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Zhan Z, Lian Z, Bai H. Dexamethasone inhibited angiotensin II and its receptors to reduce sepsis-induced lung and kidney injury in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308557. [PMID: 39178201 PMCID: PMC11343412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of dexamethasone (DXM) on acute lung and kidney injury with sepsis and its possible mechanism. METHODS Control (NC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopolysaccharide + dexamethasone (LPS+DXM) treated groups were established by random assignment of 72 Wistar rats. The NC rats were injected with physiological saline, while the LPS group was injected with LPS (5 mg/kg) and LPS+DXM group was injected with LPS(5 mg/kg) first and followed by DXM (1 mg/kg). Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) were measured by ELISA. Lung wet/dry weight ratio, serum creatinine(SCR) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were determined at various time points. Hematoxylin Eosin staining (HE) for pathological changes in the lung and kidney. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) in plasma, lung and kidney tissues. Immunohistochemistry and western blot (WB) were used to detect angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) protein and angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) protein in lung and kidney tissues. The level of nitric oxide (NO) in serum, lung and kidney were detected using nitrate reductase method. RESULTS Compared with control group, serum TNF-α, MIP-1α, SCR, BUN, lung W/D, Ang II level in plasma, lung and kidney, lung and kidney AT2R protein, NO level in serum, lung and kidney were significantly elevated(P<0.05) and pathological damage of lung and kidney tissues were showed in LPS group rats (P<0.05), whereas DXM down-regulated the above indexes and alleviate pathological damage of lung and kidney tissues. However, the expression of the lung and kidney AT1R protein was opposite to the above results. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis can cause acute lung and kidney injury and changes RAAS components in circulating, lung and renal. DXM can improve acute lung and kidney injury in septic rats, and the mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of inflammatory factors, AngII, AT2R, NO and up-regulation of AT1R expression by DXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqin Zhan
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen Children’s Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhulan Lian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Pediatric Key Laboratory of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haitao Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Pediatric Key Laboratory of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Akpoviroro O, Sauers NK, Uwandu Q, Castagne M, Akpoviroro OP, Humayun S, Mirza W, Woodard J. Severe COVID-19 infection: An institutional review and literature overview. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304960. [PMID: 39163410 PMCID: PMC11335168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to describe the group of severe COVID-19 patients at an institutional level, and determine factors associated with different outcomes. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients admitted with severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 infection. Based on outcomes, we categorized 3 groups of severe COVID-19: (1) Favorable outcome: progressive care unit admission and discharge (2) Intermediate outcome: ICU care (3) Poor outcome: in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients met our inclusion criteria; 42.7% were female. The average age was 59.7 (standard deviation (SD):13.7). Most of the population were Caucasian (95.5%) and non-Hispanic (91.0%). Age, sex, race, and ethnicity were similar between outcome groups. Medicare and Medicaid patients accounted for 62.9%. The average BMI was 33.5 (SD:8.2). Moderate comorbidity was observed, with an average Charlson Comorbidity index (CCI) of 3.8 (SD:2.6). There were no differences in the average CCI between groups(p = 0.291). Many patients (67.4%) had hypertension, diabetes (42.7%) and chronic lung disease (32.6%). A statistical difference was found when chronic lung disease was evaluated; p = 0.002. The prevalence of chronic lung disease was 19.6%, 27.8%, and 40% in the favorable, intermediate, and poor outcome groups, respectively. Smoking history was associated with poor outcomes (p = 0.04). Only 7.9% were fully vaccinated. Almost half (46.1%) were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Patients spent an average of 12.1 days ventilated (SD:8.5), with an average of 6.0 days from admission to ventilation (SD:5.1). The intermediate group had a shorter average interval from admission to ventilator (77.2 hours, SD:67.6), than the poor group (212.8 hours, SD:126.8); (p = 0.001). The presence of bacterial pneumonia was greatest in the intermediate group (72.2%), compared to the favorable group (17.4%), and the poor group (56%); this was significant (p<0.0001). In-hospital mortality was seen in 28.1%. CONCLUSION Most patients were male, obese, had moderate-level comorbidity, a history of tobacco abuse, and government-funded insurance. Nearly 50% required mechanical ventilation, and about 28% died during hospitalization. Bacterial pneumonia was most prevalent in intubated groups. Patients who were intubated with a good outcome were intubated earlier during their hospital course, with an average difference of 135.6 hours. A history of cigarette smoking and chronic lung disease were associated with poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogheneyoma Akpoviroro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Kyle Sauers
- Department of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Queeneth Uwandu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Myriam Castagne
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Sara Humayun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wasique Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jameson Woodard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Ma H, Mao C, Hu Y, Wang L, Guo X, Li L, Wang F, Guan R. Angiotensin-(1-9) attenuates adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats via the angiotensin type 2 receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:73-83. [PMID: 36995547 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR) causes irreversible damage to the heart, leading to ADR-induced cardiomyopathy (ACM). Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide from the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system, but the effects on ACM is unclear. Our study was aimed to explore the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of Ang-(1-9) against ACM in Wistar rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with ADR via six equal doses (each containing 2.5 mg/kg) within a period of 2 weeks to induce ACM. After 2 weeks of ADR treatment, the rats were treated with Ang-(1-9) (200 ng/kg/min) or angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist PD123319 (100 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks. Although Ang-(1-9) treatment did not influence blood pressure, it significantly improved left ventricular function and remodeling in ADR-treated rats, by inhibiting collagen deposition, the expression of TGF-β1, inflammatory response, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Moreover, Ang-(1-9) reduced ERK1/2 and P38 MAPK phosphorylation. The therapeutic effects of Ang-(1-9) were blocked by the AT2R antagonist PD123319, which also offset the down-regulation protein expression of pERK1/2 and pP38 MAPK induced by Ang-(1-9). These data suggest that Ang-(1-9) improved left ventricular function and remodeling in ADR-treated rats by an AT2R/ ERK1/2 and P38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. Thus, the Ang-(1-9)/AT2R axis may provide a novel and promising target to the prevention and treatment of ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chenggang Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Renzheng Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Batista JPT, Faria AOVD, Ribeiro TFS, Simões E Silva AC. The Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1598. [PMID: 37511973 PMCID: PMC10381689 DOI: 10.3390/life13071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to myocardial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, but without the traditional cardiovascular risk factors or overt clinical atherosclerosis and valvular disease. The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, maladaptive immune responses, imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, impaired myocyte autophagy, increased myocyte apoptosis, and fibrosis contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review summarizes the studies that address the link between cardiomyopathy and the RAS in humans and presents proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this association. The RAS plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The over-activation of the classical RAS axis in diabetes leads to the increased production of angiotensin (Ang) II, angiotensin type 1 receptor activation, and aldosterone release, contributing to increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling. In contrast, Ang-(1-7) suppresses oxidative stress, inhibits tissue fibrosis, and prevents extensive cardiac remodeling. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers improve heart functioning and reduce the occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Experimental studies also show beneficial effects for Ang-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 infusion in improving heart functioning and tissue injury. Further research is necessary to fully understand the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy and to translate experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Thimotheo Batista
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - André Oliveira Vilela de Faria
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomas Felipe Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
