1
|
Curone G, Filipe J, Inglesi A, Bronzo V, Pollera C, Comazzi S, Draghi S, Piccinini R, Ferlazzo G, Quattrone A, Vigo D, Amadori M, Riva F. Different Immune Control of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Mammary Infections in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2024; 11:166. [PMID: 38668433 PMCID: PMC11054201 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis represents a major concern due to substantial production losses and costs related to therapies and early culling. The mechanisms of susceptibility and effective response to intra-mammary infections are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated innate immunity in acellular bovine skim milk through cytofluorimetric analyses of bacterial killing activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Freshly cultured E. coli and S. aureus strains were incubated with colostrum and milk samples at different lactation time points from two groups of cows, purportedly representing mastitis-resistant and mastitis-susceptible breeds; bacterial cells were analyzed for vitality by flow cytometry following incorporation of vital dyes. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity was also investigated in milk and colostrum samples. Our findings revealed that colostrum and milk bacterial killing activity was greater against S. aureus compared to E. coli., with this activity correlated with milk NAGase levels. Furthermore, both killing of S. aureus and NAGase activity were negatively correlated to the elapsed time of lactation. Interestingly, samples from the allegedly mastitis-resistant breed displayed higher bacterial killing and NAGase activities. Our study suggests that diverse control mechanisms are exerted against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in the mammary glands of cows, probably beyond those already described in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Alessia Inglesi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive Degli Animali—MiLab, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Pellegrina Extention Service, Veronesi Holding, 37142 Verona, Italy;
| | - Alda Quattrone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Rete Nazionale di Immunologia Veterinaria, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.); (V.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (R.P.); (A.Q.); (D.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang M, Bissonnette N, Laterrière M, Dudemaine PL, Gagné D, Roy JP, Sirard MA, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Gene co-expression in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection reveals networks of genes with specific functions during bovine subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5517-5536. [PMID: 37291036 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent contagious bacterial pathogen of bovine mastitis. The subclinical mastitis it causes has long-term economic implications and it is difficult to control. To further understanding of the genetic basis of mammary gland defense against S. aureus infection, the transcriptomes of milk somatic cells from 15 cows with persistent natural S. aureus infection (S. aureus-positive, SAP) and 10 healthy control cows (HC) were studied by deep RNA-sequencing technology. Comparing the transcriptomes of SAP to HC group revealed 4,077 differentially expressed genes (DEG; 1,616 up- and 2,461 downregulated). Functional annotation indicated enrichment of DEG in 94 Gene Ontology (GO) and 47 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Terms related to the immune response and disease processes were mostly enriched for by upregulated DEG, whereas biological process terms related to cell adhesion, cell movement and localization, and tissue development were mostly enriched for by downregulated DEG. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis grouped DEG into 7 modules, the most important module (colored turquoise by software and here referred to as Turquoise module) was positively significantly correlated with S. aureus subclinical mastitis. The 1,546 genes in the Turquoise module were significantly enriched in 48 GO terms and 72 KEGG pathways, with 80% of them being disease- and immune-related terms [e.g., immune system process (GO:0002376), cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (bta04060) and S. aureus infection (bta05150)]. Some DEG such as IFNG, IL18, IL1B, NFKB1, CXCL8, and IL12B were enriched in immune and disease pathways suggesting their possible involvement in the regulation of the host response to S. aureus infection. Four modules (Yellow, Brown, Blue, and Red) were negatively correlated (significantly) with S. aureus subclinical mastitis, and were enriched in functional annotations involved in the regulation of cell migration, cell communication, metabolic process, and blood circulatory system development, respectively. Application of sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis to genes of the Turquoise module identified 5 genes (NR2F6, PDLIM5, RAB11FIP5, ACOT4, and TMEM53) capable of explaining the majority of the differences in the expression patterns between SAP and HC cows. In conclusion, this study has furthered understanding of the genetic changes in the mammary gland and the molecular mechanisms underlying S. aureus mastitis, as well as revealed a list of candidate discriminant genes with potential regulatory roles in response to S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wang
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1MOC8, Canada; Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1MOC8, Canada
| | - Mario Laterrière
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 2J3, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1MOC8, Canada
| | - David Gagné
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 2J3, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1MOC8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bai X, Wang X, Lin T, Dong W, Gao Y, Ji P, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q. Toll-like Receptor 2 Is Associated with the Immune Response, Apoptosis, and Angiogenesis in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810717. [PMID: 36142648 PMCID: PMC9504312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a crucial role in bacterial recognition and the host immune response during infection. However, its function and downstream biological processes (BPs) in the mammary glands (MGs) of Holstein cows with clinical mastitis (CM) are not fully understood. This study aimed to comprehensively identify the BPs and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with the bacterial response and TLR2 using data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic data. A possible mechanism for the action of TLR2 was proposed, and the results suggested that the expression levels of TLR2 and caspase 8 (CASP8) were positively correlated with the apoptosis of MGs. The expression patterns of TLR2 and TEK receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (Tie2) were negatively correlated with angiogenesis. These results indicated that TLR2 might promote apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) via upregulation of CASP8 expression, and inhibition of angiogenesis in VECs via downregulation of Tie2 expression in dairy cows with CM. In conclusion, TLR2 is associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in the MGs of dairy cows with bacteria-induced mastitis. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and provide the knowledge needed for developing the prevention and treatment of dairy mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weitao Dong
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-763-2482
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jędrzejewski T, Sobocińska J, Pawlikowska M, Dzialuk A, Wrotek S. Dual Effect of the Extract from the Fungus Coriolus versicolor on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Depending on the Lipopolysaccharide Concentration. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3599-3611. [PMID: 35757459 PMCID: PMC9231549 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s364945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extract from the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) is classified as an immunological response modifier. Previously, we have shown that this extract induces interleukin 6 (IL-6)-related extension of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. This study investigated the effect of CV extract on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of components of signal transduction pathways leading to the secretion of cytokines from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with different doses of LPS. Methods RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with CV extract alone or co-treated with CV extract and LPS. The level of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the culture media was measured using ELISA. Protein expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, phosphorylated IκB (p-IκB), CD14 glycoprotein and phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) was evaluated using Western blot. The effects of TLR4, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p-PI3K on cytokine secretion were estimated using inhibitors: TAK-242, JSH-23 and LY294002. Results CV extract itself stimulates the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and increases the expression of TLR4, p-IκB and p-PI3K. The presence of CV extract during the treatment of cells with lower concentrations of LPS (10 and 100 ng/mL) increases the cytokine production. Co-stimulation of cells with CV extract and LPS at a higher dose (500 ng/mL) decreases the secretion of cytokines. This effect is related to the changes in the expression of TLR4, CD14 glycoprotein, p-IκB and p-PI3K. Conclusion This is the first report showing that the CV extract-induced production of cytokines is mediated by the PI3K signalling pathway. This extract acts antagonistically or additively with LPS on the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, depending on the LPS concentration. Our results are helpful for illustrating the mechanisms for the immunostimulatory effect of CV extract in inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Justyna Sobocińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Artur Dzialuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, 85-090, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chou WC, Tsai KL, Hsieh PL, Wu CH, Jou IM, Tu YK, Ma CH. Galectin-3 facilitates inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes through upregulation of the TLR-4-mediated oxidative stress pathway in TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:478-488. [PMID: 34894372 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease. The pathological changes of chondrocytes involve oxidative stress, the pro-inflammatory response, and pro-apoptotic events. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 35 kDa protein with a special chimeric structure. Gal-3 participates in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer metastasis and heart failure. A previous study demonstrated that Gal-3 expression in human cartilage with OA is increased. However, the role of Gal-3 in chondrocyte dysfunction in joints is still unclear. In this study, we applied Gal-3 (5-20 μg/ml) to TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells for 24 h to induce chondrocyte dysfunction. We found that Gal-3 upregulated TLR-4 and MyD88 expression and NADPH oxidase, thereby increasing intracellular ROS in the chondrocytes. Gal-3 increased phosphorylated MEK1/2 and ERK levels, and promoted NF-κB activity. This activation of NF-κB was reduced by silencing TLR-4 and NOX-2. In addition, Gal-3 caused apoptosis of chondrocytes through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway via the TLR-4/NADPH oxidase/MAPK axis. Our study proves the pathogenic role of Gal-3 in Gal-3-induced chondrocyte dysfunction and injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hou Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maciel-Fiuza MF, Costa PDSS, Kowalski TW, Schuler-Faccini L, Bonamigo RR, Vetoratto R, Eidt LM, de Moraes PC, Silveira MIDS, Camargo LMA, Callegari-Jacques SM, Castro SMDJ, Vianna FSL. Evaluation of Polymorphisms in Toll-Like Receptor Genes as Biomarkers of the Response to Treatment of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:713143. [PMID: 35141236 PMCID: PMC8819000 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an inflammatory complication caused by a dysregulated immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Some Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as capable of recognizing antigens from M. leprae, triggering a wide antimicrobial and inflammatory response. Genetic polymorphisms in these receptors could influence in the appearance of ENL as well as in its treatment. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the association of genetic variants of TLRs genes with the response to treatment of ENL with thalidomide and prednisone. A total of 162 ENL patients were recruited from different regions of Brazil and clinical information was collected from their medical records. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood and saliva samples and genetic variants in TLR1 (rs4833095), TLR2 (rs3804099), TLR4 (rs1927914), and TLR6 (rs5743810) genes were genotyped by TaqMan real-time PCR system. In order to evaluate the variants' association with the dose of the medications used during the treatment, we applied the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis. In the present sample, 123 (75.9%) patients were men and 86 (53.1%) were in treatment for leprosy during the ENL episode. We found an association between polymorphisms in TLR1/rs4833095, TLR2/rs3804099, TLR4/rs1927914, and TLR6/rs5783810 with the dose variation of thalidomide in a time-dependent manner, i.e., the association with the genetic variant and the dose of the drug was different depending on the moment of the treatment evaluated. In addition, we identified that the association of polymorphisms in TLR1/rs4833095, TLR2/rs3804099, and TLR6/rs5783810 with the dose variation of prednisone also were time-dependent. Despite these associations, in all the interactions found, the influence of genetic variants on dose variation was not clinically relevant for therapeutic changes. The results obtained in this study show that TLRs polymorphism might play a role in the response to ENL treatment, however, in this context, they could not be considered as useful biomarkers in the clinical setting due small differences in medication doses. A larger sample size with patients with a more genetic profile is fundamental in order to estimate the association of genetic variants with the treatment of ENL and their clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriãn Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Teratogen Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renan Rangel Bonamigo
- Post-graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal De Ciências Da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vetoratto
- Dermatology Service of Santa Casa Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Maria Eidt
- Sanitary Dermatology Clinic, Secretaria De Saúde Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Sanitary Dermatology Clinic, Secretaria De Saúde Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- National Reference Center for Health Dermatology Dona Libania, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Center for Research in Tropical Medicine, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology-EpiAmo, Rondonia, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Centro Universitario São Lucas, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology/CNPq-EpiAmo, Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Sidia Maria Callegari-Jacques
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stela Maris de Jezus Castro
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mendoza-Marí Y, García-Ojalvo A, Fernández-Mayola M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez N, Martinez-Jimenez I, Berlanga-Acosta J. Epidermal growth factor effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in fibroblasts derived from diabetic foot ulcer. Scars Burn Heal 2022; 8:20595131211067380. [PMID: 35198238 PMCID: PMC8859691 DOI: 10.1177/20595131211067380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are characterised by high levels of inflammatory mediators, resulting from sustained hyperglycaemic insult and the local microbial biofilm. The intralesional administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has emerged as an effective treatment that stimulates granulation and closure of DFU, reducing the risk of amputation. Within the wound, fibroblasts play key roles during the healing process, promoting granulation and contraction. The aim of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of EGF in DFU-derived fibroblasts, challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), under hyperglycaemic conditions, recreating in vitro what happens in a clinical scenario. Methods Healthy skin (HS) and DFU granulation tissue biopsies were used to isolate primary fibroblasts. The effect of LPS on cell proliferation was analysed. Transcriptional expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway mediators (TLR4, TLR2, CD14, MYD88 and NFKB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1B) were measured by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), in cells treated with appropriate concentrations of LPS, EGF and their combination. IL-6 protein concentration was quantified by ELISA. Results LPS stimulated proliferation of HS-derived fibroblasts, while inhibiting the proliferation of cells derived from DFU at the highest assayed concentration of 1 µg/mL. Regarding the TLR signalling pathway, LPS increased messenger RNA levels of mediators and pro-inflammatory genes, while EGF, alone or in the presence of LPS, downregulated them, except for IL-1B. Conclusion The results suggest that EGF might elicit an anti-inflammatory response in LPS-challenged fibroblasts, even in a hyperglycaemic milieu. Collectively, our findings contribute to explain newly observed effects of EGF in the clinical arena. Lay Summary In this research article, we analyse the putative anti-inflammatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on fibroblast isolated from diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) granulation tissue. To induce the inflammatory response, the cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), simulating the gram-negative bacterial infection that takes place in the wounds of diabetic patients. We studied the expression of genes involved in bacterial recognition receptors signalling pathway and those that code for different pro-inflammatory cytokines. We obtained primary fibroblasts from biopsies of a neuropathic diabetic ulcer and from healthy skin, the former was used as the control. Cells were isolated and grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) culture medium, to simulate the hyperglycaemic insult. The effect of increasing concentrations of LPS on cell proliferation was analysed. Relative transcriptional expression of genes in the study was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in cells treated with LPS, EGF or a combination. Untreated cells served to normalise the expression. In the present study, we demonstrated that EGF modulated the primary immune response by reducing the activation of pathogen-recognition receptors and common genes involved in these signalling pathways, even in hyperglycaemic conditions. This effect translated in a decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results contribute to explain our previous observations about the reduction of circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines after local administration of human recombinant EGF in DFU. Further molecular studies should be carried out to fully understand the biological mechanisms elicited by EGF in this clinical scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maday Fernández-Mayola
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nadia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Indira Martinez-Jimenez
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Berlanga-Acosta
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun W, Byon CH, Kim DH, Choi HI, Park JS, Joo SY, Kim IJ, Jung I, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Renoprotective Effects of Maslinic Acid on Experimental Renal Fibrosis in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model via Targeting MyD88. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708575. [PMID: 34588982 PMCID: PMC8475766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maslinic acid (MA), also named crategolic acid, is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from fruits and vegetables. Although various beneficial pharmacological effects of MA have been revealed, its effect on renal fibrosis remains unclear. This study was designed to clarify whether MA could attenuate renal fibrosis and determine the putative underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that MA-treated mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) developed a histological injury of low severity and exhibited downregulated expression of fibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and fibronectin by 38, 44 and 40%, and upregulated expression of E-cadherin by 70% as compared with untreated UUO mice. Moreover, MA treatment restored the expression levels of α-SMA, connective tissue growth factor, and vimentin to 10, 7.8 and 38% of those induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in NRK49F cells. MA decreased expression of Smad2/3 phosphorylation and Smad4 in UUO kidneys and TGF-β treated NRK49F cells (p < 0.05, respectively). Notably, MA specifically interferes with MyD88, an adaptor protein, thereby mitigating Smad4 nuclear expression (p < 0.01 compared to TGF-β treated group) and ameliorating renal fibrotic changes (p < 0.01 for each fibrotic markers compared to TGF-β induced cells). In addition, in the UUO model and lipopolysaccharide-induced NRK49F cells, MA treatment decreased the expression of IL-1β, TGF-α and MCP-1, ICAM-1, associated with the suppression of NF-κB signaling. These findings suggest that MA is a potential agent that can reduce renal interstitial fibrosis, to some extent, via targeting TGF-β/Smad and MyD88 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoon In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - In Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Inae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
DNA aptamer-based rolling circle amplification product as a novel immunological adjuvant. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22282. [PMID: 33335251 PMCID: PMC7747709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several agonists to CD40 have shown to induce acquired immune responses. Here, we developed and evaluated the rolling circle amplification (RCA) products that are based on anti-CD40 DNA aptamers as a novel vaccine adjuvant. First, we developed DNA aptamers with specific binding affinity to chicken CD40 extra domain (chCD40ED). Next, we prepared the RCA products that consist of these aptamers to increase the spanning space and overall binding affinity to chCD40ED. Using 8 DNA aptamer candidates, 4 aptamer-based RCA products (aptamer RCAs) were generated, each consisting of two distinct aptamers. We demonstrated that all 4 aptamer RCAs significantly induced the signal transduction in chicken HD11 macrophage cell line (p < 0.05). Finally, we conjugated one of the aptamer RCAs (Aptamer RCA II) to M2e epitope peptide of influenza virus as a model hapten, and the immune complex was injected to chickens. Aptamer RCA II stimulated anti-M2e IgG antibody production to the level significantly higher as compared to the control (M2e epitope alone; p < 0.05). The results of our work suggest that aptamer RCA is a novel platform to boost the efficacy of vaccines, which might find broad applications to other antigens beyond M2e epitope evaluated in this study using chicken infection model.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sabet Sarvestani F, Azarpira N, Al-Abdullah IH, Tamaddon AM. microRNAs in liver and kidney ischemia reperfusion injury: insight to improve transplantation outcome. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110944. [PMID: 33227704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a condition that occurs wherever blood flow and oxygen is reduced or absent, such as trauma, vascular disease, stroke, and solid organ transplantation. This condition can lead to tissue damage, especially during organ transplantation. Under such circumstances, some signaling pathways are activated, leading to up- or down- regulation of several genes such as microRNAs (miRNAs) that might attenuate or ameliorate this status. Therefore, by manipulating miRNAs level, they can be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis of IRI or suggestive to be therapeutic agents in clinical situation in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ismail H Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA.
