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Taylor R. Understanding the cause of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:664-673. [PMID: 39038473 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has long been thought to have heterogenous causes, even though epidemiological studies uniformly show a tight relationship with overnutrition. The twin cycle hypothesis postulated that interaction of self-reinforcing cycles of fat accumulation inside the liver and pancreas, driven by modest but chronic positive calorie balance, could explain the development of type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis predicted that substantial weight loss would bring about a return to the non-diabetic state, permitting observation of the pathophysiology determining the transition. These changes were postulated to reflect the basic mechanisms of causation in reverse. A series of studies over the past 15 years has elucidated these underlying mechanisms. Together with other research, the interaction of environmental and genetic factors has been clarified. This knowledge has led to successful implementation of a national programme for remission of type 2 diabetes. This Review discusses the paucity of evidence for heterogeneity in causes of type 2 diabetes and summarises the in vivo pathophysiological changes, which cause this disease of overnutrition. Type 2 diabetes has a homogenous cause expressed in genetically heterogenous individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Taylor
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Ontawong A, Pengnet S, Thim-Uam A, Vaddhanaphuti CS, Munkong N, Phatsara M, Kuntakhut K, Inchai J, Amornlerdpison D, Rattanaphot T. Red rice bran aqueous extract ameliorate diabetic status by inhibiting intestinal glucose transport in high fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:391-402. [PMID: 39035687 PMCID: PMC11259718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) consumption has grown recently, partly due to its potential health benefits in several disease prevention. The impact of red rice bran aqueous extract (RRBE) on intestinal glucose uptake and diabetes mellitus (DM) progression has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RRBE on ex vivo intestinal glucose absorption and its potential as an antihyperglycemic compound using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. High-fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic rats were supplemented with either 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of RRBE, 70 mg/kg BW of metformin (Met), or a combination of RRBE and Met for 3 months. Plasma parameters, intestinal glucose transport, morphology, liver and soleus muscle glycogen accumulation were assessed. Treatment with RRBE, metformin, or combination markedly reversed hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and pancreatic morphology changes associated with T2DM. Correspondingly, all supplements effectively downregulated glucose transporters, resulting in a reduction of intestinal glucose transport-additionally, liver and soleus muscle glycogen accumulation was reduced in RRBE + Met treated group. Taken together, RRBE potentially suppressed intestinal glucose transporters' function and expression, reducing diabetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Sirinat Pengnet
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chutima S. Vaddhanaphuti
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Faculty of Medicine, CMU, Inthawarorot Rd., Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Manussaborn Phatsara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 52000, Thailand
| | - Kullanat Kuntakhut
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Jakkapong Inchai
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Faculty of Medicine, CMU, Inthawarorot Rd., Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpison
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Rattanaphot
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
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Kirchner H, Weisner L, Wilms B. When should I run-the role of exercise timing in metabolic health. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13953. [PMID: 36815281 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions. First line therapy approaches are lifestyle interventions including exercise. Although a vast amount of studies reports on beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism in humans per se, overall data are contradictory which makes it difficult to optimize interventions. Innovative exercise strategies and its underlying mechanism are needed to elucidate in order to close this therapeutic gap. The skeletal muscle produces and secretes myokines and microRNAs in response to exercise and both are discussed as mechanisms linking exercise and metabolic adaptation. Aspects of chronophysiology such as diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity or exercise as a signal to reset dysregulated peripheral clocks are of growing interest in the context of impaired metabolism. Deep insight of how exercise timing determines metabolic adaptations is required to optimize exercise interventions. This review aims to summarize the current state of research on the interaction between timing of exercise and metabolism in humans, providing insights into proposed mechanistic concepts focusing on myokines and microRNAs. First evidence points to an impact of timing of exercise on health outcome, although data are inconclusive. Underlying mechanisms remain elusive. It is currently unknown if the timed release of mykokines depends on time of day when exercise is performed. microRNAs have been found as an important mediator of processes associated with exercise adaptation. Further research is needed to evaluate their full relevance. In conclusion, it seems to be too early to provide concrete recommendations on timing of exercise to maximize beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Kirchner
- Institute for Human Genetics, Epigenetics and Metabolism Lab, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leon Weisner
