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Messina M, Iacumin L, Pascon G, Tulli F, Tibaldi E, Cardinaletti G. Effect of feed restriction and refeeding on body condition, digestive functionality and intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:169-189. [PMID: 36680627 PMCID: PMC9935662 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fasting and refeeding on body condition, gut physiology and microbiota in reared O. mykiss. Ninety-six fish were randomly allotted among three groups subjected to different feeding plan: C (control, fed for 5 weeks); R (restricted ration over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding); F (fasted over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding) in a well's fresh water flow-through rearing plan. Sampling occurred at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 days during the refeeding period. At day 0 and throughout the feeding period until day 14, the weight of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding restriction. Feed deprivation reduced significantly the viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes. Brush border membrane enzymes' specific activity was modulated by feeding regimes until day 7, to level in all experimental groups at day 14. At the end of the restricted/fasted period, the microbiota of the C group was made up of 70% of Actinobacteria, 24% of Proteobacteria, 4.2% of Firmicutes and < 1% of Bacteroides, while the restricted and fasted group were characterized by a strong reduction of Actinobacteria, and a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The feed deprivation determined a dysbiosis, allowing the development of different commensal or pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the effects of 2 weeks of feed deprivation, excluding those related to body weight, are gradually mitigated by refeeding, which allows the restoration of digestive functions and a healthy intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Messina
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Starvation alters growth, stress metabolites and physiological responses in juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Growth performance, fatty acid profile, gut, and muscle histo-morphology of Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides post larvae fed short-term host associated probiotics. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Liu JT, Pham PH, Lumsden JS. Autophagy modulation in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L. and resistance to experimental infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:535-545. [PMID: 34990023 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously, rainbow trout fed deoxynivalenol (DON) or partially fed (pair-fed) for 4 weeks before and during experimental infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum had significantly decreased mortality rates. Similar results were obtained in the present study after 12 days, but not after 6 days, feeding 5 ppm DON or pair-fed before infection. Furthermore, feeding 250 ppm chloroquine (CQ) also reduced mortality (p = .052) compared with controls and may have promise for treatment of some fish disease. Parallel groups of fish were maintained on the respective treatments for 15 days, with an additional group that was fasted, but were not infected to monitor autophagy. Fish that were fasted or fed DON had significantly increased LC3II in the liver and fasted fish had significantly decreased LC3II in muscle compared with controls using western blot. There was no difference in LC3II signal in the spleen of any treatment group. Fish that were fasted or pair-fed had significant up-regulation of the Atg genes atg4, atg7, lc3, gabarap and atg12 in muscle using quantitative PCR. Less alteration of Atg expression was seen in liver. Fish treated with CQ had significantly increased expression of atg4, becn1, lc3 and atg12 in the liver. Fish fed DON for 15 days had few alterations of Atg genes in either the liver or muscle. It is still not clear if autophagy is responsible for the resistance of rainbow trout fed DON, CQ or pair-fed before F. psychrophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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White SL, DeMario DA, Iwanowicz LR, Blazer VS, Wagner T. Tissue Distribution and Immunomodulation in Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) Following Dietary Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclors and Food Deprivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1228. [PMID: 32075001 PMCID: PMC7068257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although most countries banned manufacturing of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) over 40 years ago, PCBs remain a global concern for wildlife and human health due to high bioaccumulation and biopersistance. PCB uptake mechanisms have been well studied in many taxa; however, less is known about depuration rates and how post-exposure diet can influence PCB concentrations and immune response in fish and wildlife populations. In a controlled laboratory environment, we investigated the influence of subchronic dietary exposure to two PCB Aroclors and food deprivation on tissue-specific concentrations of total PCBs and PCB homologs and innate immune function in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Overall, we found that the concentration of total PCBs and PCB homologs measured in whole body, fillet, and liver tissues declined more slowly in food-deprived fish, with slowest depuration observed in the liver. Additionally, fish that were exposed to PCBs had lower plasma cortisol concentrations, reduced phagocytic oxidative burst activity, and lower cytotoxic activity, suggesting that PCBs can influence stress and immune responses. However, for most measures of immune function, the effects of food deprivation had a larger effect on immune response than did PCB exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that short-term dietary exposure to PCBs can increase toxicity of consumable fish tissues for several weeks, and that PCB mixtures modulate immune and stress responses via multiple pathways. These results may inform development of human consumption advisories and can help predict and understand the influence of PCBs on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. White
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, 413 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Devin A. DeMario
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, 413 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (L.R.I.); (V.S.B.)
| | - Vicki S. Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (L.R.I.); (V.S.B.)
