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Beaugrand G, Kléparski L, Luczak C, Goberville E, Kirby RR. A niche-based theory of island biogeography. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11540. [PMID: 38932973 PMCID: PMC11199848 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) is a widely applied dynamic theory proposed in the 1960s to explain why islands have coherent differences in species richness. The development of the ETIB was temporarily challenged in the 1970s by the alternative static theory of ecological impoverishment (TEI). The TEI suggests that the number of species on an island is determined by its number of habitats or niches but, with no clear evidence relating species richness to the number of niches however, the TEI has been almost dismissed as a theory in favour of the original ETIB. Here, we show that the number of climatic niches on islands is an important predictor of the species richness of plants, herpetofauna and land birds. We therefore propose a model called the niche-based theory of island biogeography (NTIB), based on the MacroEcological Theory on the Arrangement of Life (METAL), which successfully integrates the number of niches sensu Hutchinson into ETIB. To account for greater species turnover at the beginning of colonisation, we include higher initial extinction rates. When we test our NTIB for resident land birds in the Krakatau Islands, it reveals a good correspondence with observed species richness, immigration and extinction rates. Provided the environmental regime remains unchanged, we estimate that the current species richness at equilibrium is ~45 species (range between 38.39 and 61.51). Our NTIB provides better prediction because it counts for changes in species richness with latitude, which is not considered in any theory of island biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Loick Kléparski
- Marine Biological Association, The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey, The LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | - Christophe Luczak
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Eric Goberville
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des AntillesParisFrance
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Li W, Hou X, Zhu Y, Du J, Xu C, Yang J, Li Y. eDNA Metabarcoding Reveals the Species-Area Relationship of Amphibians on the Zhoushan Archipelago. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1519. [PMID: 38891566 PMCID: PMC11171295 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The species-area relationship is important for understanding species diversity patterns at spatial scales, but few studies have examined the relationship using environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques. We investigated amphibian diversity on 21 islands of the Zhoushan Archipelago and nearby mainland areas in China using the combination of eDNA metabarcoding and the traditional line transect method (TLTM) and identified the species-area relationship for amphibians on the islands. The mean detection probability of eDNA is 0.54, while the mean detection probability of TLTM is 0.24. The eDNA metabarcoding detected eight amphibian species on the islands and nine species in the mainland areas, compared with seven species on the islands and nine species in the mainland areas that were identified by TLTM. Amphibian richness on the islands increased with island area and habitat diversity. The species-area relationship for amphibians in the archipelago was formulated as the power function (S = 0.47A0.21) or exponential function (S = 2.59 + 2.41 (logA)). Our results suggested that eDNA metabarcoding is more sensitive for the detection of amphibian species. The combined use of eDNA metabarcoding and the traditional line transect method may optimize the survey results for amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianglei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunlong Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiacong Du
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chunxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- Shengnongjia National Park Administration, Huibei Provincial Key Laboratory on Conservation Biology of the Shennongjia Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey, Shennongjia 442421, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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3
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Wai TH, Liang X, Xie H, Liu L, Pan Y, Xu Y, Zhao L, Xu X. Global richness patterns of alpine genus Gentiana depend on multiple factors. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11366. [PMID: 38783849 PMCID: PMC11111421 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors impact species richness differently across taxonomic groups, and understanding the geographic patterns and drivers influencing alpine plant richness remains limited. This study compiled global distribution data of 404 species of Gentiana, an alpine genus, and analyzed the relative effects of different environmental factors and several previously proposed models on the variation of Gentiana richness. By evaluating the effects of range size and regions on the relationships between Gentiana richness and environmental factors, we found that all tested environmental factors had weak effects on richness variation for all species and wide-ranging species, while habitat heterogeneity was the best predictor for narrow-ranging species. Habitat heterogeneity was the main driver of richness variation in Europe and Asia, but not in North America. The multiple regression model that included variables for energy, water, seasonality, habitat heterogeneity and past climate change had the highest explanatory power, but it still explained less than 50% of the variation in species richness for all Gentiana species at both global and regional scale, except for Europe. The limited explanatory power of environmental factors in explaining species richness patterns for all species, along with the variations observed among regions, suggest that other factors, such as evolutionary processes and biogeographic history may have also influenced the geographic patterns of Gentiana species richness. In conclusion, our results indicate a limited influence of climate factors on alpine species richness, while habitat heterogeneity, along with its impacts on speciation and dispersal, likely play significant roles in shaping the richness of alpine Gentiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thae Hnin Wai
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lian Liu
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yingji Pan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- China National Botanical GardenBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resource and eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Maki T, Sannomiya N, Hirao T, Fukui D. Scale-dependent influences of environmental, historical, and spatial processes on taxonomic and functional beta diversity of Japanese bat assemblages. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11277. [PMID: 38628917 PMCID: PMC11019122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relative influences of environmental, spatial, and historical factors, including the island-specific history of land connectivity, on bat assemblages in the Japanese Archipelago. We collected bat distribution data from 1408 studies and assigned them to Japan's First Standard Grid (approximately 6400 km2). Japanese bat assemblages were analyzed at two scales: the entire Japanese Archipelago comprised 16 islands and exclusively the four main islands. At first, we calculated taxonomic and functional total beta diversity (β total) by Jaccard pairwise dissimilarity and then divided this into turnover (β repl) and richness-difference (β rich) components. We conducted hierarchical clustering of taxonomic beta diversity to examine the influence of the two representative sea straits, Tsugaru and Tokara, which are considered biogeographical borders. Variation partitioning was conducted to evaluate the relative effects of the three factors on the beta diversity. Clustering revealed that the Tokara Strait bordered the two major clades; however, the Tsugaru Strait did not act as a biogeographical border for bats. In the variation partitioning, shared fraction between spatial and historical factors significantly explained taxonomic and functional β total and taxonomic β repl at the entire archipelago scale, but not at the four main islands scale extending only Tsugaru Strait but not Tokara Strait. Pure environmental factors significantly explained functional β total at both scales and taxonomic β total only at the four main islands scale. These results suggest that spatial and historical factors are more pronounced in biogeographical borders, primarily structuring assemblage composition at the entire archipelago scale, especially in taxonomic dimension. However, current environmental factors primarily shape the assemblage composition of Japanese bats at the main island scale. The difference in results between the two scales highlights that the primary processes governing assemblages of both dimensions depend on the quality of the dispersal barriers between terrestrial and aquatic barriers for bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maki
- Amami Station, International Center for Island StudiesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nozomi Sannomiya
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toshihide Hirao
- The University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoSaitamaJapan
| | - Dai Fukui
- Fuji Iyashinomori Woodland Study Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYamanashiJapan
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5