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Zhou K, Xiao J, Wang H, Ni B, Huang J, Long X. Estradiol regulates oxidative stress and angiogenesis of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells via the CDK1/CDK2 pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14305. [PMID: 36942258 PMCID: PMC10023923 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death, morbidity, and disability. Recently, it has been reported that gonadal hormones such as estradiol can act on membrane receptors and activate intracellular signaling mechanisms, thereby altering cellular function. This study aims to explore the function and molecular mechanism of estradiol on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMVECs). Estradiol had low toxicity to CMVECs. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) stimulation inhibited the proliferation and migration of CMVECs, while estradiol significantly promoted proliferation and migration. Estradiol inhibited il-1, IL6, and TNF-α secretion levels after H/R stimulation. Meanwhile, estradiol inhibits oxidative stress and promotes angiogenesis. Further, estradiol upregulated the gene and protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinases 1 (CDK1) and CDK2 after H/R stimulation. When knocking down CDK1 and CDK2 of CMVECs, estradiol did not affect the protein expression of Cyclin E1 and Cyclin D1. Meanwhile, the regulatory effect of estradiol on oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response was significantly weakened or even disappeared. In conclusion, estradiol mediates oxidative stress and angiogenesis of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells by regulating the CDK/cyclin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Vasculocardiology Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Vasculocardiology Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hao Wang
- Vasculocardiology Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jietao Huang
- Vasculocardiology Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xueyuan Long
- Vasculocardiology Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
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7
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Yi W, Chen F, Zhang H, Tang P, Yuan M, Wen J, Wang S, Cai Z. Role of angiotensin II in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002138. [PMID: 36533172 PMCID: PMC9755866 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable progressive decline in physiological organ function that increases the chance of disease and death. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction, fluid homeostasis, cell growth, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In recent years, unprecedented advancement has been made in the RAS study, particularly with the observation that angiotensin II (Ang II), the central product of the RAS, plays a significant role in aging and chronic disease burden with aging. Binding to its receptors (Ang II type 1 receptor - AT1R in particular), Ang II acts as a mediator in the aging process by increasing free radical production and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. In this review, we examine the physiological function of the RAS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources in detail, highlighting how Ang II amplifies or drives mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition underlying each hallmark of aging and contributes to the development of aging and age-linked diseases. Accordingly, the Ang II/AT1R pathway opens a new preventive and therapeutic direction for delaying aging and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yi
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiji Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Department and Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
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Sarkar S, Sen R. Insights into Cardiovascular Defects and Cardiac Epigenome in the Context of COVID-19. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6020013. [PMID: 35645252 PMCID: PMC9150012 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although few in number, studies on epigenome of the heart of COVID-19 patients show that epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation are significantly altered, leading to changes in expression of several genes. It contributes to pathogenic cardiac phenotypes of COVID-19, e.g., low heart rate, myocardial edema, and myofibrillar disarray. DNA methylation studies reveal changes which likely contribute to cardiac disease through unknown mechanisms. The incidence of severe COVID-19 disease, including hospitalization, requiring respiratory support, morbidity, and mortality, is disproportionately higher in individuals with co-morbidities. This poses unprecedented strains on the global healthcare system. While their underlying conditions make patients more susceptible to severe COVID-19 disease, strained healthcare systems, lack of adequate support, or sedentary lifestyles from ongoing lockdowns have proved detrimental to their underlying health conditions, thus pushing them to severe risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) itself. Prophylactic vaccines against COVID-19 have ushered new hope for CHD. A common connection between COVID-19 and CHD is SARS-CoV-2’s host receptor ACE2, because ACE2 regulates and protects organs, including the heart, in various ways. ACE2 is a common therapeutic target against cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 which damages organs. Hence, this review explores the above regarding CHDs, cardiovascular damage, and cardiac epigenetics, in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sarkar
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB E2L 4L2, Canada;
| | - Rwik Sen
- Active Motif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Sun X, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Ahmad S. The renin–angiotensin system biomolecular cascade: a 2022 update of newer insights and concepts. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:411-428. [PMID: 34759348 PMCID: PMC8579187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review describes the interactive roles of the renin–angiotensin system, the complement system, and the closely linked kallikrein–kinin and contact systems in cell biological functions such as vascular tone and leakage, inflammation, chemotaxis, thrombosis and cell proliferation. Specific attention is given to the role of these systems in systemic inflammation in the vasculature and tissues during hereditary angioedema, cardiovascular and renal glomerular disease, vasculitides and COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these complex interactions, given that modulation of one system may affect the other systems, with beneficial or deleterious consequences. The renin–angiotensin, complement and kallikrein–kinin systems comprise a multitude of mediators that modulate physiological responses during inflammatory and infectious diseases. This Review investigates the complex interactions between these systems and how these are dysregulated in various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19, as well as their therapeutic implications.
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The Level and Significance of Circulating Angiotensin-III in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:1704762. [PMID: 34603502 PMCID: PMC8478585 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1704762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Angiotensin-III (Ang-III) is the downstream product of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) metabolized by aminopeptidase A (APA). At present, the research of Ang-III mainly concentrates on hypertension and the central renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, few studies have focused on the relationship between Ang-III and coronary atherosclerosis (CAS). Methods and Results Plasma Ang-III and APA levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 44 normal subjects and 84 patients confirmed as having CAS by coronary angiography. Circulating Ang-III levels were significantly lower in patients with CAS than in normal controls (P = 0.013). APA levels were slightly lower in the CAS group (P = 0.324). According to the severity of atherosclerosis, CAS patients were divided into two groups. Compared with the controls, the APA and Ang-III levels were lower in the high scoring group and APA decreased significantly. Conclusions Circulating Ang-III levels were reduced in patients with CAS, and the possible reason may be related to the decrease in the APA level.
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Robust analysis of angiotensin peptides in human plasma: Column switching-parallel LC/ESI-SRM/MS without adsorption or enzymatic decomposition. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114327. [PMID: 34364857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) peptides are the main effectors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulating diverse physiological conditions and are involved in renal and vascular diseases. Currently, quantitative analyses of Ang peptides in human plasma mainly rely on radioimmunoassay-based methods whose reported levels are quite divergent. Analyses are further complicated by the potential of Ang peptides to bind to solid surfaces, to be enzymatically decomposed during sample preparation, and to undergo post-translational modifications. A column switching-parallel LC/ESI-SRM/MS method has been developed for seven Ang peptides (Ang I, Ang II, Ang III, Ang IV, Ang 1-9, Ang 1-7, and Ang A) in human plasma. Aqueous acetonitrile (5%) containing 50 mM arginine (Arg) as a dissolving solution and a combination of protease inhibitors with formic acid were used to prevent adsorption and enzymatic degradation, respectively. Plasma samples were simply deproteinized with acetonitrile followed by clean-up with an on-line trap column via column-switching. Stable isotope dilution with [13C5,15N1-Val]-Ang peptides as internal standards was employed for quantitative analysis. The current methodology has been successfully applied to determine the plasma levels of Ang peptides in healthy participants, suggesting future applicability to studies of various diseases related to RAS.
