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Meyer JN, Pan WK, Ryde IT, Alexander T, Klein-Adams JC, Ndirangu DS, Falvo MJ. Bioenergetic function is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of veterans with Gulf War Illness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287412. [PMID: 37910447 PMCID: PMC10619881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a major health problem for approximately 250,000 Gulf War (GW) veterans, but the etiology of GWI is unclear. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributor to GWI, based on the similarity of some GWI symptoms to those occurring in some mitochondrial diseases; the plausibility that certain pollutants to which GW veterans were exposed affect mitochondria; mitochondrial effects observed in studies in laboratory models of GWI; and previous evidence of mitochondrial outcomes in studies in GW veterans. A primary role of mitochondria is generation of energy via oxidative phosphorylation. However, direct assessment of mitochondrial respiration, reflecting oxidative phosphorylation, has not been carried out in veterans with GWI. In this case-control observational study, we tested multiple measures of mitochondrial function and integrity in a cohort of 114 GW veterans, 80 with and 34 without GWI as assessed by the Kansas definition. In circulating white blood cells, we analyzed multiple measures of mitochondrial respiration and extracellular acidification, a proxy for non-aerobic energy generation; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number; mtDNA damage; and nuclear DNA damage. We also collected detailed survey data on demographics; deployment; self-reported exposure to pesticides, pyridostigmine bromide, and chemical and biological warfare agents; and current biometrics, health and activity levels. We observed a 9% increase in mtDNA content in blood in veterans with GWI, but did not detect differences in DNA damage. Basal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption were respectively 42% and 47% higher in veterans without GWI, after adjustment for mtDNA amount. We did not find evidence for a compensatory increase in anaerobic energy generation: extracellular acidification was also lower in GWI (12% lower at baseline). A subset of 27 and 26 veterans returned for second and third visits, allowing us to measure stability of mitochondrial parameters over time. mtDNA CN, mtDNA damage, ATP-linked OCR, and spare respiratory capacity were moderately replicable over time, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.43, 0.44, 0.50, and 0.57, respectively. Other measures showed higher visit-to-visit variability. Many measurements showed lower replicability over time among veterans with GWI compared to veterans without GWI. Finally, we found a strong association between recalled exposure to pesticides, pyridostigmine bromide, and chemical and biological warfare agents and GWI (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Our results demonstrate decreased mitochondrial respiratory function as well as decreased glycolytic activity, both of which are consistent with decreased energy availability, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in veterans with GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - William K. Pan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas Alexander
- Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn C. Klein-Adams
- Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, United States of America
| | - Duncan S. Ndirangu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Falvo
- Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, United States of America
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States of America
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2
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Gumpp AM, Behnke A, Ramo-Fernández L, Radermacher P, Gündel H, Ziegenhain U, Karabatsiakis A, Kolassa IT. Investigating mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with childhood maltreatment from post-parturition period to one-year follow-up. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3793-3804. [PMID: 35311632 PMCID: PMC10317795 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) exerts various long-lasting psychological and biological changes in affected individuals, with inflammation being an interconnecting element. Besides chronic low-grade inflammation, CM might also affect the energy production of cells by altering the function and density of mitochondria, i.e. the body's main energy suppliers. Here, we compared mitochondrial respiration and density in intact peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), from women with and without CM between two time points, i.e. at the highly inflammatory phase within 1 week after parturition (t0) and again after 1 year (t2). METHODS CM exposure was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Whole blood was collected from n = 52 healthy women within the study 'My Childhood - Your Childhood' at both time points to isolate and cryopreserve PBMC. Thawed PBMC were used to measure mitochondrial respiration and density by high-resolution respirometry followed by spectrophotometric analyses of citrate-synthase activity. RESULTS Over time, quantitative respiratory parameters increased, while qualitative flux control ratios decreased, independently of CM. Women with CM showed higher mitochondrial respiration and density at t0, but not at t2. We found significant CM group × time interaction effects for ATP-turnover-related respiration and mitochondrial density. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to longitudinally investigate mitochondrial bioenergetics in postpartum women with and without CM. Our results indicate that CM-related mitochondrial alterations reflect allostatic load, probably due to higher inflammatory states during parturition, which normalize later. However, later inflammatory states might moderate the vulnerability for a second-hit on the level of mitochondrial bioenergetics, at least in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M. Gumpp
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Behnke
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Ramo-Fernández
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegenhain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Karabatsiakis
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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How does metabolic rate in plant shoot tips change after cryopreservation? Cryobiology 2022; 109:1-9. [PMID: 36356915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation allows the long-term storage of plant germplasm, but can cause damage to plant tissues, which must be repaired for survival to occur. This repair process is fuelled by the metabolic function of mitochondria; however, little is known about how metabolic function is affected by the cryopreservation process in plants. We compared metabolic rates of shoot tips of two Australian native species, Androcalva perlaria and Anigozanthos viridis. Overall, cryopreservation resulted in a significant reduction in the metabolic rates of shoot tips from both species, even in tissues that regenerated after cryopreservation. Metabolic rate did not increase within 48 h after of thawing, even in shoot tips which later regenerated. When examined in isolation, both pre-treatment on desiccation medium and exposure to cryoprotective agents significantly decreased metabolic rates in regenerating shoot tips of A. viridis, however both caused a significant increase in shoot tips of A. perlaria, suggesting diversity of response to cryopreservation stresses across species. Measurements of shoot tip metabolic rate during cryopreservation will inform investigations into cellular energy production and provide critical information on the state of shoot health after exposure to different cryoprotective treatments, which could play a useful role in guiding protocol optimisation for threatened species to maximise post-cryopreservation regeneration.
