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Saxena R, Gottlin EB, Campa MJ, Bushey RT, Guo J, Patz EF, He YW. Complement factor H: a novel innate immune checkpoint in cancer immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1302490. [PMID: 38389705 PMCID: PMC10883309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1302490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The elimination of cancer cells critically depends on the immune system. However, cancers have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms to evade immune monitoring, leading to tumor progression. Complement factor H (CFH), predominately known for its function in inhibiting the alternative pathway of the complement system, has recently been identified as an important innate immunological checkpoint in cancer. CFH-mediated immunosuppression enhances tumor cells' ability to avoid immune recognition and produce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review explores the molecular underpinnings, interactions with immune cells, clinical consequences, and therapeutic possibilities of CFH as an innate immune checkpoint in cancer control. The difficulties and opportunities of using CFH as a target in cancer immunotherapy are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Saxena
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Gottlin
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael J Campa
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ryan T Bushey
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edward F Patz
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Pant S, Wainberg ZA, Weekes CD, Furqan M, Kasi PM, Devoe CE, Leal AD, Chung V, Basturk O, VanWyk H, Tavares AM, Seenappa LM, Perry JR, Kheoh T, McNeil LK, Welkowsky E, DeMuth PC, Haqq CM, O'Reilly EM. Lymph-node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: the phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:531-542. [PMID: 38195752 PMCID: PMC10878978 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic and colorectal cancers are often KRAS mutated and are incurable when tumor DNA or protein persists or recurs after curative intent therapy. Cancer vaccine ELI-002 2P enhances lymph node delivery and immune response using amphiphile (Amph) modification of G12D and G12R mutant KRAS (mKRAS) peptides (Amph-Peptides-2P) together with CpG oligonucleotide adjuvant (Amph-CpG-7909). We treated 25 patients (20 pancreatic and five colorectal) who were positive for minimal residual mKRAS disease (ctDNA and/or serum tumor antigen) after locoregional treatment in a phase 1 study of fixed-dose Amph-Peptides-2P and ascending-dose Amph-CpG-7909; study enrollment is complete with patient follow-up ongoing. Primary endpoints included safety and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). The secondary endpoint was tumor biomarker response (longitudinal ctDNA or tumor antigen), with exploratory endpoints including immunogenicity and relapse-free survival (RFS). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and the RP2D was 10.0 mg of Amph-CpG-7909. Direct ex vivo mKRAS-specific T cell responses were observed in 21 of 25 patients (84%; 59% both CD4+ and CD8+); tumor biomarker responses were observed in 21 of 25 patients (84%); biomarker clearance was observed in six of 25 patients (24%; three pancreatic and three colorectal); and the median RFS was 16.33 months. Efficacy correlated with T cell responses above or below the median fold increase over baseline (12.75-fold): median tumor biomarker reduction was -76.0% versus -10.2% (P < 0.0014), and the median RFS was not reached versus 4.01 months (hazard ratio = 0.14; P = 0.0167). ELI-002 2P was safe and induced considerable T cell responses in patients with immunotherapy-recalcitrant KRAS-mutated tumors. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04853017 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Pant
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexis D Leal
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Olca Basturk
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Bou-Dargham MJ, Sha L, Sarker DB, Krakora-Compagno MZ, Chen Z, Zhang J, Sang QXA. TCGA RNA-Seq and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Imaging Data Reveal Cold Tumor Signatures of Invasive Ductal Carcinomas and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Human Breast Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119355. [PMID: 37298307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of immune-active hot and immune-deserted cold tumors are critical for identifying therapeutic targets and strategies to improve immunotherapy outcomes in cancer patients. Tumors with high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are likely to respond to immunotherapy. We used the human breast cancer RNA-seq data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and classified them into hot and cold tumors based on their lymphocyte infiltration scores. We compared the immune profiles of hot and cold tumors, their corresponding normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT), and normal breast tissues from healthy individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Cold tumors showed a significantly lower effector T cells, lower levels of antigen presentation, higher pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages, and higher expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness-associated genes. Hot/cold dichotomy was further tested using TIL maps and H&E whole-slide pathology images from the cancer imaging archive (TCIA). Analysis of both datasets revealed that infiltrating ductal carcinoma and estrogen receptor ER-positive tumors were significantly associated with cold features. However, only TIL map analysis indicated lobular carcinomas as cold tumors and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) as hot tumors. Thus, RNA-seq data may be clinically relevant to tumor immune signatures when the results are supported by pathological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayassa J Bou-Dargham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Linlin Sha
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Drishty B Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Zhui Chen
- Abbisko Therapeutics, Shanghai 200100, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Macrophage and Neutrophil Interactions in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Drive the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010194. [PMID: 35008355 PMCID: PMC8750413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The survival rates for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are very low. This dismal prognosis is due in part to late detection and early development of metastases, and successful treatments for pancreatic adenocarcinoma are also lacking. One potential method of treatment is immunotherapy, which has been successfully implemented in several cancers. Despite success in other cancer types, there has been little progress in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. To understand these shortcomings, we explore the roles of macrophages and neutrophils, two prominent immune cell types in the pancreatic tumor environment. In this review, we discuss how macrophages and neutrophils lead to the harsh environment that is unique to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We further explore how these immune cells can impact standard of care therapies and decrease their effectiveness. Macrophages and neutrophils could ultimately be targeted to improve outcomes for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Abstract Despite modest improvements in survival in recent years, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a deadly disease with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. These poor outcomes are driven by failure of early detection, treatment resistance, and propensity for early metastatic spread. Uncovering innovative therapeutic modalities to target the resistance mechanisms that make pancreatic cancer largely incurable are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the immune composition of pancreatic tumors, including the counterintuitive fact that there is a significant inflammatory immune infiltrate in pancreatic cancer yet anti-tumor mechanisms are subverted and immune behaviors are suppressed. Here, we emphasize how immune cell interactions generate tumor progression and treatment resistance. We narrow in on tumor macrophage (TAM) spatial arrangement, polarity/function, recruitment, and origin to introduce a concept where interactions with tumor neutrophils (TAN) perpetuate the microenvironment. The sequelae of macrophage and neutrophil activities contributes to tumor remodeling, fibrosis, hypoxia, and progression. We also discuss immune mechanisms driving resistance to standard of care modalities. Finally, we describe a cadre of treatment targets, including those intended to overcome TAM and TAN recruitment and function, to circumvent barriers presented by immune infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Bocchialini G, Lagrasta C, Madeddu D, Mazzaschi G, Marturano D, Sogni F, Silini EM, Gnetti L, Becchi G, Rusca M, Carbognani P, Ventura L, Braggio C, Tiseo M, Quaini F, Ampollini L. Spatial architecture of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes as a prognostic parameter in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 58:619-628. [PMID: 32267920 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are critically implicated in the clinical outcome and response to immunotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The functional competence of lymphocyte subpopulations is strongly conditioned by their spatial arrangement within the tumour immune microenvironment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the tissue localization of specific TIL subpopulations might have an impact on the risk of recurrence in surgically resected NSCLC. METHODS High-speed scanning of whole slide images was performed on immunohistochemically stained tissue sections from 97 NSCLC patients to assess the number and ratio of CD3+, CD8+ and PD-1+ T-lymphocytes. TIL distribution was computed considering the intratumoural (proximal or distal) and peripheral (invasive margin) localization as well as their location within the fibrotic tissue (immune excluded). The tumour proliferative index was assessed by Ki67 labelling. The impact of TILs number and distribution on clinical-pathological characteristics and outcomes were statistically analysed. RESULTS High density and percentage of proximal CD8+ TILs and low PD-1-to-CD8 ratio had a positive impact on disease-free-survival (P = 0.03) and overall survival (P = 0.003). An inverse correlation was observed between the abundance of intratumoural CD8+ TILs carrying PD-1 inhibitory receptor and cancer cell proliferation. Cases with high compared to low fraction of immune excluded CD8+ TILs had significantly reduced 5-year overall survival (n events: 22 vs 12; P = 0.04) and disease-free survival (n events: 24 vs 16; P = 0.03) rates while the amount of CD3+ and CD8+ TILs located at the invasive margin had a favourable effect on the clinical course. CONCLUSIONS Mapping TIL subpopulations may implement the definition of prognostic parameters in surgically resected NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bocchialini
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Lagrasta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Madeddu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzaschi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Marturano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sogni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Silini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Letizia Gnetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Becchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Rusca
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Ventura
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cesare Braggio