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Britta Wilms
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Falode JA, Ajayi OI, Isinkaye TV, Adeoye AO, Ajiboye BO, Brai BIC, ADEOYE, Basiru Olaitan, AJIBOYE, BRAI BIC. Justicia carnea extracts ameliorated hepatocellular damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats via decrease in oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing other risk markers. Biomarkers 2023; 28:177-189. [PMID: 36511112 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2157487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is still a raging disease not fully subdued globally, especially in Africa. Our study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic potentials of Justicia carnea extracts [crude (JCC), free (JFP) and bound phenol (JBP) fractions], in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-1 diabetes in male albino rats.Materials and MethodsAbout thirty (30) animals were induced for type 1 diabetes with STZ; thereafter, treatment began for 14 days, after which the animals were euthanized, blood/serum was collected, the liver was removed and divided into two portions, for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Standard procedures were used to evaluate the liver biomarkers, like alanine transaminase (ALT), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6- phosphatase, hexokinase activities, albumin, bilirubin, hepatic glucose concentrations; antioxidant status and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were similarly assessed.ResultsThese results revealed that the extracts ameliorated the harmful effects of STZ-induced diabetes in the liver by enhancing the activities of liver-based biomarkers, reducing the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine.DiscussionThe results agreed with previous research, and the free phenol fraction showed excellent results compared to othersConclusionThese suggested that J. carnea could serve as an alternative remedy in ameliorating liver complications linked to oxidative damage and inflammation in STZ-induced type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adeolu Falode
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Igbekele Ajayi
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Victoria Isinkaye
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Akinwunmi Oluwaseun Adeoye
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew I C Brai
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - ADEOYE
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Basiru Olaitan
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - AJIBOYE
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew I. C. BRAI
- Biomembranes and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Iwayama K, Tanabe Y, Yajima K, Tanji F, Onishi T, Takahashi H. Preexercise High-Fat Meal Following Carbohydrate Loading Attenuates Glycogen Utilization During Endurance Exercise in Male Recreational Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:661-668. [PMID: 36165996 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Iwayama, K, Tanabe, Y, Yajima, K, Tanji, F, Onishi, T, and Takahashi, H. Preexercise high-fat meal following carbohydrate loading attenuates glycogen utilization during endurance exercise in male recreational runners. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 661-668, 2023-This study aimed to investigate whether one preexercise high-fat meal can increase glycogen conservation during endurance exercise, as compared with one preexercise high-carbohydrate meal. Ten young male recreational runners (22.0 ± 0.6 years; 171.3 ± 0.9 cm; 58.3 ± 1.9 kg; maximal oxygen uptake [V̇ o2 max], 62.0 ± 1.6 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) completed 2 exercise trials after high-carbohydrate loading: eating a high-carbohydrate (CHO; 7% protein, 13% fat, 80% carbohydrate) meal or eating a high-fat (FAT; 7% protein, 42% fat, 52% carbohydrate) meal 3.5 hours before exercise. The order of the 2 trials was randomized, and the interval between trials was at least 1 week. The experimental exercise consisted of running on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 95% of each subject's lactate threshold. Muscle and liver glycogen content were assessed using noninvasive carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy before the experimental meal as well as before and after exercise; respiratory gases were measured continuously during exercise. The respiratory exchange ratio during exercise was statistically lower in the FAT trial than in the CHO trial ( p < 0.01). In addition, muscle ( p < 0.05) and liver ( p < 0.05) glycogen utilization during exercise was less in the FAT trial than in the CHO trial. Therefore, one high-fat meal following carbohydrate loading reduced muscle and liver glycogen use during the 60-minute exercise. These results suggest that this dietary approach may be applied as a strategy to optimize energy utilization during endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Iwayama
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yajima
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tanji
- Sport Medical Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan ; and
| | - Takahiro Onishi