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Soares M, Zhao Y, Calton E, Pathak K, Chan She Ping-Delfos W, Cummings N, Nsatimba P. The Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Resting Energy Expenditure. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080722. [PMID: 36005594 PMCID: PMC9414919 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the increasing number of its components influenced the resting energy expenditure (REE). Data on adult men (n = 72, 40%) and women (n = 108, 60%) from European (n = 154, 86%) and Sub-Saharan African (n = 26, 14%) ancestry were used. Ninety-five (53%) participants had MetS (MetS+), while 85 (47%) were without MetS (MetS−). REE was determined through indirect calorimetry, body composition by DEXA, and clinical biochemistry by standard laboratory techniques. MetS+ had a significantly higher REE (mean ± se: MetS+: 5995 ± 87.3 vs. MetS−: 5760 ± 86.3 kJ/d, p = 0.025) when adjusted for age, gender, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), ethnicity, season, 25OHD, insulin sensitivity, and time of data collection. Within each MetS status group, an increase in the number of components (C) resulted in a stepwise increase in REE. Relative to zero components, those with 1C had adjusted REE higher by +526 ± 248.1 kJ/d (p = 0.037), while 2C were higher than 1C by +298 ± 140.8 kJ/d (p = 0.037). Similarly, relative to 3C, those with 4C had REE higher by +242 ± 120.7 kJ/d (p = 0.049). The higher REE of 5C over 4C by 132 ± 174.5 kJ/d did not achieve statistical significance. MetS was associated with a significantly higher REE. This greater energetic cost varied directly with the numbers of its components but was most evident in those not diagnosed with the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Soares
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Emily Calton
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kaveri Pathak
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Nicola Cummings
- WA Eating Disorder Specialist Service, Mental Health, Public Health and Dental Services, Perth, WA 6003, Australia
| | - Patience Nsatimba
- Nursing Directorate, Pantang Hospital, Greater Accra, Accra GA184, Ghana
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5
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Whelehan LM, Funnekotter B, Bunn E, Mancera RL. Review: The case for studying mitochondrial function during plant cryopreservation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111134. [PMID: 35067304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation has several advantages over other ex situ conservation methods, and indeed is the only viable storage method for the long term conservation of most plant species. However, despite many advances in this field, it is increasingly clear that some species are ill-equipped to overcome the intense stress imposed by the cryopreservation process, making protocol development incredibly difficult using traditional trial and error methods. Cryobiotechnology approaches have been recently recognised as a strategic way forward, utilising intimate understanding of biological systems to inform development of more effective cryopreservation protocols. Mitochondrial function is a model candidate for a cryobiotechnological approach, as it underpins not only energy provision, but also several other key determinants of germplasm outcome, including stress response, reduction-oxidation status, and programmed cell death. Extensive research in animal cell and tissue cryopreservation has established a clear link between mitochondrial health and cryopreservation survival, but also indicates that mitochondria are routinely subject to damage from multiple aspects of the cryopreservation process. Evidence is already emerging that mitochondrial dysfunction may also occur in plant cryopreservation, and this research can be greatly expanded by using considered applications of innovative technologies. A range of mitochondria-targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions already exist with potential to improve cryopreservation outcomes through mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M Whelehan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Bryn Funnekotter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Eric Bunn
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Acin-Perez R, Benincá C, Shabane B, Shirihai OS, Stiles L. Utilization of Human Samples for Assessment of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics: Gold Standards, Limitations, and Future Perspectives. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:949. [PMID: 34575097 PMCID: PMC8467772 DOI: 10.3390/life11090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic function is a central component of cellular metabolism in health and disease. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is critical for maintaining energetic homeostasis, and impairment of mitochondrial function underlies the development and progression of metabolic diseases and aging. However, measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetic function can be challenging in human samples due to limitations in the size of the collected sample. Furthermore, the collection of samples from human cohorts is often spread over multiple days and locations, which makes immediate sample processing and bioenergetics analysis challenging. Therefore, sample selection and choice of tests should be carefully considered. Basic research, clinical trials, and mitochondrial disease diagnosis rely primarily on skeletal muscle samples. However, obtaining skeletal muscle biopsies requires an appropriate clinical setting and specialized personnel, making skeletal muscle a less suitable tissue for certain research studies. Circulating white blood cells and platelets offer a promising primary tissue alternative to biopsies for the study of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Recent advances in frozen respirometry protocols combined with the utilization of minimally invasive and non-invasive samples may provide promise for future mitochondrial research studies in humans. Here we review the human samples commonly used for the measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetics with a focus on the advantages and limitations of each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.B.); (B.S.); (O.S.S.)
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.B.); (B.S.); (O.S.S.)
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Byourak Shabane
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.B.); (B.S.); (O.S.S.)
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Orian S. Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.B.); (B.S.); (O.S.S.)
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.B.); (B.S.); (O.S.S.)
