxicity against predators. Thus, the nano-pesticides and predatory stinkbugs could be applied simultaneously for efficient and sustainable pest management. The current study provides an excellent precedent for perfect cooperative pest control via nano-pesticide and natural predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyuan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qinhong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhilin Xia
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Qianxinan Branch, Xingyi, 562400, PR China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Qianxinan Branch, Xingyi, 562400, PR China
| | - Qing Mu
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Qianxinan Branch, Xingyi, 562400, PR China
| | - Chunyang Huang
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Zunyi Branch, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Fan Song
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Shuo Yan
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Carey SM, Kearns SP, Millington ME, Buechner GS, Alvarez BE, Daneshian L, Abiskaroon B, Chruszcz M, D'Antonio EL. At the outer part of the active site in Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase: The role of phenylalanine 337. Biochimie 2024; 218:8-19. [PMID: 37741546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The hole mutagenesis approach was used to interrogate the importance of F337 in Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase (TcGlcK) in order to understand the complete set of binding interactions that are made by d-glucosamine analogue inhibitors containing aromatic tail groups that can extend to the outer part of the active site. An interesting inhibitor of this analogue class includes 2-N-carboxybenzyl-2-deoxy-d-glucosamine (CBZ-GlcN), which exhibits strong TcGlcK binding with a Ki of 710 nM. The residue F337 is found at the outer part of the active site that stems from the second protein subunit of the homodimeric assembly. In this study, F337 was changed to leucine and alanine so as to diminish phenylalanine's side chain size and attenuate intermolecular interactions in this region of the binding cavity. Results from enzyme - inhibitor assays revealed that the phenyl group of F337 made dominant hydrophobic interactions with the phenyl group of CBZ-GlcN as opposed to π - π stacking interactions. Moreover, enzymatic activity assays and X-ray crystallographic experiments indicated that each of these site-directed mutants primarily retained their activity and had high structural similarity of their protein fold. A computed structure model of T. cruzi hexokinase (TcHxK), which was produced by the artificial intelligence system AlphaFold, was compared to an X-ray crystal structure of TcGlcK. Our structural analysis revealed that TcHxK lacked an F337 counterpart residue and probably exists in the monomeric form. We proposed that the d-glucosamine analogue inhibitors that are structurally similar to CBZ-GlcN may not bind as strongly in TcHxK as they do in TcGlcK because of absent van der Waals contact from residue side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Carey
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Sean P Kearns
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Matthew E Millington
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Gregory S Buechner
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Beda E Alvarez
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brendan Abiskaroon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Edward L D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA.
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Liu B, Lu Y, Taledaohan A, Qiao S, Li Q, Wang Y. The Promoting Role of HK II in Tumor Development and the Research Progress of Its Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 29:75. [PMID: 38202657 PMCID: PMC10779805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is a key characteristic of malignant cells that contributes to their high proliferation rates and ability to develop drug resistance. The glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme hexokinase II (HK II) is overexpressed in most tumor cells and significantly affects tumor development. This paper examines the structure of HK II and the specific biological factors that influence its role in tumor development, as well as the potential of HK II inhibitors in antitumor therapy. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the inhibitors of HK II that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ayijiang Taledaohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shi Qiao
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China;
| | - Qingyan Li
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China;
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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7
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Aisagbonhi O, Bui T, Nasamran CA, St Louis H, Pizzo D, Meads M, Mulholland M, Magallanes C, Lamale-Smith L, Laurent LC, Morey R, Jacobs MB, Fisch KM, Horii M. High placental expression of FLT1, LEP, PHYHIP and IL3RA - In persons of African ancestry with severe preeclampsia. Placenta 2023; 144:13-22. [PMID: 37949031 PMCID: PMC10843761 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mortality from preeclampsia (PE) and PE-associated morbidities are 3-to 5-fold higher in persons of African ancestry than in those of Asian and European ancestries. METHODS To elucidate placental contribution to worse PE outcomes in African ancestry pregnancies, we performed bulk RNA sequencing on 50 placentas from persons with severe PE (sPE) of African (n = 9), Asian (n = 18) and European (n = 23) ancestries and 73 normotensive controls of African (n = 10), Asian (n = 15) and European (n = 48) ancestries. RESULTS Previously described canonical preeclampsia genes, involved in metabolism and hypoxia/angiogenesis including: LEP, HK2, FSTL3, FLT1, ENG, TMEM45A, ARHGEF4 and HTRA1 were upregulated sPE versus normotensive placentas across ancestries. LTF, NPR3 and PHYHIP were higher in African vs. Asian ancestry sPE placentas. Allograft rejection/adaptive immune response genes were upregulated in placentas from African but not in Asian or European ancestry sPE patients; IL3RA was of particular interest because the patient with the highest placental IL3RA expression, a person of African ancestry with sPE, developed postpartum cardiomyopathy, and was the only patient out of 123, that developed this condition. Interestingly, the sPE patients with the highest IL3RA expression among persons of Asian and European ancestries developed unexplained tachycardia peripartum, necessitating echocardiography in the European ancestry patient. The association between elevated placental IL3RA levels and unexplained tachycardia or peripartum cardiomyopathy was found to be significant in the 50 sPE patients (p = .0005). DISCUSSION High placental upregulation of both canonical preeclampsia and allograft rejection/adaptive immune response genes may contribute to worse PE outcomes in African ancestry sPE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonigho Aisagbonhi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Tony Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hailee St Louis
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Meads
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Megan Mulholland
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celestine Magallanes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leah Lamale-Smith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Morey
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marni B Jacobs
- Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariko Horii
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Shimobayashi M, Thomas A, Shetty S, Frei IC, Wölnerhanssen BK, Weissenberger D, Vandekeere A, Planque M, Dietz N, Ritz D, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Maier T, Hay N, Peterli R, Fendt SM, Rohner N, Hall MN. Diet-induced loss of adipose hexokinase 2 correlates with hyperglycemia. eLife 2023; 12:85103. [PMID: 36920797 PMCID: PMC10017106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronically high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) leads to diabetes and fatty liver disease. Obesity is a major risk factor for hyperglycemia, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice causes early loss of expression of the glycolytic enzyme Hexokinase 2 (HK2) specifically in adipose tissue. Adipose-specific knockout of Hk2 reduced glucose disposal and lipogenesis and enhanced fatty acid release in adipose tissue. In a non-cell-autonomous manner, Hk2 knockout also promoted glucose production in liver. Furthermore, we observed reduced hexokinase activity in adipose tissue of obese and diabetic patients, and identified a loss-of-function mutation in the hk2 gene of naturally hyperglycemic Mexican cavefish. Mechanistically, HFD in mice led to loss of HK2 by inhibiting translation of Hk2 mRNA. Our findings identify adipose HK2 as a critical mediator of local and systemic glucose homeostasis, and suggest that obesity-induced loss of adipose HK2 is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the development of selective insulin resistance and thereby hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Shimobayashi