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Almutlaq M, Alamro AA, Alroqi F, Barhoumi T. Classical and Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System: Potential Key Roles in COVID-19 Pathophysiology. CJC Open 2021; 3:1060-1074. [PMID: 33875979 PMCID: PMC8046706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors for cell entry, leading to ACE-2 dysfunction and downregulation, which disturb the balance between the classical and counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in favor of the classical RAS. RAS dysregulation is one of the major characteristics of several cardiovascular diseases; thus, adjustment of this system is the main therapeutic target. RAS inhibitors-particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs)-are commonly used for treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Patients with cardiovascular diseases are the group most commonly seen among those with COVID-19 comorbidity. At the beginning of this pandemic, a dilemma occurred regarding the use of ACEIs and ARBs, potentially aggravating cardiovascular and pulmonary dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Urgent clinical trials from different countries and hospitals reported that there is no association between RAS inhibitor treatment and COVID-19 infection or comorbidity complication. Nevertheless, the disturbance of the RAS that is associated with COVID-19 infection and the potential treatment targeting this area have yet to be resolved. In this review, the link between the dysregulation of classical RAS and counter-regulatory RAS activities in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular metabolic diseases is investigated. In addition, the latest findings based on ACEI and ARB administration and ACE-2 availability in relation to COVID-19, which may provide a better understanding of the RAS contribution to COVID-19 pathology, are discussed, as they are of the utmost importance amid the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moudhi Almutlaq
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Moudhi Almutlaq, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +1-966-543-159145.
| | - Abir Abdullah Alamro
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayhan Alroqi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors: Dr Tlili Barhoumi, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +1-966-543-159145.
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Muhamad SA, Ugusman A, Kumar J, Skiba D, Hamid AA, Aminuddin A. COVID-19 and Hypertension: The What, the Why, and the How. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665064. [PMID: 34012410 PMCID: PMC8126692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been a year since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared pandemic and wreak havoc worldwide. Despite meticulous research has been done in this period, there are still much to be learn from this novel coronavirus. Globally, observational studies have seen that majority of the patients with COVID-19 have preexisting hypertension. This raises the question about the possible relationship between COVID-19 and hypertension. This review summarizes the current understanding of the link between hypertension and COVID-19 and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah-Abas Muhamad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dominik Skiba
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Adila A Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Park BM, Li W, Kim SH. Cardio-protective effects of angiotensin-(1-5) via mas receptor in rats against ischemic-perfusion injury. Peptides 2021; 139:170516. [PMID: 33582209 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-5) [Ang-(1-5)], which is a metabolite of Ang-(1-7) catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme, is a novel pentapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system. Ang-(1-7), Ang III and Ang IV have a cardio-protective effect via Mas receptor, Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and AT4R, respectively. However, it is not clear whether Ang-(1-5) has cardio-protective effects. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Ang-(1-5) protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. After sacrificing Sprague-Dawley rats, the hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer for a 20 min pre-ischemic period with and without Ang-(1-5) followed by 20 min global ischemia and 50 min reperfusion. Ang-(1-5) (1 μM) improved changes in post-ischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), ±dP/dt, and post-ischemic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) induced by reperfusion compared to control hearts. Ang-(1-5) decreased myocardial infarct size and LDH activity, and increased coronary flow and the amount of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in coronary effluent during reperfusion compared to control hearts. Pretreatment with Mas receptor antagonist but not with AT1R or AT2R antagonist attenuated the improvement of changes in I/R-induced ventricular hemodynamics by Ang-(1-5). Ang-(1-5) treatment decreased Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein levels, and increased Bcl-2 protein level, which were attenuated by A779 pretreatment. Ang-(1-5) treatment increased Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 protein levels, which was attenuated by A779 pretreatment. These results suggest that the cardio-protective effects of Ang-(1-5) against I/R injury may be partly related to activating anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic enzymes via Mas receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Mun Park
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Weijian Li
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhn Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Light-induced release of the cardioprotective peptide angiotensin-(1–9) from thermosensitive liposomes with gold nanoclusters. J Control Release 2020; 328:859-872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hrenak J, Simko F. Renin-Angiotensin System: An Important Player in the Pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218038. [PMID: 33126657 PMCID: PMC7663767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by massive inflammation, increased vascular permeability and pulmonary edema. Mortality due to ARDS remains very high and even in the case of survival, acute lung injury can lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a significant role in these processes. The activities of RAS molecules are subject to dynamic changes in response to an injury. Initially, increased levels of angiotensin (Ang) II and des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK), are necessary for an effective defense. Later, augmented angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 activity supposedly helps to attenuate inflammation. Appropriate ACE2 activity might be decisive in preventing immune-induced damage and ensuring tissue repair. ACE2 has been identified as a common target for different pathogens. Some Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, also use ACE2 to infiltrate the cells. A number of questions remain unresolved. The importance of ACE2 shedding, associated with the release of soluble ACE2 and ADAM17-mediated activation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-signaling is unclear. The roles of other non-classical RAS-associated molecules, e.g., alamandine, Ang A or Ang 1-9, also deserve attention. In addition, the impact of established RAS-inhibiting drugs on the pulmonary RAS is to be elucidated. The unfavorable prognosis of ARDS and the lack of effective treatment urge the search for novel therapeutic strategies. In the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and considering the involvement of humoral disbalance in the pathogenesis of ARDS, targeting the renin-angiotensin system and reducing the pathogen's cell entry could be a promising therapeutic strategy in the struggle against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hrenak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital – University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovak
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak
- Correspondence:
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K. Konstantinidou S, P. Papanastasiou I. Repurposing current therapeutic regimens against SARS-CoV-2 (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1845-1855. [PMID: 32782493 PMCID: PMC7401312 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus outbreak has spread worldwide, with the exception of Antarctica, causing serious social and economic disruption. All disciplines of the science community are driven to confront the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as currently, there is neither prophylactic nor therapeutic treatments available. Due to the urgency of the situation, various research strategies are ongoing, in order to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of repurposed and experimental drugs. The present review presents the most promising repurposed regimens, which may be used for the treatment of COVID-19. The drugs/bioactive substances presented herein belong to diverse therapeutic classes, including antimalarial, cardioprotective, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic drugs. Therapeutic perspectives of vaccination and passive immunization are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K. Konstantinidou
- Oncology Unit, The Third Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Papanastasiou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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19
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The Actin Bundling Protein Fascin-1 as an ACE2-Accessory Protein. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:255-263. [PMID: 32865675 PMCID: PMC7456754 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme counterbalancing the deleterious effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor activation by production of vasodilatory peptides Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7), is internalized and degraded in lysosomes following chronic Ang-II treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect remain unknown. In an attempt to identify the accessory proteins involved in this effect, we conducted a proteomic analysis in ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells. A single protein, fascin-1, was found to differentially interact with ACE2 after Ang-II treatment for 4 h. The interactions between fascin-1 and ACE2 were confirmed by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of fascin-1 attenuates the effects of Ang-II on ACE2 activity. In contrast, downregulation of fascin-1 severely decreased ACE2 enzymatic activity. Interestingly, in brain homogenates from hypertensive mice, we observed a significant reduction of fascin-1, suggesting that the levels of this protein may change in cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, we identified fascin-1 as an ACE2-accessory protein, interacting with the enzyme in an Ang-II dependent manner and contributing to the regulation of enzyme activity.