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Altintas MM, DiBartolo S, Tadros L, Samelko B, Wasse H. Metabolic Changes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated From Patients With End Stage Renal Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:629239. [PMID: 33790861 PMCID: PMC8006313 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.629239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As numerous complex pathologies stem from cellular energy dysfunction, we aimed to elucidate mitochondrial function and associated stress pathologies in kidney disease in a cohort of hemodialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The bioenergetics study was conducted using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ESKD patients (n = 29) and healthy controls (no ESKD, n = 10). PBMCs were isolated from whole blood and seeded into assay plates to detect changes in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. The bioenergetics analysis (i.e., mitochondrial stress test) was performed using Seahorse XFe24 flux analyzer. We observed significant reduction in mitochondrial respiration in patient PBMCs in terms of fundamental bioenergetics parameters such as basal respiration, ATP turnover, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. These findings were correlated with the expression levels of proteins coordinating cellular energy status and regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Our data demonstrates an association between mitochondrial oxygen consumption of PBMCs and ESKD. AMPK activity, its downstream effector PGC-1α and mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins are partially responsible for the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation of PBMCs isolated from ESKD patients. We propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and ESKD and a role for mitochondria as a potential site for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Salvatore DiBartolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lana Tadros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Beata Samelko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haimanot Wasse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Janssen JJE, Lagerwaard B, Bunschoten A, Savelkoul HFJ, van Neerven RJJ, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ. Novel standardized method for extracellular flux analysis of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1662. [PMID: 33462298 PMCID: PMC7814123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing metabolism of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) provides key opportunities to study the pathophysiology of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer. Extracellular flux (XF) assays provide dynamic metabolic analysis of living cells that can capture ex vivo cellular metabolic responses to biological stressors. To obtain reliable data from PBMCs from individuals, novel methods are needed that allow for standardization and take into account the non-adherent and highly dynamic nature of PBMCs. We developed a novel method for extracellular flux analysis of PBMCs, where we combined brightfield imaging with metabolic flux analysis and data integration in R. Multiple buffy coat donors were used to demonstrate assay linearity with low levels of variation. Our method allowed for accurate and precise estimation of XF assay parameters by reducing the standard score and standard score interquartile range of PBMC basal oxygen consumption rate and glycolytic rate. We applied our method to freshly isolated PBMCs from sixteen healthy subjects and demonstrated that our method reduced the coefficient of variation in group mean basal oxygen consumption rate and basal glycolytic rate, thereby decreasing the variation between PBMC donors. Our novel brightfield image procedure is a robust, sensitive and practical normalization method to reliably measure, compare and extrapolate XF assay data using PBMCs, thereby increasing the relevance for PBMCs as marker tissue in future clinical and biological studies, and enabling the use of primary blood cells instead of immortalized cell lines for immunometabolic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle J E Janssen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Lagerwaard
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Bunschoten
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Gumpp AM, Behnke A, Bach AM, Piller S, Boeck C, Rojas R, Kolassa IT. Mitochondrial bioenergetics in leukocytes and oxidative stress in blood serum of mild to moderately depressed women. Mitochondrion 2020; 58:14-23. [PMID: 33383159 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with lower mitochondrial energy production and higher oxidative stress. We investigated whether these alterations manifest in patients with current mild to moderate MDD severity. We observed no differences in mitochondrial respiration and density (i.e., citrate-synthase activity) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and oxidative stress markers (i.e., 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-isoprostane) in blood serum of 20 female MDD patients compared to 24 non-depressed women. Alterations in mitochondrial energy production and oxidative stress did not linearly depend on the current severity of MDD. However, biological alterations might rather manifest with higher MDD severity/chronicity and at higher age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Gumpp
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Behnke
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexandra M Bach
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sophia Piller
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christina Boeck
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Roberto Rojas
- University Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Schaffnerstr. 3, DE-89073 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Vieira SRL, Toffoli M, Campbell P, Schapira AHV. Biofluid Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: Clarity Amid Controversy. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1128-1133. [PMID: 32220025 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Campbell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Lauridsen PE, Rasmussen LJ, Desler C. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity of cryopreserved cells. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:47-53. [PMID: 31051261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are a feature of many human diseases. To date, determination of oxidative phosphorylation has required fresh and live sample material and therefore also access to specialized equipment and trained personnel. Cryopreservation of samples is an attractive alternative, where samples can be collected and stored in an economic and practical fashion for later bulk assays. Here, we present an accurate, reliable method for estimating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity of cryopreserved human cells. Broad adoption of this method will allow uncomplicated collection of samples and measurements of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Ejner Lauridsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Tapadia M, Carlessi R, Johnson S, Utikar R, Newsholme P. Lupin seed hydrolysate promotes G-protein-coupled receptor, intracellular Ca 2+ and enhanced glycolytic metabolism-mediated insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic beta cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 480:83-96. [PMID: 30347229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupin seed proteins have been reported to exhibit hypoglycaemic effects in animals and humans following oral administration, however little is known about its mechanism of action. This study investigated the signalling pathway(s) responsible for the insulinotropic effect of the hydrolysate obtained from lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seed extracts utilizing BRIN-BD11 β-cells. The extract was treated with digestive enzymes to give a hydrolysate rich in biomolecules ≤7 kDa. Cells exhibited hydrolysate induced dose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and enhanced intracellular Ca2+ and glucose metabolism. The stimulatory effect of the hydrolysate was potentiated by depolarizing concentrations of KCl and was blocked by inhibitors of the ATP sensitive K+ channel, Gαq protein, phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). These findings reveal a novel mechanism for lupin hydrolysate stimulated insulin secretion via Gαq mediated signal transduction (Gαq/PLC/PKC) in the β-cells. Thus, lupin hydrolysates may have potential for nutraceutical treatment in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmai Tapadia
- Western Australia School of Mines (WASM): Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Stuart Johnson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ranjeet Utikar
- Western Australia School of Mines (WASM): Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
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13
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Rowlands J, Walz N, Rowles JE, Keane KN, Carlessi R, Newsholme P. Method Protocols for Metabolic and Functional Analysis of the BRIN-BD11 β-Cell Line: A Preclinical Model for Type 2 Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1916:329-340. [PMID: 30535710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes, prolonged dysregulation of signalling and β-cell metabolic control leads to β-cell dysfunction, and is increasingly associated with abnormal metabolic states which disrupt normal cellular physiology. Utilization of appropriate β-cell models enables a systematic approach to understand the impact of perturbations to the biological system. The BRIN-BD11 β-cell line is a useful, pre-clinical cell model for β-cell dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes, among other metabolic disorders. The present chapter describes detection and analysis of β-cell dysfunction with respect to changes in bioenergetics and metabolism, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and acute and chronic insulin secretion in the BRIN-BD11 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rowlands
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nikita Walz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joanne E Rowles
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
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14
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Clutton G, Mollan K, Hudgens M, Goonetilleke N. A Reproducible, Objective Method Using MitoTracker® Fluorescent Dyes to Assess Mitochondrial Mass in T Cells by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2018; 95:450-456. [PMID: 30576071 PMCID: PMC6461488 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MitoTracker ® dyes are fluorescent compounds that allow cellular mitochondrial content to be measured semi‐quantitatively by flow cytometry and have been used extensively in immunology publications. However, the parameters commonly reported, mean or median fluorescence intensity and percentage of cells that are MitoTracker® “high”, can be influenced by variability in cytometer setup, dye stability, and operator subjectivity, making it difficult to compare data between experiments. Here, we describe a method to identify MitoTracker® “high” populations in an objective manner. When analyzing data, we first removed outliers using a pre‐specified threshold, determined the fluorescence intensity of the brightest and dimmest events to obtain the fluorescence range and then gated cells within the top 90% of this range. This strategy substantially reduced variability between technical replicates and produced consistent results when data were analyzed by different operators. Consistent with previous reports and other analysis strategies, this analysis method demonstrated that within an individual, CD4+ T cells exhibit significantly higher mitochondrial mass than CD8+ T cells. Objective gating increases the reliability and utility of data generated using MitoTracker® dyes. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Katie Mollan
- The University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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High-dimensional immune phenotyping and transcriptional analyses reveal robust recovery of viable human immune and epithelial cells from frozen gastrointestinal tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1684-1693. [PMID: 30111863 PMCID: PMC6512331 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous analyses of peripheral and mucosal immune compartments can yield insight into the pathogenesis of mucosal-associated diseases. Although methods to preserve peripheral immune cells are well established, studies involving mucosal immune cells have been hampered by lack of simple storage techniques. We provide a cryopreservation protocol allowing for storage of gastrointestinal (GI) tissue with preservation of viability and functionality of both immune and epithelial cells. These methods will facilitate translational studies allowing for batch analysis of mucosal tissue to investigate disease pathogenesis, biomarker discovery and treatment responsiveness.