| | - Ali-Mohammad Tamaddon
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Interleukin-26 activates macrophages and facilitates killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17178. [PMID: 33057074 PMCID: PMC7558018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis-causing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is transmitted via airborne droplets followed by a primary infection of macrophages and dendritic cells. During the activation of host defence mechanisms also neutrophils and T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells are recruited to the site of infection. The TH17 cell-derived interleukin (IL)-17 in turn induces the cathelicidin LL37 which shows direct antimycobacterial effects. Here, we investigated the role of IL-26, a TH1- and TH17-associated cytokine that exhibits antimicrobial activity. We found that both IL-26 mRNA and protein are strongly increased in tuberculous lymph nodes. Furthermore, IL-26 is able to directly kill Mtb and decrease the infection rate in macrophages. Binding of IL-26 to lipoarabinomannan might be one important mechanism in extracellular killing of Mtb. Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to IL-26 with secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokines such as CCL20, CXCL2 and CXCL8. In dendritic cells but not in macrophages cytokine induction by IL-26 is partly mediated via Toll like receptor (TLR) 2. Taken together, IL-26 strengthens the defense against Mtb in two ways: firstly, directly due to its antimycobacterial properties and secondly indirectly by activating innate immune mechanisms.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dietary Silk Peptide Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Modulating Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050771. [PMID: 32429220 PMCID: PMC7277379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-hydrolyzed silk peptide (SP) is a valuable material that has been used traditionally to treat various diseases, however, the mechanism by which it affects inflammatory responses is unknown. To examine the effects of SP on inflammatory responses, we used macrophages as a vehicle for examining signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays an important role in innate immune responses to pathogenic infections and pathogen-derived molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of SP by examining lymph node, spleen, and serum samples from C57BL/6 mice injected with LPS. We also used LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells (a murine macrophage cell line) to identify the mechanism by which SP modulates immune responses via the TLR4 signaling pathway. In addition, we showed that SP prevents LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. In summary, SP inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4 signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
13
|
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lasia spinosa Leaf Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103439. [PMID: 32414062 PMCID: PMC7279483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites was used as a traditional medicine to treat many inflammatory diseases for centuries. However, its effects on the inflammatory response are not yet characterized. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of L. spinosa leaf extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that ethanol extracts of L. spinosa leaves showed anti-oxidant activity due to the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds. Treatment with the leaf extract significantly repressed the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, L. spinosa leaf extract treatment prevented activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway by inhibiting nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) degradation. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways were suppressed upon treatment with the leaf extract. In addition to suppressing inflammatory factors, the extract also activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme-oxygenase-1 pathway. We propose that L. spinosa leaf extract has the potential as an effective therapeutic agent for alleviating oxidative stress and excessive inflammation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Development of Multifunctional Cosmetic Cream Using Bioactive Materials from Streptomyces sp. T65 with Synthesized Mesoporous Silica Particles SBA-15. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040278. [PMID: 32224894 PMCID: PMC7222176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cosmetics having a single function are increasingly being used, but cosmetics having multifunctional activities remain limited. We aimed to develop a multifunctional cosmetic cream having antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-aging and antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities were performed by disc-diffusion method. Cell toxicity and cell proliferations were evaluated in a 96-well plate with different cell lines such as HaCaT, RAW264.7, CCD-986Sk, B16F1, and B16F10. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were evaluated and IC50 was calculated. Mesoporous silica particle was synthesized using Pluronic P123 and tetraethyl ortho-silicate (TEOS). Facial pictures were captured by VISIA-CR (Facial Imaging System for Clinical Research). Roughness of image was analysed by PRIMOS software and brightness of image was analyzed by Chromameter CR-400. The crude product of strain T65 inhibited the different human pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The IC50 of T65 crude product for mushroom tyrosinase, elastase, and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 58.73, 14.68, and 6.31 µg/mL, respectively. T65 crude product proliferated collagen type I in CCD-986Sk cell up to 145.91% ± 9.11% (mean ± SD; mean of 24, 48, and 72 h) at 250 pg/mL. Synthesized mesoporous particles (SBA-15) confirmed the sustainable performance by control-release for three days. Formulated functional cosmetic cream containing T65 embedded SBA-15, significantly decreased the skin roughness by 4.670% and increased the skin brightness by 0.472% after application of 4 weeks. T65 crude product inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Synthesized mesoporous particle, SBA-15, confirmed the physiologically active substance was released in sustainable release condition. T65 crude product showed impeccable antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities with non-cytotoxic effects to different cell lines related to the human skin.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gong XY, Zhang Y. Protective effect of miR-20a against hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment on cardiomyocytes cell viability and cell apoptosis by targeting TLR4 and inhibiting p38 MAPK/JNK signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:793-800. [PMID: 31444671 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized to hold essential parts in the course of pathophysiology participating in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The current study was intended to appraise the functional implication and underlying regulatory mechanism action of miR-20a in myocardial I/R injury. In cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model simulating I/R, we observed that miR-20a was diminished in H9c2 cells subjected to H/R. The miR-20a mimics promoted cardiomyocyte viability and reduced H/R-triggered cell apoptosis, while the miR-20a inhibitors induced the inverse response in H9c2 cells subjected to H/R injury. Moreover, we ascertained that TLR4 was one downstream target gene of miR-20a and revealed that miR-20a might hold its protective action on cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R by inactivating p38 MAPK/JNK signaling. In summary, this study highlighted the relieved potential of miR-20a against cardiomyocyte H/R injury and suggested its favorable therapeutic role for myocardial I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Gong
- International Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- International Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bonam SR, Bhunia D, Muller S, Nerella SG, Alvala M, Halmuthur Mahabalarao SK. Novel trisaccharide based phospholipids as immunomodulators. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105684. [PMID: 31200340 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A focused library of novel mannosylated glycophospholipids was synthesized employing imidate coupling and H-phosphate phosphorylation methods. All novel glycophospholipids were evaluated for their receptor interactions by molecular docking studies. Docking studies revealed dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) specific interaction of the glycophospholipid ligand P4 acts, which was further confirmed by in vitro DC-SIGN expression on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Further, in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity among the six compounds (P1-P6) examined, compound P4 displayed good immunopotentiation and adjuvant properties as indicated by the induced cytokine expression and enhanced ovalbumin (OVA) specific antibody (IgG) titers. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) analogues in the present study enforced the immunomodulatory properties, truncating parent PIMs or tailor-made of PIMs may bring the novel efficacious molecules, which will be useful in vaccine preparation against different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, 500007, India; UMR 7242 CNRS- Neuroimmunology & Peptide Therapy Team, University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and cell signaling, Illkirch, France/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaire (ISIS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Debabrata Bhunia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sylviane Muller
- UMR 7242 CNRS- Neuroimmunology & Peptide Therapy Team, University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and cell signaling, Illkirch, France/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaire (ISIS), 67000, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Molecular Modeling Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Molecular Modeling Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Sampath Kumar Halmuthur Mahabalarao
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yong YH, Liu SF, Hua GH, Jia RM, Gooneratne R, Zhao YT, Liao M, Ju XH. Goose toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mediated IFN-γ and IL-6 in anti-H5N1 avian influenza virus response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 197:31-38. [PMID: 29475504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense. How geese recognize viral molecules and activate these pathways is not well understood. In mammals, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA. Activation of TLR3 induces the activation of NF-кB and the production of type-I interferon. In this study, the goose TLR3 gene was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Goose TLR3 encoded an 896-amino-acid protein, containing a signal secretion peptide, 14 extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains, a transmembrane domain, a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling domain, and shared 46.7-84.4% homology with other species. Tissue expression of goose TLR3 varied markedly and was highest in the pancreas and lowest in the skin. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with goose TLR3 and NF-κB-luciferase-containing plasmids responded significantly to poly i:c. The expression of TLR3, IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA, but not IL-1 mRNA, was significantly upregulated after poly i:c or high pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) stimulation in goose peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in vitro. Furthermore, geese infected with H5N1 showed significant upregulation of TLR3, especially in the lung and brain. We conclude that goose TLR3 is a functional TLR3 homologue of the protein in other species and plays an important role in virus recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Yong