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Veelen A, Andriessen C, Op den Kamp Y, Erazo-Tapia E, de Ligt M, Mevenkamp J, Jörgensen JA, Moonen-Kornips E, Schaart G, Esterline R, Havekes B, Oscarsson J, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Phielix E, Schrauwen P. Effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on substrate metabolism in prediabetic insulin resistant individuals: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Metabolism 2023; 140:155396. [PMID: 36592688 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients results in glucosuria, causing an energy loss, and triggers beneficial metabolic adaptations. It is so far unknown if SGLT2i exerts beneficial metabolic effects in prediabetic insulin resistant individuals, yet this is of interest since SGLT2is also reduce the risk for progression of heart failure and chronic kidney disease in patients without diabetes. METHODS Fourteen prediabetic insulin resistant individuals (BMI: 30.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2; age: 66.3 ± 6.2 years) underwent 2-weeks of treatment with dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome parameters include 24-hour and nocturnal substrate oxidation, and twenty-four-hour blood substrate and insulin levels. Hepatic glycogen and lipid content/composition were measured by MRS. Muscle biopsies were taken to measure mitochondrial oxidative capacity and glycogen and lipid content. RESULTS Dapagliflozin treatment resulted in a urinary glucose excretion of 36 g/24-h, leading to a negative energy and fat balance. Dapagliflozin treatment resulted in a higher 24-hour and nocturnal fat oxidation (p = 0.043 and p = 0.039, respectively), and a lower 24-hour carbohydrate oxidation (p = 0.048). Twenty-four-hour plasma glucose levels were lower (AUC; p = 0.016), while 24-hour free fatty acids and nocturnal β-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher (AUC; p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively) after dapagliflozin compared to placebo. Maximal mitochondrial oxidative capacity was higher after dapagliflozin treatment (dapagliflozin: 87.6 ± 5.4, placebo: 78.1 ± 5.5 pmol/mg/s, p = 0.007). Hepatic glycogen and lipid content were not significantly changed by dapagliflozin compared to placebo. However, muscle glycogen levels were numerically higher in the afternoon in individuals on placebo (morning: 332.9 ± 27.9, afternoon: 368.8 ± 13.1 nmol/mg), while numerically lower in the afternoon on dapagliflozin treatment (morning: 371.7 ± 22.8, afternoon: 340.5 ± 24.3 nmol/mg). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Dapagliflozin treatment of prediabetic insulin resistant individuals for 14 days resulted in significant metabolic adaptations in whole-body and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism despite being weight neutral. Dapagliflozin improved fat oxidation and ex vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, mimicking the effects of calorie restriction. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03721874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Veelen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvo Op den Kamp
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edmundo Erazo-Tapia
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian Mevenkamp
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Russell Esterline
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Wang H, Fu Y, Zhao Q, Liu Z, Wang C, Xue Y, Shen Q. Effects of heat-treated starch and protein from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) on type 2 diabetic mice. Food Chem 2023; 404:134735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roumans KHM, Veelen A, Andriessen C, Mevenkamp J, Kornips E, Veeraiah P, Havekes B, Peters HPF, Lindeboom L, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. A prolonged fast improves overnight substrate oxidation without modulating hepatic glycogen in adults with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver: A randomized crossover trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:757-767. [PMID: 36756887 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing overnight fasting time seems a promising strategy to improve metabolic health in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of fasting may be related to larger fluctuations in hepatic glycogen and higher fat oxidation. This study investigated whether prolonging an overnight fast depletes hepatic glycogen stores and improves substrate metabolism in individuals with NAFL and healthy lean individuals. METHODS Eleven individuals with NAFL and ten control individuals participated in this randomized crossover trial. After a 9.5-hour or 16-hour fast, hepatic glycogen was measured by using carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and a meal test was performed. Nocturnal substrate oxidation was measured with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Extending fasting time led to lower nocturnal carbohydrate oxidation and higher fat oxidation in both groups (intervention × time, p < 0.005 for carbohydrate and fat oxidation). In both arms, the respiratory exchange ratio measured during the night remained higher in the group with NAFL compared with the control group (population p < 0.001). No changes were observed in hepatic glycogen depletion with a prolonged overnight fast in the group with NAFL or the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that acutely prolonging the overnight fast can improve overnight substrate oxidation and that these alterations are not mediated by changes in hepatic glycogen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay H M Roumans
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Veelen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian Mevenkamp
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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The Circadian Axis and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Circadian rhythm refers to the daily physiologically fluctuating patterns of systemic processes that occur within a circa 24-hour timeframe, independently of external factors. There is evidence that in time, external and internal cycle misalignment leads to severe health consequences, resulting in the development of cardiometabolic disturbances. Desynchronized hormonal fluctuations along with daily specific macronutrient utilization patterns are also discussed, which by consequence, are all predictors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper is to provide insight on the circadian clock’s organization throughout the human body and to explain the underlying genetic background. By understanding these well-established molecular mechanisms and processes, we believe this paper will provide accuracy regarding the importance of the circadian clock’s integrity and will highlight its role in the etiopathology of cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.