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anke Vandekeere
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer InstituteLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer InstituteLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Danilo Ritz
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver DiseasesBaselSwitzerland
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer InstituteLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology at the University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityUnited States
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In silico pharmacokinetics, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies of endolichenic fungi secondary metabolites: An implication in identifying novel kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Ahmed J, Kumar K, Goyal A. A thermotolerant and pH stable rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase (CtPae12B), a family 12 carbohydrate esterase from Clostridium thermocellum with broad substrate specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1560-1569. [PMID: 36455821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase, CtPae12B from Clostridium thermocellum was cloned, expressed, purified and biochemically characterized. Purified CtPae12B was soluble and exhibited homogenous single band. Phylogenetically it was most closely related to an RGAE, YesT from B. subtilis. CtPae12B production was maximum with LB medium. CtPae12B showed optimal temperature, 65 °C and thermostability with half-life, 5.1 h at 80 °C. CtPae12B was alkaliphilic with optimal pH, 8.0, while it displayed stability at both acidic and alkaline pH ranges. Inhibition of CtPae12B activity by PMSF showed the importance of nucleophilic serine in the catalytic triad. The metal ions, chemical or chelating agents used, did not enhance CtPae12B activity, which was also corroborated by protein melting study. The enzymatic activity of CtPae12B remained unaffected by 5 M urea. CtPae12B showed broad substrate specificity as it displayed activity against a range of synthetic substrates showing highest Vmax, 770 U/mg and Km, 1.2 mM with β-D-gluco pentaacetate. CtPae12B could deacetylate both pectic and xylan substrates showing highest Vmax, 770 U/mg and Km, 13.4 mg/mL with potato rhamnogalacturonan and Vmax, 105 U/mg and Km, 7.1 mg/mL with acetylated birchwood xylan. The thermostability, pH stability and broad substrate specificity of CtPae12B makes it a versatile enzyme for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebin Ahmed
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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11
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Wang M, Tang B, Huang H, Wu X, Deng H, Chen H, Mei L, Chen X, Burgering B, Lu C. Deciphering the mechanism of PSORI-CM02 in suppressing keratinocyte proliferation through the mTOR/HK2/glycolysis axis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1152347. [PMID: 37089953 PMCID: PMC10119413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia of epidermal keratinocytes that depend on glycolysis is a new hallmark of psoriasis pathogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that PSORI-CM02 could halt the pathological progression of psoriasis by targeting inflammatory response and angiogenesis, but its effect(s) and mechanism(s) on proliferating keratinocytes remained unclear. In this study, we aim to identify components of PSORI-CM02 that are absorbed into the blood and to determine the effect(s) of PSORI-CM02 on keratinocyte proliferation and its molecular mechanism(s). We used the immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, as an in vitro model of proliferating keratinocytes and the imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse (IMQ) as an in vivo model. Metabolite profiles of vehicle pharmaceutic serum (VPS), PSORI-CM02 pharmaceutic serum (PPS), and water extraction (PWE) were compared, and 23 components of PSORI-CM02 were identified that were absorbed into the blood of mice. Both PPS and PWE inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells and consequently reduced the expression of the proliferation marker ki67. Additionally, PPS and PWE reduced phosphorylation levels of mTOR pathway kinases. Seahorse experiments demonstrated that PPS significantly inhibited glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, and mitochondrial respiration, thus reducing ATP production in HaCaT cells. Upon treatments of PPS or PWE, hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression was significantly decreased, as observed from the set of glycolytic genes we screened. Finally, in the IMQ model, we observed that treatment with PSORI-CM02 or BPTES, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, reduced hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, inhibited the expression of p-S6 and reduced the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in lesioned skin. Taken together, we demonstrate that PSORI-CM02 has an anti-proliferative effect on psoriatic keratinocytes, at least in part, by inhibiting the mTOR/HK2/glycolysis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojie Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanjie Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Mei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiumin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Boudewijn Burgering
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Boudewijn Burgering, ; Chuanjian Lu,
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Boudewijn Burgering, ; Chuanjian Lu,
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12
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Targeting Glucose Metabolism Enzymes in Cancer Treatment: Current and Emerging Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194568. [PMID: 36230492 PMCID: PMC9559313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and can be targeted by therapeutic agents. Some metabolism regulators, such as ivosidenib and enasidenib, have been approved for cancer treatment. Currently, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Furthermore, some natural products have shown efficacy in killing tumor cells by regulating glucose metabolism, offering novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer. However, most of them have failed to be translated into clinical applications due to low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Recent studies suggest that combining glucose metabolism modulators with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunotherapeutic drugs, and other conventional anticancer drugs may be a future direction for cancer treatment. Abstract Reprogramming of glucose metabolism provides sufficient energy and raw materials for the proliferation, metastasis, and immune escape of cancer cells, which is enabled by glucose metabolism-related enzymes that are abundantly expressed in a broad range of cancers. Therefore, targeting glucose metabolism enzymes has emerged as a promising strategy for anticancer drug development. Although several glucose metabolism modulators have been approved for cancer treatment in recent years, some limitations exist, such as a short half-life, poor solubility, and numerous adverse effects. With the rapid development of medicinal chemicals, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Additionally, several studies have found that some natural products can suppress cancer progression by regulating glucose metabolism enzymes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of glucose metabolism and present enzymes that could serve as therapeutic targets. In addition, we systematically review the existing drugs targeting glucose metabolism enzymes, including small-molecule modulators and natural products. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs are also discussed. In conclusion, combining glucose metabolism modulators with conventional anticancer drugs may be a promising cancer treatment strategy.