- Center of Modern Biochemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Shao-Feng Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Guo-Hong Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ru-Min Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Yun-Tao Zhao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hou Y, Liang D, Liu Y, Chen H, Lou X. Up-regulation of DcR3 in microbial toxins-stimulated HUVECs involves NF-κB signalling. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 19:13. [PMID: 30587127 PMCID: PMC6307204 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-018-0102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a severe condition characterised by the body’s systemic inflammatory response to infection. The specific sepsis-related biomarkers should be used in clinical diagnosis, therapeutic response monitoring, rational use of antibiotics, and prognosis (risk stratification), etc. Results In this study, we investigated the expression level of Decoy Receptor 3 (DcR3) and the mechanism of high expression in sepsis patients. Septic cell model experiments were performed by treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Jurkat cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and zymosan, respectively. SP600125, SB203580 and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) were used to inhibit JNK1/2, p38MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways in septic cell model, respectively. These results showed that DcR3 levels were higher in sepsis group than control. DcR3 mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs were increased following treatment with LPS, LTA and zymosan, and also increased in Jurkat cells treated by LPS, but not by LTA or zymosan. When HUVECs were treated with the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, DcR3 expression was decreased compared with controls. However, SP600125 and SB203580 had no effect on DcR3 mRNA or protein levels. Conclusions The results indicated that DcR3 secretion proceeded through the NF-κB signalling pathway in HUVECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO.748 Middle Zhongshan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| | - Dongyu Liang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO.748 Middle Zhongshan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO.748 Middle Zhongshan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO.748 Middle Zhongshan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xiaoli Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO.748 Middle Zhongshan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Role of Muramyl Dipeptide in Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Biological Activity and Osteoclast Activity. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8047610. [PMID: 29666781 PMCID: PMC5832107 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8047610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin and bacterial cell wall component that is capable of inducing inflammation and immunological activity. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal essential structural unit responsible for the immunological activity of peptidoglycans, is another inflammation-inducing molecule that is ubiquitously expressed by bacteria. Several studies have shown that inflammation-related biological activities were synergistically induced by interactions between LPS and MDP. MDP synergistically enhances production of proinflammatory cytokines that are induced by LPS exposure. Injection of MDP induces lethal shock in mice challenged with LPS. LPS also induces osteoclast formation and pathological bone resorption; MDP enhances LPS induction of both processes. Furthermore, MDP enhances the LPS-induced receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, MDP enhances LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in stromal cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that MDP plays an important role in LPS-induced biological activities. This review discusses the role of MDP in LPS-mediated biological activities, primarily in relation to osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bakopoulos A, Kapelouzou A, Tsilimigras DI, Katsimpoulas M, Schizas D, Aravanis C, Balafas E, Mavroidis M, Pavlakis K, Machairas A, Liakakos T. Expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the lungs of an experimental sepsis mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188050. [PMID: 29136027 PMCID: PMC5685586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a condition characterized by high mortality rates and often accompanied by multiple-organ dysfunction. During sepsis, respiratory system may be affected and possibly result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a first line defense against invading pathogens, seem to be highly expressed in septic states. Therefore, expression of TLRs in the lungs of a sepsis animal model could indicate the involvement of the respiratory system and appear as a severity index of the clinical course. Materials and methods A total of 72 C57BL/6J mice, aged 12–14 weeks, were studied. The animals were divided into 3 sepsis (S) groups (24h, 48h and 72h) and 3 control (C) groups (24h, 48h and 72h), each consisting of 12 mice. The S-groups were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) while the C-groups had a sham operation performed. Blood samples were drawn from all groups. Total blood count analysis was performed along with the measurement of certain biochemical markers. Additionally, lung tissues were harvested and the expression of TLRs, namely TLR 2, TLR 3, TLR 4 and TLR 7 were evaluated by means of immunofluorescence (IF) and qRT-PCR (quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction). Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA followed by student t-test. Results were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. Results WBCs and lymphocytes were decreased in all S-groups compared to the corresponding C-groups (p<0.05), while RBCs showed a gradual decline in S-groups with the lowest levels appearing in the S72 group. Only, monocytes were higher in S-groups, especially between S48-C48 (p<0.05) and S72-C72 (p<0.05). Creatinine, IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the S-groups compared to the corresponding C-groups (S24 vs C24, S48 vs C48 and S72 vs C72, p<0.05). IF showed that expression of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 7 was increased in all S-groups compared to the time-adjusted C-groups (p<0.05). Similarly, qRT-PCR revealed that expression of all TLRs was higher in all S-groups compared to their respective C-groups in both lungs and intestine (p<0.05). Comparing lung and intestinal tissues from S-groups, TLRs 2 and 4 were found increased in the lung at 24, 48 and 72 hours (p<0.05), whereas TLR 3 was higher in the intestine at all time points examined (p<0.05). Finally, TLR 7 levels were significantly higher in the intestinal tissues at 24 hours (p<0.0001), while lungs predominated at 48 hours (p<0.0001). Conclusion TLRs seem to be highly expressed in the lungs of septic mice, therefore suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of ARDS during sepsis. While more studies need to be conducted in order to completely understand the underlying mechanisms, TLRs may represent a promising target for establishing novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anargyros Bakopoulos
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alkistis Kapelouzou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michalis Katsimpoulas
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Aravanis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evaggelos Balafas
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kitty Pavlakis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Machairas
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Liakakos
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhong J, Wang H, Chen W, Sun Z, Chen J, Xu Y, Weng M, Shi Q, Ma D, Miao C. Ubiquitylation of MFHAS1 by the ubiquitin ligase praja2 promotes M1 macrophage polarization by activating JNK and p38 pathways. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2763. [PMID: 28471450 PMCID: PMC5520684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammation caused by infection. The balance between M1–M2 macrophage polarization has an essential role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the exact mechanism underlying macrophage polarization is unclear. We previously showed that levels of malignant fibrous histiocytoma amplified sequence 1 (MFHAS1) were significantly elevated in septic patients compared with those in nonseptic patients, and involved in the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. In the present study, we explored whether MFHAS1 was involved in macrophage polarization and determined the effect of MFHAS1 on inflammation. We performed in vitro pulldown assays and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation assays and found that E3 ubiquitin ligase praja2 could directly bind to MFHAS1. In situ immunostaining analysis confirmed the colocalization of endogenous praja2 with MFHAS1. We first reported that praja2 promotes the accumulation of ubiquitylated MFHAS1 but does not degrade it. Moreover, our results indicate that MFHAS1 ubiquitylation by praja2 positively regulates TLR2-mediated JNK/p38 pathway and promotes M1 macrophage polarization, M2 to M1 macrophage transformation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilin Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqing Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bellaver B, Dos Santos JP, Leffa DT, Bobermin LD, Roppa PHA, da Silva Torres IL, Gonçalves CA, Souza DO, Quincozes-Santos A. Systemic Inflammation as a Driver of Brain Injury: the Astrocyte as an Emerging Player. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2685-2695. [PMID: 28421541 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe systemic inflammation has strong effects on brain functions, promoting permanent neurocognitive dysfunction and high mortality rates. Additionally, hippocampal damage seems to be directly involved in this process and astrocytes play an important role in neuroinflammation and in the neuroimmune response. However, the contribution of the astrocytes to the pathology of acute brain dysfunction is not well understood. Recently, our group established a protocol for obtaining astrocyte cultures from mature brain to allow the characterization of these cells and their functions under pathologic conditions. The present study was designed to characterize astrocyte function after acute systemic inflammation induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Hippocampal astrocyte cultures from CLP animals presented increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and cyclooxygenase-2 and decreased levels of IL-10. This proinflammatory profile was accompanied by an increase in Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 mRNA expression levels and no change either in TLR4 or in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression. These alterations were associated with increased expressions of p21, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in astrocytes from CLP animals. The same parameters were also evaluated in whole hippocampal tissue, but differences in this profile were found compared to hippocampal astrocyte cultures from CLP, reflecting an interaction between other central nervous system cell types, which may mask specific astrocytic changes. These results improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which astrocytes react against systemic inflammation, and suggest these cells to be potential targets for therapeutic modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellaver