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Kaur J, Mir T, Gill R, Duong J, Marcus S, Khan R. Immunotherapeutic approach for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:767-782. [PMID: 33910383 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Most of the patients' presentation is in advanced stages and remains resistant to currently available standard therapies. An in-depth understanding of PDAC's pathogenesis has shown that immunotherapy could bring about a revolution in the treatment response. Immunotherapy in PDAC appears promising in preclinical studies but failed to show benefits in clinical studies. These novel agents' therapeutic failure can be attributed to multiple variables including the tumor microenvironment, early metastasis, tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapy. There is a need to develop biomarkers for the patient's stratification and provide individualized treatment to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA
| | - Tanveer Mir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randip Gill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA
| | - Jacky Duong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA
| | - Sapna Marcus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Bathinda, India
| | - Rafiullah Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Ahmad IM, Dafferner AJ, O’Connell KA, Mehla K, Britigan BE, Hollingsworth MA, Abdalla MY. Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibition Potentiates the Effects of Nab-Paclitaxel-Gemcitabine and Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2264. [PMID: 34066839 PMCID: PMC8125955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Tumor hypoxia plays an active role in promoting tumor progression, malignancy, and resistance to therapy in PDAC. We present evidence that nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine (NPG) and/or a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) up-regulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), providing a survival advantage for tumors. Using PDAC cells in vitro and a PDAC mouse model, we found that NPG chemotherapy up-regulated expression of HO-1 in PDAC cells and increased its nuclear translocation. Inhibition of HO-1 with ZnPP and SnPP sensitized PDAC cells to NPG-induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) and increased apoptosis (p < 0.05). Additionally, HO-1 expression was increased in gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells (p < 0.05), and HO-1 inhibition increased GEM-resistant PDAC sensitivity to NPG (p < 0.05). NPG combined with HO-1 inhibitor inhibited tumor size in an orthotopic model. In parallel, HO-1 inhibition abrogated the influx of macrophages and FoxP3+ cells, while increasing the proportion of CD8+ infiltration in the pancreatic tumors. These effects were mediated primarily by reducing expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Ahmad
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Alicia J. Dafferner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Kelly A. O’Connell
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (K.A.O.); (K.M.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (K.A.O.); (K.M.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Bradley E. Britigan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Nebraska Western Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (K.A.O.); (K.M.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Maher Y. Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
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Saka D, Gökalp M, Piyade B, Cevik NC, Arik Sever E, Unutmaz D, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE, Asimgil H. Mechanisms of T-Cell Exhaustion in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082274. [PMID: 32823814 PMCID: PMC7464444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon that represents the dysfunctional state of T cells in chronic infections and cancer and is closely associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. The endogenous T-cell immunity and genetically edited cell therapies (CAR-T) failed to prevent tumor immune evasion. The effector T-cell activity is perturbed by an imbalance between inhibitory and stimulatory signals causing a reprogramming in metabolism and the high levels of multiple inhibitory receptors like programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), and Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag-3). Despite the efforts to neutralize inhibitory receptors by a single agent or combinatorial immune checkpoint inhibitors to boost effector function, PDAC remains unresponsive to these therapies, suggesting that multiple molecular mechanisms play a role in stimulating the exhaustion state of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Recent studies utilizing transcriptomics, mass cytometry, and epigenomics revealed a critical role of Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX) genes and TOX-associated pathways, driving T-cell exhaustion in chronic infection and cancer. Here, we will review recently defined molecular, genetic, and cellular factors that drive T-cell exhaustion in PDAC. We will also discuss the effects of available immune checkpoint inhibitors and the latest clinical trials targeting various molecular factors mediating T-cell exhaustion in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Saka
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Muazzez Gökalp
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Betül Piyade
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Nedim Can Cevik
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Elif Arik Sever
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA;
| | - Güralp O. Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: (G.O.C.); (I.E.D.); Tel.: +90-5320514424 (G.O.C.); +49-8941405868 (I.E.D.)
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.O.C.); (I.E.D.); Tel.: +90-5320514424 (G.O.C.); +49-8941405868 (I.E.D.)
| | - Hande Asimgil
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey; (D.S.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (N.C.C.); (E.A.S.); (H.A.)
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Wan Z, Dong Y, Wei M, Gao X, Yang G, Zhang J, Liu L. Exosomes in Tumor Immunotherapy: Mediator, Drug Carrier, and Prognostic Biomarker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000061. [PMID: 32700829 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
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Storz P, Crawford HC. Carcinogenesis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2072-2081. [PMID: 32199881 PMCID: PMC7282937 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the estimated time for development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is more than 20 years, PDAs are usually detected at late, metastatic stages. PDAs develop from duct-like cells through a multistep carcinogenesis process, from low-grade dysplastic lesions to carcinoma in situ and eventually to metastatic disease. This process involves gradual acquisition of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as changes in the pancreatic environment from a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that favors the development of early lesions, to a desmoplastic tumor microenvironment that is highly fibrotic and immune suppressive. This review discusses our current understanding of how PDA originates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, To whom correspondence should be addressed: Peter Storz, Mayo Clinic, Griffin Room 306, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224. Phone: (904) 953-6909, ; or Howard Crawford, University of Michigan, 4304 Rogel Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Phone: (734) 764-3815,
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Choueiry F, Torok M, Shakya R, Agrawal K, Deems A, Benner B, Hinton A, Shaffer J, Blaser BW, Noonan AM, Williams TM, Dillhoff M, Conwell DL, Hart PA, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Bai XF, Carson WE, Mace TA. CD200 promotes immunosuppression in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000189. [PMID: 32581043 PMCID: PMC7312341 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant challenge to overcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the profound systemic immunosuppression that renders this disease non-responsive to immunotherapy. Our supporting data provide evidence that CD200, a regulator of myeloid cell activity, is expressed in the PDAC microenvironment. Additionally, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) isolated from patients with PDAC express elevated levels of the CD200 receptor (CD200R). Thus, we hypothesize that CD200 expression in the PDAC microenvironment limits responses to immunotherapy by promoting expansion and activity of MDSC. METHODS Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine expression of CD200 in murine and human PDAC tissue. Flow cytometry was utilized to test for CD200R expression by immune populations in patient blood samples. In vivo antibody blocking of CD200 was conducted in subcutaneous MT-5 tumor-bearing mice and in a genetically engineered PDAC model (KPC-Brca2 mice). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with PDAC were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing. MDSC expansion assays were completed using healthy donor PBMC stimulated with IL-6/GM-CSF in the presence of recombinant CD200 protein. RESULTS We found expression of CD200 by human pancreatic cell lines (BxPC3, MiaPaca2, and PANC-1) as well as on primary epithelial pancreatic tumor cells and smooth muscle actin+ stromal cells. CD200R expression was found to be elevated on CD11b+CD33+HLA-DRlo/- MDSC immune populations from patients with PDAC (p=0.0106). Higher expression levels of CD200R were observed in CD15+ MDSC compared with CD14+ MDSC (p<0.001). In vivo studies demonstrated that CD200 antibody blockade limited tumor progression in MT-5 subcutaneous tumor-bearing and in KPC-Brca2 mice (p<0.05). The percentage of intratumoral MDSC was significantly reduced in anti-CD200 treated mice compared with controls. Additionally, in vivo blockade of CD200 can also significantly enhance the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint antibodies compared with single antibody therapies (p<0.05). Single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMC from patients revealed that CD200R+ MDSC expressed genes involved in cytokine signaling and MDSC expansion. Further, in vitro cytokine-driven expansion and the suppressive activity of human MDSC was enhanced when cocultured with recombinant CD200 protein. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CD200 expression in the PDAC microenvironment may regulate MDSC expansion and that targeting CD200 may enhance activity of checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Choueiry
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Molly Torok
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Reena Shakya
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kriti Agrawal
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Biomedical Science Undergaduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Anna Deems
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Brooke Benner
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jami Shaffer
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Bradley W Blaser
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Anne M Noonan
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Terence M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mary Dillhoff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - William E Carson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Thomas A Mace
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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13
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Crosstalk Between Immunity System Cells and Pancreas. Transformation of Stem Cells Used in the 3D Bioprinting Process as a Personalized Treatment Method for Type 1 Diabetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:13. [PMID: 32297019 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the pancreas are pivotal in understanding how and why β cells' damage causes problems with pancreas functioning. Pancreatic islets are crucial in maintaining glucose homeostasis in organs, tissue and cells. Autoimmune aggression towards pancreatic islets, mainly β cells, leads to type 1 diabetes-one of the most prevalent autoimmune disease in the world, being a worldwide risk to health of many people. In this review, we highlight the role of immune cells and its influence in the development of autoimmunity in Langerhans islets. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the immunological factors on future understanding possible recurrence of autoimmunity on 3D-bioprinted bionic pancreas.