| | - Tyler Wagner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, 402 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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Kalinowski CT, Larroquet L, Véron V, Robaina L, Izquierdo MS, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Fontagné-Dicharry S. Influence of Dietary Astaxanthin on the Hepatic Oxidative Stress Response Caused by Episodic Hyperoxia in Rainbow Trout. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120626. [PMID: 31817693 PMCID: PMC6943655 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 13-week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile rainbow trout to test two diets: a control diet without astaxanthin (AX) supplementation (CTRL diet), and a diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg of synthetic AX (ASTA diet). During the last week of the feeding trial, fish were exposed to episodic hyperoxia challenge for 8 consecutive hours per day. Episodic hyperoxia induced physiological stress responses characterized by a significant increase in plasma cortisol and hepatic glycogen and a decrease in plasma glucose levels. The decrease of plasma glucose and the increase of hepatic glycogen content due to episodic hyperoxia were emphasized with the ASTA diet. Hyperoxia led to an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the muscle, diminished by dietary AX supplementation in both liver and muscle. Muscle and liver AX were increased and decreased respectively after 7-day episodic hyperoxia, leading to an increase in flesh redness. This augment of muscle AX could not be attributed to AX mobilization, since plasma AX was not affected by hyperoxia. Moreover, hyperoxia decreased most of antioxidant enzyme activities in liver, whereas dietary AX supplementation specifically increased glutathione reductase activity. A higher mRNA level of hepatic glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutamate-cysteine ligase in trout fed the ASTA diet suggests the role of AX in glutathione and thioredoxin recycling and in de novo glutathione synthesis. Indeed, dietary AX supplementation improved the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in liver. In addition, the ASTA diet up-regulated glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA level in the liver, signaling that dietary AX supplementation may also stimulate the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway that produces NADPH, which provides reducing power that counteracts oxidative stress. The present results provide a broader understanding of the mechanisms by which dietary AX is involved in the reduction of oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Tatiana Kalinowski
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Research Institute in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Conservation (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (C.T.K.); (L.R.); (M.S.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Laurence Larroquet
- NUMEA, INRA, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (L.L.); (V.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Vincent Véron
- NUMEA, INRA, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (L.L.); (V.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Lidia Robaina
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Research Institute in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Conservation (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (C.T.K.); (L.R.); (M.S.I.); (S.K.)
| | - María Soledad Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Research Institute in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Conservation (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (C.T.K.); (L.R.); (M.S.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- NUMEA, INRA, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (L.L.); (V.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Sachi Kaushik
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Research Institute in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Conservation (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (C.T.K.); (L.R.); (M.S.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Stéphanie Fontagné-Dicharry
- NUMEA, INRA, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (L.L.); (V.V.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-559515996
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Wang J, Du JJ, Jiang B, He RZ, Li AX. Effects of short-term fasting on the resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:889-895. [PMID: 31546039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-term feed deprivation or fasting is commonly experienced by aquaculture fish species and may be caused by seasonal variations, production strategies, or diseases. To assess the effects of fasting on the resistance of Nile tilapia to Streptococcus agalactiae infection, vaccinated and unvaccinated fish were fasted for zero, one, three, and seven days prior to infection. The cortisol levels of both vaccinated and unvaccinated fish first decreased and then increased significantly as fasting time increased. Liver glycogen, triglycerides, and total cholesterol decreased significantly after seven days of fasting, but glucose content did not vary significantly between fish fasted for three and seven days. Hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activity levels were lowest after seven days of fasting, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity levels varied in opposition to those of HK and PK. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity levels first increased and then decreased as fasting time increased; SOD activity was highest after three days of fasting. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 mRNA expression levels first increased and then decreased significantly, peaking after three days of fasting. However, suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) mRNA expression levels were in opposition to those of IL-1β and IL-6. Specific antibody levels did not vary significantly among unvaccinated fish fasted for different periods. Although specific antibody level first increased and then decreased in the vaccinated fish as fasting duration increased, there were no significant differences in the survival rates of fasted vaccinated fish after challenge with S. agalactiae. The final survival rates of vaccinated fish fasted for zero, one, three, and seven days were 86.67 ± 5.44%, 80.00 ± 3.14%, 88.89 ± 6.28%, and 84.44 ± 8.32%, respectively. Among the unvaccinated fish, the survival rate was highest (35.56 ± 3.14%) in the fish fasted for three days and lowest (6.67 ± 3.14%) in the fish fasted for seven days. Therefore, our results indicated that short-term fasting (three days) prior to an infection might increase the resistance of unvaccinated Nile tilapia to S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Jia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Biao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Run-Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong Province, PR China.