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Douglas Teixeira Leffa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Paola Haack Amaral Roppa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harris HW, Gosnell JE, Kumwenda ZL. Review: The lipemia of sepsis: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as agents of innate immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxin (LPS) elicits dramatic responses in the host including elevated plasma lipid levels due to the increased synthesis and secretion of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins by the liver, and the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. This cytokine-induced hyperlipoproteinemia, clinically termed the `lipemia of sepsis', was customarily thought to represent the mobilization of lipid stores to fuel the host response to infection. However, since lipoproteins can also bind and neutralize LPS, we hypothesize that TG-rich lipoproteins (VLDL and chylomicrons) are also components of an innate, non-adaptive host immune response to infection. Herein we review data demonstrating the capacity of lipoproteins to bind LPS, protect against LPS-induced toxicity, and modulate the overall host response to this bacterial toxin. Lastly, we propose a pathway whereby lipoprotein-bound LPS may represent a novel, endogenous mechanism for regulating the hepatic acute phase response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hobart W. Harris
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA,
| | - Jessica E. Gosnell
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis-East Bay, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Zindaba L. Kumwenda
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deng L, Pang P, Zheng K, Nie J, Xu H, Wu S, Chen J, Chen X. Forsythoside A Controls Influenza A Virus Infection and Improves the Prognosis by Inhibiting Virus Replication in Mice. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050524. [PMID: 27128889 PMCID: PMC6273045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to observe the effects of forsythoside A on controlling influenza A virus (IAV) infection and improving the prognosis of IAV infection. METHODS Forty-eight SPF C57BL/6j mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: Group A: normal control group (normal con); Group B: IAV control group (V con); Group C: IAV+ oseltamivir treatment group (V oseltamivir; 0.78 mg/mL, 0.2 mL/mouse/day); Group D: IAV+ forsythoside A treatment group (V FTA; 2 μg/mL, 0.2 mL/mouse/day). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure mRNA expression of the TLR7, MyD88, TRAF6, IRAK4 and NF-κB p65 mRNA in TLR7 signaling pathway and the virus replication level in lung. Western blot was used to measure TLR7, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of the T cell subsets Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg. RESULTS The body weight began to decrease after IAV infection, while FTA and oseltamivir could reduce the rate of body weight loss. The pathological damages in the FTA and oseltamivir group were less serious. TLR7, MyD88, TRAF6, IRAK4 and NF-κB p65 mRNA were up-regulated after virus infection (p < 0.01) while down-regulated after oseltamivir and FTA treatment (p < 0.01). The results of TLR7, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein consisted with correlative mRNA. Flow cytometry showed the Th1/Th2 differentiated towards Th2, and the Th17/Treg cells differentiated towards Treg after FTA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests forsythoside A can control influenza A virus infection and improve the prognosis of IAV infection by inhibiting influenza A virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Peng Pang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiao Nie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Huachong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Sizhi Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhong J, Shi QQ, Zhu MM, Shen J, Wang HH, Ma D, Miao CH. MFHAS1 Is Associated with Sepsis and Stimulates TLR2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Following Negative Regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143662. [PMID: 26599367 PMCID: PMC4658032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma amplified sequence 1 (MFHAS1) has a potential immunoregulatory role dependent on Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR2, associated with deleterious systemic inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, and acute kidney injury, acts synergistically in sepsis. The role of MFHAS1 in targeting TLR2 involved in sepsis has not been examined thus far. This study aimed to examine the relationship of MFHAS1 and sepsis, and the effect of MFHAS1 on the TLR2 signaling pathway. Blood samples were collected from eight sepsis patients after surgery and eight patients undergoing selective surgery to determine blood MFHAS1 levels. HEK 293 cells, RAW 264.7 macrophages and THP-1 monocytes were used to confirm the effect of MFHAS1 on TLR2 signaling pathway. Our study showed that blood MFHAS1 was significantly elevated in septic patients, and MFHAS1 was more increased in mononuclear cells from septic patients. Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 ligand) was found to induce MFHAS1 production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and THP-1 human monocytes in a time-dependent manner. MFHAS1 has dual effects on TLR2 signaling pathway and inflammation, i.e., inhibitory effect at 6 hours, and then stimulatory effect after 24 hours through the activation of TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, and MFHAS1 induced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 after TLR2 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qing Shi
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Min Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Hui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CHM); (DM)
| | - Chang-Hong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CHM); (DM)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu WC, Zheng CM, Lu CL, Lin YF, Shyu JF, Wu CC, Lu KC. Vitamin D and immune function in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:135-44. [PMID: 26291576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The common causes of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are cardiovascular events and infectious disease. These patients are also predisposed to the development of vitamin D deficiency, which leads to an increased risk of immune dysfunction. Many extra-renal cells possess the capability to produce local active 1,25(OH)2D in an intracrine or paracrine fashion, even without kidney function. Vitamin D affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In innate immunity, vitamin D promotes production of cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 and enhances the capacity for autophagy via toll-like receptor activation as well as affects complement concentrations. In adaptive immunity, vitamin D suppresses the maturation of dendritic cells and weakens antigen presentation. Vitamin D also increases T helper (Th) 2 cytokine production and the efficiency of Treg lymphocytes but suppresses the secretion of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. In addition, vitamin D can decrease autoimmune disease activity. Vitamin D has been shown to play an important role in maintaining normal immune function and crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Vitamin D deficiency may also contribute to deterioration of immune function and infectious disorders in CKD patients. However, it needs more evidence to support the requirements for vitamin D supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, No.80, Zhongxing St., Yonghe Dist., New Taipei City 234, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, No.291, Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No.95, Wen Chang Road, Shih Lin Dist., Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, No.291, Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No.161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No.325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.362, Chung-Cheng Rd, Hsin-Tien Dist., New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yong Y, Liu S, Hua G, Jia R, Zhao Y, Sun X, Liao M, Ju X. Identification and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor 2-1 in geese. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:108. [PMID: 25967535 PMCID: PMC4449522 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), an important pattern recognition receptor, activates proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens. It has been reported in humans and chicken, but not in geese, an important waterfowl species in China. Since some vaccines stimulate robust immune responsesl in chicken but not in geeeses we speculated that their immune systems are different. Results In this study, we cloned the goose TLR2-1 gene using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)and showed that geese TLR2-1 encoded a 793-amino-acid protein, containing a signal secretion peptide, an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling domain deduced from amino acid sequence. TLR2-1 shared 38.4%–93.5% homology with its homologues in other species. Tissue expression of geese TLR2-1 varied markedly, and was higher in kidney, cloacal bursa, skin and brain compared to other organs/tissues. HEK293 cells transfected with plasmids carrying goose TLR2-1 and NF-κB-luciferase responded significantly to stimulation with Mycoplasma fermentans lipopeptide. Furthermore, geese infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Salmonella enteritidis (SE) showed significant upregulation of TLR2-1 in both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Geese TLR2-1 is a functional homologue of TLR2 present in other species and plays an important role in bacterial recognition in geese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Guohong Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Rumin Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- Center of Modern Biochemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Ming Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China. .,MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baranova LA, Zhornik EV, Volotovski ID. The influence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the expression of genes that encode biomarkers of inflammation and apoptosis. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350915020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
29
|