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13
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Guo D, Tong Y, Jiang X, Meng Y, Jiang H, Du L, Wu Q, Li S, Luo S, Li M, Xiao L, He H, He X, Yu Q, Fang J, Lu Z. Aerobic glycolysis promotes tumor immune evasion by hexokinase2-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1312-1324.e6. [PMID: 36007522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells contributes to tumor immune evasion. However, whether PD-L1 expression in tumor cells is regulated by the availability of nutrients is unknown. Here, we show that in human glioblastoma cells, high glucose promotes hexokinase (HK) 2 dissociation from mitochondria and its subsequent binding and phosphorylation of IκBα at T291. This leads to increased interaction between IκBα and μ-calpain protease and subsequent μ-calpain-mediated IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation-dependent transcriptional upregulation of PD-L1 expression. Expression of IκBα T291A in glioblastoma cells blocked high glucose-induced PD-L1 expression and promoted CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration into the tumor tissue, reducing brain tumor growth. Combined treatment with an HK inhibitor and an anti-PD-1 antibody eliminates tumor immune evasion and remarkably enhances the anti-tumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism underlying the upregulation of PD-L1 expression mediated by aerobic glycolysis and underscore the roles of HK2 as a glucose sensor and a protein kinase in regulation of tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- Cancer Center, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Shan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Shudi Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Min Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Liwei Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Qiujing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
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14
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Wang J, Shao F, Yang Y, Wang W, Yang X, Li R, Cheng H, Sun S, Feng X, Gao Y, He J, Lu Z. A non-metabolic function of hexokinase 2 in small cell lung cancer: promotes cancer cell stemness by increasing USP11-mediated CD133 stability. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1008-1027. [PMID: 35975322 PMCID: PMC9558687 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Maintenance of cancer stem‐like cell (CSC) stemness supported by aberrantly regulated cancer cell metabolism is critical for CSC self‐renewal and tumor progression. As a key glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays an instrumental role in aerobic glycolysis and tumor progression. However, whether HK2 directly contribute to CSC stemness maintenance in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to investgate whether HK2 independent of its glycolytic activity is directly involved in stemness maintenance of CSC in SCLC. Methods Immunoblotting analyses were conducted to determine the expression of HK2 in SCLC CSCs and their differentiated counterparts. CSC‐like properties and tumorigenesis of SCLC cells with or without HK2 depletion or overexpression were examined by sphere formation assay and xenograft mouse model. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses were performed to identify the binding proteins of CD133. The expression levels of CD133‐associated and CSC‐relevant proteins were evaluated by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assay. RNA expression levels of Nanog, POU5F1, Lin28, HK2, Prominin‐1 were analyzed through quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Polyubiquitination of CD133 was examined by in vitro or in vivo ubiquitination assay. CD133+ cells were sorted by flow cytometry using an anti‐CD133 antibody. Results We demonstrated that HK2 expression was much higher in CSCs of SCLC than in their differentiated counterparts. HK2 depletion inhibited CSC stemness and promoted CSC differentiation. Mechanistically, non‐mitochondrial HK2 directly interacted with CD133 and enhanced CD133 expression without affecting CD133 mRNA levels. The interaction of HK2 and CD133 promoted the binding of the deubiquitinase ubiquitin‐specific protease 11 (USP11) to CD133, thereby inhibiting CD133 polyubiquitylation and degradation. HK2‐mediated upregulation of CD133 expression enhanced the expression of cell renewal regulators, SCLC cell stemness, and tumor growth in mice. In addition, HK2 expression was positively correlated with CD133 expression in human SCLC specimens, and their expression levels were associated with poor prognosis of SCLC patients. Conclusions These results revealed a critical non‐metabolic function of HK2 in promotion of cancer cell stemness. Our findings provided new insights into the multifaceted roles of HK2 in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Fei Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Renda Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Sijin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518116, P. R. China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, P. R. China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, P. R. China
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15
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Magalhães RSS, Boechat FC, Brasil AA, Neto JRM, Ribeiro GD, Paranhos LH, Neves de Souza N, Vieira T, Outeiro TF, Neves BC, Eleutherio ECA. Hexokinase 2: The preferential target of trehalose-6-phosphate over hexokinase 1. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1808-1816. [PMID: 35944097 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-related metabolic features are in part maintained by hexokinase 2 upregulation, which leads to high levels of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and is needed to provide energy and biomass to support rapid proliferation. Using a humanized model of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we explored how human hexokinase 2 (HK2) behaves under different nutritional conditions. At high glucose levels, yeast presents aerobic glycolysis through a regulatory mechanism known as catabolic repression, which exerts a metabolic adaptation like the Warburg effect. At high glucose concentrations, HK2 did not translocate into the nucleus and was not able to shift the metabolism toward a highly glycolytic state, in contrast to the effect of yeast hexokinase 2 (Hxk2), which is a crucial protein for the control of aerobic glycolysis in S. cerevisiae. During the stationary phase, when glucose is exhausted, Hxk2 is shuttled out of the nucleus, ceasing catabolic repression. Cells harvested at this condition display low glucose consumption rates. However, glucose-starved cells expressing HK2 had an increased capacity to consume glucose. In those cells, HK2 localized to mitochondria, becoming insensitive to G6P inhibition. We also found that the sugar trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is a human HK2 inhibitor, like yeast Hxk2, but was not able to inhibit human HK1, the isoform that is ubiquitously expressed in almost all mammalian tissues. In contrast to G6P, T6P inhibited HK2 even when HK2 was associated with mitochondria. The binding of HK2 to mitochondria is crucial for cancer survival and proliferation. T6P was able to reduce the cell viability of tumor cells, although its toxicity was not impressive. This was expected as cell absorption of phosphorylated sugars is low, which might be counteracted using nanotechnology. Altogether, these data suggest that T6P may offer a new paradigm for cancer treatment based on specific inhibition of HK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayne S S Magalhães
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Boechat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline A Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José R M Neto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan H Paranhos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Neves de Souza
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane Vieira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca C Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Identification of Candidate Biomarker and Drug Targets for Improving Endometrial Cancer Racial Disparities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147779. [PMID: 35887124 PMCID: PMC9318530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in incidence and survival exist for many human cancers. Racial disparities are undoubtedly multifactorial and due in part to differences in socioeconomic factors, access to care, and comorbidities. Within the U.S., fundamental causes of health inequalities, including socio-economic factors, insurance status, access to healthcare and screening and treatment biases, are issues that contribute to cancer disparities. Yet even these epidemiologic differences do not fully account for survival disparities, as for nearly every stage, grade and histologic subtype, survival among Black women is significantly lower than their White counterparts. To address this, we sought to investigate the proteomic profiling molecular features of endometrial cancer in order to detect modifiable and targetable elements of endometrial cancer in different racial groups, which could be essential for treatment planning. The majority of proteins identified to be significantly altered among the racial groups and that can be regulated by existing drugs or investigational agents are enzymes that regulate metabolism and protein synthesis. These drugs have the potential to improve the worse outcomes of endometrial cancer patients based on race.