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8
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Expression of messenger RNA encoding two cellular metabolic regulators, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), in channel catfish: Their tissue distribution and relationship with changes in food intake. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:12-21. [PMID: 31091463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered as the master cellular metabolism regulator that activates various proteins, including O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Physiological roles of AMPK and OGT, including the relationship between their mRNA expression and food intake, are poorly understood in channel catfish. This study examined the tissue distribution of AMPK and OGT mRNA and changes in their expression in response to changes in food intake in channel catfish. Expression of all AMPK subunit and OGT mRNA was detectable in the whole brain, liver, heart, spleen, white muscle, and kidney of channel catfish. The OGT mRNA was highly localized in the brain compared to other tissues. 28-day fasting increased hepatic expression of AMPK α1, β1, and OGT mRNA while refeeding fish for 14 days after the 14-day fast decreased their expression to the level similar to that of fish that were fed daily. No changes were noted in the expression of muscle and brain AMPK mRNA or OGT mRNA by fasting and refeeding. Hepatic AMPK α1, α2 and β1 mRNA decreased in response to increased feeding frequency, whereas no changes in the expression of AMPK or OGT mRNA were noted in the brain or the muscle. Results of the current study indicated that the hepatic expression of AMPK and OGT mRNA appeared to be more sensitive to changes in food intake in channel catfish. However, further studies are needed to clearly demonstrate if food intake influences the expression of AMPK and OGT mRNA in various tissues, including the hypothalamus.
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9
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Ashrafi R, Bruneaux M, Sundberg L, Pulkkinen K, Valkonen J, Ketola T. Broad thermal tolerance is negatively correlated with virulence in an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1700-1714. [PMID: 30344637 PMCID: PMC6183471 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the effects of global increase in temperatures on disease virulence is challenging, especially for environmental opportunistic bacteria, because pathogen fitness may be differentially affected by temperature within and outside host environment. So far, there is very little empirical evidence on the connections between optimal temperature range and virulence in environmentally growing pathogens. Here, we explored whether the virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, is malleable to evolutionary changes via correlated selection on thermal tolerance. To this end, we experimentally quantified the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for maximum biomass yield of 49 F. columnare isolates from eight different geographic locations in Finland over ten years (2003-2012). We also characterized virulence profiles of these strains in a zebra fish (Danio rerio) infection model. We show that virulence among the strains increased over the years, but thermal generalism, and in particular tolerance to higher temperatures, was negatively associated with virulence. Our data suggest that temperature has a strong effect on the pathogen genetic diversity and therefore presumably also on disease dynamics. However, the observed increase in frequency and severity of F. columnare epidemics over the last decade cannot be directly linked to bacterial evolution due to increased mean temperature, but is most likely associated with factors related to increased length of growing season, or other time-dependent change in environment. Our study demonstrates that complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and the environment influence disease virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Matthieu Bruneaux
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Janne Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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10
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Dai WF, Zhang JJ, Qiu QF, Chen J, Yang W, Ni S, Xiong JB. Starvation stress affects the interplay among shrimp gut microbiota, digestion and immune activities. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:191-199. [PMID: 29803665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals are frequently suffered from starvation due to restricted food availability or deprivation. It is currently known that gut microbiota assists host in nutrient acquisition. Thus, exploring the gut microbiota responses would improve our understanding on physiological adaptation to starvation. To achieve this, we investigated how the gut microbiota and shrimp digestion and immune activities were affected under starvation stress. The results showed that the measured digestion activities in starved shrimp were significantly lower than in normal cohorts; while the measured immune activities exhibited an opposite trend. A structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that changes in the gut bacterial community were directly related to digestive and immune enzyme activities, which in turn markedly affected shrimp growth traits. Notably, several gut bacterial indicators that characterized the shrimp nutrient status were identified, with more abundant opportunistic pathogens in starved shrimp, although there were no statistical differences in the overall diversity and the structures of gut bacterial communities between starved and normal shrimp. Starved shrimp exhibited less connected and cooperative interspecies interaction as compared with normal cohorts. Additionally, the functional pathways involved in carbohydrate and protein digestion, glycan biosynthesis, lipid and enzyme metabolism remarkably decreased in starved shrimp. These attenuations could increase the susceptibility of starved shrimp to pathogens infection. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the interplay among shrimp digestion, immune activities and gut microbiota in response to starvation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Dai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin-Jie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qiong-Fen Qiu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Sui Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin-Bo Xiong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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11
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Philip AM, Jørgensen EH, Maule AG, Vijayan MM. Extended fasting does not affect the liver innate immune response in rainbow trout. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:67-74. [PMID: 29056546 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of immune response pathway is energy demanding. We tested the hypothesis that negative energy balance will curtail the liver's capacity to evoke an immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were either fed or fasted for 118 d and challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine the liver capacity to elicit an immune response. Fasting led to negative specific growth rate, reduced tissue metabolite levels, and higher transcript abundance of SOCS-2. LPS treatment increased the liver transcript abundances of IL-1β and IL-8 and serum amyloid protein A, while SOCS-2 was reduced. LPS lowered plasma cortisol level only in the fasted fish, but did not affect liver glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor protein expressions. Extended fasting did not suppress the liver capacity to evoke an immune response. Upregulation of liver SOCS-2 may be playing a key role in the energy repartitioning, thereby facilitating immune response activation despite extended fasting in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju M Philip