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14
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Fan JQ, Wang MF, Chen HL, Shang D, Das JK, Song J. Current advances and outlooks in immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:32. [PMID: 32061257 PMCID: PMC7023714 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incurable cancer resistant to traditional treatments, although a limited number of early-stage patients can undergo radical resection. Immunotherapies for the treatment of haematological malignancies as well as solid tumours have been substantially improved over the past decades, and impressive results have been obtained in recent preclinical and clinical trials. However, PDAC is likely the exception because of its unique tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the PDAC TME and focus on the network of various tumour-infiltrating immune cells, outlining the current advances in PDAC immunotherapy and addressing the effect of the PDAC TME on immunotherapy. This review further explores the combinations of different therapies used to enhance antitumour efficacy or reverse immunodeficiencies and describes optimizable immunotherapeutic strategies for PDAC. The concordant combination of various treatments, such as targeting cancer cells and the stroma, reversing suppressive immune reactions and enhancing antitumour reactivity, may be the most promising approach for the treatment of PDAC. Traditional treatments, especially chemotherapy, may also be optimized for individual patients to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment for enhanced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qiao Fan
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hai-Long Chen
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jugal K. Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
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15
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Bazzichetto C, Conciatori F, Luchini C, Simionato F, Santoro R, Vaccaro V, Corbo V, Falcone I, Ferretti G, Cognetti F, Melisi D, Scarpa A, Ciuffreda L, Milella M. From Genetic Alterations to Tumor Microenvironment: The Ariadne's String in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020309. [PMID: 32012917 PMCID: PMC7072496 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The threatening notoriety of pancreatic cancer mainly arises from its negligible early diagnosis, highly aggressive progression, failure of conventional therapeutic options and consequent very poor prognosis. The most important driver genes of pancreatic cancer are the oncogene KRAS and the tumor suppressors TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. Although the presence of few drivers, several signaling pathways are involved in the oncogenesis of this cancer type, some of them with promising targets for precision oncology. Pancreatic cancer is recognized as one of immunosuppressive phenotype cancer: it is characterized by a fibrotic-desmoplastic stroma, in which there is an intensive cross-talk between several cellular (e.g., fibroblasts, myeloid cells, lymphocytes, endothelial, and myeloid cells) and acellular (collagen, fibronectin, and soluble factors) components. In this review; we aim to describe the current knowledge of the genetic/biological landscape of pancreatic cancer and the composition of its tumor microenvironment; in order to better direct in the intrinsic labyrinth of this complex tumor type. Indeed; disentangling the genetic and molecular characteristics of cancer cells and the environment in which they evolve may represent the crucial step towards more effective therapeutic strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bazzichetto
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-52665185
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Simionato
- Division of Oncology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Raffaela Santoro
- Medicine-Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Vanja Vaccaro
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (V.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Italia Falcone
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Gianluigi Ferretti
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (V.V.); (I.F.); (G.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Davide Melisi
- Medicine-Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (V.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Milella
- Division of Oncology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy; (F.S.); (M.M.)
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16
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Gao HF, Cheng CS, Tang J, Li Y, Chen H, Meng ZQ, Chen Z, Chen LY. CXCL9 chemokine promotes the progression of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma through STAT3-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte suppression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:502-517. [PMID: 31913856 PMCID: PMC6977695 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines play essential roles in the progression of various human cancers; however, the expression and role of CXC chemokines in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) have not yet been identified. The aim of this study is to identify the expression patterns, clinical significance and mechanisms of CXC chemokines in regulating tumour microenvironment of PAAD. Three CXC chemokines, including CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10, were significantly overexpressed in PAAD tissues, which were correlated with the poor survival of the patients. CXCL9/10 was associated with change of immune cell pattern in the tumour microenvironment, and supplementation of CXCL9 in the orthotopic murine PAAD model promoted tumour progression. In particular, CXCL9 reduced the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumour microenvironment of PAAD, which could be attributed to the reduced CD8+ T cell proliferation, activation, and secretion of anti-tumour cytokines. In vitro treatment of CXCL9 directly led to the suppression of the proliferation, activation, and secretion of anti-tumour cytokines of isolated CD8+ T cells. Inhibition of STAT3 recovered the CXCL9-inhibited proliferation, activation, and secretion of anti-tumour cytokines of CD8+ T cells. Our study indicates CXCL9 as a potential target of immunotherapy in PAAD treatment by regulating the CD8+ T lymphocytes in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Meng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lian-Yu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Kim KW, Jeong JU, Lee KH, Uong TNT, Rhee JH, Ahn SJ, Kim SK, Cho D, Quang Nguyen HP, Pham CT, Yoon MS. Combined NK Cell Therapy and Radiation Therapy Exhibit Long-Term Therapeutic and Antimetastatic Effects in a Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 108:115-125. [PMID: 31605787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether adoptive cell therapy with ex vivo-activated natural killer (NK) cells enhances the therapeutic efficacy of local tumor radiation therapy (RT) using a human triple-negative breast cancer xenograft model. METHODS AND MATERIALS NK cells from healthy donors were expanded ex vivo. MDA-MB-231/Luc-GFP cells were subcutaneously implanted into the thighs of NSG mice. The animals were divided into 4 experimental groups: control, RT, NK, and RT + NK. On day 17 after tumor implantation, tumors from the RT groups were irradiated. The ex vivo-expanded NK cells were intravenously administered twice, on days 17 and 19. Primary and secondary tumors were evaluated using long-term bioluminescence imaging, and histopathology was performed on resected tumor tissue specimens. RESULTS The luciferase signals of the primary tumors in the RT + NK group were significantly lower than those of comparably sized primary tumors in the RT group. The long-term migration and infiltration of NK cells into the primary tumor sites were significantly higher in RT + NK than in NK mice. Moreover, lymphatic metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes and liver and lung metastases were highly suppressed in the RT + NK group, as demonstrated by BLI and p53 immunohistochemistry. The long-term survival of the RT + NK group was significantly higher than that of the RT or NK groups. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in tumor burden by combining RT and systemic NK cell therapy improved the suppression of primary tumor growth, with efficient NK cell migration and penetration into the primary tumor site. Administered NK cells were maintained in the primary tissue for a significantly longer time in RT + NK group compared with NK group. Both lymphatic spread and distant metastasis to the lungs and liver were effectively suppressed by the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Uk Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tung Nguyen Thanh Uong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ja Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Phuoc Quang Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chanh Tin Pham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mee Sun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea.
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18
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Abstract
Resident memory T (Trm) cells stably occupy tissues and cannot be sampled in superficial venous blood. Trm cells are heterogeneous but collectively constitute the most abundant memory T cell subset. Trm cells form an integral part of the immune sensing network, monitor for local perturbations in homeostasis throughout the body, participate in protection from infection and cancer, and likely promote autoimmunity, allergy, and inflammatory diseases and impede successful transplantation. Thus Trm cells are major candidates for therapeutic manipulation. Here we review CD8+ and CD4+ Trm ontogeny, maintenance, function, and distribution within lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and strategies for their study. We briefly discuss other resident leukocyte populations, including innate lymphoid cells, macrophages, natural killer and natural killer T cells, nonclassical T cells, and memory B cells. Lastly, we highlight major gaps in knowledge and propose ways in which a deeper understanding could result in new methods to prevent or treat diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
| | - Andrew G Soerens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
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19
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Rho SY, Hwang HK, Chong JU, Yoon DS, Lee WJ, Kang CM. Association of preoperative total lymphocyte count with prognosis in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:503-508. [PMID: 30836428 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologic factors such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio play an important role in predicting the oncologic outcome of patients in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is hypothesized that host immunity represented by total lymphocyte count at diagnostic stage would influence oncologic outcome in left-sided PDAC. METHODS Between January 1992 and August 2017, total of 112 patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy for left-sided PDAC were included and analysed. RESULTS At the time of the diagnosis, total lymphocyte count at diagnosis of left-sided PDAC was 1.8 ± 0.7 103 /μL (mean value ± standard deviation). Among different cut-off values, 1.7 showed most powerful significant differences in long-term oncologic outcomes. The patients with preoperative lymphocyte count (≤1.7) was associated with early recurrence (median 8.4 months versus 18.1 months, P = 0.011) and shorter survival (median 18.6 months versus 35.9 months, P = 0.028). Patients with preoperative total lymphocyte count over 1.7 showed higher white blood cell count (P < 0.001), platelet count (P = 0.039), neutrophil count (P = 0.004) and monocyte count (P = 0.001). However, more interestingly, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.001) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.001) were found to be significantly higher in those with total lymphocyte count less than 1.7. Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio was inversely related to preoperative total lymphocyte count (P < 0.001). Only age was identified to be significantly different (P = 0.007). However, other clinicopathological parameters generally known to be related to tumour aggressiveness, were not different between two groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, preoperative total lymphocyte at diagnostic stage is simple, and good prognostic factor in left-sided pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Yoon Rho
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Uk Chong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Sup Yoon