Foley NM, Wang J, Redmond HP, Wang JH. Current knowledge and future directions of TLR and NOD signaling in sepsis. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 25722880 PMCID: PMC4340879 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-014-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sepsis is increasing over time, along with an increased risk of dying from the condition. Sepsis care costs billions annually in the United States. Death from sepsis is understood to be a complex process, driven by a lack of normal immune homeostatic functions and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to multi-organ failure. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, one of whose members was initially discovered in Drosophila, performs an important role in the recognition of microbial pathogens. These pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), upon sensing invading microorganisms, activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. NOD signaling is also involved in the recognition of bacteria and acts synergistically with the TLR family in initiating an efficient immune response for the eradication of invading microbial pathogens. TLRs and NOD1/NOD2 respond to different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Modulation of both TLR and NOD signaling is an area of research that has prompted much excitement and debate as a therapeutic strategy in the management of sepsis. Molecules targeting TLR and NOD signaling pathways exist but regrettably thus far none have proven efficacy from clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Foley
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 China
| | - H Paul Redmond
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jiang Huai Wang
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Escudero-Pérez B, Volchkova VA, Dolnik O, Lawrence P, Volchkov VE. Shed GP of Ebola virus triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004509. [PMID: 25412102 PMCID: PMC4239094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During Ebola virus (EBOV) infection a significant amount of surface glycoprotein GP is shed from infected cells in a soluble form due to cleavage by cellular metalloprotease TACE. Shed GP and non-structural secreted glycoprotein sGP, both expressed from the same GP gene, have been detected in the blood of human patients and experimentally infected animals. In this study we demonstrate that shed GP could play a particular role during EBOV infection. In effect it binds and activates non-infected dendritic cells and macrophages inducing the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL12p40, and IL1-RA, IL10). Activation of these cells by shed GP correlates with the increase in surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86. Contrary to shed GP, secreted sGP activates neither DC nor macrophages while it could bind DCs. In this study, we show that shed GP activity is likely mediated through cellular toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and is dependent on GP glycosylation. Treatment of cells with anti-TLR4 antibody completely abolishes shed GP-induced activation of cells. We also demonstrate that shed GP activity is negated upon addition of mannose-binding sera lectin MBL, a molecule known to interact with sugar arrays present on the surface of different microorganisms. Furthermore, we highlight the ability of shed GP to affect endothelial cell function both directly and indirectly, demonstrating the interplay between shed GP, systemic cytokine release and increased vascular permeability. In conclusion, shed GP released from virus-infected cells could activate non-infected DCs and macrophages causing the massive release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and effect vascular permeability. These activities could be at the heart of the excessive and dysregulated inflammatory host reactions to infection and thus contribute to high virus pathogenicity. Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in man and primates, displaying up to 90% mortality rates. Viral infection is typified by an excessive systemic inflammatory response resembling septic shock. It also damages endothelial cells and creates difficulty in coagulation, ultimately leading to haemorrhaging, organ failure and death. A unique feature of EBOV is that following infection high amounts of truncated surface GP, named shed GP, are released from infected cells and are detected in the blood of patients and experimentally infected animals. However the role of shed GP in virus replication and pathogenicity is not yet clearly defined. Here we show that shed GP released from virus-infected cells binds and activates non-infected DCs and macrophages causing the massive release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and also affects vascular permeability. These activities could be at the heart of the excessive and dysregulated inflammatory host reactions to infection and thus contribute to high virus pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111- CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentina A. Volchkova
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111- CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111- CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111- CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Viktor E. Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111- CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ezzat Alnakip M, Quintela-Baluja M, Böhme K, Fernández-No I, Caamaño-Antelo S, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velázquez J. The Immunology of Mammary Gland of Dairy Ruminants between Healthy and Inflammatory Conditions. J Vet Med 2014; 2014:659801. [PMID: 26464939 PMCID: PMC4590879 DOI: 10.1155/2014/659801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of dairy animals, particularly the milk-producing mammary glands, is essential to the dairy industry because of the crucial hygienic and economic aspects of ensuring production of high quality milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, due to its impacts on animal health and milk production and thus on economic benefits. The MG is protected by several defence mechanisms that prevent microbial penetration and surveillance. However, several factors can attenuate the host immune response (IR), and the possession of various virulence and resistance factors by different mastitis-causing microorganisms greatly limits immune defences and promotes establishment of intramammary infections (IMIs). A comprehensive understanding of MG immunity in both healthy and inflammatory conditions will be an important key to understand the nature of IMIs caused by specific pathogens and greatly contributes to the development of effective control methods and appropriate detection techniques. Consequently, this review aims to provide a detailed overview of antimicrobial defences in the MG under healthy and inflammatory conditions. In this sense, we will focus on pathogen-dependent variations in IRs mounted by the host during IMI and discuss the potential ramifications of these variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzat Alnakip
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Food Control Department, Dairy Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Al Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fernández-No
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sonia Caamaño-Antelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pillar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abramova AY, Pertsov SS, Kozlov AY, Nikenina EV, Kalinichenko LS, Dudnik EN, Alekseeva IV. Cytokine levels in rat blood and brain structures after administration of lipopolysaccharide. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 155:417-20. [PMID: 24143359 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared cytokine profile of rat serum and brain structures after immune status modulation by LPS (30 μg/kg intraperitoneally). The content of inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in biological samples of animals was measured on days 1 and 7 after antigenic stimulation. LPS administration reduced the levels of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of the rats, especially on the 1st day. LPS administration was also accompanied by specific changes in cytokine content in the dorsal hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. Antigenic stimulation increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in the examined brain tissues, the changes were most pronounced on day 1 after LPS injection. No significant changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain tissue of animals were found at the above terms after LPS injection. Thus, peripheral LPS administration to rats shifts the balance between the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS structures towards the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Abramova
- P. K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rezania S, Amirmozaffari N, Rashidi N, Mirzadegan E, Zarei S, Ghasemi J, Zarei O, Katouzian L, Zarnani AH. The same and not the same: heterogeneous functional activation of prostate tumor cells by TLR ligation. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:54. [PMID: 24966802 PMCID: PMC4069277 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many types of tumors are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations with different molecular signature. Such heterogeneity may be associated with different responsiveness to microenvironment stimuli. In the present study, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), as well-known mediators of inflammation, on cancerous behavior of three prostate tumor cells, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145, were investigated. Methods Expression of TLR1-10, CD14 and MyD88 transcripts was investigated by RT-PCR. Protein expression of TLR2 and 4 was scrutinized by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. Experiments were set up to assess the effects of LPS and LTA at different concentrations and times on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix invasion, adhesion and cytokine production. Results We showed that prostate cancer cell lines differentially express TLR1-10, MyD88 and CD14 transcripts. DU145 failed to express TLR4 gene. Positively-identified TLR2 protein in all prostate cancer cells and TLR4 protein in PC3 and LNCaP by Western blotting was not accompanied by cell surface expression, as judged by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescent staining clearly demonstrated predominantly perinuclear localization of TLR2 and TLR4. LTA activation of all prostate cancer cells significantly increased cell proliferation. Regardless of lacking TLR4, DU145 cells proliferated in response to LPS treatment. While LPS caused increased invasiveness of LNCaP, invasive capacity of PC3 was significantly reduced after LPS or LTA stimulation. Stimulation of all prostate tumor cells with LTA was associated with increased cell adhesion and IL-8 production. IL-6 production, however, was differentially regulated by LPS stimulation in prostate tumor cells. Conclusion The data shows that cancer cells originated from the same histologically origin exhibit heterogeneous response to the same TLR ligand. Therefore, a thorough and comprehensive judgment on how and to what extent a particular cancer is affected by TLR agonist could not be inferred by studying an individual cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Rezania
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Biophysics Institute, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Noor Amirmozaffari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mirzadegan
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zarei
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Ghasemi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Katouzian
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ren JD, Fan L, Tian FZ, Fan KH, Yu BT, Jin WH, Tan YH, Cheng L. Involvement of a membrane potassium channel in heparan sulphate-induced activation of macrophages. Immunology 2014; 141:345-52. [PMID: 24138091 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Ren
- Department of Pharmacy; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Pharmacy; Xinqiao Hospital; the Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Fu-Zhou Tian
- Department of General Surgery; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Kai-Hua Fan
- Department of Pharmacy; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Bo-Tao Yu