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Li S, Tu T, Li S, Yang X, Zheng Y, Guo LD, Zhang D, Jiang L. Different mechanisms underlie similar species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:238-246. [PMID: 38807910 PMCID: PMC11128831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite much research in the field of island biogeography, mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive. Here, we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes in the South China Sea. We found positive plant species-area relationships for both coral and continental archipelagoes. However, our results showed that different mechanisms contributed to similar plant species-area relationships between the two archipelagoes. For coral islands, soil nutrients and spatial distance among communities played major roles in shaping plant community structure and species diversity. By contrast, the direct effect of island area, and to a lesser extent, soil nutrients determined plant species richness on continental islands. Intriguingly, increasing soil nutrients availability (N, P, K) had opposite effects on plant diversity between the two archipelagoes. In summary, the habitat quality effect and dispersal limitation are important for regulating plant diversity on coral islands, whereas the passive sampling effect, and to a lesser extent, the habitat quality effect are important for regulating plant diversity on continental islands. More generally, our findings indicate that island plant species-area relationships are outcomes of the interplay of both niche and neutral processes, but the driving mechanisms behind these relationships depends on the type of islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Tieyao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Xian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Keller JK, Sullivan PJ. The importance of patch shape at threshold occupancy: functional patch size within total habitat amount. Oecologia 2023; 203:95-112. [PMID: 37817053 PMCID: PMC10615919 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The habitat amount hypothesis (HAH) stresses the importance of total patch amount over the size of individual patches in determining species richness within a local landscape. However, the absence of some species from patches too small to contain a territory would be inconsistent with the HAH. Using the association of territory size with body size and the circle as optimal territory shape, we tested several HAH predictions of threshold patch occupancy and richness of 19 guilds of primarily insectivorous breeding birds. We characterized 16 guild-associated patch types at high spatial resolution and assigned one type to each guild. We measured functional patch size as the largest circle that fit within each patch type occurring in a local landscape. Functional patch size was the sole or primary predictor in regression models of species richness for 15 of the 19 guilds. Total patch amount was the sole or primary variable in only 2 models. Quantifying patch size at high resolution also demonstrated that breeding birds should be absent from patches that are too small to contain a territory and larger species should occur only in larger patches. Functional patch size is a readily interpretable metric that helps explain the habitat basis for differences in species composition and richness between areas. It provides a tool to assess the combined effects of patch size, shape and perforation on threshold habitat availability, and with total patch amount can inform design and/or evaluation of conservation, restoration or enhancement options for focal taxa or biodiversity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Keller
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Habitat by Design, 74 Stagecoach Road, Pipersville, PA, 18947, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Mercado-Díaz JA, Lücking R, Moncada B, C St E Campbell K, Delnatte C, Familia L, Falcón-Hidalgo B, Motito-Marín A, Rivera-Queralta Y, Widhelm TJ, Thorsten Lumbsch H. Species assemblages of insular Caribbean Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales) over ecological and evolutionary time scales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107830. [PMID: 37247703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic approaches to macroevolution have provided unique insight into evolutionary relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification patterns for many taxa. Similar frameworks have also been developed to assess how environmental and/or spatial variables shape species diversity and distribution patterns at different spatial/temporal scales, but studies implementing these are still scarce for many groups, including lichens. Here, we combine phylogeny-based ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis with community phylogenetics to reconstruct evolutionary origins and assess patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between island communities of the lichenized fungal genus Sticta in the Caribbean. Sampling was carried out in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique). Data for six molecular loci were obtained for 64 candidate Caribbean species and used to perform both macroevolutionary phylogenetics, which also included worldwide taxa, and phylobetadiversity analyses, which emphasized island-level communities. Our work uncovered high levels of island endemism (∼59%) in Caribbean Sticta. We estimate initial colonization of the region occurred about 19 Mya from a South American ancestor. Reverse migration events by Caribbean lineages to South America were also inferred. We found no evidence for increased diversification rates associated with range expansion into the Caribbean. Taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover between island-level communities was most strongly correlated with environmental variation rather than with geographic distance. We observed less dissimilarity among communities from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica than between these islands and the Lesser Antilles/Puerto Rico. High levels of hidden diversity and endemism in Caribbean Sticta reaffirm that islands are crucial for the maintenance of global biodiversity of lichenized fungi. Altogether, our findings suggest that strong evolutionary links exist between Caribbean and South American biotas but at regional scales, species assemblages exhibit complex taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships that are determined by local environments and shared evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Mercado-Díaz
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A; Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Keron C St E Campbell
- Natural History Museum of Jamaica, Institute of Jamaica, 10-16 East Street, Kingston, Jamaica.
| | - Cesar Delnatte
- Biotope Amazonie, 3 rue Mezin Gildon, F-97354 Rémire-Montjoly, Guyane française.
| | - Lemuel Familia
- Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Avenida Cayetano Germosén esq. Avenida Gregorio Luperón, Ensanche El Pedregal, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
| | - Banessa Falcón-Hidalgo
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Carretera "El Rocío" km 3.5, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Angel Motito-Marín
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Yoira Rivera-Queralta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Todd J Widhelm
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
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Svensmark H. A persistent influence of supernovae on biodiversity over the Phanerozoic. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9898. [PMID: 36937070 PMCID: PMC10019915 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is an open question what has constrained macroevolutionary changes in marine animal diversity on the time scale of the Phanerozoic. Here, we will show that supernovae appear to have significantly influenced the biodiversity of life. After normalizing diversity curves of major animal marine genera by the changes in the area of shallow marine margins, a close correlation between supernovae frequency and biodiversity is obtained. The interpretation is that supernovae influence Earth's climate, which controls the ocean and atmospheric circulation of nutrients. With this, supernovae influence ocean bioproductivity and are speculated to affect genera-level diversity. The implication is a surprisingly influential role of stellar processes on evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Svensmark
- National Space InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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9
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Luo G, Huang R, Guo S, Li D, Yang J, Zhang F, Yu J. Thresholds in the Species-Area-Habitat Model: Evidence from the Bryophytes on Continental Islands. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:837. [PMID: 36840184 PMCID: PMC9962199 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To clarify whether (1) there are thresholds in the species-area-habitat relationship for bryophytes and potential mechanisms, (2) such thresholds vary among different bryophyte groups, and (3) choros is better than area or habitat alone in the prediction of SR. LOCATION Islands in central and southern Zhejiang, China. METHODS We investigated the species richness (SR) of five bryophyte groups (total bryophytes, total mosses, liverworts, acrocarpous mosses, and pleurocarpous mosses) and habitat types on 66 islands. By using four threshold models, the logarithmic and the power models, we quantified their SR-choros relationships (SKRs), species-area relationships (SARs), and species-habitat relationships (SHRs). We also conducted path analyses to detect the direct effects of area per se and habitat per se on the SR. RESULTS The AICc values of the SKR models were overall smaller than those of the respective SAR and SHR models. The left-horizontal two-threshold model was best for the SKRs. A phenomenon (the small-choros effect, SCE) in which SR independently varied choros below a given threshold was detected. The SCE thresholds were smaller in mosses than in liverworts and in acrocarpous mosses than in pleurocarpous mosses. No direct and positive effects of habitat per se on the SR were detected below choros thresholds for all five groups. MAIN CONCLUSIONS There were two thresholds and SCEs in the SKRs of all five bryophyte groups. The SCEs likely resulted from the elimination of the direct and positive effects of habitat diversity on the SR of the bryophytes on small choros islands. The SCE thresholds were high for species groups sensitive to environments. Choros was better than area or habitat alone in determining the SR of the bryophytes on continental islands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Yu
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.Y.)