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Molodtsov A, Turk MJ. Tissue Resident CD8 Memory T Cell Responses in Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2810. [PMID: 30555481 PMCID: PMC6281983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident memory (TRM) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal TRM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, TRM-like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that TRM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. Such tumor-specific TRM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. TRM responses against tumor/self-antigens can concurrently result in the development of pathogenic TRM responses to self, with a growing number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory pathologies being attributed to TRM responses. This review will recount the path to discovering the importance of resident memory CD8 T cells as they pertain to cancer immunity. In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate TRM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for TRM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting TRM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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21
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Peters C, Meyer A, Kouakanou L, Feder J, Schricker T, Lettau M, Janssen O, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. TGF-β enhances the cytotoxic activity of Vδ2 T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1522471. [PMID: 30546961 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1522471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles in immunity. Apart from its suppressive activity, TGF-β is a driving cytokine in the differentiation of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) but also in the polarization of interleukin-9 (IL-9) producing T helper 9 (Th9) T cells. Human Vδ2 expressing γδ T cells exert potent cytotoxicity towards a variety of solid tumor and leukemia/lymphoma target cells and thus are in the focus of current strategies to develop cell-based immunotherapies. Here we report that TGF-β unexpectedly augments the cytotoxic effector activity of short-term expanded Vδ2 T cells when purified γδ T cells are activated with specific pyrophosphate antigens and IL-2 or IL-15 in the presence of TGF-β. TGF-β up-regulates the expression of CD54, CD103, interferon-γ, IL-9 and granzyme B in γδ T cells while CD56 and CD11a/CD18 are down-regulated. Moreover, we show that CD103 (αE/β7 integrin) is recruited to the immunological synapse in γδ T cells. Increased cytotoxic activity of TGF-β-exposed γδ T cells is reduced by anti-CD103 and further diminished upon additional anti-CD11a antibody treatment, pointing to a role of cellular adhesion in the enhanced cytolytic activity. Furthermore, magnetically sorted CD103-positive Vδ2 T cells exhibit superior cytolytic activity. In view of the importance of CD103 for tissue homing of lymphocytes, our results suggest that adoptive transfer of CD103-expressing Vδ2 T cells might favor their homing to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Meyer
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Feder
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Schricker
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, Chan V, Fearon DF, Merad M, Coussens LM, Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Hedrick CC, Vonderheide RH, Pittet MJ, Jain RK, Zou W, Howcroft TK, Woodhouse EC, Weinberg RA, Krummel MF. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy. Nat Med 2018; 24:541-550. [PMID: 29686425 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3184] [Impact Index Per Article: 530.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical successes in immunotherapy have been both astounding and at the same time unsatisfactory. Countless patients with varied tumor types have seen pronounced clinical response with immunotherapeutic intervention; however, many more patients have experienced minimal or no clinical benefit when provided the same treatment. As technology has advanced, so has the understanding of the complexity and diversity of the immune context of the tumor microenvironment and its influence on response to therapy. It has been possible to identify different subclasses of immune environment that have an influence on tumor initiation and response and therapy; by parsing the unique classes and subclasses of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that exist within a patient's tumor, the ability to predict and guide immunotherapeutic responsiveness will improve, and new therapeutic targets will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Binnewies
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward W Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Kersten
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Chan
- UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Johnson BA, Yarchoan M, Lee V, Laheru DA, Jaffee EM. Strategies for Increasing Pancreatic Tumor Immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:1656-1669. [PMID: 28373364 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the standard of care for multiple deadly cancers, including lung, head and neck, gastric, and some colorectal cancers. However, single-agent immunotherapy has had little effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Increasing evidence suggests that the PDAC microenvironment is comprised of an intricate network of signals between immune cells, PDAC cells, and stroma, resulting in an immunosuppressive environment resistant to single-agent immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss differences between immunotherapy-sensitive cancers and PDAC, the complex interactions between PDAC stroma and suppressive tumor-infiltrating cells that facilitate PDAC development and progression, the immunologic targets within these complex networks that are druggable, and data supporting combination drug approaches that modulate multiple PDAC signals, which should lead to improved clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1656-69. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Pancreatic Cancer: Challenge and Inspiration."
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Affiliation(s)
- Burles A Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valerie Lee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Development of a reliable and accurate algorithm to quantify the tumor immune stroma (QTiS) across tumor types. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114935-114944. [PMID: 29383131 PMCID: PMC5777743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the tumor biology. Overall survival of tumor patients after resection is influenced by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as a component of the tumor stroma. However, it is not clear how to assess TILs in the tumor stroma due to heterogeneous methods in different cancer types. Therefore, we present a novel Quantification of the Tumor immune Stroma (QTiS) Algorithm to reliably and accurately quantify cells in the tumor stroma. Immunohistochemical staining of CD3 and CD8 cells in sections of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), ovarian cancer (OvCa), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), alltogether N = 80, was performed. Hot spots of infiltrating immune cells are reported in the literature. Reliability of the hot spot identification of TILs was examined by two blinded observers. Accuracy was tested in 1 and 3 hot spots using computed counting methods (ZEN 2 software counting (ZC), ImageJ software with subjective threshold (ISC) and ImageJ with color deconvolution (IAC)) and compared to manual counting. All tumor types investigated showed an accumulation of TILs in the tumor stroma (peri- and intratumoral). Reliability between observers indicated a high level consistency. Accuracy for CD8+/CD3+ ratio and absolute cell count required 1 and 3 hot spots, respectively. ISC was found to be the best for paraffin sections, whereas IAC was ideal for frozen sections. ImageJ software is cost-effective and yielded the best results. In conclusion, an algorithm for quantification of tumoral stroma could be established. With this QTiS Algorithm counting of tumor stromal cells is reliable, accurate, and cost-effective.
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25
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Pitarresi JR, Liu X, Sharma SM, Cuitiño MC, Kladney RD, Mace TA, Donohue S, Nayak SG, Qu C, Lee J, Woelke SA, Trela S, LaPak K, Yu L, McElroy J, Rosol TJ, Shakya R, Ludwig T, Lesinski GB, Fernandez SA, Konieczny SF, Leone G, Wu J, Ostrowski MC. Stromal ETS2 Regulates Chemokine Production and Immune Cell Recruitment during Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia. Neoplasia 2017; 18:541-52. [PMID: 27659014 PMCID: PMC5031867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have suggested that the pancreatic tumor microenvironment both inhibits and promotes tumor development and growth. Here we establish the role of stromal fibroblasts during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), an initiating event in pancreatic cancer formation. The transcription factor V-Ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (ETS2) was elevated in smooth muscle actin–positive fibroblasts in the stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient tissue samples relative to normal pancreatic controls. LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mice showed that ETS2 expression initially increased in fibroblasts during ADM and remained elevated through progression to PDAC. Conditional ablation of Ets-2 in pancreatic fibroblasts in a KrasG12D-driven mouse ADM model decreased the amount of ADM events. ADMs from fibroblast Ets-2–deleted animals had reduced epithelial cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Surprisingly, fibroblast Ets-2 deletion significantly altered immune cell infiltration into the stroma, with an increased CD8+ T-cell population, and decreased presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and mature macrophages. The mechanism involved ETS2-dependent chemokine ligand production in fibroblasts. ETS2 directly bound to regulatory sequences for Ccl3, Ccl4, Cxcl4, Cxcl5, and Cxcl10, a group of chemokines that act as potent mediators of immune cell recruitment. These results suggest an unappreciated role for ETS2 in fibroblasts in establishing an immune-suppressive microenvironment in response to oncogenic KrasG12D signaling during the initial stages of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pitarresi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sudarshana M Sharma
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitiño
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sydney Donohue
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sunayana G Nayak
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunjing Qu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James Lee
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah A Woelke
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stefan Trela
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyle LaPak
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Reena Shakya
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research and the Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2057, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jinghai Wu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Lo WCJ, Luther DG. Connecting Effective Immune Response, Fluorescent Granzyme B-like Peptide, Specific Peptide Binding Patterns, Patients with Cancer and Viral Infection, in Remission, Clinical Significance, and Liquid Biopsy. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2047-2052. [PMID: 27510287 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes (CTL) with granzyme B play an important role in an effective immune response to tumor growth and infection progression. Tumor cells and platelets in peripheral whole blood smears of cancer patients have shown the presence of innate binding targets for GP1R, a fluorescent synthetic Granzyme B-like peptide. It is not known if similar GP1R-binding targets and specific binding patterns are detectable in peripheral blood of patients with viral infection. It is also not known if a specific binding pattern may be associated with an effective immune response to indicate a favorable prognosis. We reviewed the GP1R-binding patterns in the peripheral blood smears of 5 patients in remission at the time of sampling (3 with cancer and 2 with flu-like symptoms) and a negative control. We show with fluoroscopic images that there are: 1) fluorescent GP1R-binding targets mostly in the cytoplasmic areas of nucleated cells in patients with breast and lung cancer who have longer survival, 2) intense fluorescent deposits mostly in the nuclear areas of segmented neutrophils in patients recovered from severe to mild flu-like symptoms, 3) discernible fluorescent deposits in the cytoplasmic areas of small lymphocyte-like elements and overall intense fluorescent stain in large cells in the patient with advanced pancreatic cancer who had shorter survival, 4) GP1R-binding targets in numerous platelet-like elements in all 5 patients. The control sample did not show similar binding patterns. The potential association between specific GP1R-binding patterns in peripheral blood samples and prognostic significance, and its use as liquid biopsy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chun Jennifer Lo
- BioJENC, Louisiana Emerging Technology Center, 340 East Parker Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-0106, USA.