- Department of Pharmacy; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Wei-Hua Jin
- Department of Pharmacy; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Yong-Hong Tan
- Department of Pharmacy; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of General Surgery; General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region; Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maeyama JI, Isaka M, Yasuda Y, Matano K, Morokuma K, Ohkuma K, Tochikubo K, Yamamoto S, Goto N. Effects of Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit (rCTB) on Cellular Immune Responses: Enhancement of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Following Intranasal Co-Administration ofMycobacterium bovis-BCG with rCTB. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:457-63. [PMID: 15215619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) is a safe and potent mucosal adjuvant. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the adjuvant effect of rCTB, the effects of rCTB on cell-mediated immune responses of mice and guinea pigs were examined after intranasal administration of Mycobacterium bovis -bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) with and without rCTB. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, for skin reactions in guinea pigs and for footpad swelling reactions in mice, to purified protein derivative (PPD) were enhanced by intranasal co-administration of BCG and rCTB, as compared to giving BCG alone to these animals. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma production of spleen cells and antigen specific spleen cell proliferation, stimulated with PPD, were enhanced in the presence of rCTB. These results strongly suggest that rCTB enhances cellular as well as humoral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu S, Jiang ZY, Sun YF, Yu B, Chen J, Dai CQ, Wu XL, Tang XL, Chen XY. Microbiota regulates the TLR7 signaling pathway against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:414-22. [PMID: 23677145 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although intestinal flora are crucial in maintaining immune homeostasis of the intestine, the role of intestinal flora in immune responses at other mucosal surfaces remains less clear. Here, we show that intestinal flora composition critically regulates the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway following respiratory influenza virus infection. TLR7 ligands rescued the immune impairment in antibiotic-treated mice. Intact microbiota provided signals leading to the expression of mRNA for TLR7, MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, and NF-κB at steady state. Significant changes in the composition of culturable commensal bacteria reduced the expression levels of components of the TLR7 signaling pathway. Our results reveal the importance of intestinal flora in regulating immunity in the respiratory mucosa through the upregulation of the TLR7 signaling pathway for the proper activation of inflammasomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Identification and molecular evolutionary analysis of TLR5 gene from the Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana). Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Ferrao R, Li J, Bergamin E, Wu H. Structural insights into the assembly of large oligomeric signalosomes in the Toll-like receptor-interleukin-1 receptor superfamily. Sci Signal 2012; 5:re3. [PMID: 22649099 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR)-interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily plays fundamentally important roles in innate immune and inflammatory responses. Structural studies have begun to show that upon ligand stimulation, TLRs and IL-1Rs assemble large oligomeric intracellular signaling complexes, or "signalosomes," to induce the activation of kinases and E3 ubiquitin ligases, leading eventually to the activation of the transcription factors that are responsible for the expression of genes whose products mediate immune and inflammatory responses. The different scaffolds identified by these structural studies provide a molecular foundation for understanding the formation of microscopically visible signaling clusters that have long been known to cell biologists. Here, we illustrate the potential mechanisms of step-by-step assembly from the membrane-proximal interactions to the more downstream events. Formation of large oligomeric signalosomes may help to establish a digital threshold response in TLR and IL-1R signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ferrao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The innate immune response of the bovine mammary gland to bacterial infection. Vet J 2012; 192:148-52. [PMID: 22498784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intra-mammary (IM) bacterial infection in cattle can result in clinical outcomes that range from being acute and life-threatening to those that are chronic and sub-clinical. The typical bacteria involved in IM bacterial infections activate the mammary immune system in different ways which can influence the severity of the outcome. A clear understanding of the mechanisms that activate and regulate this response is central to the development of effective preventative and treatment regimes. This review focuses on the different immune responses of the bovine mammary gland to common mastitis-causing pathogens. There is special emphasis on comparing the responses to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infections, as these are typically associated, respectively, with acute/severe and chronic/sub-clinical forms of the disease.
Collapse
|
40
|
Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific ICAM grabbing nonintegrin. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:206463. [PMID: 22550396 PMCID: PMC3328334 DOI: 10.1155/2012/206463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we asked whether Helicobacter pylori whole cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) utilize sugar moieties of Lewis (Le) antigenic determinants to interact with DC-SIGN (dendritic cell specific ICAM grabbing nonintegrin) receptor on dendritic cells (DCs). For this purpose the soluble DC-SIGN/Fc adhesion assay and the THP-1 leukemia cells with induced expression of DC-SIGN were used. We showed that the binding specificity of DC-SIGN with H. pylori Le(X/Y) positive whole cells and H. pylori LPS of Le(X/Y) type was fucose dependent, whereas in Le(XY) negative H. pylori strains and LPS preparations without Lewis determinants, this binding was galactose dependent. The binding of soluble synthetic Le(X) and Le(Y) to the DC-SIGN-like receptor on THP-1 cells was also observed. In conclusion, the Le(XY) dependent as well as independent binding of H. pylori whole cells and H. pylori LPS to DC-SIGN was described. Moreover, we demonstrated that THP-1 cells may serve as an in vitro model for the assessment of H. pylori-DC-SIGN interactions mediated by Le(X) and Le(Y) determinants.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lucking SE, Maffei FA, Tamburro RF, Thomas NJ. Sepsis. PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE STUDY GUIDE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7178851 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The health care provider faced with the management of a child with septic shock relies on a comprehensive understanding of the numerous disciplines embodied in the practice of pediatric critical care medicine. The child with septic shock may have simultaneous derangements in the function of virtually every system of the body including: cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, renal, coagulation, hepatic, metabolic and neurologic. The degree to which physiologic alterations are manifest in a given patient is variable and influenced by multiple host and non-host factors including: the developmental stage, the presence of co-morbidities, pathogen-related factors, and genetic influences on both the host inflammatory response as well as the response to pharmacologic agents, all combining to have a profound influence on outcome. The clinician must possess a systematic and multifaceted approach to these critically ill patients. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive description of the epidemiology, biology and pathophysiology (at both the cellular and organ level) of sepsis, as well as outlining the current principles of managing septic shock. It will be apparent that optimal management requires a strong working knowledge of cardiovascular physiology, infectious diseases, multiple organ interactions, immunity, coagulation, pharmacology, and the molecular biology of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Lucking
- Children's Heart Group, Div. Pediatric Critical Care, Penn State Children's Hospital, University Drive 500, Hershey, 17078 Pennsylvania USA
| | - Frank A. Maffei
- Janet Weis Children's Hospital @ Geising, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, N. Academy Ave 100, Danville, 17822 Pennsylvania USA
| | - Robert F. Tamburro
- Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, University Drive 500, Hershey, 17033-2390 Pennsylvania USA
| | - Neal J. Thomas
- College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Pennsylvania State University, University Drive 500, Hershey, 17078 Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ha T, Liu L, Kelley J, Kao R, Williams D, Li C. Toll-like receptors: new players in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1875-93. [PMID: 21091074 PMCID: PMC3159106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune and inflammatory responses have been implicated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms by which innate immunity and inflammatory response are involved in myocardial I/R have not been elucidated completely. Recent studies highlight the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the induction of innate immune and inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has demonstrated that TLRs play a critical role in myocardial I/R injury. Specifically, deficiency of TLR4 protects the myocardium from ischemic injury, whereas modulation of TLR2 induces cardioprotection against ischemic insult. Importantly, cardioprotection induced by modulation of TLRs involves activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, suggesting that there is a crosstalk between TLRs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In addition, TLRs also associate with other coreceptors, such as macrophage scavenger receptors in the recognition of their ligands. TLRs are also involved in the induction of angiogenesis, modulation of stem cell function, and expression of microRNA, which are currently important topic areas in myocardial I/R. Understanding how TLRs contribute to myocardial I/R injury could provide basic scientific knowledge for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of patients with heart attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hua F, Wang J, Ishrat T, Wei W, Atif F, Sayeed I, Stein DG. Genomic profile of Toll-like receptor pathways in traumatically brain-injured mice: effect of exogenous progesterone. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:42. [PMID: 21549006 PMCID: PMC3098165 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute inflammatory responses that result in an enduring cascade of secondary neuronal loss and behavioral impairments. It has been reported that progesterone (PROG) can inhibit the increase of some inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related factors induced by TBI. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the induction and regulation of immune/inflammatory responses. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the genomic profiles of TLR-mediated pathways in traumatically injured brain and PROG's effects on these genes. Methods Bilateral cortical impact injury to the medial frontal cortex was induced in C57BL/6J mice. PROG was injected (i.p., 16 mg/kg body weight) at 1 and 6 h after surgery. Twenty-four hours post-surgery, mice were killed and peri-contusional brain tissue was harvested for genomic detection and protein measurement. RT-PCR arrays were used to measure the mRNA of 84 genes in TLR-mediated pathways. Western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the protein expression of genes of interest. Results We found that 2 TLRs (TLR1 and 2), 5 adaptor/interacting proteins (CD14, MD-1, HSPA1a, PGRP and Ticam2) and 13 target genes (Ccl2, Csf3, IL1a, IL1b, IL1r1, IL6, IL-10, TNFa, Tnfrsf1a, Cebpb, Clec4e, Ptgs2 and Cxcl10) were significantly up-regulated after injury. Administration of PROG significantly down-regulated three of the 13 increased target genes after TBI (Ccl-2, IL-1b and Cxcl-10), but did not inhibit the expression of any of the detected TLRs and adaptor/interacting proteins. Rather, PROG up-regulated the expression of one TLR (TLR9), 5 adaptor/interacting proteins, 5 effectors and 10 downstream target genes. We confirmed that Ccl-2, Cxcl-10, TLR2 and TLR9 proteins were expressed in brain tissue, a finding consistent with our observations of mRNA expression. Conclusion The results demonstrate that TBI can increase gene expression in TLR-mediated pathways. PROG does not down-regulate the increased TLRs or their adaptor proteins in traumatically injured brain. Reduction of the observed inflammatory cytokines by PROG does not appear to be the result of inhibiting TLRs or their adaptors in the acute stage of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hua