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20
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Local ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: any connection with intraocular pressure? A comprehensive review. Ann Med 2020; 52:191-206. [PMID: 32308046 PMCID: PMC7877937 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1758341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest and most extensively studied human peptide cascades, well-known for its role in regulating blood pressure. When aldosterone is included, RAAS is involved also in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. There are two main axes of RAAS: (1) Angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR), (2) Angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE1-AngII-AT1R). In its entirety, RAAS comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides, peptidases and seven receptors. The first mentioned axis is known to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the latter axis. In addition to the systemic RAAS, tissue-specific regulatory systems have been described in various organs, evidence that RAAS is both an endocrine and an autocrine system. These local regulatory systems, such as the one present in the vascular endothelium, are responsible for long-term regional changes. A local RAAS and its components have been detected in many structures of the human eye. This review focuses on the local ocular RAAS in the anterior part of the eye, its possible role in aqueous humour dynamics and intraocular pressure as well as RAAS as a potential target for anti-glaucomatous drugs.KEY MESSAGESComponents of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have been detected in different structures of the human eye, introducing the concept of a local intraocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).Evidence is accumulating that the local ocular RAAS is involved in aqueous humour dynamics, regulation of intraocular pressure, neuroprotection and ocular pathology making components of RAAS attractive candidates when developing new effective ways to treat glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Alsufyani HA, Docherty JR. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system and COVID-19. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:977-984. [PMID: 32788834 PMCID: PMC7332203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic has stimulated study of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS), and how it can be manipulated to treat COVID-19. Studies are examining whether drugs that act on the RAAS system might be useful to treat COVID-19. COVID-19 and the RAAS are closely linked both in infection and in possible post-infection inflammatory cascades. We detail the Physiology and Pharmacology of the RAAS including the effects of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. It is appropriate that the theoretical benefits of modulation of the RAAS should be considered based on available knowledge of the complexity of the system. In this short review we have tried to explain the actions of the angiotensin family of peptides and produce a relatively simple model and diagrammatic summary of the RAAS and the possible sites of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A Alsufyani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - James R Docherty
- Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Li SR, Tang ZJ, Li ZH, Liu X. Searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1021-1026. [PMID: 32285293 PMCID: PMC7152693 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the infection of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) caused an outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and caused great public concern. Both COVID-19 and SARS-CoV belong to the coronavirus family and both invade target cells through ACE2. An in-depth understanding of ACE2 and a series of physiological and physiological changes caused by the virus invading the human body may help to discover and explain the corresponding clinical phenomena and then deal with them timely. In addition, ACE2 is a potential therapeutic target. This article will summarize the role of ACE2 in multiple organ damage caused by COVID-19 and SARS-CoV, targeted blocking drugs against ACE2, and drugs that inhibit inflammation in order to provide the basis for subsequent related research, diagnosis and treatment, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ren Li
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
| | - Zi-Jian Tang
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
- Hebei General Hospital, Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zai-Han Li
- Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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Huang Z, Cao J, Yao Y, Jin X, Luo Z, Xue Y, Zhu C, Song Y, Wang Y, Zou Y, Qian J, Yu K, Gong H, Ge J. The effect of RAS blockers on the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:430. [PMID: 32395474 PMCID: PMC7210199 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (designated as SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic worldwide. Based on the current reports, hypertension may be associated with increased risk of sever condition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was recently identified to functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Previous experimental data revealed ACE2 level was increased following treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Currently doctors concern whether these commonly used renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers-ACEIs/ARBs may increase the severity of COVID-19. Methods We extracted data regarding 50 hospitalized hypertension patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from Feb 7 to Mar 03, 2020. These patients were grouped into RAS blockers group (Group A, n=20) and non-RAS blockers group (Group B, n=30) according to the basic blood pressure medications. All patients continued to use pre-admission antihypertensive drugs. Clinical severity (symptoms, laboratory and chest CT findings, etc.), clinical course, and short time outcome were analyzed after hospital admission. Results Ten (50%) and seventeen (56.7%) of the Group A and Group B participants were males (P=0.643), and the average age was 52.65±13.12 and 67.77±12.84 years (P=0.000), respectively. The blood pressure of both groups was under effective control. There was no significant difference in clinical severity, clinical course and in-hospital mortality between Group A and Group B. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (P=0.03), and N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) (P=0.04) showed significant lower level in Group A than in Group B. But the patients with more than 0.04ng/mL or elevated NT-proBNP level had no statistical significance between the two groups. In patients over 65 years or under 65 years, cTnI or NT-proBNP level showed no difference between the two groups. Conclusions We observed there was no obvious difference in clinical characteristics between RAS blockers and non-RAS blockers groups. These data suggest ACEIs/ARBs may have few effects on increasing the clinical severe conditions of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiatian Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yumeng Yao
- Department of Infection Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuejuan Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Critical Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chouwen Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaihuan Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Patel DM, Bose M, Cooper ME. Glucose and Blood Pressure-Dependent Pathways-The Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062218. [PMID: 32210089 PMCID: PMC7139394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major clinical associations with the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are glycemic control and systemic hypertension. Recent studies have continued to emphasize vasoactive hormone pathways including aldosterone and endothelin which suggest a key role for vasoconstrictor pathways in promoting renal damage in diabetes. The role of glucose per se remains difficult to define in DKD but appears to involve key intermediates including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal which activate intracellular pathways to promote fibrosis and inflammation in the kidney. Recent studies have identified a novel molecular interaction between hemodynamic and metabolic pathways which could lead to new treatments for DKD. This should lead to a further improvement in the outlook of DKD building on positive results from RAAS blockade and more recently newer classes of glucose-lowering agents such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devang M. Patel
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central, Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Correspondence: (D.M.P.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Madhura Bose
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central, Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Mark E. Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central, Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.M.P.); (M.E.C.)