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Liu QH, Tang JW, Wen PB, Wang MM, Zhang X, Wang L. From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes: Insights Into the Molecular Structure of Glycogen Particles. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673315. [PMID: 33996916 PMCID: PMC8116748 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly-branched polysaccharide that is widely distributed across the three life domains. It has versatile functions in physiological activities such as energy reserve, osmotic regulation, blood glucose homeostasis, and pH maintenance. Recent research also confirms that glycogen plays important roles in longevity and cognition. Intrinsically, glycogen function is determined by its structure that has been intensively studied for many years. The recent association of glycogen α-particle fragility with diabetic conditions further strengthens the importance of glycogen structure in its function. By using improved glycogen extraction procedures and a series of advanced analytical techniques, the fine molecular structure of glycogen particles in human beings and several model organisms such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Rat rattus have been characterized. However, there are still many unknowns about the assembly mechanisms of glycogen particles, the dynamic changes of glycogen structures, and the composition of glycogen associated proteins (glycogen proteome). In this review, we explored the recent progresses in glycogen studies with a focus on the structure of glycogen particles, which may not only provide insights into glycogen functions, but also facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng-Bo Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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12
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Lewis GF, Carpentier AC, Pereira S, Hahn M, Giacca A. Direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:709-720. [PMID: 33765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no consensus regarding the relative magnitude of these effects under physiological conditions. Extensive research over the past three decades in humans and animal models has provided discordant results between these two modes of insulin action. Here, we review the field to make the case that physiologically direct hepatic insulin action dominates acute suppression of glucose production, but that there is also a delayed, second order regulation of this process via extrahepatic effects. We further provide our views regarding the timing, dominance, and physiological relevance of these effects and discuss novel concepts regarding insulin regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and central nervous system (CNS) signaling to the liver, as regulators of insulin's extrahepatic effects on glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Guzmán TJ, Gurrola-Díaz CM. Glucokinase activation as antidiabetic therapy: effect of nutraceuticals and phytochemicals on glucokinase gene expression and enzymatic activity. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:182-193. [PMID: 31210550 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1627458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes represents an important public health problem. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and exploited to treat this disease. Due to its pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, glucokinase (GCK) is a promising target for the development of novel antidiabetic drugs; however, pharmacological agents that modulate GCK activity have been linked to undesirable side-effects, limiting its use. Interestingly, plants might be a valuable source of new therapeutic compounds with GCK-activating properties and presumably no adverse effects. In this review, we describe biochemical characteristics related to the physiological and pathological importance of GCK, as well as the mechanisms involved in its regulation at different molecular levels. Posteriorly, we present a compendium of findings supporting the potential use of nutraceuticals and phytochemicals in the management of diabetes through modulation of GCK expression and activity. Finally, we propose critical aspects to keep in mind when designing experiments to evaluate GCK modulation properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereso J Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación e Innovación en Salud/Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Carmen M Gurrola-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación e Innovación en Salud/Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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14
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Li W, Zhu C, Liu T, Zhang W, Liu X, Li P, Zhu T. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates glucolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2020; 17:1479164120966998. [PMID: 33280417 PMCID: PMC7919214 DOI: 10.1177/1479164120966998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to explore the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MAIN METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into six groups. The control group received a conventional diet. The diabetic group received a high-sucrose high-fat (HSHF) diet for 4 weeks and then was fasted and injected with streptozotocin (STZ); subsequently, the rats received a HSHF diet for another 4 weeks to develop diabetes. The four treatment groups were diabetic rats that received intragastric metformin (500 mg/kg/day) or EGCG (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. All groups except the control group received a HSHF diet throughout the experiment. Several biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fasting serum insulin (FSI), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acids (FFA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to assess the effects of EGCG on glycemic control, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, oxidative stress in pancreatic islet β cells was detected by dihydroethidium staining. KEY FINDINGS A HSHF diet and STZ injection induced T2DM, as indicated by changed blood glucose and body weight, which was accompanied by insulin resistance, an altered lipid profile, and oxidative stress. Interestingly, EGCG treatment dose-dependently recovered these indexes. SIGNIFICANCE EGCG successfully ameliorated glycemic control and insulin sensitivity while reducing the lipid profile and oxidative stress in a T2DM rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chaonan Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Department of pharmacy, The first Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tianheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang key laboratory of vascular remodeling intervention and molecular targeted therapy drug development, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang key laboratory of vascular remodeling intervention and molecular targeted therapy drug development, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang key laboratory of vascular remodeling intervention and molecular targeted therapy drug development, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan international joint laboratory of cardiovascular remodeling and drug intervention, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang key laboratory of vascular remodeling intervention and molecular targeted therapy drug development, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Tiantian Zhu, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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15