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27
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d'Engremont C, Vernerey D, Pointet AL, Simone G, Fein F, Heyd B, Koch S, Vuitton L, Kim S, Jary M, Lamfichek N, Turco C, Lakkis Z, Berger A, Bonnetain F, Taieb J, Bachellier P, Borg C. Additive value of pre-operative and one-month post-operative lymphocyte count for death-risk stratification in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer: a multicentric study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:823. [PMID: 27782813 PMCID: PMC5080693 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) incidence is increasing worldwide. Several studies have shown that lymphopenia was correlated with a poor prognosis but the potential interest to measure lymphopenia in the pre and post-operative setting as well as its added value among conventional prognostic factors was never investigated. Methods Data from two independent cohorts in whom patients underwent resection for pancreatic carcinoma were retrospectively recorded. We examined the association between perioperative findings, pre and post-operative lymphocyte counts and overall survival (OS) in univariate and multivariate analyses. Performance assessment and internal validation of the final model were evaluated with Harrell’s C-index, calibration plot and bootstrap sample procedures. Results Three hundred ninety patients were included in the analysis between 2000 and 2011. Pre and post-operative lymphocyte counts were independent prognostic factors associated with OS in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0128 and p = 0.0764, respectively). The addition of lymphocyte count variable to the conventional parameters identified in multivariate analysis (metastatic lymph node ratio, veinous emboli and adjuvant chemotherapy) significantly improved the model discrimination capacity (bootstrap mean difference = 0.04; 95 % CI, 0.01–0.06). The use of a threshold and combining the categorical (≥1000; <1000) information in pre and post lymphocyte counts permitted the identification of 4 subgroups of patients with different prognosis (p < 0.0001). Finally, the description of patients in long-term remission showed that only 3 of 65 (4.6 %) patients with post-operative lymphocyte count under 1000/mm3 were alive 4 years after surgery contrary to 54 of 236 (22.8 %) patients with a post-operative lymphocyte count above 1000/mm3. Conclusion Pre and post-operative lymphopenia are independent prognostic factors for OS and they have an additive value regarding conventional prognostic factors for death-risk stratification and to predict long-term survival. Lymphopenia should be included as stratification factors in future clinical trial assessing overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2860-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Pointet
- Department of Gastroenterology and GI oncology, Paris Descartes University, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Simone
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francine Fein
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Heyd
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Stéphane Koch
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Stefano Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Marine Jary
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Najib Lamfichek
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital of Belfort-Montbeliard, Montbeliard, France
| | - Celia Turco
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Zaher Lakkis
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Anne Berger
- Department of GI Surgery, Paris Descartes University, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bonnetain
- Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- Department of Gastroenterology and GI oncology, Paris Descartes University, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bachellier
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France. .,Centre investigation Clinique en biothérapie, CIC-1431, Besançon, France. .,UMR1098 INSERM/Université de Franche Comté/Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France. .,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexander Fleming, Besancon, F-25030, France.
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28
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Hwang HK, Kim HI, Kim SH, Choi J, Kang CM, Kim KS, Lee WJ. Prognostic impact of the tumor-infiltrating regulatory T-cell (Foxp3 +)/activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (granzyme B +) ratio on resected left-sided pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4477-4484. [PMID: 28105157 PMCID: PMC5228542 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the subsets of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (granzyme B+) have an antitumor effect, while regulatory T lymphocytes [forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+] suppress the antitumor immune response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible associations between TIL subsets and survival outcomes in patients with left-sided pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). From January 2000 to December 2008, 30 patients who underwent curative distal pancreatectomy without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy due to left-sided PDAC were enrolled in the present study. TIL subsets were enumerated by immunohistochemical staining for cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD4, CD8, Foxp3 and granzyme B in the intra-tumoral areas of tissue blocks. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median value of the absolute counts and relative ratios of TIL subsets. In the univariate analysis, age, gender, tumor size, nodal stage, tumor differentiation and lymphovascular/perineural invasion were not significantly associated with survival outcome. However, low levels of preoperative cancer antigen (CA) 19–9 were associated with a longer overall survival (OS), although the association was not significant (37 vs. 18 months; P=0.061). A high level of granzyme B+ was associated with enhanced disease-free survival (DFS) (25 vs. 10 months; P=0.023), and a low Foxp3+/granzyme B+ ratio was associated with a favorable prognosis in terms of DFS (25 vs. 8 months; P=0.008) and OS (47 vs. 17 months; P=0.003). In the multivariate analysis, the ratio of Foxp3+/granzyme B+ was an independent prognostic factor for determining DFS [Exp(B), 3.060; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.259–47.436; P=0.014] and OS [Exp(B), 3.580; 95% CI, 1.460–8.780; P=0.005]. Among the clinicopathological factors, low levels of CA 19–9 were significantly associated with a low Foxp3+/granzyme B+ ratio (P=0.016). The results of the present study suggested that a low Foxp3+/granzyme B+ ratio may be useful for predicting a good prognosis in surgically resected left-sided PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University College of Pharmacy, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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29
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Paniccia A, Merkow J, Edil BH, Zhu Y. Immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: an overview of clinical trials. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:376-91. [PMID: 26361407 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and current therapeutic strategies are often unsatisfactory. Identification and development of more efficacious therapies is urgently needed. Immunotherapy offered encouraging results in preclinical models during the last decades, and several clinical trials have explored its therapeutic application in PDAC. The aim of this review is to summarize the results of clinical trials conducted to evaluate the future perspective of immunotherapy in the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paniccia
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Justin Merkow
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Barish H Edil
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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30
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Wu GZ, Pan CX, Jiang D, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zheng SY. Clinicopathological significance of Fas and Fas ligand expressions in esophageal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2865-2871. [PMID: 26609492 PMCID: PMC4633913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinomas have recently been shown to express Fas ligand (FasL) and down-regulate Fas to escape from host immune surveillance. However, the prognostic importance of Fas/FasL and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics are yet to be delineated in this highly malignant carcinoma. Specimens from 106 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients were used for immuno-histochemical evaluation of Fas, FasL, and CD8 expressions. Fifty-two (49%) and 34 (32%) patients were positive for FasL and Fas, respectively. There were no associations between FasL expression and clinicopathological characteristics except lymph vessel invasion. Strong FasL expression correlated with significant (P < 0.001) decrease in tumor nest CD81 cells. However, neither FasL nor CD81 had any impact on patient survival. Strong Fas expression was correlated with depth of invasion (40.3% in pT1, T2 versus 20.5% in pT3, T4; P5 0.0308), histological differentiation (45.7% in well versus 25.4% in nonwell; P < 0.05), and lymph node metastasis (22.6% in positive versus 45.5% in negative; P < 0.01). Fas expression was one of the independent favorable prognosticators for patients' survival (risk ratio, 3.26; P < 0.01) in esophageal SCC. Fas expression was an independent prognosticator for recurrencefree survival, whereas FasL expression did not influence the survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Down-regulation of tumor Fas may be the hallmark of immune privilege for the tumor, thus causing the patients' poorer outcome. Tumor FasL may counterattack the host immune cells to such an extent that the prognosis is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhou Wu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of YanchengYancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Xia Pan
- The Third People’s Hospital of DalianDalian 116000, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of HenanZhengzhou 450008, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Zheng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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31
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Schubert W. Advances in toponomics drug discovery: Imaging cycler microscopy correctly predicts a therapy method of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cytometry A 2015; 87:696-703. [PMID: 25869332 PMCID: PMC4676937 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An imaging cycler microscope (ICM) is a fully automated (epi)fluorescence microscope which overcomes the spectral resolution limit resulting in parameter- and dimension-unlimited fluorescence imaging. This enables the spatial resolution of large molecular systems with their emergent topological properties (toponome) in morphologically intact cells and tissues displaying thousands of multi protein assemblies at a time. The resulting combinatorial geometry of these systems has been shown to be key for in-vivo/in-situ detection of lead proteins controlling protein network topology and (dys)function: If lead proteins are blocked or downregulated the corresponding disease protein network disassembles. Here, correct therapeutic predictions are exemplified for ALS. ICM drug target studies have discovered an 18-dimensional cell surface molecular system in ALS-PBMC with a lead drug target protein, whose therapeutic downregulation is now reported to show statistically significant effect with stop of disease progression in one third of the ALS patients. Together, this clinical and the earlier experimental validations of the ICM approach indicate that ICM readily discovers in vivo robustness nodes of disease with lead proteins controlling them. Breaking in vivo robustness nodes using drugs against their lead proteins is likely to overcome current high drug attrition rates. © 2015 The Author. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc, on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pattern Recognition Research Group, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Schubert W, Bode M, Hillert R, Krusche A, Friedenberger M. Toponomics and neurotoponomics: a new way to medical systems biology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:361-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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33