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17
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Ren C, Li X, Bai Y, Schroyen M, Zhang D. Phosphorylation and acetylation of glycolytic enzymes cooperatively regulate their activity and lamb meat quality. Food Chem 2022; 397:133739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Boonekamp FJ, Knibbe E, Vieira-Lara MA, Wijsman M, Luttik MAH, van Eunen K, Ridder MD, Bron R, Almonacid Suarez AM, van Rijn P, Wolters JC, Pabst M, Daran JM, Bakker BM, Daran-Lapujade P. Full humanization of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111010. [PMID: 35767960 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transplantation of single genes in yeast plays a key role in elucidating gene functionality in metazoans, technical challenges hamper humanization of full pathways and processes. Empowered by advances in synthetic biology, this study demonstrates the feasibility and implementation of full humanization of glycolysis in yeast. Single gene and full pathway transplantation revealed the remarkable conservation of glycolytic and moonlighting functions and, combined with evolutionary strategies, brought to light context-dependent responses. Human hexokinase 1 and 2, but not 4, required mutations in their catalytic or allosteric sites for functionality in yeast, whereas hexokinase 3 was unable to complement its yeast ortholog. Comparison with human tissues cultures showed preservation of turnover numbers of human glycolytic enzymes in yeast and human cell cultures. This demonstration of transplantation of an entire essential pathway paves the way for establishment of species-, tissue-, and disease-specific metazoan models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine J Boonekamp
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Knibbe
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signalling, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Disease, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Wijsman
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke A H Luttik
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signalling, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Disease, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime den Ridder
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier Bron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria Almonacid Suarez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signalling, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Disease, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signalling, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Disease, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascale Daran-Lapujade
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 Delft, the Netherlands.
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Ferreira JC, Fadl S, Rabeh WM. Key dimer interface residues impact the catalytic activity of 3CLpro, the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102023. [PMID: 35568197 PMCID: PMC9091064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3C-like protease (3CLpro) is one of two proteases that process and liberate functional viral proteins essential for the maturation and infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19. It has been suggested that 3CLpro is catalytically active as a dimer, making the dimerization interface a target for antiviral development. Guided by structural analysis, here we introduced single amino acid substitutions at nine residues at three key sites of the dimer interface to assess their impact on dimerization and activity. We show that at site 1, alanine substitution of S1 or E166 increased by 2-fold or reduced relative activity, respectively. At site 2, alanine substitution of S10 or E14 eliminated activity, whereas K12A exhibited ∼60% relative activity. At site 3, alanine substitution of R4, E290, or Q299 eliminated activity, whereas S139A exhibited 46% relative activity. We further found the oligomerization states of the dimer interface mutants varied; the inactive mutants R4A, R4Q, S10A/C, E14A/D/Q/S, E290A, and Q299A/E were present as dimers, demonstrating that dimerization is not an indication of catalytically active 3CLpro. In addition, present mostly as monomers, K12A displayed residual activity, which could be attributed to the conspicuous amount of dimer present. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry did not reveal a direct relationship between the thermodynamic stability of mutants with oligomerization or catalytic activity. These results provide insights on two allosteric sites, R4/E290 and S10/E14, that may promote the design of antiviral compounds that target the dimer interface rather than the active site of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Shan W, Zhou Y, Yip Tam K. The development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting hexokinase 2. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2574-2585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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How Do Hexokinases Inhibit Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030412. [PMID: 35336786 PMCID: PMC8945020 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In multicellular animals, cells autonomously respond to lethal stress by inducing cell death programs. The most common regulated cell death is apoptosis. Cells protect their neighbors from damage by their cell contents or infection through this process. Apoptosis can occur as a result of intrinsic stress or induced by surface receptors, for example, by immune cells. In most cases, receptor-mediated apoptosis also requires the intrinsic signaling pathway. Intrinsic apoptosis is controlled by proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family. Pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins are inhibited by retrotranslocation from the mitochondria into the cytosol until the cell commits to apoptosis. Increasingly, discoveries show that BCL-2 proteins are regulated by proteins that are not themselves members of the BCL-2 family. Here, we discuss the selective inhibition of the link between death receptors activation and intrinsic apoptosis by hexokinases. These enzymes funnel glucose into the cellular metabolism. Independently, hexokinases retrotranslocate BCL-2 proteins and thereby protect cells from receptor-mediated apoptosis. Abstract The regulated cell death apoptosis enables redundant or compromised cells in ontogeny and homeostasis to remove themselves receptor-dependent after extrinsic signaling or after internal stress by BCL-2 proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Mitochondrial BCL-2 proteins are also often needed for receptor-mediated signaling in apoptosis. Then, the truncated BH3-only protein BID (tBID) blocks retrotranslocation of the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins BAX and BAK from the mitochondria into the cytosol. BAX and BAK in turn permeabilize the OMM. Although the BCL-2 proteins are controlled by a complex regulatory network, a specific mechanism for the inhibition of tBID remained unknown. Curiously, it was suggested that hexokinases, which channel glucose into the metabolism, have an intriguing function in the regulation of apoptosis. Recent analysis of transient hexokinase interactions with BAX revealed its participation in the inhibition of BAX and also BAK by retrotranslocation from mitochondria to the cytosol. In contrast to general apoptosis inhibition by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, hexokinase I and hexokinase 2 specifically inhibit tBID and thus the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor signaling. Mitochondrial hexokinase localization and BH3 binding of cytosolic hexokinase domains are prerequisites for protection against receptor-mediated cell death, whereas glucose metabolism is not. This mechanism protects cells from apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T cells.