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Maskell L, Alison J, Forbes N, Jarvis S, Robinson D, Siriwardena G, Wood C, Smart S. Inconsistent relationships between area, heterogeneity and plant species richness in temperate farmed landscapes. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil Forbes
- RSPB, Lancaster Office 7.3.1. Cameron House, White Cross Estate Lancaster UK
| | | | | | | | - Claire Wood
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster UK
| | - Simon Smart
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster UK
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11
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Deng W, Cheng Y, Li Z, Zhou F, Yang X, Xiao W. Passive sampling hypothesis did not shape microbial species-area relationships in open microcosm systems. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9634. [PMID: 36540080 PMCID: PMC9755811 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The passive sampling hypothesis is one of the most important hypotheses used to explain the mechanism of species-area relationships (SAR) formation. This hypothesis has not yet been experimentally validated due to the confusion between passive sampling (a larger area may support more colonists when fully sampled) and sampling effects (more sampling effort will result in increased species richness when sampling is partial). In this study, we created an open microcosm system with homogeneous habitat, consistent total resources, and biodiversity background using Chinese paocai soup, a fermented vegetable, as a substrate. We made efforts to entirely exclude the influence of sampling effects and to exclusively obtain microorganisms from dispersal using microcosm and high-throughput sequencing techniques. However, in this study, passive sampling based on dispersal failed to shape SAR, and community differences were predominantly caused by species replacement, with only minor contributions from richness differences. Ecological processes including extinction and competitive exclusion, as well as underlying factors like temporal scales and the small island effects, are very likely to have been involved in the studied system. To elucidate the mechanism of SAR development, future studies should design experiments to validate the involvement of dispersal independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina
| | - Yi‐Ting Cheng
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina
| | - Zheng‐Qiang Li
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina
| | - Fa‐Ping Zhou
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina
| | - Xiao‐Yan Yang
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina,International Centre of Biodiversity and Primates ConservationDaliYunnanChina
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern ‐ Himalaya Biodiversity ResearchDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers RegionDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaDaliYunnanChina,International Centre of Biodiversity and Primates ConservationDaliYunnanChina
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12
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Liao Z, Peng S, Chen Y. Half-millennium evidence suggests that extinction debts of global vertebrates started in the Second Industrial Revolution. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1311. [PMID: 36513752 PMCID: PMC9747783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction debt describes the time-lagged process of species extinction, which usually requires dozens to hundreds of years to be paid off. However, due to the lack of long-term habitat data, it is indeterminate how strong the signal of extinction debts is at the global scale and when the debts started. Here, by compiling the geographical distributions of 6120 reptiles, 6047 amphibians, and 4278 mammals and correlating them with annual forest cover data from 1500 to 1992, we show that the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution (the mid-19th century) was the earliest signal of cumulative extinction debts for global forest-dwelling vertebrate groups. More importantly, the impact of global protected areas on mitigating accumulated vertebrate extinction debt is not as immediate as that of mitigating reduced forest cover but rather suffers from pronounced time-lag effects. As the disequilibrium of vertebrate richness and forested habitat is currently taking place, preventive actions should be taken to promote a well-balanced status among forest restoration, protected areas, and biodiversity conservation to slow the accumulating debts for global forest-dwelling vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Liao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309China-Croatia “Belt and Road” Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youhua Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309China-Croatia “Belt and Road” Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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13
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Vollstädt MGR, Galetti M, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN, Simmons BI, Gonçalves F, Morales‐Pérez AL, Navarro L, Tarazona‐Tubens FL, Schubert S, Carlo T, Salazar J, Faife‐Cabrera M, Strong A, Madden H, Mitchell A, Dalsgaard B. Plant–frugivore interactions across the Caribbean islands: Modularity, invader complexes and the importance of generalist species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Benno I. Simmons
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo Universidad de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | | | - Spencer Schubert
- Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Tomas Carlo
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jackeline Salazar
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
- Grupo Jaragua Inc. Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
| | - Michel Faife‐Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Centro de Estudios Jardín Botánico Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Santa Clara Cuba
| | - Allan Strong
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont, Aiken Center Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Hannah Madden
- Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) Oranjestad The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mitchell
- Sint Eustatius National Parks Oranjestad Netherlands
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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14
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La Sorte FA, Somveille M, Dokter AM, Miller ET. Seasonal species richness of birds on the world's islands and its geographical correlates. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221105. [PMID: 35946156 PMCID: PMC9364010 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of migratory birds on islands results in seasonal variation in species richness. These patterns and their geographical correlates within the context of island biogeography theory have not been examined. We used 21 years of bird observations on 690 islands from eBird to determine how seasonal species richness estimates vary as a function of island area, isolation and latitude. Species richness was highest on islands within the northern mid-latitudes during migration and on islands within tropical latitudes during the non-breeding season. Area defined positive, nonlinear relationships with species richness across seasons, with the steepest slopes occurring with islands greater than 1100 km2. Distance to mainland defined negative, nonlinear relationships with species richness across seasons, with the strongest slopes occurring with islands located greater than 150 km from the mainland. Species-area relationships were weakest for the most remote islands and strongest for islands at intermediate distances to the mainland. Intermediate proximity to other islands was a poor predictor of species richness. Our findings emphasize the presence of seasonally dynamic geographical relationships, the enhanced role of evolutionary processes on larger islands, the unique ecology of the world's most remote islands, and the importance of islands as stopover sites and wintering grounds for migratory bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. La Sorte
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Marius Somveille
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adriaan M. Dokter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Eliot T. Miller
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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15
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Presley SJ, Willig MR. From island biogeography to landscape and metacommunity ecology: A macroecological perspective of bat communities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1514:43-61. [PMID: 35509199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography and its quantitative consideration of origination and extinction dynamics as they relate to island area and distance from source populations have evolved over time and enriched theory related to many disciplines in spatial ecology. Indeed, the island focus was catalytic to the emergence of landscape ecology and macroecology in the late 20th century. We integrate concepts and perspectives of island biogeography, landscape ecology, macroecology, and metacommunity ecology, and show how these disciplines have advanced the understanding of variation in abundance, biodiversity, and composition of bat communities. We leverage the well-studied bat fauna of the islands in the Caribbean to illustrate the complex interplay of ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary processes in molding local biodiversity and system-wide structure. Thereafter, we highlight the role of habitat loss and fragmentation, which is increasing at an accelerating rate during the Anthropocene, on the structure of local bat communities and regional metacommunities across landscapes. Bat species richness increases with the amount of available habitat, often forming nested subsets along gradients of patch or island area. Similarly, the distance to and identity of sources of colonization influence the richness, composition, and metacommunity structure of islands and landscape networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Presley
- Institute of the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael R Willig
- Institute of the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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16
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Jessee LD, Stout JB, McMeen JN. Herpetofauna of Steele Creek Park (Sullivan County, TN), with Comments on Species–Area Relationships of Amphibians and Reptiles in Eastern Tennessee. SOUTHEAST NAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/058.021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John N. McMeen
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northeast State Community College, Blountville, TN 37617
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17
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Gallé R, Tölgyesi C, Császár P, Bátori Z, Gallé‐Szpisjak N, Kaur H, Maák I, Torma A, Batáry P. Landscape structure is a major driver of plant and arthropod diversity in natural European forest fragments. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Gallé
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Vácrátót Hungary
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Csaba Tölgyesi
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Péter Császár
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bátori
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Nikolett Gallé‐Szpisjak
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Vácrátót Hungary
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - István Maák
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
- Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Attila Torma
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Péter Batáry
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Vácrátót Hungary
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18
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Barreto E, Rangel TF, Pellissier L, Graham CH. Area, isolation and climate explain the diversity of mammals on islands worldwide. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211879. [PMID: 34905709 PMCID: PMC8670959 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insular biodiversity is expected to be regulated differently than continental biota, but their determinants remain to be quantified at a global scale. We evaluated the importance of physical, environmental and historical factors on mammal richness and endemism across 5592 islands worldwide. We fitted generalized linear and mixed models to accommodate variation among biogeographic realms and performed analyses separately for bats and non-volants. Richness on islands ranged from one to 234 species, with up to 177 single island endemics. Diversity patterns were most consistently influenced by the islands' physical characteristics. Area positively affected mammal diversity, in particular the number of non-volant endemics. Island isolation, both current and past, was associated with lower richness but greater endemism. Flight capacity modified the relative importance of past versus current isolation, with bats responding more strongly to current and non-volant mammals to past isolation. Biodiversity relationships with environmental factors were idiosyncratic, with a tendency for greater effects sizes with endemism than richness. The historical climatic change was positively associated with endemism. In line with theory, we found that area and isolation were among the strongest drivers of mammalian biodiversity. Our results support the importance of past conditions on current patterns, particularly of non-volant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Programa de pósgraduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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19
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Examining the generality of the biphasic transition from niche-structured to immigration-structured communities. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-021-00521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Evaluating the correlation between area, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness using terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) from the Pontine Islands (West Mediterranean). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArea and environmental heterogeneity influence species richness in islands. Whether area or environmental heterogeneity is more relevant in determining species richness is a central issue in island biogeography. Several models have been proposed, addressing the issue, and they can be reconducted to three main hypotheses developed to explain the species-area relationship: (1) the area-per se hypothesis (known also as the extinction-colonisation equilibrium), (2) the random placement (passive sampling), and the (3) environmental heterogeneity (habitat diversity). In this paper, considering also the possible influence of geographic distance on island species richness, we explore the correlation between area, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness by using faunistic data of Oniscidea inhabiting the Pontine Islands, a group of five small volcanic islands and several islets in the Tyrrhenian Sea, located about 60 km from the Italian mainland. We found that the colonisation of large Pontine Islands may occur via processes independent of geographic distance which could instead be an important factor at a much smaller scale. Such processes may be driven by a combination of anthropogenic influences and natural events. Even in very small-size island systems, environmental heterogeneity mostly contributes to species richness. Environmental heterogeneity could influence the taxocenosis structure and, ultimately, the number of species of Oniscidea via direct and indirect effects, these last mediated by area which may or may not have a direct effect on species richness.