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25
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The Vasoactive Mas Receptor in Essential Hypertension. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010267. [PMID: 31963731 PMCID: PMC7019597 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been studied extensively, and with the inclusion of novel components, it has become evident that the system is much more complex than originally anticipated. According to current knowledge, there are two main axes of the RAAS, which counteract each other in terms of vascular control: The classical vasoconstrictive axis, renin/angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), and the opposing vasorelaxant axis, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR). An abnormal activity within the system constitutes a hallmark in hypertension, which is a global health problem that predisposes cardiovascular and renal morbidities. In particular, essential hypertension predominates in the hypertensive population of more than 1.3 billion humans worldwide, and yet, the pathophysiology behind this multifactorial condition needs clarification. While commonly applied pharmacological strategies target the classical axis of the RAAS, discovery of the vasoprotective effects of the opposing, vasorelaxant axis has presented encouraging experimental evidence for a new potential direction in RAAS-targeted therapy based on the G protein-coupled MasR. In addition, the endogenous MasR agonist angiotensin-(1-7), peptide analogues, and related molecules have become the subject of recent studies within this field. Nevertheless, the clinical potential of MasR remains unclear due to indications of physiological-biased activities of the RAAS and interacting signaling pathways.
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Yang T, Chen YY, Liu JR, Zhao H, Vaziri ND, Guo Y, Zhao YY. Natural products against renin-angiotensin system for antifibrosis therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:623-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu J, Li X, Lu Q, Ren D, Sun X, Rousselle T, Li J, Leng J. AMPK: a balancer of the renin-angiotensin system. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181994. [PMID: 31413168 PMCID: PMC6722492 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly well-studied as one of the oldest and most critical regulators for arterial blood pressure, fluid volume, as well as renal function. In recent studies, RAS has also been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other diseases, and also involved in the regulation of several signaling pathways such as proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, and insulin resistance. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential cellular energy sensor, has also been discovered to be involved in these diseases and cellular pathways. This would imply a connection between the RAS and AMPK. Therefore, this review serves to draw attention to the cross-talk between RAS and AMPK, then summering the most recent literature which highlights AMPK as a point of balance between physiological and pathological functions of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xuan Li
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Qingguo Lu
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Larouche‐Lebel É, Loughran KA, Oyama MA, Solter PF, Laughlin DS, Sánchez MD, Assenmacher C, Fox PR, Fries RC. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1571-1584. [PMID: 31254308 PMCID: PMC6639469 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and produces angiotensin peptides (APs), such as angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7 that are vasodilatory and natriuretic, and act to counterbalance angiotensin II. HYPOTHESIS Evidence of ACE2 can be found in tissues and plasma of dogs. Equilibrium concentrations of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) APs differ in dogs with heart disease compared to healthy dogs and recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) alters relative concentrations of APs. ANIMALS Forty-nine dogs with and 34 dogs without heart disease. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and assays for tissue and plasma ACE2 activity and equilibrium concentrations of plasma RAAS APs were performed. RESULTS Immunolabeling for ACE2 was present in kidney and myocardial tissue. Median plasma ACE2 activity was significantly increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF; 6.9 mU/mg; interquartile range [IQR], 5.1-12.1) as compared to control (2.2 mU/mg; IQR, 1.8-3.0; P = .0003). Plasma equilibrium analysis of RAAS APs identified significant increases in the median concentrations of beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-7, in dogs with CHF (486.7 pg/mL; IQR, 214.2-1168) as compared to those with preclinical disease (41.0 pg/mL; IQR, 27.4-45.1; P < .0001) or control (11.4 pg/mL; IQR, 7.1-25.3; P = .01). Incubation of plasma samples from dogs with CHF with rhACE2 increased beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-9 (preincubation, 10.3 pg/mL; IQR, 4.4-37.2; postincubation, 2431 pg/mL; IQR, 1355-3037; P = .02), while simultaneously decreasing maladaptive APs, such as angiotensin II (preincubation, 53.4 pg/mL; IQR, 28.6-226.4; postincubation, 2.4 pg/mL; IQR, 0.50-5.8; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Recognition of the ACE2 system expands the conventional view of the RAAS in the dog and represents an important potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Larouche‐Lebel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kerry A. Loughran
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Mark A. Oyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Phil F. Solter
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Danielle S. Laughlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Melissa D. Sánchez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | | | - Ryan C. Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Gonzalez L, Novoa U, Moya J, Gabrielli L, Jalil JE, García L, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Ocaranza MP. Angiotensin-(1-9) reduces cardiovascular and renal inflammation in experimental renin-independent hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:357-370. [PMID: 30179588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension-induced cardiovascular and renal damage can be mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. There are different factors beyond renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involved in hypertension and renal damage. Inflammation has emerged as an important mediator of hypertension and cardiovascular and kidney damage. Angiotensin-(1-9), a peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, counter-regulates both the physiological and pathological actions of angiotensin II. Recent data has shown that angiotensin-(1-9) protects the heart and blood vessels from adverse cardiovascular remodeling in experimental models of hypertension and/or heart failure and reduces cardiac fibrosis in stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats. These effects are mediated by the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). However, it remains unknown whether angiotensin-(1-9) also has an anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigate whether angiotensin-(1-9) reduces inflammation and fibrosis in the heart, arteries, and kidney in a DOCA-salt hypertensive model and explore the mechanisms underlying the amelioration of end-organ damage. DOCA-salt hypertensive rats received: a) vehicle, b) angiotensin-(1-9), c) PD123319 (AT2R blocker), d) angiotensin-(1-9) plus A779 (a Mas receptor blocker) or e) angiotensin-(1-9) plus PD123319, and sham rats were used as a control. Our results showed that angiotensin-(1-9) decreased hypertension and increased vasodilation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. These actions were partially inhibited by PD123319. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-9) decreased diuresis, fibrosis, and inflammation. These beneficial effects were not mediated by Mas or AT2R blockers. We concluded that angiotensin-(1-9) protects against volume overload-induced hypertensive cardiovascular and kidney damage by decreasing inflammation in the heart, aortic wall, and kidney, through mechanisms independent of the Mas or AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Departmento de Ciencias Basicas Biomedicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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31
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Cha SA, Park BM, Kim SH. Angiotensin-(1-9) ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension via angiotensin type II receptor. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:447-456. [PMID: 29962859 PMCID: PMC6019878 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)], generated from Ang I by Ang II converting enzyme 2, has been reported to have protective effects on cardiac and vascular remodeling. However, there is no report about the effect of Ang-(1-9) on pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether Ang-(1-9) improves pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats. Sprague-Dawley rats received Ang-(1-9) (576 µg/kg/day) or saline via osmotic mini-pumps for 3 weeks. Three days after implantation of osmotic mini-pumps, 50 mg/kg MCT or vehicle were subcutaneously injected. MCT caused increases in right ventricular weight and systolic pressure, which were reduced by co-administration of Ang-(1-9). Ang-(1-9) also attenuated endothelial damage and medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arterioles as well as pulmonary fibrosis induced by MCT. The protective effects of Ang-(1-9) against pulmonary hypertension were inhibited by Ang type 2 receptor (AT2R) blocker, but not by Mas receptor blocker. Additionally, the levels of LDH and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6, in plasma were lower in Ang-(1-9) co-treated MCT group than in vehicle-treated MCT group. Changes in expressions of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and -9 in the lung tissue of MCT rats were attenuated by the treatment with Ang-(1-9). These results indicate that Ang-(1-9) improves MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension by decreasing apoptosis and inflammatory reaction via AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ah Cha
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Byung Mun Park
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Suhn Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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32
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Ferrario CM, Mullick AE. Renin angiotensin aldosterone inhibition in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:57-71. [PMID: 28571891 PMCID: PMC5648016 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A collective century of discoveries establishes the importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in maintaining blood pressure, fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis via autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling. While research continues to yield new functions of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), the gap between basic research and clinical application of these new findings is widening. As data accumulates on the efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers as drugs of fundamental importance in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disorders, it is becoming apparent that the achieved clinical benefits is suboptimal and surprisingly no different than what can be achieved with other therapeutic interventions. We discuss this issue and summarize new pathways and mechanisms effecting the synthesis and actions of angiotensin II. The presence of renin-independent non-canonical pathways for angiotensin II production are largely unaffected by agents inhibiting renin angiotensin system activity. Hence, new efforts should be directed to develop drugs that can effectively block the synthesis and/or action of intracellular angiotensin II. Improved drug penetration into cardiac or renal sites of disease, inhibiting chymase the primary angiotensin II forming enzyme in the human heart, and/or inhibiting angiotensinogen synthesis would all be more effective strategies to inhibit the system. Additionally, given the role of angiotensin II in the maintenance of renal homeostatic mechanisms, any new inhibitor should possess greater selectivity of targeting pathogenic angiotensin II signaling processes and thereby limit inappropriate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Medical Center Blvd., Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States.