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Mancilla R, Krook A, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Diurnal Regulation of Peripheral Glucose Metabolism: Potential Effects of Exercise Timing. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S38-S45. [PMID: 32475086 PMCID: PMC7496481 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal oscillations in energy metabolism are linked to the activity of biological clocks and contribute to whole-body glucose homeostasis. Postprandially, skeletal muscle takes up approximately 80% of circulatory glucose and hence is a key organ in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of molecular clock components in skeletal muscle disrupts whole-body glucose homeostasis. Next to light-dark cycles, nonphotic cues such as nutrient intake and physical activity are also potent cues to (re)set (dys)regulated clocks. Physical exercise is one of the most potent ways to improve myocellular insulin sensitivity. Given the role of the biological clock in glucose homeostasis and the power of exercise to improve insulin sensitivity, one can hypothesize that there might be an optimal time for exercise to maximally improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information related to the interaction of diurnal rhythm, glucose homeostasis, and physical exercise as a nonphotic cue to correct dysregulation of human glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mancilla
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySection for Integrative PhysiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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16
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Iwayama K, Onishi T, Maruyama K, Takahashi H. Diurnal variation in the glycogen content of the human liver using 13 C MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4289. [PMID: 32157774 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen in tissues functions not only as carbohydrate reserves, but also as molecular sensors capable of activating signaling pathways in response to physical activity. While glycogen in the skeletal muscles is mainly a local energy substrate, glycogen in the liver serves as a glucose reserve to maintain normal blood glucose levels in the body, even during the sleep state. The aim of this study is to compare the diurnal variation of glycogen in the muscle and liver of human subjects under normal conditions. The glycogen content was measured in the muscle and liver of 10 young, healthy, male volunteers using 13 C MRS, a non-invasive technique. The subjects remained sedentary, and glycogen concentration was measured six times daily. Experimental meals were provided to achieve individual energy balance, estimated according to the energy requirement guideline for patients from Japan. The largest variation in muscle glycogen compared with 1 h after supper (20:00 on Day 1) was 3.1 ± 8.2 mmol/L (16:00 on Day 2). In the liver, however, the glycogen content decreased by 80.6 ± 40.4 mmol/L through the overnight fasting period (07:00 on Day 2). This study demonstrated that the glycogen content in the liver was significantly lower in the morning, while the glycogen content in the calf muscles underwent minimal diurnal variation. The overnight fast is a characteristic daily condition, in which liver glycogen content is low, whereas muscle glycogen content is relatively unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Iwayama
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Onishi
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Maruyama
- MR Research & Collaboration Department, Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sport Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Sullivan MA, Forbes JM. Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains? EBioMedicine 2019; 47:590-597. [PMID: 31405756 PMCID: PMC6796499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in the kidney is currently foremost in the minds of nephrologists, diabetologists and researchers globally, as a result of the outstanding success of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing renal and cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. However, these exciting data have come with the puzzling but fascinating paradigm that many of the beneficial effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system seem to be independent of the systemic glucose lowering actions of these agents. This manuscript places into context an area of research highly relevant to renal glucose metabolism, that of glycogen accumulation and metabolism in the diabetic kidney. Whether the glycogen that abnormally accumulates is pathological (the villain), is somehow protective (the hero) or is inconsequential (the bystander) is a research question that may provide insight into the link between diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Mater Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Duglan D, Lamia KA. Clocking In, Working Out: Circadian Regulation of Exercise Physiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:347-356. [PMID: 31054802 PMCID: PMC6545246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past century indicates that the daily timing of physical activity impacts on both immediate performance and long-term training efficacy. Recently, several molecular connections between circadian clocks and exercise physiology have been identified. Circadian clocks are protein-based oscillators that enable anticipation of daily environmental cycles. Cell-autonomous clocks are present in almost all cells of the body, and their timing is set by a variety of internal and external signals, including hormones and dietary intake. Improved understanding of the relationship between molecular clocks and exercise will benefit professional athletes and public health guidelines for the general population. We discuss here the role of circadian clocks in exercise, and explore time-of-day effects and the proposed molecular and physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Duglan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katja A Lamia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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van de Weijer T, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in metabolic research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:741-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a main determinant in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The circadian timing system consists of a central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and various peripheral tissue clocks. The circadian timing system is responsible for the coordination of many daily processes, including the daily rhythm in human glucose metabolism. The central clock regulates food intake, energy expenditure and whole-body insulin sensitivity, and these actions are further fine-tuned by local peripheral clocks. For instance, the peripheral clock in the gut regulates glucose absorption, peripheral clocks in muscle, adipose tissue and liver regulate local insulin sensitivity, and the peripheral clock in the pancreas regulates insulin secretion. Misalignment between different components of the circadian timing system and daily rhythms of sleep-wake behaviour or food intake as a result of genetic, environmental or behavioural factors might be an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance. Specifically, clock gene mutations, exposure to artificial light-dark cycles, disturbed sleep, shift work and social jet lag are factors that might contribute to circadian disruption. Here, we review the physiological links between circadian clocks, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and present current evidence for a relationship between circadian disruption and insulin resistance. We conclude by proposing several strategies that aim to use chronobiological knowledge to improve human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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21