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Even H Jørgensen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, N-9037, Norway
| | - Alec G Maule
- USGS-BRD, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, Cook, WA 98605, USA
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12
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Lange MD, Farmer BD, Declercq AM, Peatman E, Decostere A, Beck BH. Sickeningly Sweet: L-rhamnose stimulates Flavobacterium columnare biofilm formation and virulence. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1613-1624. [PMID: 28581211 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease, causes substantial mortality worldwide in numerous freshwater finfish species. Due to its global significance and impact on the aquaculture industry continual efforts to better understand basic mechanisms that contribute to disease are urgently needed. The current work sought to evaluate the effect of L-rhamnose on the growth characteristics of F. columnare. While we initially did not observe any key changes during the total growth of F. columnare isolates tested when treated with L-rhamnose, it soon became apparent that the difference lies in the ability of this carbohydrate to facilitate the formation of biofilms. The addition of different concentrations of L-rhamnose consistently promoted the development of biofilms among different F. columnare isolates; however, it does not appear to be sufficient as a sole carbon source for biofilm growth. Our data also suggest that iron acquisition machinery is required for biofilm development. Finally, the addition of different concentrations of L-rhamnose to F. columnare prior to a laboratory challenge increased mortality rates in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) as compared to controls. These results provide further evidence that biofilm formation is an integral virulence factor in the initiation of disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lange
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - B D Farmer
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - A M Declercq
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - A Decostere
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
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13
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Forsatkar MN, Nematollahi MA, Rafiee G, Farahmand H, Lawrence C. Effects of the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide on the stress response of feed deprived zebrafish (Danio rerio). Physiol Behav 2017; 180:70-77. [PMID: 28821445 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Feed deprivation has deleterious effects on fish behavior and stress physiology which may susceptible them to disease outbreak. Functional ingredients in diets may substantially impact the physiology and stress responses of host organisms. Here, we hypothesized that the administration of a dietary prebiotic might attenuate the negative influences of feed deprivation on the behavioral profile of anxiety and physiological responses to stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were fed with either basal or mannan-oligosaccharide supplemented (0.4% MOS/kg diet) diets, once per day (normal-control: CN, and normal-prebiotic: PN) or once every other day (starved-control: CS, and starved-prebiotic: PS) for 8weeks. Afterwards, fish were subjected to a novel tank test to measure anxiety. Fish from the CS treatment exhibited more pronounced bottom-dwelling behavior than the other treatments. The number of transitions from the bottom to the top third of the novel tank was significantly higher in PN fish than the CS specimens. No significant differences were found between the CN and PS treatments in all of the anxiety behaviors. CS fish showed higher baseline cortisol levels than the other treatments, which was in line with higher expression of CRH gene in fish subjected to this treatment. Cortisol levels and CRH gene expression of the subjects were also measured after induction of two routine aquaculture stressors. CN and PS fish exhibited similar patterns of cortisol responses at most of the sampling times after stress, and PN specimens showed a significantly lower concentration of cortisol than the other treatments in most cases. Expression of the CRH gene was higher in feed deprived fish immediately after stress induction. Overall, the results show that feed deprivation in some cases influenced anxiety-like behaviors and elevated stress response in zebrafish juveniles; however, the addition of MOS to the diet helped deprived fish exhibit behaviors more typical of normally fed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gholamreza Rafiee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Farahmand
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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14
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Effects of Moderate Food Deprivation on Plasma Corticosterone and Blood Metabolites in Common Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon). J HERPETOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1670/15-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Deck CA, Honeycutt JL, Cheung E, Reynolds HM, Borski RJ. Assessing the Functional Role of Leptin in Energy Homeostasis and the Stress Response in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:63. [PMID: 28439255 PMCID: PMC5384446 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone that plays a critical role in regulating appetite, energy metabolism, growth, stress, and immune function across vertebrate groups. In mammals, it has been classically described as an adipostat, relaying information regarding energy status to the brain. While retaining poor sequence conservation with mammalian leptins, teleostean leptins elicit a number of similar regulatory properties, although current evidence suggests that it does not function as an adipostat in this group of vertebrates. Teleostean leptin also exhibits functionally divergent properties, however, possibly playing a role in glucoregulation similar to what is observed in lizards. Further, leptin has been recently implicated as a mediator of immune function and the endocrine stress response in teleosts. Here, we provide a review of leptin physiology in vertebrates, with a particular focus on its actions and regulatory properties in the context of stress and the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Deck
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jamie L. Honeycutt
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Cheung
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M. Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Russell J. Borski