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Schubert W. Systematic, spatial imaging of large multimolecular assemblies and the emerging principles of supramolecular order in biological systems. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:3-18. [PMID: 24375580 PMCID: PMC4283051 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding biological systems at the level of their relational (emergent) molecular properties in functional protein networks relies on imaging methods, able to spatially resolve a tissue or a cell as a giant, non-random, topologically defined collection of interacting supermolecules executing myriads of subcellular mechanisms. Here, the development and findings of parameter-unlimited functional super-resolution microscopy are described-a technology based on the fluorescence imaging cycler (IC) principle capable of co-mapping thousands of distinct biomolecular assemblies at high spatial resolution and differentiation (<40 nm distances). It is shown that the subcellular and transcellular features of such supermolecules can be described at the compositional and constitutional levels; that the spatial connection, relational stoichiometry, and topology of supermolecules generate hitherto unrecognized functional self-segmentation of biological tissues; that hierarchical features, common to thousands of simultaneously imaged supermolecules, can be identified; and how the resulting supramolecular order relates to spatial coding of cellular functionalities in biological systems. A large body of observations with IC molecular systems microscopy collected over 20 years have disclosed principles governed by a law of supramolecular segregation of cellular functionalities. This pervades phenomena, such as exceptional orderliness, functional selectivity, combinatorial and spatial periodicity, and hierarchical organization of large molecular systems, across all species investigated so far. This insight is based on the high degree of specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of molecular recognition processes for fluorescence imaging beyond the spectral resolution limit, using probe libraries controlled by ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schubert
- Molecular pattern recognition research group, O-v-G-university MagdeburgGermany
- International faculty, Max-Planck (CAS-MPG) partner institute for computational biologyShanghai, China
- Human toponome project, TNLMunich, Germany
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34
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Protti MP, De Monte L. Immune infiltrates as predictive markers of survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Front Physiol 2013; 4:210. [PMID: 23950747 PMCID: PMC3738865 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with dismal prognosis. The tumor microenvironment is composed by multiple cell types, molecular factors, and extracellular matrix forming a strong desmoplastic reaction, which is a hallmark of the disease. A complex cross-talk between tumor cells and the stroma exists with reciprocal influence that dictates tumor progression and ultimately the clinical outcome. In this context, tumor infiltrating immune cells through secretion of chemokine and cytokines exert an important regulatory role. Here we review the correlation between the immune infiltrates, evaluated on tumor samples of pancreatic cancer patients underwent surgical resection, and disease free and/or overall survival after surgery. Specifically, we focus on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mast cells (MCs) and macrophages that all contribute to a Th2-type inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment. In these patients tumor immune infiltrates not only do not contribute to disease eradication but rather the features of Th2-type inflammation and immunosuppression is significantly associated with more rapid disease progression and reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy ; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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35
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Wörmann SM, Diakopoulos KN, Lesina M, Algül H. The immune network in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Oncogene 2013; 33:2956-67. [PMID: 23851493 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of stromal desmoplasia is a hallmark of spontaneous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, forming a unique microenvironment that comprises many cell types. Only recently, the immune system has entered the pathophysiology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. Tumor cells in the pancreas seem to dysbalance the immune system, thus facilitating spontaneous cancer development. This review will try to assemble all relevant data to demonstrate the implications of the immune network on spontaneous cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wörmann
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K N Diakopoulos
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Lesina
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Algül
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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36
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NK cells in healthy aging and age-associated diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:195956. [PMID: 23251076 PMCID: PMC3517269 DOI: 10.1155/2012/195956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells exhibit the highest cytotoxic capacity within the immune system. Alteration of their number or functionality may have a deep impact on overall immunity. This is of particular relevance in aging where the elderly population becomes more susceptible to infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases amongst others. As the fraction of elderly increases worldwide, it becomes urgent to better understand the aging of the immune system to prevent and cure the elderly population. For this, a better understanding of the function and phenotype of the different immune cells and their subsets is necessary. We review here NK cell functions and phenotype in healthy aging as well as in various age-associated diseases.
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37
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Olurinde MO, Shen CH, Drake A, Bai A, Chen J. Persistence of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells is tumor-dependent but antigen-independent. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:415-23. [PMID: 21666707 PMCID: PMC3381361 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that are tumor-specific but functionally tolerant persist in the antigen-expressing tumor tissue is largely unknown. We have previously developed a modified TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model where prostate cancer cells express the T-cell epitope SIYRYYGL (SIY) recognized by CD8 T cells expressing the 2C T-cell receptor (TCR) (referred to as TRP-SIY mice). In TRP-SIY mice, activated 2C T cells rapidly become tolerant following infiltration into the prostate tumor. In this study, we show that tolerant 2C T cells persist in the prostate tumor of TRP-SIY mice by proliferating slowly in a tumor-dependent, but antigen-, interleukin (IL)-7- and IL-15-independent manner. We also show that disappearance of 2C T cells from the lymphoid organs of TRP-SIY mice are due to antigen-induced T-cell contraction rather than altered trafficking or generalized T-cell depletion in the mice. Finally, we show that clonal T cells unreactive to SIY are equally capable of persisting in the prostate tumor. These findings suggest that while functional tolerance of TILs is induced by antigen, persistence of tolerant TILs in the tumor tissue is mediated by a novel mechanism: slow proliferation independent of antigen and homeostatic cytokines. These results also allow CD8 T-cell survival in the tumor environment to be compared with T-cell survival in chronic infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Prostate/immunology
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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38
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Olson SH, Chou JF, Ludwig E, O'Reilly E, Allen PJ, Jarnagin WR, Bayuga S, Simon J, Gonen M, Reisacher WR, Kurtz RC. Allergies, obesity, other risk factors and survival from pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2412-9. [PMID: 20143395 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Survival from pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains extremely poor, approximately 5% at 5 years. Risk factors include smoking, high body mass index (BMI), family history of pancreatic cancer, and long-standing diabetes; in contrast, allergies are associated with reduced risk. Little is known about associations between these factors and survival. We analyzed overall survival in relation to risk factors for 475 incident cases who took part in a hospital based case-control study. Analyses were conducted separately for those who did (160) and did not (315) undergo tumor resection. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to describe survival according to smoking, BMI, family history, diabetes, and presence of allergies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for covariates. There was no association with survival based on smoking, family history, or history of diabetes in either group. Among patients with resection, those with allergies showed nonstatistically significant longer survival, a median of 33.1 months (95% CI: 19.0-52.5) vs. 21.8 months (95% CI: 18.0-33.1), p = 0.25. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.43-1.23), p = 0.23. Among patients without resection, those with self-reported allergies survived significantly longer than those without allergies: 13.3 months (95% CI: 10.6-16.9) compared to 10.4 months (95% CI: 8.8-11.0), p = 0.04, with an adjusted HR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.49-0.95), p = 0.02. Obesity was nonsignificantly associated with poorer survival, particularly in the resected group (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.76-3.44). The mechanisms underlying the association between history of allergies and improved survival are unknown. These novel results need to be confirmed in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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39
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Schubert W, Gieseler A, Krusche A, Hillert R. Toponome mapping in prostate cancer: detection of 2000 cell surface protein clusters in a single tissue section and cell type specific annotation by using a three symbol code. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2696-707. [PMID: 19275201 DOI: 10.1021/pr800944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toponome imaging technology MELC/TIS was applied to analyze prostate cancer tissue. By cyclical imaging procedures, we detected 2100 cell surface protein clusters in a single tissue section. This study provides the whole data set, a new kind of high dimensional data space, solely based on the structure-bound architecture of an in situ protein network, a putative fraction of the tissue code of prostate cancer. It is visualized as a colored mosaic composed of distinct protein clusters, together forming a motif expressed exclusively on the cell surface of neoplastic cells in prostate acini. Cell type specific expression of this motif, found in this preliminary study, suggests that high-throughput toponome analyses of a larger number of cases will provide insight into disease specific protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schubert
- Molecular Pattern Recognition Research Group, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany.