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Shey MS, Randhawa AK, Bowmaker M, Smith E, Scriba TJ, de Kock M, Mahomed H, Hussey G, Hawn TR, Hanekom WA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 6 are associated with altered lipopeptide- and mycobacteria-induced interleukin-6 secretion. Genes Immun 2010; 11:561-72. [PMID: 20445564 PMCID: PMC3518443 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical mediators of the immune response to pathogens. The influence of human TLR6 polymorphisms on susceptibility to infection is only partially understood. Most microbes contain lipopeptides recognized by TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 heterodimers. Our aim was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR6 are associated with altered immune responses to lipopeptides and whole mycobacteria. We sequenced the TLR6 coding region in 100 healthy South African adults to assess genetic variation and determined associations between polymorphisms and lipopeptide- and mycobacteria-induced IL-6 production in whole blood. We found 2 polymorphisms, C745T and G1083C that were associated with altered IL-6 secretion. G1083C was associated with altered IL-6 levels in response to lipopeptides, Mycobacterium tuberculosis lysate (Mtb, P = 0.018) and BCG (P = 0.039). The 745T allele was also associated with lower NF-κB signaling in response to di-acylated lipopeptide, PAM2 (P = 0.019) or Mtb (P = 0.026) in a HEK293 cell line reconstitution assay, compared with the 745C allele. We conclude that TLR6 polymorphisms may be associated with altered lipopeptide-induced cytokine responses and recognition of Mtb. These studies provide new insight into the role of TLR6 variation and the innate immune response to human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nasu K, Narahara H. Pattern recognition via the toll-like receptor system in the human female genital tract. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:976024. [PMID: 20396665 PMCID: PMC2853082 DOI: 10.1155/2010/976024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the female genital tract is a complex biosystem, which provides a barrier against the outside world and participates in both innate and acquired immune defense systems. This mucosal compartment has adapted to a dynamic, non-sterile environment challenged by a variety of antigenic/inflammatory stimuli associated with sexual intercourse and endogenous vaginal microbiota. Rapid innate immune defenses against microbial infection usually involve the recognition of invading pathogens by specific pattern-recognition receptors recently attributed to the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) synthesized by microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses as well as endogenous ligands associated with cell damage. Members of the TLR family, which includes 10 human TLRs identified to date, recognize distinct PAMPs produced by various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The available literature regarding the innate immune system of the female genital tract during human reproductive processes was reviewed in order to identify studies specifically related to the expression and function of TLRs under normal as well as pathological conditions. Increased understanding of these molecules may provide insight into site-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms in the female reproductive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Barton MH, Parviainen A, Norton N. Polymyxin B protects horses against induced endotoxaemia in vivo. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:397-401. [PMID: 15253079 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044868350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A safe, affordable and effective treatment for endotoxaemia in horses is needed in order to reduce the incidence of this potentially fatal condition. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of polymyxin B (PMB) on signs of experimentally-induced endotoxaemia. HYPOTHESIS PMB ameliorates the adverse effects of endotoxaemia without causing nephrotoxicity. METHODS Four groups of 6 healthy mature horses each received 20 ng endotoxin/kg bwt i.v. over 30 mins. Additionally, each group received one of the following i.v.; 5000 u PMB/kg bwt 30 mins before endotoxin infusion; 5000 u PMB/kg bwt 30 mins after endotoxin infusion; 1000 u PMB/kg bwt 30 mins prior to endotoxin infusion; or saline. Clinical response data and samples were collected to determine neutrophil count, serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity, plasma thromboxane B2 concentration and urine gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) to creatinine ratio. RESULTS Treatment with PMB before or after administration of endotoxin significantly reduced fever, tachycardia and serum TNF, compared to horses receiving saline. The differences in response to endotoxin were greatest between horses that received saline vs. those that received 5000 u PMB/kg bwt prior to endotoxin. Urine GGT:creatinine did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study indicates that PMB may be a safe and effective treatment of endotoxaemia, even when administered after onset. Although nephrotoxicity was not demonstrated with this model, caution should be exercised when using PMB in azotaemic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Barton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-dependent peritoneal macrophage responses determine survival in experimentally induced peritonitis and sepsis in mice. Shock 2008; 30:434-42. [PMID: 18277945 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181673543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a critical role in innate immunity by stimulating the differentiation of tissue macrophages via the transcription factor PU.1. Previous studies showed that GMCSF-deficient(GM-CSF-/-) mice had susceptibility to and impaired clearance of group B streptococcal bacteria by macrophages. For these studies, we hypothesized that GM-CSF-/- mice have increased susceptibility to peritonitis caused by immune dysfunction of peritoneal macrophages. We examined the role of peritoneal macrophages in pathogen clearance, cytokine responses, and survival in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of peritonitis/sepsis. Surprisingly, CLP minimally affected survival in GM-CSF-/- mice while markedly reducing survival in wild-type mice. This was not explained by differences in the composition of microbial flora, rates of bacterial peritonitis, or sepsis, all of which were similar in GM-CSF-/- and wild-type mice. However, survival correlated with peritoneal and serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels that were significantly lower in GM-CSF-/- than in control mice. After peritoneal LPS instillation, GM-CSF-/- mice also had improved survival and reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses. In vitro studies demonstrated reduced secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages isolated from sham GM-CSF-/- mice as compared with macrophages from sham control mice. Peritoneal instillation of GM-CSF-/-/PU.1+ macrophages, but not GM-CSF-/-/PU.1+ macrophages into GM-CSF-/- mice conferred susceptibility to death after CLP or peritoneal LPS exposure. These results demonstrate that GM-CSFY/PU.1-dependent peritoneal macrophage responses are a critical determinant of survival after experimentally induced peritonitis/sepsis or exposure to LPS and have implications for therapies to treat such infections.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
To investigate the effects of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on hemodynamics, blood biochemistry, the plasma TNF-alpha level, and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation during septic shock, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, a model of polymicrobial sepsis) or sham operation. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned into six equal groups: sham CLP group; CLP group; VGX group was subjected to bilateral cervical vagotomy after CLP; STM group was subjected to bilateral cervical vagotomy after CLP plus the left vagus nerve trunk electrical stimulation; THA group was administered tetrahydroaminoacridine after CLP and bilateral cervical vagotomy; and alpha-BGT group was administered alpha-bungarotoxin before electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. The right carotid artery was cannulated to monitor MAP. The plasma TNF-alpha level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The hepatic NF-kappaB activation was determined by Western blotting. Cecal ligation and puncture produced progressive hypotension. Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels significantly increased after CLP challenge. The plasma TNF-alpha level and the hepatic NF-kappaB activation significantly increased after CLP alone or with bilateral cervical vagotomy compared with sham-operated group. Application of constant voltage pulses to the caudal vagus trunk significantly prevented the development of CLP-induced hypotension, alleviated the hepatic damage, and reduced the plasma TNF-alpha production, but electrical stimulation had no effect on the hepatic NF-kappaB activation. Tetrahydroaminoacridine administration after bilateral cervical vagotomy reversed hypotension and attenuated the plasma TNF-alpha response; in addition, it had no effect on the hepatic NF-kappaB activation. alpha-Bungarotoxin pretreatment significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of vagal electrical stimulation, but it had no effect on the hepatic NF-kappaB activation. Our results showed that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway might produce a potential protective effect on polymicrobial sepsis in rats.
Collapse
|
50
|
Gómez S, Gamazo C, San Roman B, Ferrer M, Sanz ML, Espuelas S, Irache JM. Allergen immunotherapy with nanoparticles containing lipopolysaccharide from Brucella ovis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:711-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|