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21
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Cordero RD, Jackson DA. Abiotic factors influence species co-occurrence patterns of lake fishes. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2859-2874. [PMID: 34498261 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic factors are recognized for their strong influence on community structure. Habitat diversity is related to resource availability that influences species richness and abundance. In lakes, surface area and depth have been used as measures of the size and diversity of habitat, and have strong effects on the structure of entire communities. We tested whether abiotic variables, related to habitat size, influence co-occurrence patterns of species pairs of fishes by analysing groups of lakes within a specific area and depth categories in two regions in Ontario, Canada. We used null models to obtain co-occurrence patterns and standard effect sizes for each species pair within each area and depth category. We estimated standard effect sizes relative to lake area or depth and determined whether species co-occurrence patterns change systematically as these measures of habitat increase. We evaluated groups of species where factors such as predation and habitat filtering have been shown to structure those assemblages, and we tested whether area and depth alter the species associations and our interpretation of these relationships. We found significant differences between the observed and expected distributions of regression slopes relating co-occurrences to area and depth in both regions across all species, which indicated the strong influence of both variables on the overall co-occurrence patterns. We observed a significant negative trend of the co-occurrence patterns across lake area categories for the predator-prey species, indicating that the effect of predation was stronger in smaller lakes, but it was reduced in larger lakes, possibly due to increased habitat and resource availability. We show that pooling results as done in standard community null models can lead to Type II errors due to the 'cancellation' of opposing ecological signals. Our results demonstrate the effect of environmental variables on species co-occurrence patterns, but the divergent results obtained between geographical regions suggest that such patterns are context-dependent. This study emphasizes the importance of considering abiotic factors in null models of species co-occurrence to obtain reliable and detailed information about the association patterns between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D Cordero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald A Jackson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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23
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Carvalho WD, Lourenço EC, Costa LM, Bergallo HG, Esbérard CEL. Patterns and drivers determining phyllostomid bat diversity in land-bridge islands off the south-east coast of Brazil. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Few studies that apply the theory of island biogeography have considered the functional and phylogenetic dimensions of diversity. However, the joint use of the three diversity dimensions, i.e. taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic, can help us to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we compare phyllostomid bat assemblages between five land-bridge islands off the south-east coast of Brazil and compare these islands with three sites on the mainland. For this, we have estimated the three dimensions of α- and β-diversity, nestedness and community indexes based on mean trait values for the islands and the mainland. The mainland showed higher species richness and taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity. In addition, only species richness and phylogenetic diversity were positively related to island area. Taxonomically and functionally, the poorest assemblages (minor islands) were subgroups of the richer assemblages (mainland and larger islands). Taken together, our results show that bat assemblages of smaller islands tend to be more sensitive to changes in species richness than those of larger islands, with the larger islands working as a ‘source’ of species for small islands. These results demonstrate the high conservation value of the larger islands, which has direct consequences for local population dynamics of phyllostomid bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Douglas Carvalho
- Laboratório de Diversidade de Morcegos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74507, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79804-970, Rod. Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 – Unidade II, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, 68903-419, Rod. Juscelino Kubitscheck, S/N – Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Captivo Lourenço
- Laboratório de Diversidade de Morcegos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74507, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Moraes Costa
- Laboratório de Diversidade de Morcegos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74507, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Godoy Bergallo
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Lustosa Esbérard
- Laboratório de Diversidade de Morcegos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74507, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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24
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Shin B, Lee JY, Kim NH, Choi SW. The relationship between resource abundance and insect herbivory on islands. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256183. [PMID: 34398919 PMCID: PMC8366974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between resource abundance and the feeding activity of phytophagous insects on three common island plants. The aim was to investigate the correlation between phytophagous insects' abundance and availability of food and island geography. We collected 30,835 leaves from three tree species groups (Mallotus japonicus, Prunus species, and Quercus species) on 18 islands in southwest Korea. The number of plant resources for herbivores varied: the number of leaves per shoot was the highest in Mallotus, leaf weight and the water content per leaf was significantly lower in Quercus species. External feeding was higher for Prunus and Quercus species, whereas the internal feeding type was significantly higher for Quercus species. Geography (area and distance), elevation and food resource (elevation, number of plant species, and the forest cover rate) had a variable effect on phytophagous insects feeding activities: distance and the number of plant species were more explainable to the external feeding guild. In contrast, area and forest cover were more to the internal feeding guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Shin
- Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Nang-Hee Kim
- National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sei-Woong Choi
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Fragmented Forest Patches in the Indian Himalayas Preserve Unique Components of Biodiversity: Investigation of the Floristic Composition and Phytoclimate of the Unexplored Bani Valley. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subtropical and temperate forests are amongst the most threatened habitats of Asia, due to large-scale habitat loss and the fragmentation of landscapes. Inspite of these, the Asiatic regions preserve their endemic biodiversity, and provide a favorable environment for the abundant growth of vegetation. In the Himalayas, many interior regions are still unexplored from a biodiversity perspective, due to remote locations and high snow-clad mountains. In this study, we investigated the unexplored Bani Valley in order to reduce the gap of uninventorized areas of rich biodiversity in the Himalayas and formulate plant conservation and management strategies. Thirteen field expedition tours were undertaken during 2017 and 2020 for data collection in different growing seasons in the study area. All plant species were collected as voucher samples, identified, and deposited in the internationally recognized Janaki Ammal Herbarium (acronym RRLH). GPS points were recorded in order to study the forest types and vegetation components of the study area. A total of 196 plant species belonging to 166 genera and 68 families were identified in Bani Valley, covering a total area of 2651 km2. Approximately 70.62% of the species were native and 29.38% were non-native. In total, 46% of species were Indo-Malayan, followed by 22% Palearctic species. In angiosperms, dicotyledon species (68.37%) dominated. Poales were the most dominant order, with 38 species (19.38%). The most abundant families were Poaceae with 29 species (14.79%), Fabaceae (17, 8.67%), Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae (9, 4.59% each). The life form analysis showed 50% of species as phanerophytes, followed by therophytes (25.77%). The leaf size spectra show mesophyllous species (34.69%) as the dominant group. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants categorized Ailanthus altissima as endangered (EN), Aegle marmelos and Quercus oblongata as near threatened (NT), Ulmus wallichiana and Plantago lanceolata as vulnerable (VU), Taxus baccata and 75 other species as least concern (LC), and 2 species as data deficient (DD). The remaining 113 species of plants had not been evaluated according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This study will help to shape conservation and management plans for threatened species for future implementation, and will help in biodiversity conservation. This study will serve as a database for future reference materials in terms of biodiversity management.