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16
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Galicia-Vázquez G, Aloyz R. Ibrutinib Resistance Is Reduced by an Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Primary CLL Lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2018; 8:411. [PMID: 30319974 PMCID: PMC6168640 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B-lymphocytes in the blood stream (quiescent state) and homing tissues (where they can proliferate). In CLL, the targeting of B-cell receptor signaling through a Burton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ibrutinib) has rendered outstanding clinical results. However, complete remission is not guaranteed due to drug resistance or relapse, revealing the need for novel approaches for CLL treatment. The characterization of metabolic rewiring in proliferative cancer cells is already being applied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, but our knowledge of quiescent cell metabolism—relevant for CLL cells—is still fragmentary. Recently, we reported that glutamine metabolism in primary CLL cells bearing the del11q deletion is different from their del11q negative counterparts, making del11q cells especially sensitive to glutaminase and glycolysis inhibitors. In this work, we used our primary CLL lymphocyte bank and compounds interfering with central carbon metabolism to define metabolic traits associated with ibrutinib resistance. We observe a differential basal metabolite uptake linked to ibrutinib resistance, favoring glutamine uptake and catabolism. Upon ibrutinib treatment, the redox balance in ibrutinib resistant cells is shifted toward NADPH accumulation, without an increase in glutamine uptake, suggesting alternative metabolic rewiring such as the activation of fatty acid oxidation. In accordance to this idea, the curtailing of fatty acid oxidation by CPT1 inhibition (etomoxir) re-sensitized resistant cells to ibrutinib. Our results suggest that fatty acid oxidation could be explored as a target to overcome ibrutinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Galicia-Vázquez
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Bajerski F, Stock J, Hanf B, Darienko T, Heine-Dobbernack E, Lorenz M, Naujox L, Keller ERJ, Schumacher HM, Friedl T, Eberth S, Mock HP, Kniemeyer O, Overmann J. ATP Content and Cell Viability as Indicators for Cryostress Across the Diversity of Life. Front Physiol 2018; 9:921. [PMID: 30065659 PMCID: PMC6056685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In many natural environments, organisms get exposed to low temperature and/or to strong temperature shifts. Also, standard preservation protocols for live cells or tissues involve ultradeep freezing in or above liquid nitrogen (-196°C or -150°C, respectively). To which extent these conditions cause cold- or cryostress has rarely been investigated systematically. Using ATP content as an indicator of the physiological state of cells, we found that representatives of bacteria, fungi, algae, plant tissue, as well as plant and human cell lines exhibited similar responses during freezing and thawing. Compared to optimum growth conditions, the cellular ATP content of most model organisms decreased significantly upon treatment with cryoprotectant and cooling to up to -196°C. After thawing and a longer period of regeneration, the initial ATP content was restored or even exceeded the initial ATP levels. To assess the implications of cellular ATP concentration for the physiology of cryostress, cell viability was determined in parallel using independent approaches. A significantly positive correlation of ATP content and viability was detected only in the cryosensitive algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SAG 11-32b and Chlorella variabilis NC64A, and in plant cell lines of Solanum tuberosum. When comparing mesophilic with psychrophilic bacteria of the same genera, and cryosensitive with cryotolerant algae, ATP levels of actively growing cells were generally higher in the psychrophilic and cryotolerant representatives. During exposure to ultralow temperatures, however, psychrophilic and cryotolerant species showed a decline in ATP content similar to their mesophilic or cryosensitive counterparts. Nevertheless, psychrophilic and cryotolerant species attained better culturability after freezing. Cellular ATP concentrations and viability measurements thus monitor different features of live cells during their exposure to ultralow temperatures and cryostress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizitas Bajerski
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johanna Stock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hanf
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. - Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, University of Göttingen (EPSAG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Heine-Dobbernack
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maike Lorenz
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, University of Göttingen (EPSAG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Naujox
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E R J Keller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - H M Schumacher
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, University of Göttingen (EPSAG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Eberth
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. - Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Rowlands J, Cruzat V, Carlessi R, Newsholme P. Insulin and IGF-1 receptor autocrine loops are not required for Exendin-4 induced changes to pancreatic β-cell bioenergetic parameters and metabolism in BRIN-BD11 cells. Peptides 2018; 100:140-149. [PMID: 29412813 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological long lasting Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, such as Exendin-4, have become widely used diabetes therapies. Chronic GLP-1R stimulation has been linked to β-cell protection and these pro-survival actions of GLP-1 are dependent on the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) leading to accumulation of Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Recent studies from our lab indicate that prolonged GLP-1R stimulation promotes metabolic reprograming of β-cells towards a highly glycolytic phenotype and activation of the mTOR/HIF-1α pathway was required for this action. We hypothesised that GLP-1 induced metabolic changes depend on the activation of mTOR and HIF-1α, in a cascade that occurs after triggering of a potential Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) or the Insulin receptor (IR) autocrine loops. Loss of function of these receptors, through the use of small interfering RNA, or neutralizing antibodies directed towards their products, was undertaken in conjunction with functional assays. Neither of these strategies mitigated the effect of GLP-1 on glucose uptake, protein expression or bioenergetic flux. Our data indicates that activation of IGF-1R and/or the IR autocrine loops resulting in β-cell protection and function, involve mechanisms independent to the enhanced metabolic effects resulting from sustained GLP-1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rowlands