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
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Tyrankiewicz U, Olkowicz M, Skórka T, Jablonska M, Orzylowska A, Bar A, Gonet M, Berkowicz P, Jasinski K, Zoladz JA, Smolenski RT, Chlopicki S. Activation pattern of ACE2/Ang-(1-7) and ACE/Ang II pathway in course of heart failure assessed by multiparametric MRI in vivo in Tgαq*44 mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:52-65. [PMID: 28970203 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00571.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we analyzed systemic (plasma) and local (heart/aorta) changes in ACE/ACE-2 balance in Tgαq*44 mice in course of heart failure (HF). Tgαq*44 mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Gαq overexpression and late onset of HF were analyzed at different age for angiotensin pattern in plasma, heart, and aorta using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, for progression of HF by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging under isoflurane anesthesia, and for physical activity by voluntary wheel running. Six-month-old Tgαq*44 mice displayed decreased ventricle radial strains and impaired left atrial function. At 8-10 mo, Tgαq*44 mice showed impaired systolic performance and reduced voluntary wheel running but exhibited preserved inotropic reserve. At 12 mo, Tgαq*44 mice demonstrated a severe impairment of basal cardiac performance and modestly compromised inotropic reserve with reduced voluntary wheel running. Angiotensin analysis in plasma revealed an increase in concentration of angiotensin-(1-7) in 6- to 10-mo-old Tgαq*44 mice. However, in 12- to 14-mo-old Tgαq*44 mice, increased angiotensin II was noted with a concomitant increase in Ang III, Ang IV, angiotensin A, and angiotensin-(1-10). The pattern of changes in the heart and aorta was also compatible with activation of ACE2, followed by activation of the ACE pathway. In conclusion, mice with cardiomyocyte Gαq protein overexpression develop HF that is associated with activation of the systemic and the local ACE/Ang II pathway. However, it is counterbalanced by a prominent ACE2/Ang-(1-7) activation, possibly allowing to delay decompensation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in ACE/ACE-2 balance were analyzed based on measurements of a panel of nine angiotensins in plasma, heart, and aorta of Tgαq*44 mice in relation to progression of heart failure (HF) characterized by multiparametric MRI and exercise performance. The early stage of HF was associated with upregulation of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7) pathway, whereas the end-stage HF was associated with downregulation of ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7) and upregulation of the ACE/Ang II pathway. ACE/ACE-2 balance seems to determine the decompensation of HF in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Tyrankiewicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland.,Department of Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Tomasz Skórka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Magdalena Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Anna Orzylowska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Michal Gonet
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Piotr Berkowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jasinski
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, University School of Physical Education , Krakow , Poland
| | | | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
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Novel Cardiac Intracrine Mechanisms Based on Ang-(1-12)/Chymase Axis Require a Revision of Therapeutic Approaches in Human Heart Disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:16. [PMID: 28233239 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), namely angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, are the most commonly prescribed drugs for patients with or at risk for cardiovascular events. However, new treatment strategies aimed at mitigating the rise of the heart failure pandemic are warranted because clinical trials show that RAS blockers have limited benefits in halting disease progression. The main goal of this review is to put forward the concept of an intracrine RAS signaling through the novel angiotensin-(1-12)/chymase axis as the main source of deleterious angiotensin II (Ang II) in cardiac maladaptive remodeling leading to heart failure (HF). RECENT FINDINGS Expanding traditional knowledge, Ang II can be produced in tissues independently from the circulatory renin-angiotensin system. In the heart, angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], a recently discovered derivative of angiotensinogen, is a precursor of Ang II, and chymase rather than ACE is the main enzyme contributing to the direct production of Ang II from Ang-(1-12). The Ang-(1-12)/chymase axis is an independent intracrine pathway accounting for the trophic, contractile, and pro-arrhythmic Ang II actions in the human heart. Ang-(1-12) expression and chymase activity have been found elevated in the left atrial appendage of heart disease subjects, suggesting a pivotal role of this axis in the progression of HF. Recent meta-analysis of large clinical trials on the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease has demonstrated an imbalance between patients that significantly benefit from these therapeutic agents and those that remain at risk for heart disease progression. Looking to find an explanation, detailed investigation on the RAS has unveiled a previously unrecognized complexity of substrates and enzymes in tissues ultimately associated with the production of Ang II that may explain the shortcomings of ACE inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade. Discovery of the Ang-(1-12)/chymase axis in human hearts, capable of producing Ang II independently from the circulatory RAS, has led to the notion that a tissue-delimited RAS signaling in an intracrine fashion may account for the deleterious effects of Ang II in the heart, contributing to the transition from maladaptive cardiac remodeling to heart failure. Targeting intracellular RAS signaling may improve current therapies aimed at reducing the burden of heart failure.