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22
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Hellemann E, Walker JL, Lesko MA, Chandrashekarappa DG, Schmidt MC, O’Donnell AF, Durrant JD. Novel mutation in hexokinase 2 confers resistance to 2-deoxyglucose by altering protein dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009929. [PMID: 35235554 PMCID: PMC8920189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is central to many biological processes, serving as an energy source and a building block for biosynthesis. After glucose enters the cell, hexokinases convert it to glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6P) for use in anaerobic fermentation, aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose-phosphate pathway. We here describe a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that generated a novel spontaneous mutation in hexokinase-2, hxk2G238V, that confers resistance to the toxic glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). Wild-type hexokinases convert 2DG to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG-6P), but 2DG-6P cannot support downstream glycolysis, resulting in a cellular starvation-like response. Curiously, though the hxk2G238V mutation encodes a loss-of-function allele, the affected amino acid does not interact directly with bound glucose, 2DG, or ATP. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that Hxk2G238V impedes sugar binding by altering the protein dynamics of the glucose-binding cleft, as well as the large-scale domain-closure motions required for catalysis. These findings shed new light on Hxk2 dynamics and highlight how allosteric changes can influence catalysis, providing new structural insights into this critical regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. Given that hexokinases are upregulated in some cancers and that 2DG and its derivatives have been studied in anti-cancer trials, the present work also provides insights that may apply to cancer biology and drug resistance. Glucose fuels many of the energy-production processes required for normal cell growth. Before glucose can participate in these processes, it must first be chemically modified by proteins called hexokinases. To better understand how hexokinases modify glucose—and how mutations in hexokinase genes might confer drug resistance—we evolved resistance in yeast to a toxic hexokinase-binding molecule called 2DG. We discovered a mutation in the hexokinase gene that confers 2DG resistance and reduces the protein’s ability to modify glucose. Biochemical analyses and computer simulations of the hexokinase protein suggest that the mutation diminishes glucose binding by altering enzyme flexibility. This work shows how cells can evolve resistance to toxins via only modest changes to protein structures. Furthermore, because cancer-cell hexokinases are particularly active, 2DG has been studied as cancer chemotherapy. Thus, the insights this work provides might also apply to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hellemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lesko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dakshayini G. Chandrashekarappa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Schmidt
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allyson F. O’Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
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23
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Khanal P, Patil BM. Reversal of insulin resistance by Ficus benghalensis bark in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114761. [PMID: 34678414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bark of Ficus benghalensis L. (family: Moraceae), commonly known as Banyan is recorded as Nyagrodha in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India to manage burning sensation, obesity, diabetes, bleeding disorders, thirst, skin diseases, wounds, and dysmenorrhoea. However, the effect of F. benghalensis bark over glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and appetite regulation in insulin-resistant pathogenesis has not been reported yet. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of F. benghalensis bark in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and appetite regulation in fructose-induced insulin resistance in experimental rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wister rats were supplemented with fructose in drinking water (10% w/v for 42 days and 20% w/v for next 12 days; a total of 54 days); insulin resistance was confirmed via the elevated area under the curve of the glucose during oral glucose tolerance test after 54 days and was subjected with extract treatment for next 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, animals were fasted to perform oral glucose and insulin tolerance test to estimate glucose and insulin levels. The blood sample was collected for biochemical estimation and the liver homogenate was prepared to estimate hepatic enzymes and enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant biomarkers followed by histopathological evaluation. Also, glycogen content was quantified in gastrocnemius muscle and liver homogenates. Further, reported bioactives from the F. benghalensis were retrieved from the ChEBI database and docked against hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase to identify the probable lead hits against the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. RESULTS Treatment with the F. benghalensis bark extract significantly increased the body weight and food intake and significantly decreased fructose supplemented water intake. Further, treatment with extract significantly increased the exogenous glucose clearance and well responded to the exogenous insulin. Further, extract treatment improved lipid metabolism, ameliorated plasma leptin, and multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers. Likewise, it also improved gluconeogenesis mediated pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver injury. Additionally, molecular docking also identified mucusisoflavone A and B as lead hits in downregulating gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION Hydroalcoholic extract of F. benghalensis bark may prevent insulin resistance by downregulating gluconeogenesis and improving the appetite in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi-590010, India.
| | - B M Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi-590010, India.
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24
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Antidiabetic Potential of Volatile Cinnamon Oil: A Review and Exploration of Mechanisms Using In Silico Molecular Docking Simulations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030853. [PMID: 35164117 PMCID: PMC8840343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon has been used as a flavoring and medicinal agent for centuries. Much research has focused on cinnamon bark powder, which contains antioxidants, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and small amounts of essential oil. However, isolated and concentrated cinnamon essential oil may also have important medicinal qualities, particularly in antidiabetic therapy. Some of the most common essential oil constituents identified in the literature include cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and beta-caryophyllene. Due to their high concentration in cinnamon essential oil, these constituents are hypothesized to have the most significant physiological activity. Here, we present a brief review of literature on cinnamon oil and its constituents as they relate to glucose metabolism and diabetic pathogenesis. We also present molecular docking simulations of these cinnamon essential oil constituents (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, beta-caryophyllene) that suggest interaction with several key enzymes in glucometabolic pathways.