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26
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Hammoud C, Kougioumoutzis K, Rijsdijk KF, Simaiakis SM, Norder SJ, Foufopoulos J, Georgopoulou E, Van Loon EE. Past connections with the mainland structure patterns of insular species richness in a continental-shelf archipelago (Aegean Sea, Greece). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5441-5458. [PMID: 34026019 PMCID: PMC8131802 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research in island biogeography has highlighted the important role of late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations in shaping biogeographic patterns in insular systems but focused on oceanic systems. Through this study, we aim investigate how late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations shaped species richness patterns in continental-shelf island systems. Focusing on the Aegean archipelago, we first compiled maps of the area's geography using published data, under three sea-level stands: (a) current; (b) median sea-level over the last nine glacial-interglacial cycles (MSL); and (c) Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We gathered taxon-island occurrences for multiple chorotypes of angiosperms, butterflies, centipedes, and reptiles. We investigated the impact of present-day and past geographic settings on chorological groups by analyzing island species-area relationships (ISARs) and using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) selection based on multiple metrics of goodness of fit. Our results confirm that the Aegean's geography has changed dramatically since the LGM, whereas the MSL only modestly differs from the present configuration. Apart for centipedes, paleogeographic changes affected both native and endemic species diversity through altering connections between land-bridge islands and the mainland. On land-bridge islands, we detected over-representation of native species and under-representation of endemics. Unlike oceanic islands, sea-level-driven increase of isolation and area contraction did not strongly shape patterns of species richness. Furthermore, the LGM configurations rather than the MSL configuration shaped patterns of endemic species richness. This suggests that even short episodes of increased connectivity with continental populations are sufficient to counteract the genetic differentiation of insular populations. On the other hand, the over-representation of native nonendemic species on land-bridge islands reflected MSL rather than LGM mainland connections. Our study shows that in terms of processes affecting species richness patterns, continental archipelagos differ fundamentally from oceanic systems because episodic connections with the mainland have profound effects on the biota of land-bridge islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Hammoud
- Invertebrate UnitDepartment of BiologyRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
- Limnology UnitDepartment of BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis
- Department of BiologySection of Ecology and TaxonomyNational & Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kenneth F. Rijsdijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sietze J. Norder
- Leiden University Centre for LinguisticsLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Emiel E. Van Loon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Bochaton C, Paradis E, Bailon S, Grouard S, Ineich I, Lenoble A, Lorvelec O, Tresset A, Boivin N. Large-scale reptile extinctions following European colonization of the Guadeloupe Islands. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabg2111. [PMID: 34138736 PMCID: PMC8133755 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale extinction is one of the defining challenges of our time, as human processes fundamentally and irreversibly reshape global ecosystems. While the extinction of large animals with popular appeal garners widespread public and research interest, the importance of smaller, less "charismatic" species to ecosystem health is increasingly recognized. Benefitting from systematically collected fossil and archaeological archives, we examined snake and lizard extinctions in the Guadeloupe Islands of the Caribbean. Study of 43,000 bone remains across six islands revealed a massive extinction of 50 to 70% of Guadeloupe's snakes and lizards following European colonization. In contrast, earlier Indigenous populations coexisted with snakes and lizards for thousands of years without affecting their diversity. Study of archaeological remains provides insights into the causes of snake and lizard extinctions and shows that failure to consider fossil-derived data probably contributes to substantial underestimation of human impacts to global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Bochaton
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
- Laboratoire "Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements" UMR 7209-CNRS, MNHN-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 55 rue Buffon, CP 56, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 30, 75005 Paris, France
- PACEA-UMR CNRS 5199, Université de Bordeaux, 33 615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Paradis
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution Montpellier ISEM, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, EPHE- Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Salvador Bailon
- Laboratoire "Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements" UMR 7209-CNRS, MNHN-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 55 rue Buffon, CP 56, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grouard
- Laboratoire "Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements" UMR 7209-CNRS, MNHN-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 55 rue Buffon, CP 56, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Ineich
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 30, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Lenoble
- PACEA-UMR CNRS 5199, Université de Bordeaux, 33 615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Lorvelec
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, Bât. 15, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Tresset
- Laboratoire "Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements" UMR 7209-CNRS, MNHN-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, 55 rue Buffon, CP 56, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Guo Q, Cen X, Song R, McKinney ML, Wang D. Worldwide effects of non-native species on species-area relationships. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:711-721. [PMID: 32557812 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-native species have invaded most parts of the world, and the invasion process is expected to continue and accelerate. Because many invading non-native species are likely to become permanent inhabitants, future consideration of species-area relationships (SARs) should account for non-native species, either separately or jointly with native species. If non-native species occupy unused niches and space in invaded areas and extinction rate of native species remains low (especially for plants), the resultant SARs (with both native and non-native species) will likely be stronger. We used published and newly compiled data (35 data sets worldwide) to examine how species invasions affect SARs across selected taxonomic groups and diverse ecosystems around the world. We first examined the SARs for native, non-native, and all species. We then investigated with linear regression analyses and paired or unpaired t tests how degree of invasion (proportion of non-native species) affected postinvasion SARs. Postinvasion SARs for all species (native plus non-native) became significantly stronger as degree of invasion increased (r2 = 0.31, p = 0.0006), thus, reshaping SARs worldwide. Overall, native species still showed stronger and less variable SARs. Also, slopes for native species were steeper than for non-native species (0.298 vs. 0.153). There were some differences among non-native taxonomic groups in filling new niches (especially for birds) and between islands and mainland ecosystems. We also found evidence that invasions may increase equilibrial diversity. Study of such changing species-area curves may help determine the probability of future invasions and have practical implications for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Guo
- USDA FS, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, RTP, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Cen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ruiyan Song
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael L McKinney
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of Tennesse, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Deli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Grassland Science/School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
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30
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Large-scale spatial patterns of small-mammal communities in the Mediterranean region revealed by Barn owl diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4985. [PMID: 33654215 PMCID: PMC7970837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to mainly opportunistic hunting behaviour of Barn owl can be its diet composition used for assessing local structure of small-mammal community. We evaluated the structure of small-mammal communities in the Mediterranean region by analysing Barn owl diet using own pellets and literature data (85 localities comprising 182,343 prey individuals). Contrary to widely accepted macroecological theory, we found a latitudinal increase of small-mammal alpha diversity, a less distinct west–east increase and lower diversity on islands. The mean prey weight decreased with increasing latitude, while on islands it decreased with increasing island area. The mean prey weight on islands was further negatively affected by mean land modification by human and positively affected by its range. The diet diversity on islands was not affected either by island area or its distance from the mainland. Its composition largely conformed to the main pattern pronounced over whole the region: an unexpected homogeneity of small-mammal community structure. Despite high beta diversity and large between-sample variation in species composition, Crocidura (+ Suncus etruscus) and murids (Apodemus, Mus, Rattus, in marginal regions partly replaced by gerbillids, Meriones or Microtus) composed more than 90% of owl prey in 92% of samples. Peak abundances of these widespread species are associated with a dynamic mosaic of dense patches of sparse herb vegetation and evergreen sclerophyllous shrublands interspersing areas of human activity, the dominant habitat of the inner Mediterranean and richest food resource for foraging Barn owls. The respective small-mammal species can be looked upon as invasive elements accompanying large scale human colonization of the region since the Neolithic and replacing original island biota. Our study documented that desertification of the Mediterranean played an important role in shaping inverse latitudinal gradient in diversity of small-mammals that contradicts to widely accepted mecroecological theory.