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Bldg 305, Rm 135 - CHIRI, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Bldg 305, Rm 135 - CHIRI, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Bldg 305, Rm 135 - CHIRI, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Bldg 305, Rm 135 - CHIRI, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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Drabsch T, Holzapfel C, Stecher L, Petzold J, Skurk T, Hauner H. Associations Between C-Reactive Protein, Insulin Sensitivity, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults: A Mediator Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:556. [PMID: 30294302 PMCID: PMC6158372 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Long-term positive energy balance promotes the development of obesity, a main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While an association between increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) was shown previously, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of the mediator analysis was to investigate the role of inflammation within the association between RMR and IS. Methods: Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected according to standard operating procedures. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as an IS parameter and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured to represent the inflammatory status. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: The analysis included 782 adults (517 females) with a mean age of 32.4 ± 12.0 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.6 ± 5.2 kg/m2. Regression analysis indicated a significant evidence for associations between RMR and HOMA-IR (ß = 39.3 ± 7.3 kcal/d; p ≤ 0.001) and CRP and HOMA-IR (ß = 0.5 ± 0.1; p ≤ 0.001) after adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, and study site. Results of the mediator analysis did not support the hypothesis that CRP is a mediator for the association between RMR and HOMA-IR. These results did not change after participant stratification according to sex or BMI. Conclusion: A significant evidence for an association between RMR and IS was shown in a large cohort. However, the inflammatory status, determined via CRP levels, was not a mediator within this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Drabsch
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Holzapfel
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Petzold
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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McGonigle TA, Dwyer AR, Greenland EL, Scott NM, Carter KW, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Goodridge HS, Pixley FJ, Hart PH. Reticulon-1 and Reduced Migration toward Chemoattractants by Macrophages Differentiated from the Bone Marrow of Ultraviolet-Irradiated and Ultraviolet-Chimeric Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:260-270. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Optimizing recovery of frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for flow cytometry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187440. [PMID: 29091947 PMCID: PMC5665600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Live peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be frozen and thawed for later analyses by adding and removing a cryoprotectant, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Laboratories across the world use various procedures, but published evidence of optimal thawing procedures is scarce. Materials and methods PBMCs were separated from blood collected from healthy Danish blood donors, and stored at -80°C after adding of DMSO. The essential steps in the thawing procedure were modified and performance was evaluated by flow cytometry with respect to the percentage and total yield of viable PMBCs. Results The best-performing washing medium was Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 at 37°C with 20% fetal bovine serum. When using 10 mL washing medium in a 15-mL Falcon tube, samples should be centrifuged for at least 10 minutes at 500 g. We failed to detect any differences between the tested methods of mixing PBMCs with washing medium. Likewise, neither the thawing duration nor centrifugation temperature (20°C and 37°C) had any effect. PBMCs could be incubated (rested) for up to eight hours in a 37°C 5% CO2 incubator without affecting cell counts, but incubating PBMCs for 16 hours significantly decreased viability and recovery. In general, high viability was not necessarily associated with high recovery. Conclusion Changing the thawing procedure significantly impacted PBMC viability and live cell recovery. Evaluating both viability and live PBMC recovery are necessary to evaluate method performance. Investigation of differential loss of PBMC subtypes and phenotypic changes during thawing and incubation requires further evaluation.
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Key Issues Related to Cryopreservation and Storage of Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: Protecting Biological Integrity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 951:1-12. [PMID: 27837550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation and biobanking of stem cells are becoming increasingly important as stem cell technology and application attract the interest of industry, academic research, healthcare and patient organisations. Stem cell are already being used in the treatment of some diseases and it is anticipated that stem cell therapy will play a central role in future medicine. Similarly, the discovery of both hematopoietic and solid tumor stem cells and their clinical relevance have profoundly altered paradigms for cancer research as the cancer stem cells are considered promising new targets against cancer. Consequently, long-term cryopreservation and banking of normal and malignant stem cells is crucial and will inevitably become a routine procedure that requires highly regulated and safe methods of specimen storage. There is, however, an increasing amount of evidence showing contradictory results on the impact of cryopreservation and thawing of stem cells, including extensive physical and biological stresses, apoptosis and necrosis, mitochondrial injuries, changes to basal respiration and ATP production, cellular structural damage, telomere shortening and cellular senescence, and DNA damage and oxidative stress. Notably, cell surface proteins that play a major role in stem cell fate and are used as the biomarkers of stem cells are more vulnerable to cold stress than other proteins. There are also data supporting the alteration in some biological features and genetic integrity at the molecular level of the post-thawed stem cells. This article reviews the current and future challenges of cryopreservation of stem cells and stresses the need for further rigorous research on the methodologies for freezing and utilizing cancer stem cells following long-term storage.