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Russell J. Borski,
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16
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Yengkokpam S, Debnath D, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Jain KK, Baruah K. Dietary protein enhances non-specific immunity, anti-oxidative capability and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings pre-exposed to short feed deprivation stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:439-446. [PMID: 27815199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary protein levels on growth, immunity and anti-oxidative status of Labeo rohita fingerlings during feed deprivation followed by refeeding. Fish (5.44 ± 0.10 g) were deprived of feed for 3 weeks and then re-fed to satiation for 5 weeks with one of the diets containing 25 (25P), 30 (30P), 35 (35P) or 40 (40P) percent crude protein (CP) level. In addition to these groups, a control group (C) was also maintained by feeding to satiation level twice daily with a diet containing 30% CP throughout the experimental period. At the end of 8-weeks' trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and survival was recorded for the next 7 days. Complete recovery of growth in terms of weight gain percentage was achieved in the fish fed 35 and 40% protein during refeeding. The body indices (condition factor and hepatosomatic index), haematological parameters and serum protein contents at the end of the experimental trial were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among different groups suggesting that the overall health of the fish was not compromised. However, respiratory burst activity and serum lysozyme activity were indicative of a better immune function in the higher protein fed groups (35P and 40P) than the lower protein groups (25P and 30P). Following challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, survival rate, blood monocyte%, respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme activity, serum protein and globulin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 35P and 40P groups compared to the other groups. Further, fish fed lower dietary protein were not able to restore the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver. Conclusively, an improved disease resistance capability and immune status was observed in the fish fed a higher dietary protein (35-40%), even out-performing the daily-fed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Yengkokpam
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
| | - Dipesh Debnath
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - N P Sahu
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - A K Pal
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - K K Jain
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference Centre, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Kondera E, Kościuszko A, Dmowska A, Witeska M. Haematological and haematopoietic effects of feeding different diets and starvation in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1251926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kondera
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kościuszko
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Aneta Dmowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Witeska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
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18
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Melotti P, Roncarati A, Angellotti L, Dees A, Enrico Magi G, Mazzini C, Bianchi C, Casciano R. Effects of rearing density on rainbow trout welfare, determined by plasmatic and tissue parameters. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2004.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Melotti
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca e Didattica in Acquacoltura e Maricoltura. Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca e Didattica in Acquacoltura e Maricoltura. Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Lucia Angellotti
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca e Didattica in Acquacoltura e Maricoltura. Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Andrea Dees
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sulle tecnologie e l’igiene degli allevamenti intensivi delle Piccole Specie. Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca e Didattica in Acquacoltura e Maricoltura. Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudio Mazzini
- COOP Italia Società Cooperativa. Casalecchio di Reno (Bologna), Italy
| | - Carlo Bianchi
- COOP Italia Società Cooperativa. Casalecchio di Reno (Bologna), Italy
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Zhao H, Li C, Beck BH, Zhang R, Thongda W, Davis DA, Peatman E. Impact of feed additives on surface mucosal health and columnaris susceptibility in channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:624-637. [PMID: 26164837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the highest priority areas for improvement in aquaculture is the development of dietary additives and formulations which provide for complete mucosal health and protection of fish raised in intensive systems. Far greater attention has been paid to dietary impact on gut health than to protective effects at other mucosal surfaces such as skin and gill. These exterior surfaces, however, are important primary targets for pathogen attachment and invasion. Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease, is among the most prevalent of all freshwater disease-causing bacteria, impacting global aquaculture of catfish, salmonids, baitfish and aquaria-trade species among others. This study evaluated whether the feeding of a standard catfish diet supplemented with Alltech dietary additives Actigen(®), a concentrated source of yeast cell wall-derived material and/or Allzyme(®) SSF, a fermented strain of Aspergillus niger, could offer protection against F. columnare mortality. A nine-week feeding trial of channel catfish fingerlings with basal diet (B), B + Allzyme(®) SSF, B + Actigen(®) and B + Actigen(®)+Allzyme(®) SSF revealed good growth in all conditions (FCR < 1.0), but no statistical differences in growth between the treatments were found. At nine weeks, based on pre-challenge trial results, basal, B + Actigen(®), and B + Allzyme(®) SSF groups of fish were selected for further challenges with F. columnare. Replicated challenge with a virulent F. columnare strain, revealed significantly longer median days to death in B + Allzyme(®) SSF and B + Actigen(®) when compared with the basal diet (P < 0.05) and significantly higher survival following the eight day challenge period in B + Actigen(®) when compared with the other two diets (P < 0.05). Given the superior protection provided by the B + Actigen(®) diet, we carried out transcriptomic comparison of gene expression of fish fed that diet and the basal diet before and after columnaris challenge using high-throughput RNA-seq. Pathway and enrichment analyses revealed changes in mannose receptor DEC205 and IL4 signaling at 0 h (prior to challenge) which likely explain a dramatic divergence in expression profiles between the two diets soon after pathogen challenge (8 h). Dietary mannose priming resulted in reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines, shifting response patterns instead to favor resolution and repair. Our results indicate that prebiotic dietary additives may provide protection extending beyond the gut to surface mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - D Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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20