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31
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Lengyel S, Mester B, Szabolcs M, Szepesváry C, Szabó G, Polyák L, Boros Z, Mizsei E, Málnás K, Mérő TO, Aradi C. Restoration for variability: emergence of the habitat diversity paradigm in terrestrial ecosystem restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Lengyel
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Béla Mester
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Márton Szabolcs
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Csaba Szepesváry
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Gyula Szabó
- Hortobágy National Park Directorate 4024 Debrecen, Sumen u. 2. Hungary
| | - László Polyák
- BioAquaPro Kft 4032 Debrecen, Kosztolányi D. u. 21. Hungary
| | - Zoltán Boros
- BioAquaPro Kft 4032 Debrecen, Kosztolányi D. u. 21. Hungary
| | - Edvárd Mizsei
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Kristóf Málnás
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Thomas O. Mérő
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Department of Tisza Research Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research 4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c Hungary
| | - Csaba Aradi
- Hortobágy National Park Directorate 4024 Debrecen, Sumen u. 2. Hungary
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Juette T, Garant D, Jameson JW, Réale D. The island syndrome hypothesis is only partially validated in two rodent species in an inland–island system. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Juette
- Dépt des Sciences Biologiques, Univ. du Québec À Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Dany Garant
- Dépt de Biologie, Univ. de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Joël W. Jameson
- Dépt des Sciences Biologiques, Univ. du Québec À Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- Dépt des Sciences Biologiques, Univ. du Québec À Montréal Montréal QC Canada
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33
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Rojas‐Sandoval J, Ackerman JD, Tremblay RL. Island biogeography of native and alien plant species: Contrasting drivers of diversity across the Lesser Antilles. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julissa Rojas‐Sandoval
- Institute of the Environment University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | | | - Raymond L. Tremblay
- Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR USA
- Analítica Fundación Caguas PR USA
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34
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Gooriah LD, Davidar P, Chase JM. Species-area relationships in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands emerge because rarer species are disproportionately favored on larger islands. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7551-7559. [PMID: 32760548 PMCID: PMC7391309 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The island species-area relationship (ISAR) describes how the number of species increases with increasing size of an island (or island-like habitat), and is of fundamental importance in island biogeography and conservation. Here, we use a framework based on individual-based rarefaction to infer whether ISARs result from passive sampling, or whether some processes are acting beyond sampling (e.g., disproportionate effects and/or habitat heterogeneity). Using data on total and relative abundances of four taxa (birds, butterflies, amphibians, and reptiles) from multiple islands in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, we examine how different metrics of biodiversity (total species richness, rarefied species richness, and abundance-weighted effective numbers of species emphasizing common species) vary with island area. Total species richness increased for all taxa, as did rarefied species richness controlling for a given sampling effort. This indicates that the ISAR did not result because of passive sampling, but that instead, some species were disproportionately favored on larger islands. For birds, frogs, and lizards, this disproportionate effect was only associated with species that were rarer in the samples, but for butterflies, both more common and rarer species were affected. Furthermore, for the two taxa for which we had plot-level data (reptiles and amphibians), within-island β-diversity did not increase with island size, suggesting that within-island compositional effects were unlikely to be driving these ISARs. Overall, our results indicate that the ISARs of these taxa are most likely driven by disproportionate effects, that is, where larger islands are important sources of biodiversity beyond a simple sampling expectation, especially through their influence on rarer species, thus emphasizing their role in the preservation and conservation of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leana D. Gooriah
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Priya Davidar
- Department of Ecology & Environmental SciencesPondicherry UniversityPondicherryIndia
- Sigur Nature TrustNilgirisIndia
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute for Computer ScienceMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
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35
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Cooke BC, Morton JK, Baldry A, Bishop MJ. Backshore nourishment of a beach degraded by off-road vehicles: Ecological impacts and benefits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138115. [PMID: 32251881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, spoil from maintenance dredging of navigation channels is increasingly used to opportunistically nourish beaches. This is often justified on the presumption that nourishment will improve public beach amenity and restore sandy beach habitat. However, this is not necessarily the case, especially for beaches that do not have an immediate threat of significant erosion. We addressed the ecological impacts and benefits of a backshore sand nourishment project conducted along an off-road vehicle (ORV) damaged section of Blacksmiths Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Sediment, sourced from dredging the inlet of nearby Lake Macquarie, was placed on the foredune, ORVs were excluded and low-density vegetation was planted. Sampling before and after the management interventions, at the Impact (nourished) site, two Control sites (with ORVs), and two Reference sites (without ORVs), assessed ecological impacts of nourishment and the efficacy of the interventions in rehabilitating vegetation and invertebrate communities degraded by ORVs. Nourishment initially had large negative impacts on vegetation cover, as well as on invertebrate abundance and richness. Recovery to a pre-nourished state was, however, observed for vegetation cover after 9 months and invertebrate communities after 21 months. Nevertheless, by the end of our study that extended 21 months post-nourishment and ORV exclusion, there was no evidence of change in the nourished site towards the state of Reference sites. Overall, our study suggests that small-scale backshore sand nourishments of ocean beaches may have only short-term negative impacts on foredune ecosystems when accompanied with some replanting. Nevertheless, where the frequency of sand disposals is greater than the required recovery time, or cumulative effects amass, longer-term or sustained impacts may occur. Our study does not support the efficacy of sand nourishment as a tool for ecological restoration, at least in the short term, without sustained replanting and weeding efforts aimed at reinstating the vegetation community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jason K Morton
- School of Science and Mathematics, Avondale University College, PO Box 19, Cooranbong, NSW 2265, Australia
| | - Alan Baldry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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36
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Stevens RD, Grimshaw JR. Relative contributions of ecological drift and selection on bat community structure in interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay. Oecologia 2020; 193:645-654. [PMID: 32583124 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive focus on numerous mechanisms that potentially structure Neotropical bat communities, understanding of the relative importance of any is still illusive. Recently, it has been demonstrated that all mechanisms used to explain community organization can be conceptualized as one or a combination of the few higher-level processes of dispersal, drift, selection and speciation. These four higher-level processes have not been addressed equally by Neotropical bat community ecologists. In particular, predictions formulated from a hypothesis of ecological drift have not been tested for any Neotropical bat community. Herein we contrast efficacy of predictions based on the higher-level processes of drift and selection in describing community structure of bats in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Paraguay. Predictions apply to species-environment interactions, patterns of trait variation and beta-diversity, predictability of dominant competitors and responses to seasonality. At best, there was inconsistent support for the operation of either drift or selection within this bat community. Selection, however, had more various forms of support including strong species-environment relationships, predictable patterns of dominant competitors and strong responses to seasonality. Despite stronger support for selection, a number of predictions of drift were supported as well. It is likely that a combination of both of these processes operates across the variable environments experienced in Atlantic Forest. Predictions of both processes are difficult to make operational. Support for drift often comes from failure to demonstrate a significant pattern and should not be considered strong support of a prediction. Similarly, many predictions of selection predict phenotypic patterns among species without specifying a particular trait. This is problematic because the phenotype is multifaceted and a lack of pattern in one measured trait might mask a strong pattern in some other unmeasured trait. Distilling mechanisms of community organization into four higher level processes is a substantial innovation in community ecology. Nonetheless, efforts need to be made to develop a suite of mutually exclusive and falsifiable predictions to facilitate future and more rapid understanding of community organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA. .,Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Jenna R Grimshaw
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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37
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Pereira EA, Neves MO, Sugai JLMM, Feio RN, Santana DJ. Seasonal and habitat structure of an anuran assemblage in a semideciduous forest area in Southeast Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190458. [PMID: 32401837 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the reproductive activity and the temporal and spatial distributions of anuran assemblages in three environments within a semideciduous forest in Southeast Brazil, located at Municipality of Barão de Monte Alto, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The field activities were carried out during three consecutive days, monthly throughout the rainy seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. We recorded 28 anurans species, distributed in eight families. We observed the spatial-temporal distribution of some species, and their associated reproductive behaviors through exploration of vocalizations at different sites. The spatial and temporal distribution of the species seems to adapt to abiotic and biotic factors of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis A Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus O Neves
- Mapinguari - Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - José Luiz M M Sugai
- Laboratório de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Renato N Feio
- Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego J Santana
- Mapinguari - Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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38
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Tinius A, Russell AP, Jamniczky HA, Anderson JS. Ecomorphological associations of scapulocoracoid form in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Ann Anat 2020; 231:151527. [PMID: 32380193 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
External morphological metrics have featured prominently in comparative studies examining the morphological convergence that characterizes anoline ecomorphs. To what degree the appendicular-skeletal morphology of Greater Antillean island Anolis lizards tracks their diversity and ecological adaptation, however, remains relatively unexplored. Here we employ computed tomographic scanning techniques to visualize in situ the scapulocoracoid of ecomorph representatives (trunk-ground, trunk-crown, crown-giant, twig) from three islands (Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico), and compare its three-dimensional geometry using qualitative-descriptive and quantitative-morphometric techniques. In contrast to our previous, similarly-conducted study of the pelvic girdle of these same species, the form of the scapulocoracoid varies markedly both within and between species, with much of the variation relating to phylogenetic relationship, specimen size, and assigned ecomorph category. Morphometric variation that correlates with size and/or phylogenetic signal varies between species and cannot be eliminated from the data set without markedly reducing its overall variability. The discovered patterns of skeletal variation are consistent with the demands of locomotor mechanics imposed by the structural configuration of the microhabitat of these ecomorphs. Most pertinently the ecomorphs differ in the anteroposterior length of the coracoid, the dorsoventral height of the scapulocoracoid, the dorsoventral height of the scapula in relation to the height of the suprascapula, and the relative positioning of the borders of the scapulocoracoid fenestra. In the examined ecomorph categories these skeletal differences likely relate to microhabitat usage by permitting different degrees of tilting and displacement of the scapulocoracoid in the parasagittal plane and influencing the sizes of muscle origins and the vectors of their actions. These differences relate to the amount of humeral adduction applied during its protraction, and to the structural stability of the shoulder girdle during acrobatic maneuvers, thus influencing the perch diameter that can be effectively negotiated, a critical factor in the microhabitat structure of Anolis ecomorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tinius