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23
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McGonigle TA, Keane KN, Ghaly S, Carter KW, Anderson D, Scott NM, Goodridge HS, Dwyer A, Greenland E, Pixley FJ, Newsholme P, Hart PH. UV Irradiation of Skin Enhances Glycolytic Flux and Reduces Migration Capabilities in Bone Marrow-Differentiated Dendritic Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2046-2059. [PMID: 28708972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A systemic immunosuppression follows UV irradiation of the skin of humans and mice. In this study, dendritic cells (DCs) differentiating from the bone marrow (BM) of UV-irradiated mice had a reduced ability to migrate toward the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21. Fewer DCs also accumulated in the peritoneal cavity of UV-chimeric mice (ie, mice transplanted with BM from UV-irradiated mice) after injection of an inflammatory stimulus into that site. We hypothesized that different metabolic states underpin altered DC motility. Compared with DCs from the BM of nonirradiated mice, those from UV-irradiated mice produced more lactate, consumed more glucose, and had greater glycolytic flux in a bioenergetics stress test. Greater expression of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase was identified as a potential contributor to increased glycolysis. Inhibition of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase by 6-chloro-dl-tryptophan prevented both increased lactate production and reduced migration toward chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 by DCs differentiated from BM of UV-irradiated mice. UV-induced prostaglandin E2 has been implicated as an intermediary in the effects of UV radiation on BM cells. DCs differentiating from BM cells pulsed in vitro for 2 hours with dimethyl prostaglandin E2 were functionally similar to those from the BM of UV-irradiated mice. Reduced migration of DCs to lymph nodes associated with increased glycolytic flux may contribute to their reduced ability to initiate new immune responses in UV-irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence A McGonigle
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Ghaly
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kim W Carter
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eloise Greenland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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GLP-1 receptor signalling promotes β-cell glucose metabolism via mTOR-dependent HIF-1α activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2661. [PMID: 28572610 PMCID: PMC5454020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in a glucose dependent manner. Several pathways mediate this action by rapid, kinase phosphorylation-dependent, but gene expression-independent mechanisms. Since GLP-1-induced insulin secretion requires glucose metabolism, we aimed to address the hypothesis that GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signalling can modulate glucose uptake and utilization in β-cells. We have assessed various metabolic parameters after short and long exposure of clonal BRIN-BD11 β-cells and rodent islets to the GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 (50 nM). Here we report for the first time that prolonged stimulation of the GLP-1R for 18 hours promotes metabolic reprogramming of β-cells. This is evidenced by up-regulation of glycolytic enzyme expression, increased rates of glucose uptake and consumption, as well as augmented ATP content, insulin secretion and glycolytic flux after removal of Exendin-4. In our model, depletion of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) impaired the effects of Exendin-4 on glucose metabolism, while pharmacological inhibition of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or mTOR completely abolished such effects. Considering the central role of glucose catabolism for stimulus-secretion coupling in β-cells, our findings suggest that chronic GLP-1 actions on insulin secretion include elevated β-cell glucose metabolism. Moreover, our data reveal novel aspects of GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion involving de novo gene expression.
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Winter to summer change in vitamin D status reduces systemic inflammation and bioenergetic activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Redox Biol 2017; 12:814-820. [PMID: 28441630 PMCID: PMC5406546 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D status [25(OH)D] has recently been reported to be associated with altered cellular bioenergetic profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). No study has tracked the seasonal variation of 25(OH)D and its putative influence on whole body energy metabolism, cellular bioenergetic profiles, inflammatory markers and clinical chemistry. Material and methods Whole body energy metabolism and substrate utilisation were measured by indirect calorimetry. PBMCs obtained from the same subjects were isolated from whole blood, counted and freshly seeded. Bioenergetic analysis (mitochondrial stress test and glycolysis stress test) was performed using the Seahorse XFe96 flux analyser. 25(OH)D was assessed using the Architect immunoassay method. Results 25(OH)D increased by a median (IQR) of 14.40 (20.13) nmol/L (p<0.001) from winter to summer and was accompanied by significant improvements in indices of insulin sensitivity, McAuley's index (p=0.019) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (p=0.028). PBMC mitochondrial parameters basal respiration, non-mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, proton leak, and maximal respiration decreased in summer compared to winter. Similarly, PBMC glycolytic parameters glycolytic activity, glucose response, and glycolytic capacity were all reduced in summer compared to winter. There was also a trend for absolute resting metabolic rate (RMR) to decrease (p=0.066). Markers of systemic inflammation MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70 decreased significantly in summer compared to winter. Participants who entered winter with a low 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L), had the greatest alteration in bioenergetic parameters in summer, relative to those with winter 25(OH)D concentrations of 50–75 nmol/L or >75 nmol/L. The absolute change in 25(OH)D was not associated with altered bioenergetics. Conclusion Seasonal improvements in 25(OH)D was associated with reduced systemic inflammation, PBMC bioenergetic profiles and whole body energy metabolism. These observational changes in PBMC bioenergetics were most pronounced in those who had insufficient 25(OH)D in winter. The data warrants confirmation through cause and effect study designs. Inflammation and clinical biochemistry improved in summer versus winter. Seasonal improvements in 25(OH)D modulated the bioenergetic profile of PBMCs. Maintaining 25(OH)D >50 nmol/L may be important for bioenergetic function.