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40
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Tassi E, Gavazzi F, Albarello L, Senyukov V, Longhi R, Dellabona P, Doglioni C, Braga M, Di Carlo V, Protti MP. Carcinoembryonic antigen-specific but not antiviral CD4+ T cell immunity is impaired in pancreatic carcinoma patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6595-603. [PMID: 18941250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is a very aggressive disease with dismal prognosis. Although evidences for tumor-specific T cell immunity exist, factors related to tumor microenvironment and the presence of immunosuppressive cytokines in patients' sera have been related to its aggressive behavior. Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) is overexpressed in 80-90% of pancreatic carcinomas and contains epitopes recognized by CD4(+) T cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of cancer-immune surveillance and immune suppression in pancreatic carcinoma patients by comparing the anti-CEA and antiviral CD4(+) T cell immunity. CD4(+) T cells from 23 normal donors and 44 patients undergoing surgical resection were tested for recognition of peptides corresponding to CEA and viral naturally processed promiscuous epitopes by proliferation and cytokine release assays. Anti-CEA CD4(+) T cell immunity was present in a significantly higher number of normal donors than pancreatic cancer patients. Importantly, whereas CD4(+) T cells from normal donors produced mainly GM-CSF and IFN-gamma, CD4(+) T cells from the patients produced mainly IL-5, demonstrating a skew toward a Th2 type. On the contrary, the extent of antiviral CD4(+) T cell immunity was comparable between the two groups and showed a Th1 type. The immunohistochemical analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed a significantly higher number of GATA-3(+) compared with T-bet(+) lymphoid cells, supporting a Th2 skew also at the tumor site. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Th2-immune deviation in pancreatic cancer is not generalized but tumor related and suggests that the skew might be possibly due to factor(s) present at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tassi
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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41
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Fogar P, Sperti C, Basso D, Sanzari MC, Greco E, Davoli C, Navaglia F, Zambon CF, Pasquali C, Venza E, Pedrazzoli S, Plebani M. Decreased total lymphocyte counts in pancreatic cancer: an index of adverse outcome. Pancreas 2006; 32:22-8. [PMID: 16340740 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000188305.90290.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An impaired host immunity might concur in determining the dismal prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Our aim was to ascertain whether the immunophenotype pattern of blood lymphocytes in PC correlates with tumor stage, grade, or survival. METHODS We studied 115 patients with PC, 44 with chronic pancreatitis (CP), 23 with tumors of the pancreatico-biliary tract, and 34 healthy controls (CS). Survival data were available for 77 patients with PC. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. RESULTS In patients with PC, total lymphocyte counts were lower than in CP or CS, and CD8 lymphocyte subset levels were higher with respect to CS. Lower circulating lymphocytes were found in advanced PC stages (IIB-IV; chi2 = 11.55, P < 0.05) compared with stages 0 to IIA. Cox regression analysis, made considering total lymphocyte counts and tumor stage as covariates, was found to be significant for both tumor stage (P < 0.001) and total lymphocyte counts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The reduction of total lymphocytes in blood is the main immunologic change in advanced PC. The survival of these patients depends mainly on tumor stage, but it is also affected by the number of circulating lymphocytes, suggesting that the immune system plays an important role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma immunosurveillance and immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fogar
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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42
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Trauzold A, Röder C, Sipos B, Karsten K, Arlt A, Jiang P, Martin-Subero JI, Siegmund D, Müerköster S, Pagerols-Raluy L, Siebert R, Wajant H, Kalthoff H. CD95 and TRAF2 promote invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. FASEB J 2005; 19:620-2. [PMID: 15670977 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2984fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma represents a tumor type with extremely poor prognosis. High apoptosis resistance and a strong invasive and early metastatic potential contribute to its highly malignant phenotype. Here we identified the death receptor adaptor molecule TRAF2 as a key player in pancreatic cancer pathophysiology. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis we found TRAF2 overexpressed in 34 of 36 pancreatic tumor samples as well as in pancreatic tumor cell lines resistant to CD95-mediated apoptosis. The high TRAF2 protein level was not related to chromosomal changes, as monitored by FISH analysis. Instead, the NF-kappaB- and MEK-signaling pathways were involved. Introduction of a TRAF2 expression vector in CD95-sensitive Colo357 cells resulted in (i) resistance to CD95-induced apoptosis; (ii) increased constitutive NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity; and (iii) higher basal secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and IL-8, leading to increased invasiveness. High apoptosis resistance and uPA secretion could be reverted by TRAF2-specific siRNA. Stimulation of TRAF2-overexpressing cells with CD95 ligand led to induction of NF-kappaB and AP-1, enhanced IL-8- and uPA-secretion, and a further increased invasiveness. Thus, TRAF2 overexpression does not only block apoptosis induction by CD95 but also converts this death receptor into a mediator of invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trauzold
- Molecular Oncology Unit, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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43
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Ryschich E, Nötzel T, Hinz U, Autschbach F, Ferguson J, Simon I, Weitz J, Fröhlich B, Klar E, Büchler MW, Schmidt J. Control of T-Cell–Mediated Immune Response by HLA Class I in Human Pancreatic Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.498.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Cell surface HLA class I molecules present peptides derived from human cellular proteins to T cells. In the present study, we investigated the expression of HLA class I in human pancreatic carcinoma.
Experimental Design: The expression of HLA class I antigen and the extent of tumor infiltration by T cells were investigated in 46 primary tumors and in 14 metastases of pancreatic cancer by standard immunohistochemistry.
Results: The locus-specific expression of HLA I was reduced in 61% of primary tumors and in 93% of metastases. The total loss of this molecule complex was detected in 6% of primary tumors and in 43% of metastases. Pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral tissue showed a significantly higher infiltration by CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells compared with the tumor-distant pancreatic tissue. The negative expression of HLA class I was uniformly accompanied by a low density of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T-cells whereas the HLA class I–positive tumors were characterized by a substantial lymphocyte accumulation. However, the infiltration by cytotoxic T-cells was not correlated with the density of tumor cells. Patients with a high accumulation of cytotoxic cells showed a longer median survival.
Conclusions: Pancreatic carcinoma frequently induces a cellular immune response that results in intratumoral and peritumoral T-cell infiltration. The expression of HLA class I is frequently lost in pancreatic carcinoma, which represents an effective mechanism to escape the tumor infiltration by cytotoxic T-cells. However, the infiltration by cytotoxic cells represents a favorable prognostic sign in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulf Hinz
- 1Unit for Documentation and Statistics, Department of Surgery, and Departments of
| | | | - James Ferguson
- 4Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Leipzig, Germany
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44
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Ryschich E, Cebotari O, Fabian OV, Autschbach F, Kleeff J, Friess H, Bierhaus A, Büchler MW, Schmidt J. Loss of heterozygosity in the HLA class I region in human pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:696-702. [PMID: 15546343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An altered human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression constitutes an important tumor-escape mechanism counteracting T-cell mediated immune responses. We utilized the technique of microsatellite analysis to characterize the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the HLA class I region in 24 samples of patients with human ductal pancreatic carcinoma. The expression of HLA class I and the infiltration by T cells were studied in parallel by standard immunohistochemistry. The present study demonstrates LOH in the HLA class I region in five patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that pancreatic carcinomas were frequently characterized by a total or partial loss of expression in HLA class I antigen. The positive or negative LOH status corresponded with the expression analysis in eight cases. Reduction of HLA class I expression without LOH was found in 14 cases. Lymphocyte infiltration with CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells did not show significant differences between LOH-positive and LOH-negative tumors. In conclusion, LOH does not seem to be the only factor for the reduced expression of HLA class I antigen as well as for the T-cell infiltration in this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ryschich
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Shrikhande SV, Martignoni ME, Shrikhande M, Kappeler A, Ramesh H, Zimmermann A, Büchler MW, Friess H. Comparison of histological features and inflammatory cell reaction in alcoholic, idiopathic and tropical chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2004; 90:1565-72. [PMID: 14648737 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that immune mechanisms may be crucial in the development of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. However, it is not known whether differences in underlying aetiology influence the inflammatory reaction in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The histological features and the pattern of inflammatory cell infiltration were studied in three aetiological forms of chronic pancreatitis: alcoholic, idiopathic and tropical pancreatitis. METHODS Forty-three patients, ten with alcoholic, 12 with idiopathic and 21 with tropical chronic pancreatitis, were evaluated for the pattern of pancreatic inflammatory cell infiltration and histological features. Ten organ donors served as controls. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections were used for histological evaluation. For immunohistochemical characterization of the inflammatory reaction, four antibodies-CD4, CD8, CD45 and CD68-were used. Quantitative evaluation of the various cell infiltrates was performed with computer-assisted image analysis. The inflammatory cell infiltration pattern was also evaluated. RESULTS The degree of endophlebitis and the overall density of plasma cells were greater in tropical than in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The grade of intralobular fibrosis was significantly higher in tropical chronic pancreatitis compared with the idiopathic form. No significant quantitative differences in the specific cellular infiltrates (CD4, CD8, CD45, CD68) were observed in the three different groups. However, the perivascular inflammation number score was significantly higher in alcoholic compared with idiopathic pancreatitis (P = 0.037), and the perivascular inflammation area score was significantly lower in idiopathic than in alcoholic (P = 0.024) or tropical (P = 0.020) pancreatitis. CONCLUSION Different aetiological forms of chronic pancreatitis result in similar histological features and a comparable inflammatory cell reaction, indicating that the disease, independent of the underlying aetiology, reaches a common immunological stage beyond which it appears to progress as a single distinctive entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shrikhande