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
| | - Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Jason S Anderson
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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39
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Li SP, Wang P, Chen Y, Wilson MC, Yang X, Ma C, Lu J, Chen XY, Wu J, Shu WS, Jiang L. Island biogeography of soil bacteria and fungi: similar patterns, but different mechanisms. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1886-1896. [PMID: 32341471 PMCID: PMC7305213 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbes, similar to plants and animals, exhibit biogeographic patterns. However, in contrast with the considerable knowledge on the island biogeography of higher organisms, we know little about the distribution of microorganisms within and among islands. Here, we explored insular soil bacterial and fungal biogeography and underlying mechanisms, using soil microbiota from a group of land-bridge islands as a model system. Similar to island species-area relationships observed for many macroorganisms, both island-scale bacterial and fungal diversity increased with island area; neither diversity, however, was affected by island isolation. By contrast, bacterial and fungal communities exhibited strikingly different assembly patterns within islands. The loss of bacterial diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the systematic decline of diversity within samples, whereas the loss of fungal diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the homogenization of community composition among samples. Lower soil moisture limited within-sample bacterial diversity, whereas smaller spatial distances among samples restricted among-sample fungal diversity, on smaller islands. These results indicate that among-island differences in habitat quality generate the bacterial island species-area relationship, whereas within-island dispersal limitation generates the fungal island species-area relationship. Together, our study suggests that different mechanisms underlie similar island biogeography patterns of soil bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Peng Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China
| | - Pandeng Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Life Sciences & School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- School of Life Sciences & School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Maxwell C Wilson
- School of Life Sciences & School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Xian Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Enviro\nment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jianbo Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Wen-Sheng Shu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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40
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Obrist DS, Hanly PJ, Kennedy JC, Fitzpatrick OT, Wickham SB, Ernst CM, Nijland W, Reshitnyk LY, Darimont CT, Starzomski BM, Reynolds JD. Marine subsidies mediate patterns in avian island biogeography. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200108. [PMID: 32156206 PMCID: PMC7126081 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical theory of island biogeography, which predicts species richness using island area and isolation, has been expanded to include contributions from marine subsidies, i.e. subsidized island biogeography (SIB) theory. We tested the effects of marine subsidies on species diversity and population density on productive temperate islands, evaluating SIB predictions previously untested at comparable scales and subsidy levels. We found that the diversity of terrestrial breeding bird communities on 91 small islands (approx. 0.0001–3 km2) along the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada were correlated most strongly with island area, but also with marine subsidies. Species richness increased and population density decreased with island area, but isolation had no measurable influence. Species richness was negatively correlated with marine subsidy, measured as forest-edge soil δ15N. Density, however, was higher on islands with higher marine subsidy, and a negative interaction between area and subsidy indicates that this effect is stronger on smaller islands, offering some support for SIB. Our study emphasizes how subsidies from the sea can shape diversity patterns on islands and can even exceed the importance of isolation in determining species richness and densities of terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora S Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick J Hanly
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Jeremiah C Kennedy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Owen T Fitzpatrick
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Sara B Wickham
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Christopher M Ernst
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Wiebe Nijland
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luba Y Reshitnyk
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, PO Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 3Y3
| | - Brian M Starzomski
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1H0
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41
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Debrot AO, Madden H, Becking LE, Rojer A, Miller JY. The butterflies of St. Eustatius with faunal comparisons among the adjacent islands of the Lesser Antilles. CARIBB J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v50i1.a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Madden
- St. Eustatius National Parks Foundation, Gallows Bay, St. Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Rojer
- Carmabi Foundation, Curaçao, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Jacqueline Y. Miller
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
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42
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Valente L, Phillimore AB, Melo M, Warren BH, Clegg SM, Havenstein K, Tiedemann R, Illera JC, Thébaud C, Aschenbach T, Etienne RS. A simple dynamic model explains the diversity of island birds worldwide. Nature 2020; 579:92-96. [PMID: 32076267 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colonization, speciation and extinction are dynamic processes that influence global patterns of species richness1-6. Island biogeography theory predicts that the contribution of these processes to the accumulation of species diversity depends on the area and isolation of the island7,8. Notably, there has been no robust global test of this prediction for islands where speciation cannot be ignored9, because neither the appropriate data nor the analytical tools have been available. Here we address both deficiencies to reveal, for island birds, the empirical shape of the general relationships that determine how colonization, extinction and speciation rates co-vary with the area and isolation of islands. We compiled a global molecular phylogenetic dataset of birds on islands, based on the terrestrial avifaunas of 41 oceanic archipelagos worldwide (including 596 avian taxa), and applied a new analysis method to estimate the sensitivity of island-specific rates of colonization, speciation and extinction to island features (area and isolation). Our model predicts-with high explanatory power-several global relationships. We found a decline in colonization with isolation, a decline in extinction with area and an increase in speciation with area and isolation. Combining the theoretical foundations of island biogeography7,8 with the temporal information contained in molecular phylogenies10 proves a powerful approach to reveal the fundamental relationships that govern variation in biodiversity across the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valente
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany. .,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Martim Melo
- Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), InBio, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben H Warren
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katja Havenstein
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174, CNRS-IRD-Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Tina Aschenbach
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Crews SC, Esposito LA. Towards a synthesis of the Caribbean biogeography of terrestrial arthropods. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 31980017 PMCID: PMC6979080 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immense geologic and ecological complexity of the Caribbean has created a natural laboratory for interpreting when and how organisms disperse through time and space. However, competing hypotheses compounded with this complexity have resulted in a lack of unifying principles of biogeography for the region. Though new data concerning the timing of geologic events and dispersal events are emerging, powerful new analytical tools now allow for explicit hypothesis testing. Arthropods, with varying dispersal ability and high levels of endemism in the Caribbean, are an important, albeit understudied, biogeographic model system. Herein, we include a comprehensive analysis of every publicly available genetic dataset (at the time of writing) of terrestrial Caribbean arthropod groups using a statistically robust pipeline to explicitly test the current extent of biogeographic hypotheses for the region. RESULTS Our findings indicate several important biogeographic generalizations for the region: the South American continent is the predominant origin of Caribbean arthropod fauna; GAARlandia played a role for some taxa in aiding dispersal from South America to the Greater Antilles; founder event dispersal explains the majority of dispersal events by terrestrial arthropods, and distance between landmasses is important for dispersal; most dispersal events occurred via island hopping; there is evidence of 'reverse' dispersal from islands to the mainland; dispersal across the present-day Isthmus of Panama generally occurred prior to 3 mya; the Greater Antilles harbor more lineage diversity than the Lesser Antilles, and the larger Greater Antilles typically have greater lineage diversity than the smaller islands; basal Caribbean taxa are primarily distributed in the Greater Antilles, the basal-most being from Cuba, and derived taxa are mostly distributed in the Lesser Antilles; Jamaican taxa are usually endemic and monophyletic. CONCLUSIONS Given the diversity and deep history of terrestrial arthropods, incongruence of biogeographic patterns is expected, but focusing on both similarities and differences among divergent taxa with disparate life histories emphasizes the importance of particular qualities responsible for resulting diversification patterns. Furthermore, this study provides an analytical toolkit that can be used to guide researchers interested in answering questions pertaining to Caribbean biogeography using explicit hypothesis testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Crews
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Lauren A Esposito
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
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44
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Abstract
In this work, Grinnellian niche theory (a body of theory about geographic distributions of species in terms of noninteracting niche variables) is used to demonstrate that species-area relationships emerge with both size of environmental space and size of geographic area. As environmental space increases, more species' fundamental niches are included, thus increasing the number of species capable of living in the corresponding region. This idea is made operational by proposing a size measure for multidimensional environmental space and approximating fundamental niches with minimum volume ellipsoids. This framework allows estimating a presence-absence matrix based on the distribution of fundamental niches in environmental space, from which many biodiversity measures can be calculated, such as beta diversity. I establish that Whittaker's equation for beta diversity is equivalent to MacArthur's formula relating species numbers and niche breadth; this latter equation provides a mechanism for the species-niche space relationship. I illustrate the theoretical results via exploration of niches of the terrestrial mammals of North America (north of Panama). Each world region has a unique structure of its environmental space, and the position of fundamental niches in niche space is different for different clades; therefore, species-area relationships depend on the clades involved and the region of focus, mostly as a function of MacArthur's niche beta diversity. Analyzing species-area relationships from the perspective of niche position in environmental space is novel, shifting emphasis from demographic processes to historical, geographic, and climatic factors; moreover, the Grinnellian approach is based on available data and is computationally feasible.