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Keane KN, Calton EK, Carlessi R, Hart PH, Newsholme P. The bioenergetics of inflammation: insights into obesity and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:904-912. [PMID: 28402325 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders worldwide, and its incidence in Asian countries is alarmingly high. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is closely associated with obesity, and the staggering rise in obesity is one of the primary factors related to the increased frequency of T2DM. Low-grade chronic inflammation is also accepted as an integral metabolic adaption in obesity and T2DM, and is believed to be a major player in the onset of insulin resistance. However, the exact mechanism(s) that cause a persistent chronic low-grade infiltration of leukocytes into insulin-target tissues such as adipose, skeletal muscle and liver are not entirely known. Recent developments in the understanding of leukocyte metabolism have revealed that the inflammatory polarization of immune cells, and consequently their immunological function, are strongly connected to their metabolic profile. Therefore, it is hypothesized that dysfunctional immune cell metabolism is a central cellular mechanism that prevents the resolution of inflammation in chronic metabolic conditions such as that observed in obesity and T2DM. The purpose of this review is to explore the metabolic demands of different immune cell types, and identify the molecular switches that control immune cell metabolism and ultimately function. Understanding of these concepts may allow the development of interventions that can correct immune function and may possibly decrease chronic low-grade inflammation in humans suffering from obesity and T2DM. We also review the latest clinical techniques used to measure metabolic flux in primary leukocytes isolated from obese and T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E K Calton
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Carlessi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Newsholme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Jang DH, Kelly M, Hardy K, Lambert DS, Shofer FS, Eckmann DM. A preliminary study in the alterations of mitochondrial respiration in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning measured in blood cells. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:579-584. [PMID: 28489460 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1288912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas responsible for poisoning mortality and morbidity in the United States. At this time, there is no reliable method to predict the severity of poisoning or clinical prognosis following CO exposure. Whole blood cells, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and platelets, have been explored for their potential use to act as sensitive biomarkers for mitochondrial dysfunction which may have a role in CO poisoning. DESIGN The objective of this study was to measure mitochondrial respiration using intact cells obtained from patients exposed to CO as a potential biomarker for mitochondrial inhibition with results that can be obtained in a time frame useful for guiding clinical care. This was a prospective, observational pilot study performed from July 2015 to July 2016 at a single academic tertiary care center that is the location of the region's only multi chamber hyperbaric. MEASUREMENTS Clinical characteristics, patient demographics, mitochondrial respiration and outcomes were recorded. MAIN RESULTS There were 7 patients enrolled with a mean COHb level 26.8 ± 10 and with a mean lactate of 1.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L. All 7 CO exposures were related to heat generators used during winter months with two deaths. There was a positive correlation between maximal respiration and COHb levels with both high maximal respiration and high spare respiratory capacity correlating with a high COHb level. There was a subset of PBMCs (n = 4) that were analyzed for Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) activity. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, measurements can be performed in an appropriate timeline for clinical care with potential to serve as a prognostic marker. Further work is necessary to develop high-resolution respirometry as a clinical tool for assessing the severity of illness and guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jang
- a Division of Medical Toxicology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Matthew Kelly
- b Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Kevin Hardy
- b Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David S Lambert
- b Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Frances S Shofer
- c Department of Emergency Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- d Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute for Medicine and Engineering , Cardiovascular Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Department of Bioengineering , Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Nicholas D, Proctor EA, Raval FM, Ip BC, Habib C, Ritou E, Grammatopoulos TN, Steenkamp D, Dooms H, Apovian CM, Lauffenburger DA, Nikolajczyk BS. Advances in the quantification of mitochondrial function in primary human immune cells through extracellular flux analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170975. [PMID: 28178278 PMCID: PMC5298256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies show that mitochondrial energy generation determines the effectiveness of immune responses. Furthermore, changes in mitochondrial function may regulate lymphocyte function in inflammatory diseases like type 2 diabetes. Analysis of lymphocyte mitochondrial function has been facilitated by introduction of 96-well format extracellular flux (XF96) analyzers, but the technology remains imperfect for analysis of human lymphocytes. Limitations in XF technology include the lack of practical protocols for analysis of archived human cells, and inadequate data analysis tools that require manual quality checks. Current analysis tools for XF outcomes are also unable to automatically assess data quality and delete untenable data from the relatively high number of biological replicates needed to power complex human cell studies. The objectives of work presented herein are to test the impact of common cellular manipulations on XF outcomes, and to develop and validate a new automated tool that objectively analyzes a virtually unlimited number of samples to quantitate mitochondrial function in immune cells. We present significant improvements on previous XF analyses of primary human cells that will be absolutely essential to test the prediction that changes in immune cell mitochondrial function and fuel sources support immune dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases like type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequina Nicholas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Forum M. Raval
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Blanche C. Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chloe Habib
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eleni Ritou
- BioEnergetics LLC, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Devin Steenkamp
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify relationships between insulin resistance (IR) and mitochondrial respiration in perinatally HIV-infected youth. DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Mitochondrial respiration was assessed in perinatally HIV-infected youth in Tanner stages 2-5, 25 youth with IR (IR+) and 50 without IR (IR-) who were enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study. IR was defined as a homeostatic model of assessment for IR value at least 4.0. A novel, high-throughput oximetry method was used to evaluate cellular respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Unadjusted and adjusted differences in mitochondrial respiration markers between IR+ and IR- were evaluated, as were correlations between mitochondrial respiration markers and biochemical measurements. RESULTS IR+ and IR- youth were similar on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Mean age was 16.5 and 15.6 years in IR+ and IR-, respectively. The IR+ group had significantly higher mean BMI and metabolic analytes (fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and venous lactate and pyruvate) compared with the IR-. Mitochondrial respiration markers were, on average, lower in the IR+ compared with IR-, including basal respiration (417.5 vs. 597.5 pmol, P = 0.074), ATP production (11 513 vs. 15 202 pmol, P = 0.078), proton leak (584.6 vs. 790.0 pmol, P = 0.033), maximal respiration (1815 vs. 2399 pmol, P = 0.025), and spare respiration capacity (1162 vs. 2017 pmol, P = 0.032). Nonmitochondrial respiration did not differ by IR status. The results did not change when adjusted for age. CONCLUSION HIV-infected youth with IR have lower mitochondrial respiration markers when compared to youth without IR. Disordered mitochondrial respiration may be a potential mechanism for IR in this population.