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25
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Swargiary G, Mani S. Molecular docking and simulation studies of phytocompounds derived from Centella asiatica and Andrographis paniculata against hexokinase II as mitocan agents. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:138-146. [PMID: 34606995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase II (HK2), a glycolytic enzyme is commonly overexpressed in most cancer types. The overexpression of HK2 is reported to promote the survival of cancer cells by facilitating the constant ATP generation and protecting the cancer cell against apoptotic cell death. Hence, HK2 is considered as potential target of many mitochondria targeting anticancerous agents (referred to as mitocans). Most of the existing mitocans are synthetic and hence such compounds are observed to exhibit adverse effects, witnessed through many experimental outcomes. These limitations necessitates hunting for an alternative source of mitocans with minimum/no side effects. The need for an alternative therapy points towards the ethnomedicinal herbs, known for their minimal side effects and effectiveness. Henceforth recent studies have put forth the effort to utilize anticancer herbs in formulating naturally derived mitocans as an add-on to improve cancer therapeutics. So, our study aims to explore the HK2 targeting potential of phytocompounds from the selected anticancerous herbs Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Centella asiatica (CA). 60 phytocompounds collectively from CA and AP were docked against HK2 and drug-likeness prediction of the selected phytocompounds was performed to screen the best possible ligand for HK2. Furthermore, the docked complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) to analyse the molecular mechanism of protein-ligand interactions. The results of the study suggest that the natural compounds asiatic acid and bayogenin (from CA) and andrographolide (from AP) can bepotential natural mitocans by targeting HK2. Further experimental studies (in-vitro and in-vivo) are required to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Swargiary
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of InformationTechnology, Noida, India
| | - Shalini Mani
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of InformationTechnology, Noida, India.
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26
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Ferreira JC, Fadl S, Ilter M, Pekel H, Rezgui R, Sensoy O, Rabeh WM. Dimethyl sulfoxide reduces the stability but enhances catalytic activity of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease 3CLpro. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21774. [PMID: 34324734 PMCID: PMC8441638 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), one of the most challenging global pandemics of the modern era. Potential treatment strategies against COVID‐19 are yet to be devised. It is crucial that antivirals that interfere with the SARS‐CoV‐2 life cycle be identified and developed. 3‐Chymotrypsin‐like protease (3CLpro) is an attractive antiviral drug target against SARS‐CoV‐2, and coronaviruses in general, because of its role in the processing of viral polyproteins. Inhibitors of 3CLpro activity are screened in enzyme assays before further development of the most promising leads. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a common additive used in such assays and enhances the solubility of assay components. However, it may also potentially affect the stability and efficiency of 3CLpro but, to date, this effect had not been analyzed in detail. Here, we investigated the effect of DMSO on 3CLpro‐catalyzed reaction. While DMSO (5%‐20%) decreased the optimum temperature of catalysis and thermodynamic stability of 3CLpro, it only marginally affected the kinetic stability of the enzyme. Increasing the DMSO concentration up to 20% improved the catalytic efficiency and peptide‐binding affinity of 3CLpro. At such high DMSO concentration, the solubility and stability of peptide substrate were improved because of reduced aggregation. In conclusion, we recommend 20% DMSO as the minimum concentration to be used in screens of 3CLpro inhibitors as lead compounds for the development of antiviral drugs against COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Metehan Ilter
- Graduate School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Pekel
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rachid Rezgui
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozge Sensoy
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Ferreira JC, Fadl S, Villanueva AJ, Rabeh WM. Catalytic Dyad Residues His41 and Cys145 Impact the Catalytic Activity and Overall Conformational Fold of the Main SARS-CoV-2 Protease 3-Chymotrypsin-Like Protease. Front Chem 2021; 9:692168. [PMID: 34249864 PMCID: PMC8264439 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.692168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are responsible for multiple pandemics and millions of deaths globally, including the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Development of antivirals against coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19, is essential for containing the current and future coronavirus outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2 proteases represent important targets for the development of antivirals because of their role in the processing of viral polyproteins. 3-Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is one such protease. The cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 polyproteins by 3CLpro is facilitated by a Cys145–His41 catalytic dyad. We here characterized the catalytic roles of the cysteine–histidine pair for improved understanding of the 3CLpro reaction mechanism, to inform the development of more effective antivirals against Sars-CoV-2. The catalytic dyad residues were substituted by site-directed mutagenesis. All substitutions tested (H41A, H41D, H41E, C145A, and C145S) resulted in a complete inactivation of 3CLpro, even when amino acids with a similar catalytic function to that of the original residues were used. The integrity of the structural fold of enzyme variants was investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy to test if the catalytic inactivation of 3CLpro was caused by gross changes in the enzyme secondary structure. C145A, but not the other substitutions, shifted the oligomeric state of the enzyme from dimeric to a higher oligomeric state. Finally, the thermodynamic stability of 3CLpro H41A, H41D, and C145S variants was reduced relative the wild-type enzyme, with a similar stability of the H41E and C145A variants. Collectively, the above observations confirm the roles of His41 and Cys145 in the catalytic activity and the overall conformational fold of 3CLpro SARS-CoV-2. We conclude that the cysteine–histidine pair should be targeted for inhibition of 3CLpro and development of antiviral against COVID-19 and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adrian J Villanueva
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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28
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Oscilowska I, Huynh TYL, Baszanowska W, Prokop I, Surazynski A, Galli M, Zabielski P, Palka J. Proline oxidase silencing inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1943-1956. [PMID: 34085157 PMCID: PMC8651586 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proline oxidase (POX) is mitochondrial proline-degrading enzyme of dual apoptosis/survival function. POX expression and proline availability are considered an underlying mechanism for differential POX functions. The mechanism for POX-dependent regulation of cell death/survival was studied in wild-type (MCF-7WT) and shRNA POX-silenced breast cancer cells (MCF-7iPOX). Proline concentration and proteomic analyses were determined by LC/MS/QTOF and LC/MS/ORBITRA, respectively. Inhibition of collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) by 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) contributed to induction of apoptosis in MCF-7WT cells, as detected by increase in the expression of active caspase-3, -9 and p53. The process was not shown in MCF-7iPOX. In MCF-7iPOX cells prolidase activity and expression as well as proline concentration were drastically increased, compared to MCF-7WT cells. Down-regulation of p53 in MCF-7iPOX cells was corroborated by proteomic analysis showing decrease in the expression of p53-related proteins. The mechanism for down-regulation of p53 expression in MCF-7iPOX cells was found at the level of p53-PEPD complex formation that was counteracted by hydrogen peroxide treatment. In this study, we found that silencing POX modulate pro-survival phenotype of MCF-7 cells and suggest that the mechanism of this process undergoes through down-regulation of p53-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Thi Y L Huynh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Weronika Baszanowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Prokop
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Surazynski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mauro Galli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland.