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Abstract
The epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus necessitates development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to attenuate expansion of this debilitating disease. Evidence links the circadian system to various aspects of diabetes pathophysiology and treatment. The aim of this review will be to outline the rationale for therapeutic targeting of the circadian system in the treatment and prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and consequent metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Javeed
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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22
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms, meals, and exercise modulate energy metabolism. This review explores the novel hypothesis that there is an optimal time of day to exercise to improve 24 h glycemia and lipemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, and
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO
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23
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Adeva-Andany MM, Rañal-Muíño E, Fernández-Fernández C, Pazos-García C, Vila-Altesor M. Metabolic Effects of Metformin in Humans. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:328-339. [PMID: 30306875 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666181009125348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance due to glucagon secretion cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. INTRODUCTION Metformin enhances insulin sensitivity, being used to prevent and treat diabetes, although its mechanism of action remains elusive. RESULTS Patients with diabetes fail to store glucose as hepatic glycogen via the direct pathway (glycogen synthesis from dietary glucose during the post-prandial period) and via the indirect pathway (glycogen synthesis from "de novo" synthesized glucose) owing to insulin deficiency and glucagoninduced insulin resistance. Depletion of the hepatic glycogen deposit activates gluconeogenesis to replenish the storage via the indirect pathway. Unlike healthy subjects, patients with diabetes experience glycogen cycling due to enhanced gluconeogenesis and failure to store glucose as glycogen. These defects raise hepatic glucose output causing both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia. Metformin reduces post-prandial plasma glucose, suggesting that the drug facilitates glucose storage as hepatic glycogen after meals. Replenishment of glycogen store attenuates the accelerated rate of gluconeogenesis and reduces both glycogen cycling and hepatic glucose output. Metformin also reduces fasting hyperglycemia due to declining hepatic glucose production. In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Accordingly, metformin preserves β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the metabolic effects of metformin, but evidence is not conclusive and the molecular basis of metformin action remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva-Andany
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazan s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Eva Rañal-Muíño
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazan s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Pazos-García
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazan s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Matilde Vila-Altesor
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazan s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
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24
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Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism 2018; 84:11-27. [PMID: 29195759 PMCID: PMC5995632 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system orchestrates metabolism in daily 24-hour cycles. Such rhythms organize metabolism by temporally separating opposing metabolic processes and by anticipating recurring feeding-fasting cycles to increase metabolic efficiency. Although animal studies demonstrate that the circadian system plays a pervasive role in regulating metabolism, it is unclear how, and to what degree, circadian research in rodents translates into humans. Here, we review evidence that the circadian system regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Using a range of experimental protocols, studies in humans report circadian rhythms in glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, lipid levels, energy expenditure, and appetite. Several of these rhythms peak in the biological morning or around noon, implicating earlier in the daytime is optimal for food intake. Importantly, disruptions in these rhythms impair metabolism and influence the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. We therefore also review evidence that circadian misalignment induced by mistimed light exposure, sleep, or food intake adversely affects metabolic health in humans. These interconnections among the circadian system, metabolism, and behavior underscore the importance of chronobiology for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Poggiogalle
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Humaira Jamshed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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25
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Ailanen L, Bezborodkina NN, Virtanen L, Ruohonen ST, Malova AV, Okovityi SV, Chistyakova EY, Savontaus E. Metformin normalizes the structural changes in glycogen preceding prediabetes in mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018. [PMID: 29541475 PMCID: PMC5842371 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis are known therapeutic targets of metformin, but the role of hepatic glycogen in the pathogenesis of diabetes is less clear. Mouse model of neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in noradrenergic neurons (OE-NPYDβH) with a phenotype of late onset obesity, hepatosteatosis, and prediabetes was used to study early changes in glycogen structure and metabolism preceding prediabetes. Furthermore, the effect of the anti-hyperglycemic agent, metformin (300 mg/kg/day/4 weeks in drinking water), was assessed on changes in glycogen metabolism, body weight, fat mass, and glucose tolerance. Glycogen structure was characterized by cytofluorometric analysis in isolated hepatocytes and mRNA expression of key enzymes by qPCR. OE-NPYDβH mice displayed decreased labile glycogen fraction relative to stabile fraction (the intermediate form of glycogen) suggesting enhanced glycogen cycling. This was supported by decreased filling of glucose residues in the 10th outer tier of the glycogen molecule, which suggests accelerated glycogen phosphorylation. Metformin reduced fat mass gain in both genotypes, but glucose tolerance was improved mostly in wild-type mice. However, metformin inhibited glycogen accumulation and normalized the ratio between glycogen structures in OE-NPYDβH mice indicating decreased glycogen synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of glucose residues in the 11th tier together with decreased glycogen phosphorylase expression suggested inhibition of glycogen degradation. In conclusion, structural changes in glycogen of OE-NPYDβH mice point to increased glycogen metabolism, which may predispose them to prediabetes. Metformin treatment normalizes these changes and suppresses both glycogen synthesis and phosphorylation, which may contribute to its preventive effect on the onset of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modelling University of Turku Turku Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Program University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Natalia N Bezborodkina