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Prevailing vitamin D status influences mitochondrial and glycolytic bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from adults. Redox Biol 2016; 10:243-250. [PMID: 27816874 PMCID: PMC5097975 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are exposed to metabolic and immunological stimuli that influence their functionality. We hypothesized that prevailing vitamin D status [25(OH)D] would modulate the bioenergetic profile of PBMCs derived from humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS 38 participants (16 males, 22 females) ranging in body fat from 14-51% were studied. PBMCs were isolated from whole blood, counted and freshly seeded for bioenergetic analysis using the Seahorse XFe96 flux analyser. Whole body energy metabolism via indirect calorimetry, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and relevant clinical biochemistry were measured. Data was analysed based on 25(OH)D cut-offs of <50nmol/L (Group 1, n=12), 50-75nmol/L (Group 2, n=15) and ≥75nmol/L (Group 3, n=11). A multivariate general linear model adjusting for age, fat mass, fat-free mass, parathyroid hormone and insulin sensitivity was used. RESULTS There were significant differences in cellular mitochondrial function between groups. Group 1 had significantly higher basal respiration (p=0.001), non-mitochondrial respiration (p=0.009), ATP production (p=0.001), proton leak (p=0.018), background glycolysis (p=0.023) and glycolytic reserve (p=0.039) relative to either Group 2 or Group 3; the latter two did not differ on any measures. There were no differences in bioenergetic health index (BHI), resting metabolic rates and systemic inflammatory markers between groups. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate vitamin D status adversely influenced bioenergetic parameters of PBMCs obtained from adults, in a pattern consistent with increased oxidative metabolism and activation of these cells.
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Calton EK, Pathak K, Soares MJ, Alfonso H, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Cummings NK, Chan She Ping-Delfos W, Hamidi A. Vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity are novel predictors of resting metabolic rate: a cross-sectional analysis in Australian adults. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2075-80. [PMID: 26306671 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for two-thirds of the total energy expenditure in sedentary individuals. After accounting for traditional factors, there still remains a considerable unexplained variance in RMR. There is a pandemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) which coexists with a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of vitamin D status, insulin sensitivity (IS) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) on RMR in Australian adults. METHODS RMR, respiratory quotient (RQ), McAuley's insulin sensitivity index, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and vitamin D status were assessed in Australian adults. The presence of MetS was evaluated by current standard criteria. Predictors of RMR were examined through multiple linear regression based on stepwise and backward regression approaches with attention to multi-collinearity. All analyses were conducted on SPSS version 21. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-seven participants (45 men, 82 women), aged 53.4 ± 11.7 years and BMI 31.9 ± 5.2 kg/m(2), were included. Forty-one subjects were insufficient in vitamin D status (<50 nmol/L), and 75 participants had the MetS. A parsimonious regression model explained 85.8 % of RMR and was given by: RMR (kJ/d) = 1931 + 83.5 × FFM (kg) + 29.5 × FM (kg) + 5.65 × 25(OH)D (nmol/L) - 17.6 × age (years) - 57.51 × IS. CONCLUSION Vitamin D status and IS are novel independent predictors of RMR in adults. Future studies could validate a causal role for these factors in human energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Calton
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Metabolic Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - K Pathak
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Metabolic Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - M J Soares
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Metabolic Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - H Alfonso
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - K N Keane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - P Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - N K Cummings
- Optimal Nutrition and Exercise, St John of God Medical Clinic and Wexford Medical Centre, 100 Murdoch Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - W Chan She Ping-Delfos
- General Practice and Primary Care Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mount Street, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
| | - A Hamidi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute-Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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Jones N, Piasecka J, Bryant AH, Jones RH, Skibinski DOF, Francis NJ, Thornton CA. Bioenergetic analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:69-80. [PMID: 26032049 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes respond rapidly to pathogenic and other insults, with responses ranging from cytokine production to migration and phagocytosis. These are bioenergetically expensive, and increased glycolytic flux provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rapidly to support these essential functions. However, much of this work is from animal studies. To understand more clearly the relative role of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in human leucocytes, especially their utility in a translational research setting, we undertook a study of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) bioenergetics. Glycolysis was essential during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, as 2-deoxy-D-glucose decreased significantly the output of all three cytokines. After optimizing cell numbers and the concentrations of all activators and inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis profiles of fresh and cryopreserved/resuscitated MNCs were determined to explore the utility of MNCs for determining the bioenergetics health profile in multiple clinical settings. While the LPS-induced cytokine response did not differ significantly between fresh and resuscitated cells from the same donors, cryopreservation/resuscitation significantly affected mainly some measures of oxidative phosphorylation, but also glycolysis. Bioenergetics analysis of human MNCs provides a quick, effective means to measure the bioenergetics health index of many individuals, but cryopreserved cells are not suitable for such an analysis. The translational utility of this approach was tested by comparing MNCs of pregnant and non-pregnant women to reveal increased bioenergetics health index with pregnancy but significantly reduced basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. More detailed analysis of discrete leucocyte populations would be required to understand the relative roles of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during inflammation and other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J Piasecka
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A H Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R H Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D O F Skibinski
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nigel J Francis
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Calton EK, Keane KN, Soares MJ. The potential regulatory role of vitamin D in the bioenergetics of inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:367-73. [PMID: 26049634 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The extraskeletal health benefits of vitamin D still need scientific endorsement. Obesity and related chronic diseases are pathogenically linked by inflammation, which carries a considerable energetic cost. Recent techniques for the determination of the bioenergetic demand of inflammation, offer an avenue to cement the regulatory role of vitamin D in this process. RECENT FINDINGS Nuclear vitamin D receptors may be translocated into mitochondria of certain cell types, opening up a pathway for direct action on cellular bioenergetics. Classical M1 (inflammatory)/M2(anti-inflammatory) phenotypes can vary with the clinical context. M2 macrophages do not always depend on oxidative metabolism/fatty acid oxidation. Newer methodologies offer real-time bioenergetic measurements that can be used as an index of metabolic health. SUMMARY Vitamin D may prove to be a therapeutic agent for inflammation of chronic disease and understanding its role in cellular bioenergetics may offer a diagnostic/prognostic indicator of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Calton
- aSchool of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease bSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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