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35
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Wang J, He W, Guo L, Zhang Y, Li H, Han S, Shen D. The ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis attenuates cardiac remodeling and fibrosis in post-myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1973-1981. [PMID: 28656296 PMCID: PMC5561970 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodeling serves an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2-angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang (1–7)]-Mas receptor (MasR) axis is a key regulator in myocardial remodeling and development of heart failure. To investigate how ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-MasR axis function on myocardial remodeling and cardiac fibrosis in post-myocardial infarction (MI), male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 200±20 g) were used to establish the model of myocardial infarction by ligating the left coronary artery. The present study suggests that telmisartan (Tel) and olmesartan (Olm) (5 mg/kg/d) can inhibit myocardial remodeling of post-myocardial infarction through the ACE2-Ang (1–7)-MasR pathway. Administration of Tel or Olm was demonstrated to significantly inhibit collagen deposition using Masson staining. In addition, telmisartan and olmesartan was indicated to antagonize angiotensin II (Ang II) and upregulate ACE2, MasR, Ang (1–7) expression in myocardial tissue using immunoassay and ELISA test, and the effect of Olm was more marked than that of Tel at the same dosage. Simultaneously, compared with the MI or Sham group, the mRNA and protein expression of ACE2, Ang II and MasR in myocardial tissue demonstrated a remarkable increase in the Olm group, when compared with the Tel group. Taken together, our data demonstrated that ACE2-Ang (1–7)-MasR axis may present a potential protective role in the development of myocardial remodeling and may provide a new target for drug development of cardiac fibrosis. In conclusion, Olm is superior to Tel in inhibiting myocardial local Ang II level reducing myocardial collagen deposition and improving myocardial remodeling by upregulating the expression of ACE2, Ang (1–7) and MasR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Liping Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Difei Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:122-142. [PMID: 28761566 PMCID: PMC5510558 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Sasaki Y, Ikeda Y, Iwabayashi M, Akasaki Y, Ohishi M. The Impact of Autophagy on Cardiovascular Senescence and Diseases. Int Heart J 2017; 58:666-673. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Masaaki Iwabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Yuichi Akasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
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Hu HJ, Jiang ZS, Zhou SH, Liu QM. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses angiotensin II-stimulated endothelin-1 generation and subsequent cytotoxicity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells via NF-κB. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4729-4740. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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First Report of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Causing Relaxation of Aortic Rings in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1361508. [PMID: 27800486 PMCID: PMC5075299 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1361508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Eurycoma longifolia has been studied for erectile function, the blood pressure- (BP-) lowering effect has yet to be verified. Hence, this study aims at investigating the BP-lowering properties of the plant with a view to develop an antihypertensive agent that could also preserve erectile function. Ethanolic root extract was partitioned by hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The DCM fraction, found to be potent in relaxing phenylephrine- (PE-) precontracted rat aortic rings, was further purified by column chromatography. Subfraction DCM-II, being the most active in relaxing aortae, was studied for effects on the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in aortic rings. The effect of DCM-II on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was also evaluated in vitro. Results showed that DCM-II reduced (p < 0.05) the contractions evoked by angiotensin I and angiotensin II (Ang II). In PE-precontracted rings treated with DCM-II, the Ang II-induced contraction was attenuated (p < 0.05) while bradykinin- (BK-) induced relaxation enhanced (p < 0.001). In vitro, DCM-II inhibited (p < 0.001) the activity of ACE. These data demonstrate that the vasodilatory effect of DCM-II appears to be mediated via inhibition of Ang II type 1 receptor and ACE as well as enhancement of Ang II type 2 receptor activation and BK activity.
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Cuffe JSM, Burgess DJ, O'Sullivan L, Singh RR, Moritz KM. Maternal corticosterone exposure in the mouse programs sex-specific renal adaptations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in 6-month offspring. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/8/e12754. [PMID: 27122048 PMCID: PMC4848720 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short‐term maternal corticosterone (Cort) administration at mid‐gestation in the mouse reduces nephron number in both sexes while programming renal and cardiovascular dysfunction in 12‐month male but not female offspring. The renal renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), functions in a sexually dimorphic manner to regulate both renal and cardiovascular physiology. This study aimed to identify if there are sex‐specific differences in basal levels of the intrarenal RAAS and to determine the impact of maternal Cort exposure on the RAAS in male and female offspring at 6 months of age. While intrarenal renin concentrations were higher in untreated females compared to untreated males, renal angiotensin II concentrations were higher in males than females. Furthermore, basal plasma aldosterone concentrations were greater in females than males. Cort exposed male but not female offspring had reduced water intake and urine excretion. Cort exposure increased renal renin concentrations and elevated mRNA expression of Ren1, Ace2, and Mas1 in male but not female offspring. In addition, male Cort exposed offspring had increased expression of the aldosterone receptor, Nr3c2 and renal sodium transporters. In contrast, Cort exposure increased Agtr1a mRNA levels in female offspring only. This study demonstrates that maternal Cort exposure alters key regulators of renal function in a sex‐specific manner at 6 months of life. These finding likely contribute to the disease outcomes in male but not female offspring in later life and highlights the importance of renal factors other than nephron number in the programming of renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Danielle J Burgess
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Lee O'Sullivan
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Reetu R Singh
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Simões E Silva AC, Teixeira MM. ACE inhibition, ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) axis in kidney and cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:154-162. [PMID: 26995300 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a pivotal physiological regulator of heart and kidney homeostasis, but also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart and kidney diseases. Recently, new components of the RAS have been discovered, including angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin(Ang)-(1-7), Mas receptor, Ang-(1-9) and Alamandine. These new components of RAS are formed by the hydrolysis of Ang I and Ang II and, in general, counteract the effects of Ang II. In experimental models of heart and renal diseases, Ang-(1-7), Ang-(1-9) and Alamandine produced vasodilation, inhibition of cell growth, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Recent pharmacological strategies have been proposed to potentiate the effects or to enhance the formation of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9), including ACE2 activators, Ang-(1-7) in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, cyclized form of Ang-(1-7) and nonpeptide synthetic Mas receptor agonists. Here, we review the role and effects of ACE2, ACE2 activators, Ang-(1-7) and synthetic Mas receptor agonists in the control of inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular and renal diseases and as counter-regulators of the ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis. We briefly comment on the therapeutic potential of the novel members of RAS, Ang-(1-9) and alamandine, and the interactions between classical RAS inhibitors and new players in heart and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil.