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Laura Virtanen
- Institute of Biomedicine Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modelling University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Institute of Biomedicine Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modelling University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Anastasia V Malova
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Sergey V Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical Academy St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Elizaveta Y Chistyakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical Academy St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modelling University of Turku Turku Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
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26
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Association of the Composite Inflammatory Biomarker GlycA, with Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Habitus in Men and Women with Prediabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28642810 PMCID: PMC5470023 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5608287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GlycA is a new composite measure of systemic inflammation and a predictor of many inflammatory diseases. GlycA is the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived signal arising from glucosamine residues on acute-phase proteins. This study aimed to evaluate how exercise-based lifestyle interventions modulate GlycA in persons at risk for type 2 diabetes. GlycA, fitness, and body habitus were measured in 169 sedentary adults (45–75 years) with prediabetes randomly assigned to one of four six-month exercise-based lifestyle interventions. Interventions included exercise prescription based on the amount (energy expenditure (kcal/kg weight/week (KKW)) and intensity (%VO2peak). The groups were (1) low-amount/moderate-intensity (10KKW/50%) exercise; (2) high-amount/moderate-intensity (16KKW/50%) exercise; (3) high-amount/vigorous-intensity (16KKW/75%) exercise; and (4) a Clinical Lifestyle (combined diet plus low-amount/moderate-intensity exercise) intervention. Six months of exercise training and/or diet-reduced GlycA (mean Δ: −6.8 ± 29.2 μmol/L; p = 0.006) and increased VO2peak (mean Δ: 1.98 ± 2.6 mL/kg/min; p < 0.001). Further, visceral (mean Δ: −21.1 ± 36.6 cm2) and subcutaneous fat (mean Δ: −24.3 ± 41.0 cm2) were reduced, while liver density (mean Δ: +2.3 ± 6.5HU) increased, all p < 0.001. When including individuals in all four interventions, GlycA reductions were associated with reductions in visceral adiposity (p < 0.03). Exercise-based lifestyle interventions reduced GlycA concentrations through mechanisms related to exercise-induced modulations of visceral adiposity. This trial is registered with Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT00962962.
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27
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Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Carpentier AC. Molecular imaging of postprandial metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:504-511. [PMID: 28495844 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00212.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disordered postprandial metabolism of energy substrates is one of the main defining features of prediabetes and contributes to the development of several chronic diseases associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Postprandial energy metabolism has been studied using classical isotopic tracer approaches that are limited by poor access to splanchnic metabolism and highly dynamic and complex exchanges of energy substrates involving multiple organs and systems. Advances in noninvasive molecular imaging modalities, such as PET and MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), have recently allowed important advances in our understanding of postprandial energy metabolism in humans. The present review describes some of these recent advances, with particular focus on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the postprandial state, and discusses current gaps in knowledge and new perspectives of application of PET and MRI/MRS for the investigation and treatment of human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Radiology and Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Québec , Canada
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28
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes causes major global health problems and has been believed to be a lifelong condition with inevitable worsening. Steadily increasing numbers of drugs appeared to be required to achieve even modest control. Early type 2 diabetes has now been shown to be reversed by substantial weight loss and this has allowed temporal tracking of the underlying pathophysiological changes. Areas covered: In early type 2 diabetes, negative calorie balance decreases liver fat within days, and allows return of normal control of hepatic glucose production. Over 8 weeks, the negative calorie balance allows the raised levels of intra-pancreatic fat and simultaneously first phase insulin secretion to normalise. These findings are consistent with the 2008 Twin Cycle Hypothesis of the etiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Individuals develop type 2 diabetes when they exceed their personal fat threshold for safe storage of fat and there is no difference in pathophysiology between those with BMI above or below 30 kg/m2. Expert commentary: Type 2 diabetes can now be understood as a state of excess fat in liver and pancreas, and remains reversible for at least 10 years in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Taylor
- a Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute for Cellular Medicine , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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29
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Hepatic Overexpression of CD36 Improves Glycogen Homeostasis and Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2715-2727. [PMID: 27528620 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00138-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The common complications in obesity and type 2 diabetes include hepatic steatosis and disruption of glucose-glycogen homeostasis, leading to hyperglycemia. Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), whose expression is inducible in obesity, is known for its function in fatty acid uptake. Previous work by us and others suggested that CD36 plays an important role in hepatic lipid homeostasis, but the results have been conflicting and the mechanisms were not well understood. In this study, by using CD36-overexpressing transgenic (CD36Tg) mice, we uncovered a surprising function of CD36 in regulating glycogen homeostasis. Overexpression of CD36 promoted glycogen synthesis, and as a result, CD36Tg mice were protected from fasting hypoglycemia. When challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD), CD36Tg mice showed unexpected attenuation of hepatic steatosis, increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The HFD-fed CD36Tg mice also showed decreased levels of proinflammatory hepatic prostaglandins and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a potent vasoconstrictive and proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolite. We propose that CD36 functions as a protective metabolic sensor in the liver under lipid overload and metabolic stress. CD36 may be explored as a valuable therapeutic target for the management of metabolic syndrome.