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Kim JS, Cho E, Mun SJ, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim DG, Son W, Jeon HI, Kim HK, Jeong YJ, Jang S, Kim HS, Yang CS. Multi-Functional MPT Protein as a Therapeutic Agent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050545. [PMID: 34068051 PMCID: PMC8152475 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), avoids the host immune system through its virulence factors. MPT63 and MPT64 are the virulence factors secreted by MTB which regulate host proteins for the survival and proliferation of MTB in the host. Here, we found that MPT63 bound directly with TBK1 and p47phox, whereas MPT64 interacted with TBK1 and HK2. We constructed a MPT63/64-derived multifunctional recombinant protein (rMPT) that was able to interact with TBK1, p47phox, or HK2. rMPT was shown to regulate IFN-β levels and increase inflammation and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while targeting macrophages and killing MTB, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the identification of the role of rMPT against MTB was achieved via vaccination in a mouse model. Taken together, we here present rMPT, which, by regulating important immune signaling systems, can be considered an effective vaccine or therapeutic agent against MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Seok-Jun Mun
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Wooic Son
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hye-In Jeon
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hyo-Keun Kim
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Young-Jin Jeong
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Sein Jang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hyun-Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04673, Korea;
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5519; Fax: +82-31-436-8153
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Bischof H, Burgstaller S, Springer A, Matt L, Rauter T, Bachkönig OA, Schmidt T, Groschner K, Schindl R, Madl T, Plesnila N, Lukowski R, Graier WF, Malli R. Potassium ions promote hexokinase-II dependent glycolysis. iScience 2021; 24:102346. [PMID: 33870140 PMCID: PMC8047173 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression levels of mitochondria-associated hexokinase-II (HKII) represent a hallmark of metabolically highly active cells such as fast proliferating cancer cells. Typically, the enzyme provides a crucial metabolic switch towards aerobic glycolysis. By imaging metabolic activities on the single-cell level with genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, we here demonstrate that HKII activity requires intracellular K+. The K+ dependency of glycolysis in cells expressing HKII was confirmed in cell populations using extracellular flux analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics. Reductions of intracellular K+ by gramicidin acutely disrupted HKII-dependent glycolysis and triggered energy stress pathways, while K+ re-addition promptly restored glycolysis-dependent adenosine-5'-triphosphate generation. Moreover, expression and activation of KV1.3, a voltage-gated K+ channel, lowered cellular K+ content and the glycolytic activity of HEK293 cells. Our findings unveil K+ as an essential cofactor of HKII and provide a mechanistic link between activities of distinct K+ channels and cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Bischof
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Burgstaller
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna Springer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Matt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rauter
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Olaf A. Bachkönig
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tony Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Feng L, Yin YY, Liu CH, Xu KR, Li QR, Wu JR, Zeng R. Proteome-wide data analysis reveals tissue-specific network associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:946-957. [PMID: 32642770 PMCID: PMC7454804 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the damages to multiple organs have been clinically observed. Since most of current investigations for virus–host interaction are based on cell level, there is an urgent demand to probe tissue-specific features associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on collected proteomic datasets from human lung, colon, kidney, liver, and heart, we constructed a virus-receptor network, a virus-interaction network, and a virus-perturbation network. In the tissue-specific networks associated with virus–host crosstalk, both common and different key hubs are revealed in diverse tissues. Ubiquitous hubs in multiple tissues such as BRD4 and RIPK1 would be promising drug targets to rescue multi-organ injury and deal with inflammation. Certain tissue-unique hubs such as REEP5 might mediate specific olfactory dysfunction. The present analysis implies that SARS-CoV-2 could affect multi-targets in diverse host tissues, and the treatment of COVID-19 would be a complex task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ke-Ren Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Run Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Mollecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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32
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Virtual Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Human Hexokinase II for the Development of Anti-Dengue Therapeutics. BIOTECH 2020; 10:biotech10010001. [PMID: 35822774 PMCID: PMC9245486 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever, which is a disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is a major unsolved issue in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The absence of treatment that effectively prevent further viral propagation inside the human’s body resulted in a high number of deaths globally each year. Thus, novel anti-dengue therapies are required for effective treatment. Human hexokinase II (HKII), which is the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, is an important drug target due to its significant impact on viral replication and survival in host cells. In this study, 23.1 million compounds were computationally-screened against HKII using the Ultrafast Shape Recognition with a CREDO Atom Types (USRCAT) algorithm. In total, 300 compounds with the highest similarity scores relative to three reference molecules, known as Alpha-D-glucose (GLC), Beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate (BG6), and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), were aligned. Of these 300 compounds, 165 were chosen for further structure-based screening, based on their similarity scores, ADME analysis, the Lipinski’s Rule of Five, and virtual toxicity test results. The selected analogues were subsequently docked against each domain of the HKII structure (PDB ID: 2NZT) using AutoDock Vina programme. The three top-ranked compounds for each query were then selected from the docking results based on their binding energy, the number of hydrogen bonds formed, and the specific catalytic residues. The best docking results for each analogue were observed for the C-terminus of Chain B. The top-ranked analogues of GLC, compound 10, compound 26, and compound 58, showed predicted binding energies of −7.2, −7.0, and −6.10 kcal/mol and 7, 5, and 2 hydrogen bonds, respectively. The analogues of BG6, compound 30, compound 36, and compound 38, showed predicted binding energies of −7.8, −7.4, and −7.0 kcal/mol and 11, 9, and 5 hydrogen bonds, while the top three analogues of 2DG, known as compound 1, compound 4, and compound 31, showed predicted binding energies of −6.8, −6.3, and −6.3 kcal/mol and 4, 3, and 1 hydrogen bonds, sequentially. The highest-ranked compounds in the docking analysis were then selected for molecular dynamics simulation, where compound 10, compound 30, and compound 1, which are the analogues of GLC, BG6, and 2DG, have shown strong protein-ligand stability with an RMSD value of ±5.0 A° with a 5 H bond, ±4.0 A° with an 8 H bond, and ±0.5 A° with a 2 H bond, respectively, compared to the reference molecules throughout the 20 ns simulation time. Therefore, by using the computational studies, we proposed novel compounds, which may act as potential drugs against DENV by inhibiting HKII’s activity.