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, UFMG, Brazil
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Wołkow PP, Bujak-Giżycka B, Jawień J, Olszanecki R, Madej J, Rutowski J, Korbut R. Perindoprilat changes ANG (1-9) production in renal arteries isolated from young spontaneously hypertensive rats after ANG I incubation. Physiol Res 2016; 65:561-570. [PMID: 26988149 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used mass spectrometry to quantitate production of angiotensinogen metabolites in renal artery of 3- and 7-month-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Tissue fragments were incubated for 15 min in oxygenated buffer, with added angiotensin I. Concentrations of angiotensins I (ANG I), II (ANG II), III (ANG III), IV (ANG IV), angiotensin (1-9) [ANG (1-9)], angiotensin (1-7) [ANG (1-7)], and angiotensin (1-5) [ANG (1-5)], excreted into the buffer during experiment, were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and expressed per mg of dry tissue. Effects of pretreatment with 10 microM perindoprilat on the production of ANG I metabolites were quantitated. Background production of any of ANG I metabolites differed neither between WKY and SHR rats nor between 3- and 7-month-old rats. Perindoprilat pretreatment of renal arteries resulted, as expected, in decrease of ANG II production. However, renal arteries of 7-month-old SHR rats were resistant to ACE inhibitor and did not change ANG II production in response to perindoprilat. In renal arteries, taken from 3-month-old rats, pretreated with perindoprilat, incubation with ANG I, resulted in the level of ANG (1-9) significantly higher in SHR than WKY rats. Our conclusion is that in SHR rats, sensitivity of renal artery ACE to perindoprilat inhibition changes with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Wołkow
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Novel players in cardioprotection: Insulin like growth factor-1, angiotensin-(1–7) and angiotensin-(1–9). Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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45
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Mendoza-Torres E, Oyarzún A, Mondaca-Ruff D, Azocar A, Castro PF, Jalil JE, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Ocaranza MP. ACE2 and vasoactive peptides: novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 9:217-37. [PMID: 26275770 DOI: 10.1177/1753944715597623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key component of cardiovascular physiology and homeostasis due to its influence on the regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, vascular tone and cardiovascular remodeling. Deregulation of this system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Numerous studies have generated new perspectives about a noncanonical and protective RAS pathway that counteracts the proliferative and hypertensive effects of the classical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. The key components of this pathway are ACE2 and its products, Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9). These two vasoactive peptides act through the Mas receptor (MasR) and AT2R, respectively. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR and ACE2/Ang-(1-9)/AT2R axes have opposite effects to those of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, such as decreased proliferation and cardiovascular remodeling, increased production of nitric oxide and vasodilation. A novel peptide from the noncanonical pathway, alamandine, was recently identified in rats, mice and humans. This heptapeptide is generated by catalytic action of ACE2 on Ang A or through a decarboxylation reaction on Ang-(1-7). Alamandine produces the same effects as Ang-(1-7), such as vasodilation and prevention of fibrosis, by interacting with Mas-related GPCR, member D (MrgD). In this article, we review the key roles of ACE2 and the vasoactive peptides Ang-(1-7), Ang-(1-9) and alamandine as counter-regulators of the ACE-Ang II axis as well as the biological properties that allow them to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Oyarzún
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Mondaca-Ruff
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Azocar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Castro
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares,Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia UniversidadCatólica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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46
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Ocular renin-angiotensin system with special reference in the anterior part of the eye. World J Ophthalmol 2015; 5:110-124. [DOI: 10.5318/wjo.v5.i3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure (BP) homeostasis, systemic fluid volume and electrolyte balance. The RAS cascade includes over twenty peptidases, close to twenty angiotensin peptides and at least six receptors. Out of these, angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AngII-ACE1-AT1R) together with angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR) are regarded as the main components of RAS. In addition to circulating RAS, local RA-system exists in various organs. Local RA-systems are regarded as tissue-specific regulatory systems accounting for local effects and long term changes in different organs. Many of the central components such as the two main axes of RAS: AngII-ACE1-AT1R and Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR, have been identified in the human eye. Furthermore, it has been shown that systemic antihypertensive RAS- inhibiting medications lower intraocular pressure (IOP). These findings suggest the crucial role of RAS not only in the regulation of BP but also in the regulation of IOP, and RAS potentially plays a role in the development of glaucoma and antiglaucomatous drugs.
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47
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Raymer B, Ebner D. Small molecule and peptide therapies for chronic heart failure: a patent review (2011 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1175-90. [PMID: 26173447 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1061997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the long-term inability of the heart to meet circulatory demands under normal conditions. Effects of CHF can include increased blood volume, increased vascular resistance and compromised contractility leading to fluid retention, dyspnea and fatigue. Current standard of care for chronic systolic heart failure is directed towards managing hypoperfusion through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. Treatment may also involve reversal of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias. AREAS COVERED This review highlights small molecule and peptidic agents for the treatment of CHF with patents published between 2011 and 2014. Targets are subdivided into inotropic agents, ventricular remodeling, diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. EXPERT OPINION CHF represents a large, unmet medical need where improved therapies are needed. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway continues to be a major source of new therapies for CHF with new inotropic therapies emerging. Promising initial clinical results for a few approaches combined with the expectation of additional clinical results in the near future make this an exciting time in the pursuit of new treatments for CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Raymer
- a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
| | - David Ebner
- a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
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Liu DX, Zhang YQ, Hu B, Zhang J, Zhao Q. Association of AT1R polymorphism with hypertension risk: An update meta-analysis based on 28,952 subjects. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:898-909. [PMID: 25990648 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315584096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Liu
- Emergency Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Health Division, The People's Hospital of HuaiYin, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Emergency Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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49
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway triggered by various intra- or extracellular stimuli that is conserved from yeast to mammals. During autophagy, diverse cytosolic constituents are enveloped by double-membrane vesicles, autophagosomes, which later fuse with lysosomes or the vacuole to degrade their cargo. Dysregulation in autophagy is associated with a diverse range of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been characterized widely in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity seems to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagosome formation and analyze the link between autophagy and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Gatica
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Mario Chiong
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.).
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50
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Olkowicz M, Chlopicki S, Smolenski RT. Perspectives for angiotensin profiling with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to evaluate ACE/ACE2 balance in endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:778-85. [PMID: 26321281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, structural remodeling, thrombosis and calcification leads to cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin (Ang) II (1-8) - synthesized mainly by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is the best characterized mediator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This peptide initially identified by its vasoactive properties was found to play a major role in vascular response to insult. However, recent discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that produces vasoprotective Ang-(1-7) peptide highlighted complexity of the system and suggested that balance between ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) is fundamental in maintaining vascular homeostasis and its disorders are associated with cardiovascular pathology. There is therefore a need to develop methods for comprehensive analysis of biologically active Ang peptides and their metabolites of ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axes. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is an analytical technique that offers potential for specific, simultaneous analysis of Ang peptides. With sensitivity added by application of preconcentration nanochromatography reaching picomolar concentrations, practically all Ang peptides identified so far could be quantified in biological samples. Ang profiling is important not only for understanding their physiological or pathological role but could also serve as an early diagnostic biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular pathology. It could also be used for monitoring the efficacy of the RAS-targeted therapies. Although, the methodology requires further improvements to adopt it for routine application, Ang peptide profiling with targeted LC/MS analysis might assess functional balance between ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axes, facilitate our understanding of the cardiovascular pathology and enhance biomarker portfolio in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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