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30
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Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, van Loon LJC. Liver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance-type exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E543-53. [PMID: 27436612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00232.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate and fat are the main substrates utilized during prolonged endurance-type exercise. The relative contribution of each is determined primarily by the intensity and duration of exercise, along with individual training and nutritional status. During moderate- to high-intensity exercise, carbohydrate represents the main substrate source. Because endogenous carbohydrate stores (primarily in liver and muscle) are relatively small, endurance-type exercise performance/capacity is often limited by endogenous carbohydrate availability. Much exercise metabolism research to date has focused on muscle glycogen utilization, with little attention paid to the contribution of liver glycogen. (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy permits direct, noninvasive measurements of liver glycogen content and has increased understanding of the relevance of liver glycogen during exercise. In contrast to muscle, endurance-trained athletes do not exhibit elevated basal liver glycogen concentrations. However, there is evidence that liver glycogenolysis may be lower in endurance-trained athletes compared with untrained controls during moderate- to high-intensity exercise. Therefore, liver glycogen sparing in an endurance-trained state may account partly for training-induced performance/capacity adaptations during prolonged (>90 min) exercise. Ingestion of carbohydrate at a relatively high rate (>1.5 g/min) can prevent liver glycogen depletion during moderate-intensity exercise independent of the type of carbohydrate (e.g., glucose vs. sucrose) ingested. To minimize gastrointestinal discomfort, it is recommended to ingest specific combinations or types of carbohydrates (glucose plus fructose and/or sucrose). By coingesting glucose with either galactose or fructose, postexercise liver glycogen repletion rates can be doubled. There are currently no guidelines for carbohydrate ingestion to maximize liver glycogen repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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31
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Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Taylor R, Stevenson EJ, Trenell MI, Cermak NM, van Loon LJC. Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E1032-9. [PMID: 26487008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the effect of glucose ingestion compared with sucrose ingestion on liver and muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise. Fourteen cyclists completed two 3-h bouts of cycling at 50% of peak power output while ingesting either glucose or sucrose at a rate of 1.7 g/min (102 g/h). Four cyclists performed an additional third test for reference in which only water was consumed. We employed (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine liver and muscle glycogen concentrations before and after exercise. Expired breath was sampled during exercise to estimate whole body substrate use. After glucose and sucrose ingestion, liver glycogen levels did not show a significant decline after exercise (from 325 ± 168 to 345 ± 205 and 321 ± 177 to 348 ± 170 mmol/l, respectively; P > 0.05), with no differences between treatments. Muscle glycogen concentrations declined (from 101 ± 49 to 60 ± 34 and 114 ± 48 to 67 ± 34 mmol/l, respectively; P < 0.05), with no differences between treatments. Whole body carbohydrate utilization was greater with sucrose (2.03 ± 0.43 g/min) vs. glucose (1.66 ± 0.36 g/min; P < 0.05) ingestion. Both liver (from 454 ± 33 to 283 ± 82 mmol/l; P < 0.05) and muscle (from 111 ± 46 to 67 ± 31 mmol/l; P < 0.01) glycogen concentrations declined during exercise when only water was ingested. Both glucose and sucrose ingestion prevent liver glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise. Sucrose ingestion does not preserve liver glycogen concentrations more than glucose ingestion. However, sucrose ingestion does increase whole body carbohydrate utilization compared with glucose ingestion. This trial was registered at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02110836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Fiona E Smith
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E Thelwall
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Taylor
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I Trenell
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi M Cermak
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
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