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Ryerse IA, Hooft JM, Bureau DP, Hayes MA, Lumsden JS. Purified deoxynivalenol or feed restriction reduces mortality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with experimental bacterial coldwater disease but biologically relevant concentrations of deoxynivalenol do not impair the growth of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:809-819. [PMID: 25160820 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diets containing deoxynivalenol (DON) were fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) for 4 weeks followed by experimental infection (intraperitoneal) with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (4.1 × 10(6) colony-forming units [CFU] mL(-1) ). Mortality of rainbow trout fed either 6.4 mg kg(-1) DON or trout pair-fed the control diet was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in comparison with trout fed the control diet to apparent satiation (<0.1 mg kg(-1) DON). In a second experiment, trout were fed one of three experimental diets; a control diet, a diet produced with corn naturally contaminated with DON (3.3 mg kg(-1) DON) or a diet containing purified DON (3.8 mg kg(-1) ); however, these fish were not experimentally infected. The presence of DON resulted in significant reduction (P < 0.0001) in feed intake as well as weight gain after 4 weeks. Respiratory burst of head-kidney leucocytes isolated from rainbow trout fed diets containing purified DON (3.8 mg kg(-1) ) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 35 day post-exposure compared with controls. The antimicrobial activity of DON was examined by subjecting F. psychrophilum in vitro to serial dilutions of the chemical. Complete inhibition occurred at a concentration of 75 mg L(-1) DON, but no effect was observed below this concentration (0-30 mg L(-1) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Ryerse
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J M Hooft
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D P Bureau
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M A Hayes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Peatman E, Lange M, Zhao H, Beck BH. Physiology and immunology of mucosal barriers in catfish (Ictalurus spp.). Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068907. [PMID: 26716071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers of catfish (Ictalurus spp) constitute the first line of defense against pathogen invasion while simultaneously carrying out a diverse array of other critical physiological processes, including nutrient adsorption, osmoregulation, waste excretion, and environmental sensing. Catfish depend more heavily on mucosal barriers than their terrestrial counterparts as they are continuously interacting with the aquatic microbiota. Our understanding of these barriers, while growing, is still limited relative to that of mammalian model systems. Nevertheless, a combination of molecular and cellular studies in catfish over the last few decades, and particularly within the last few years, has helped to elucidate many of the primary actors and pathways critical to their mucosal health. Here we describe aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses in the primary mucosal tissues (skin, gill, and intestine) of catfish, focusing on mucus-driven responses, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators, and immunoglobulin and T-cell derived immunity. Modulation of mucosal barriers will be critical moving forward for crafting better diets, improving vaccine delivery, enhancing water quality, and ensuring sustainable production practices in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Miles Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
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22
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Mohammed HH, Arias CR. Epidemiology of columnaris disease affecting fishes within the same watershed. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:201-211. [PMID: 24991846 DOI: 10.3354/dao02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the southeastern USA, columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare) typically affects catfish raised in earthen ponds from early spring until late summer. Recently, unusually severe outbreaks of columnaris disease occurred at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Center located in Auburn, AL, USA. During these outbreaks, catfish and other aquaculture and sport fish species that were in ponds located within the same watershed were affected. Our objective was to investigate the genetic diversity among F. columnare isolates recovered from different sites, sources, and dates to clarify the origin of these outbreaks and, ultimately, to better understand the epidemiology of columnaris disease. A total of 102 F. columnare isolates were recovered from catfishes (channel catfish Ictalurus puntactus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and their hybrid), bluegill Lepomis microchirus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, egg masses, and water during columnaris outbreaks (from spring 2010 to summer 2012). Putative F. columnare colonies were identified following standard protocols. All isolates were ascribed to Genomovar II following restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Genetic variability among the isolates was revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Date of isolation explained most of the variability among our isolates, while host was the least influential parameter, denoting a lack of host specificity within Genomovar II isolates. The susceptibility of each of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics was tested by antibiogram. Our data showed that 19.6 and 12.7% of the isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline and kanamycin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham H Mohammed
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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23
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Li C, Beck BH, Peatman E. Nutritional impacts on gene expression in the surface mucosa of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:226-234. [PMID: 24378224 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Short-term feed deprivation is a common occurrence in both wild and farmed fish species, due to reproductive processes, seasonal variations in temperature, or in response to a disease outbreak. Fasting can have dramatic physiological and biological consequences for fish, including impacts on mucosal immunity which can, in turn, change host susceptibility to pathogens. Culture and selection of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) has gained importance as the production of a channel catfish×blue catfish (Ictalurus punctatus×I. furcatus) hybrid has increased in the Southeast US. Following a recent examination of fasting-induced impacts on mucosal immunity in channel catfish, here we utilized Illumina-based RNA-seq expression profiling to compare changes in blue catfish gill and skin after a brief (7 day) period of fasting. Transcriptome sequencing and de novo assembly of over 194 million 100 base-pair transcript reads was followed by differential expression analysis. Fasting altered a total of 530 genes in the surface mucosa, including genes regulating the immune response, energy metabolism, mucus production, cellular cytoskeletal structure, cell proliferation, and antioxidant responses. In particular, fasting perturbed arginine synthesis and metabolism pathways in a manner likely altering macrophage activation states and immune readiness. Our findings highlight key mediators of the critical interaction between nutrition and immunity at points of pathogen adherence and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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24