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33
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Ferreira JC, Rabeh WM. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the main protease, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) from the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22200. [PMID: 33335206 PMCID: PMC7747600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An appealing antiviral drug target is the coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro) that is responsible for the processing of the viral polyproteins and liberation of functional proteins essential for the maturation and infectivity of the virus. In this study, multiple thermal analytical techniques have been implemented to acquire the thermodynamic parameters of 3CLpro at different buffer conditions. 3CLpro exhibited relatively high thermodynamic stabilities over a wide pH range; however, the protease was found to be less stable in the presence of salts. Divalent metal cations reduced the thermodynamic stability of 3CLpro more than monovalent cations; however, altering the ionic strength of the buffer solution did not alter the stability of 3CLpro. Furthermore, the most stable thermal kinetic stability of 3CLpro was recorded at pH 7.5, with the highest enthalpy of activation calculated from the slope of Eyring plot. The biochemical and biophysical properties of 3CLpro explored here may improve the solubility and stability of 3CLpro for optimum conditions for the setup of an enzymatic assay for the screening of inhibitors to be used as lead candidates in the discovery of drugs and design of antiviral therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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34
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Ferreira JC, Khrbtli AR, Shetler CL, Mansoor S, Ali L, Sensoy O, Rabeh WM. Linker residues regulate the activity and stability of hexokinase 2, a promising anticancer target. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100071. [PMID: 33187984 PMCID: PMC7949118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism, making it an exciting target for the inhibition of tumor initiation and progression due to their elevated glucose metabolism. The upregulation of hexokinase-2 (HK2) in many cancers and its limited expression in normal tissues make it a particularly attractive target for the selective inhibition of cancer growth and the eradication of tumors with limited side effects. The design of such safe and effective anticancer therapeutics requires the development of HK2-specific inhibitors that will not interfere with other HK isozymes. As HK2 is unique among HKs in having a catalytically active N-terminal domain (NTD), we have focused our attention on this region. We previously found that NTD activity is affected by the size of the linker helix-α13 that connects the N- and C-terminal domains of HK2. Three nonactive site residues (D447, S449, and K451) at the beginning of the linker helix-α13 have been found to regulate the NTD activity of HK2. Mutation of these residues led to increased dynamics, as shown via hydrogen deuterium exchange analysis and molecular dynamic simulations. D447A contributed the most to the enhanced dynamics of the NTD, with reduced calorimetric enthalpy of HK2. Similar residues exist in the C-terminal domain (CTD) but are unnecessary for HK1 and HK2 activity. Thus, we postulate these residues serve as a regulatory site for HK2 and may provide new directions for the design of anticancer therapeutics that reduce the rate of glycolysis in cancer through specific inhibition of HK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Rahman Khrbtli
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cameron L Shetler
- Department of Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Samman Mansoor
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozge Sensoy
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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35
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Pascale RM, Calvisi DF, Simile MM, Feo CF, Feo F. The Warburg Effect 97 Years after Its Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2819. [PMID: 33008042 PMCID: PMC7599761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of the oxidative metabolism in cancer, as shown by the increased aerobic glycolysis and impaired oxidative phosphorylation (Warburg effect), is coordinated by genetic changes leading to the activation of oncogenes and the loss of oncosuppressor genes. The understanding of the metabolic deregulation of cancer cells is necessary to prevent and cure cancer. In this review, we illustrate and comment the principal metabolic and molecular variations of cancer cells, involved in their anomalous behavior, that include modifications of oxidative metabolism, the activation of oncogenes that promote glycolysis and a decrease of oxygen consumption in cancer cells, the genetic susceptibility to cancer, the molecular correlations involved in the metabolic deregulation in cancer, the defective cancer mitochondria, the relationships between the Warburg effect and tumor therapy, and recent studies that reevaluate the Warburg effect. Taken together, these observations indicate that the Warburg effect is an epiphenomenon of the transformation process essential for the development of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.C.); (M.M.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Diego Francesco Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.C.); (M.M.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Simile
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.C.); (M.M.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.C.); (M.M.S.); (F.F.)
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36
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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37
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Identification of alkaline pH optimum of human glucokinase because of ATP-mediated bias correction in outcomes of enzyme assays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11422. [PMID: 31388064 PMCID: PMC6684659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a crucial substrate and energy source commonly used in enzyme reactions. However, we demonstrated that the addition of this acidic compound to enzyme assay buffers can serve as a source of unnoticed pH changes. Even relatively low concentrations of ATP (up to 5 mM) shifted pH of reaction mixtures to acidic values. For example, Tris buffer lost buffering capacity at pH 7.46 by adding ATP at a concentration higher than 2 mM. In addition to the buffering capacity, the pH shifts differed with respect to the buffer concentration. High ATP concentrations are commonly used in hexokinase assays. We demonstrated how the presence of ATP affects pH of widely used enzyme assay buffers and inversely affected KM of human hexokinase 2 and S0.5 of human glucokinase. The pH optimum of human glucokinase was never reported before. We found that previously reported optimum of mammalian glucokinase was incorrect, affected by the ATP-induced pH shifts. The pH optimum of human glucokinase is at pH 8.5-8.7. Suggested is the full disclosure of reaction conditions, including the measurement of pH of the whole reaction mixtures instead of measuring pH prior to the addition of all the components.
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