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45
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Pauw A. A Bird's-Eye View of Pollination: Biotic Interactions as Drivers of Adaptation and Community Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nectarivorous birds and bird-pollinated plants are linked by a network of interactions. Here I ask how these interactions influence evolution and community composition. I find near complete evidence for the effect of birds on plant evolution. Experiments show the process in action—birds select among floral phenotypes in a population—and comparative studies find the resulting pattern—bird-pollinated species have long-tubed, red flowers with large nectar volumes. Speciation is accomplished in one “magical” step when adaptation for bird pollination brings about divergent morphology and reproductive isolation. In contrast, evidence that plants drive bird evolution is fragmentary. Studies of selection on population-level variation are lacking, but the resulting pattern is clear—nectarivorous birds have evolved a remarkable number of times and often have long bills and brush-tipped or tubular tongues. At the level of the ecological guild, birds select among plant species via an effect on seed set and thus determine plant community composition. Plants simultaneously influence the relative fitness of bird species and thus determine the composition of the bird guild. Interaction partners may give one guild member a constant fitness advantage, resulting in competitive exclusion and community change, or may act as limiting resources that depress the fitness of frequent species, thus stabilizing community composition and allowing the coexistence of diversity within bird and plant guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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46
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Nnakenyi CA, Traveset A, Heleno R, Minoarivelo HO, Hui C. Fine‐tuning the nested structure of pollination networks by adaptive interaction switching, biogeography and sampling effect in the Galápagos Islands. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinenye A. Nnakenyi
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Inst. of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Henintsoa O. Minoarivelo
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
- Mathematical Biosciences Group, African Inst. for Mathematical Sciences Cape Town South Africa
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47
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Stevens RD, Rowe RJ, Badgley C. Gradients of mammalian biodiversity through space and time. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rowe
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Catherine Badgley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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48
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Becker-Scarpitta A, Vissault S, Vellend M. Four decades of plant community change along a continental gradient of warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1629-1641. [PMID: 30636090 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies of individual sites have revealed biotic changes consistent with climate warming (e.g., upward elevational distribution shifts), but our understanding of the tremendous variation among studies in the magnitude of such biotic changes is minimal. In this study, we resurveyed forest vegetation plots 40 years after the initial surveys in three protected areas along a west-to-east gradient of increasingly steep recent warming trends in eastern Canada (Québec). Consistent with the hypothesis that climate warming has been an important driver of vegetation change, we found an increasing magnitude of changes in species richness and composition from west to east among the three parks. For the two mountainous parks, we found no significant changes in elevational species' distributions in the easternmost park (raw mean = +11.4 m at Forillon Park) where warming has been minimal, and significant upward distribution shifts in the centrally located park (+38.9 m at Mont-Mégantic), where the recent warming trend has been marked. Community Temperature Indices (CTI), reflecting the average affinities of locally co-occurring species to temperature conditions across their geographic ranges ("Species Temperature Indices"), did not change over time as predicted. However, close examination of the underpinnings of CTI values suggested a high sensitivity to uncertainty in individual species' temperature indices, and so a potentially limited responsiveness to warming. Overall, by testing a priori predictions concerning variation among parks in the direction and magnitude of vegetation changes, we have provided stronger evidence for a link between climate warming and biotic responses than otherwise possible and provided a potential explanation for large variation among studies in warming-related biotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Vissault
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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49
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Steffens TS, Lehman SM. Species-area relationships of lemurs in a fragmented landscape in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22972. [PMID: 30912595 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We used species-area relationships (SARs) to investigate the effects of habitat loss on lemur biogeography. We measured species richness via visual surveys on line transects within 42 fragments of dry deciduous forest at the Ambanjabe field site in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. We measured human disturbance and habitat characteristics within 38 of the 42 fragments. We measured the distance between each fragment and the nearest settlement, continuous forest, and nearest neighboring fragment. We fit 10 candidate SAR models to the data using nonlinear least squares regression and compared them using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). To determine how habitat characteristics, as well as area, influenced species richness, we ran a hierarchical partitioning procedure to select which variables to include in generalized additive models (GAMs) and compared them using AIC. Contrary to expectations, we found that lemurs form convex SARs, without a "small island effect", and with the power model being the most likely SAR model. Although we found that four variables (area, survey effort, and total human disturbance, and mean tree height) independently contributed greater than 10% of the variation in lemur species richness, only area was included in the most likely model. We suggest that the power model was the most likely SAR model and our inability to detect a "small island effect" are the result of Microcebus spp. being edge tolerant and capable of dispersing through matrix, scale issues in the study design, and low γ-diversity in the landscape. However, more study is needed to determine what role human disturbance plays in influencing species richness in lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Steffens
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Planet Madagascar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn M Lehman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Čandek K, Agnarsson I, Binford GJ, Kuntner M. Biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha spiders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:397. [PMID: 30674906 PMCID: PMC6344596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Island systems provide excellent arenas to test evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to gene flow and diversification of dispersal-limited organisms. Here we focus on an orbweaver spider genus Cyrtognatha (Tetragnathidae) from the Caribbean, with the aims to reconstruct its evolutionary history, examine its biogeographic history in the archipelago, and to estimate the timing and route of Caribbean colonization. Specifically, we test if Cyrtognatha biogeographic history is consistent with an ancient vicariant scenario (the GAARlandia landbridge hypothesis) or overwater dispersal. We reconstructed a species level phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (28S) marker. We then used this topology to constrain a time-calibrated mtDNA phylogeny, for subsequent biogeographical analyses in BioGeoBEARS of over 100 originally sampled Cyrtognatha individuals, using models with and without a founder event parameter. Our results suggest a radiation of Caribbean Cyrtognatha, containing 11 to 14 species that are exclusively single island endemics. Although biogeographic reconstructions cannot refute a vicariant origin of the Caribbean clade, possibly an artifact of sparse outgroup availability, they indicate timing of colonization that is much too recent for GAARlandia to have played a role. Instead, an overwater colonization to the Caribbean in mid-Miocene better explains the data. From Hispaniola, Cyrtognatha subsequently dispersed to, and diversified on, the other islands of the Greater, and Lesser Antilles. Within the constraints of our island system and data, a model that omits the founder event parameter from biogeographic analysis is less suitable than the equivalent model with a founder event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Čandek
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of the Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Greta J Binford
- Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of the Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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