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fukunaga A, Miyamoto M, Cho Y, Murakami S, Kawarada Y, Oshikiri T, Kato K, Kurokawa T, Suzuoki M, Nakakubo Y, Hiraoka K, Itoh T, Morikawa T, Okushiba S, Kondo S, Katoh H. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes together with CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells improve the prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2004; 28:e26-31. [PMID: 14707745 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200401000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of tumor immunity for a cancer patient's prognosis. In some types of cancer, it has been shown through immunohistochemical analysis that the existence of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a crucial factor in determining prognosis. In an experimental model, CD4+ lymphocytes together with CD8+ lymphocytes contributed significantly to tumor immunity. METHODS Specimens were taken from 80 surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas between 1992 and 1999. Immunohistochemical staining of CD4, CD8, and S100 protein was performed, and the levels of these proteins were determined by microscopic analysis. The percentages of patients in the CD4(+) and CD8(+) groups were 59% (47/80) and 25% (16/80), respectively. When separated into 4 groups, CD4/8(+/+), CD4/8(+/-), CD4/8(-/+) and CD4/8(-/-), the overall survival rate was significantly higher in CD4/8(+/+) patients (13 cases) compared with those in all other groups combined (67 cases; P = 0.0098). CD4/8(+/+) status was negatively correlated with tumor depth and TNM stage. Multivariate analyses showed that CD4/8(+/+) status was an independent favorable prognostic factor. The number of tumor-infiltrating S100 protein positive cells was also significantly higher in the CD4/8(+/+) group than in others (P = 0.0084). CONCLUSIONS In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the presence of CD4+ TILs together with CD8+ TILs serves as a good indicator of the patient's outcome after surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fukunaga
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Cancer Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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French JJ, Cresswell J, Wong WK, Seymour K, Charnley RM, Kirby JA. T cell adhesion and cytolysis of pancreatic cancer cells: a role for E-cadherin in immunotherapy? Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1034-41. [PMID: 12434297 PMCID: PMC2364324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2002] [Revised: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 08/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive and potent disease, which is largely resistant to conventional forms of treatment. However, the discovery of antigens associated with pancreatic cancer cells has recently suggested the possibility that immunotherapy might become a specific and effective therapeutic option. T cells within many epithelia, including those of the pancreas, are known to express the alphaEbeta7-integrin adhesion molecule, CD103. The only characterised ligand for CD103 is E-cadherin, an epithelial adhesion molecule which exhibits reduced expression in pancreatic cancer. In our study, CD103 was found to be expressed only by activated T cells following exposure to tumour necrosis factor beta 1, a factor produced by many cancer cells. Significantly, the expression of this integrin was restricted mainly to class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ T cells. The human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 was transfected with human E-cadherin in order to generate E-cadherin negative (wild type) and positive (transfected) sub-lines. Using a sensitive flow cytometric adhesion assay it was found that the expression of both CD103 (on T cells) and E-cadherin (on cancer cells) was essential for efficient adhesion of activated T cells to pancreatic cancer cells. This adhesion process was inhibited by the addition of antibodies specific for CD103, thereby demonstrating the importance of the CD103-->E-cadherin interaction for T-cell adhesion. Using a 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay it was found that CD103 expressing T cells lysed E-cadherin expressing Panc-1 target cells following T cell receptor stimulation; addition of antibodies specific for CD103 significantly reduced this lysis. Furthermore, absence of either CD103 from the T cells or E-cadherin expression from the cancer cells resulted in a significant reduction in cancer cell lysis. Therefore, potentially antigenic pancreatic cancer cells could evade a local anti-cancer immune response in vivo as a consequence of their loss of E-cadherin expression; this phenotypic change may also favour metastasis by reducing homotypic adhesion between adjacent cancer cells. We conclude that effective immunotherapy is likely to require upregulation of E-cadherin expression by pancreatic cancer cells or the development of cytotoxic immune cells that are less dependent on this adhesion molecule for efficient effecter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J French
- Applied Immunobiology Group, Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
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Cresswell J, Robertson H, Neal DE, Griffiths TR, Kirby JA. Distribution of lymphocytes of the alpha(E)beta(7) phenotype and E-cadherin in normal human urothelium and bladder carcinomas. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:397-402. [PMID: 11737053 PMCID: PMC1906227 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this work was to survey normal urothelium and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) for the presence of T lymphocytes expressing the intraepithelial, CD103(+) phenotype. This antigen defines the alpha(E)beta(7)-integrin. The adhesive counter-receptor for alpha(E)beta(7) is E-cadherin, which is down-regulated during cancer progression. The secondary aim was to determine the pattern of distribution of CD103(+) lymphocytes in relation to E-cadherin expression in bladder cancer. Cryostat sections of normal bladder and TCC were treated with antibodies specific for human CD103, CD3, CD8 and E-cadherin. Visualization was performed by immunoperoxidase or alkaline phosphatase development with light and confocal microscopy. Dual staining and serial sections were used to assess the relationship between these antigens. Four samples of normal bladder and 26 TCC samples were assessed. Occasional T lymphocytes (CD3(+)) were seen in normal urothelium and lamina propria. In the urothelium the majority of these T lymphocytes (71%) were also CD8(+) and of these 68% expressed the CD103 marker. In the lamina propria 62% of the T lymphocytes were CD8(+) and 56% of these expressed the CD103 marker. In carcinomas significantly greater numbers of CD103(+) T lymphocytes were present in the surrounding stroma rather than infiltrating the carcinomas (P = 0.0006). Of those T lymphocytes infiltrating the tumours, 71% were CD8(+) and of these 58% expressed CD103. In the surrounding stroma 52% of lymphocytes were CD8(+) and 82% of this subset expressed CD103. Infiltration by CD103(+) lymphocytes was not related to the intensity of E-cadherin expression. T lymphocytes of the CD103(+) phenotype are present in normal urothelium where they may play a role in immunosurveillance. Rather than infiltrating into carcinomas, these cells predominate in the surrounding stroma which could suggest a failure of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cresswell
- Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Spinardi-Barbisan AL, Kaneno R, Marchesan Rodrigues MA, Fávero Salvadori DM, Trindade Moreira EL, Barbisan LF, Viana de Camargo JL. Lymphoproliferative response and T lymphocyte subsets in a medium-term multi-organ bioassay for carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 2000; 154:121-9. [PMID: 10806299 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lymphoproliferative response and T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated at different stages of carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats sequentially initiated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN), N-butyl-N-4(hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), dihydroxy-di-N-propylnitrosamine (DHPN) and N, N'-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (DMBDD initiation). One group was evaluated at the 4th week and other initiated group at the 30th week. Two initiated groups were also exposed through diet to 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) or phenobarbital (PB), from the 6th until the 30th week. Two groups received only 2-AAF or PB until the 30th week. Five groups were studied to evaluate the effects of each initiator. The lymphoproliferative response was induced in vitro by concanavalin A and the percentage of T lymphocyte subsets was determined by flow cytometry. All groups submitted to initiation only, initiation plus promotion, or promotion only, developed significantly more preneoplastic lesions than the untreated control group. The main target organs for tumor development were the liver, colon, urinary bladder, kidneys and Zymbal glands, mainly in the group treated with DMBDD+2-AAF. There were no alterations of the lymphoproliferative response and of the T lymphocyte subsets percentage in the DMBDD-treated group at the 4th and 30th weeks. At the 30th week, the T lymphocyte subsets percentage was also not affected in the initiated groups after treatments with 2-AAF or PB. The lymphoproliferative response, however, was decreased in the DMBDD+2-AAF group and in the groups treated only with 2-AAF or PB. The present results indicate that the initiating chemicals used in the DMBDD initiation protocol do not exert any influence on the immune system. The alteration of lymphoproliferative response induced at the advanced stage of carcinogenesis without alteration of T lymphocyte subsets may indicate that the influence of 2-AAF and PB on the immune system is functional and not toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Spinardi-Barbisan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-000, SP, Brazil
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Pettit SJ, Seymour K, O'Flaherty E, Kirby JA. Immune selection in neoplasia: towards a microevolutionary model of cancer development. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1900-6. [PMID: 10864195 PMCID: PMC2363247 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual properties of genetic instability and clonal expansion allow the development of a tumour to occur in a microevolutionary fashion. A broad range of pressures are exerted upon a tumour during neoplastic development. Such pressures are responsible for the selection of adaptations which provide a growth or survival advantage to the tumour. The nature of such selective pressures is implied in the phenotype of tumours that have undergone selection. We have reviewed a range of immunologically relevant adaptations that are frequently exhibited by common tumours. Many of these have the potential to function as mechanisms of immune response evasion by the tumour. Thus, such adaptations provide evidence for both the existence of immune surveillance, and the concept of immune selection in neoplastic development. This line of reasoning is supported by experimental evidence from murine models of immune involvement in neoplastic development. The process of immune selection has serious implications for the development of clinical immunotherapeutic strategies and our understanding of current in vivo models of tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Pettit
- Department of Surgery, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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