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Liu L, Li C, Su B, Beck BH, Peatman E. Short-term feed deprivation alters immune status of surface mucosa in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74581. [PMID: 24023952 PMCID: PMC3762756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term feed deprivation (or fasting) is a common occurrence in aquacultured fish species whether due to season, production strategies, or disease. In channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fasting impacts susceptibility to several bacterial pathogens including Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease. As columnaris gains entry through the gills and skin of fish, we examined here changes in transcriptional regulation induced in these surface mucosal tissues due to short-term (7 day) fasting. RNA-seq expression analysis revealed a total of 1,545 genes perturbed by fasting. Fasting significantly altered expression of critical innate immune factors in a manner consistent with lower immune fitness as well as dysregulating key genes involved in energy metabolism and cell cycling/proliferation. Downregulation of innate immune actors such as iNOS2b, Lysozyme C, and peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 is predicted to impact the delicate recognition/tolerance balance for commensal and pathogenic bacteria on the skin and gill. The highlighted expression profiles reveal potential mechanistic similarities between gut and surface mucosa and underscore the complex interrelationships between nutrition, mucosal integrity, and immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Baofeng Su
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Eric Peatman
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Declercq AM, Haesebrouck F, Van den Broeck W, Bossier P, Decostere A. Columnaris disease in fish: a review with emphasis on bacterium-host interactions. Vet Res 2013; 44:27. [PMID: 23617544 PMCID: PMC3648355 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare) is the causative agent of columnaris disease. This bacterium affects both cultured and wild freshwater fish including many susceptible commercially important fish species. F. columnare infections may result in skin lesions, fin erosion and gill necrosis, with a high degree of mortality, leading to severe economic losses. Especially in the last decade, various research groups have performed studies aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of columnaris disease, leading to significant progress in defining the complex interactions between the organism and its host. Despite these efforts, the pathogenesis of columnaris disease hitherto largely remains unclear, compromising the further development of efficient curative and preventive measures to combat this disease. Besides elaborating on the agent and the disease it causes, this review aims to summarize these pathogenesis data emphasizing the areas meriting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Maria Declercq
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Decostere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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26
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Kumar Verma D, Rathore G. Molecular characterization of Flavobacterium columnare isolated from a natural outbreak of columnaris disease in farmed fish, Catla catla from India. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:417-24. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Falahatkar B. The metabolic effects of feeding and fasting in beluga Huso huso. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 82:69-75. [PMID: 23103114 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A six week-study was conducted to determine the effect of starvation and feeding on growth, hematology and biochemical variables in sub-yearling beluga. Fish were placed on six feeding strategies: i) starved condition for 6 weeks, ii) a 2-week starvation, 2-week feeding and 2-week starvation, iii) a 2-week feeding, 2-week starvation and 2-week feeding, iv) a 3-week starvation followed by a 3-week feeding, v) a 3-week feeding with following 3-week starvation, and vi) fed throughout the 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, hematology, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, total protein, HSI, VSI, crude fat in muscle, final weight, feed conversion, specific growth rate, and condition factor were significantly affected by feeding strategies. The results suggested that most of the growth and physiological variables responded to a short period of starvation or re-feeding. These findings indicated that beluga could partially recover in weight and some physiological indices from periods of starvation when provided subsequently ad libitum feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1144, Sowmeh Sara, Iran.
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Caruso G, Denaro MG, Caruso R, Genovese L, Mancari F, Maricchiolo G. Short fasting and refeeding in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Linnaeus 1758): response of some haematological, biochemical and non specific immune parameters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 81:18-25. [PMID: 22938791 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A short fasting-refeeding experience was applied to specimens of red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Teleostei, Sparidae) to assess its effects on some physiological parameters. Haematological (haematocrit), biochemical (serum cortisol and glucose) and immunological (lysozyme, haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities) parameters were measured. For this study, two fish groups were considered: one was fasted for 14 days and then refed to satiation during further 7 and 15 days (indicated as fasted/refed group), the other was fed throughout the study and was taken as a control group. Significantly lower values were recorded for the condition index, the hepato-somatic index and viscero-somatic index in the fasted/refed group compared to the fed one. Fasting did not affect significantly the examined parameters, except for cortisol; refeeding for 7 days induced a significant increase in the haemoagglutinating titre and the spontaneous haemolytic activity, but when refeeding was extended to 14 days haemagglutinating and haemolytic values remained lower than those measured in fed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Caruso
- Italian National Research Council, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, IAMC-CNR, Messina, Italy.
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Beck BH, Farmer BD, Straus DL, Li C, Peatman E. Putative roles for a rhamnose binding lectin in Flavobacterium columnare pathogenesis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1008-1015. [PMID: 22960031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease, caused by the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare, continues to be a major problem worldwide and commonly leads to tremendous losses of both wild and cultured freshwater fish, particularly in intensively farmed aquaculture species such as channel catfish. Despite its ecologic and economic impacts, the fundamental molecular mechanisms of the host immune response to this pathogen remain unclear. While F. columnare can induce marked pathologic changes in numerous ectopic tissues, the adhesion of F. columnare to the gill in particular is strongly associated with pathogen virulence and host susceptibility. Recently, in this regard, using RNA-seq expression profiling we found that a rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) was dramatically upregulated in the gill of fish infected with F. columnare (as compared to naïve fish). Thus, in the present study we sought to further characterize and understand the RBL response in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We first identified two distinct catfish families with differential susceptibilities to columnaris disease; one family was found to be completely resistant while the other was susceptible (0% mortality versus 18.3% respectively, P < 0.001). Exclusively, in the susceptible family, we observed an acute and robust upregulation in catfish RBL that persisted for at least 24 h (P < 0.05). To elucidate whether RBL play a more direct role in columnaris pathogenesis, we exposed channel catfish to different doses of the putative RBL ligands l-rhamnose and d-galactose, and found that these sugars, protected channel catfish against columnaris disease, likely through competition with F. columnare binding of host RBL. Finally, we examined the role of nutritional status on RBL regulation and found that RBL expression was upregulated (>120-fold; P < 0.05) in fish fasted for 7 d (as compared to fish fed to satiation daily), yet expression levels returned to those of satiated fish within 4 h after re-feeding. Collectively, these findings highlight putative roles for RBL in the context of columnaris disease and reveal new aspects linking RBL regulation to feed availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
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Caruso G, Denaro MG, Caruso R, Mancari F, Genovese L, Maricchiolo G. Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:46-52. [PMID: 21664688 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Growth, haematological (haematocrit), biochemical (serum cortisol and glucose), and non-specific immune (lysozyme, serum haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities, extracellular respiratory burst activity) parameters, were monitored in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and blackspot sea bream Pagellus bogaraveo subjected to a 31 days starvation compared to fed fish, to assess the responses to feed deprivation of these health status indicators. While haematocrit, serum cortisol, glucose and haemolytic activity of both species did not undergo significant variation following starvation, probably due to the short period applied, some non-specific immune parameters were affected significantly. In the starved sea bass, mucus lysozyme content doubled (1.8 U/mL) compared to the initial value. Haemagglutinating activity was significantly lower in starved sea bass than in fed fish after 31 days. In blackspot sea bream, a slight, not significant, reduction in haemagglutinating activity occurred 11 days after starvation. Respiratory burst activity decreased significantly in the starved fish. In spite of the limited number of examined parameters, the opportunity to use a panel of several indicators to obtain a more complete picture of health status in fish was underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Caruso
- Italian National Research Council, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
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Gaunt PS, Gao D, Sun F, Endris R. Efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality caused by Flavobacterium columnare infection in channel catfish. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:115-122. [PMID: 20848886 DOI: 10.1577/h09-057.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The studied in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings held in 80-L aquaria. Nonabraded fish were challenged by immersion on day 0. Thirty 80-L tanks were randomly assigned in equal numbers to two treatment groups, one in which fish were fed a commercial diet without florfenicol (unmedicated feed) and one in which they were fed a diet containing 10 mg of florfenicol/kg of body weight (medicated feed) for ten consecutive days. Mortality was monitored during the treatment period and a 14-d posttreatment observation period. At the end of the posttreatment period, all fish were euthanized, examined for gross lesions, and cultured for F. columnare. Significantly fewer fish fed the medicated diet died (8.0%) than fish fed the unmedicated diet (54.2%). Flavobacterium columnare was cultured from 15.0% of the medicated fish, compared with 68.9% of the unmedicated fish. The gross lesions in the fish were consistent with columnaris disease, and F. columnare was cultured from 99.5% of the dead fish. No differences were observed in weight gain and appetence between the medicated and unmedicated groups. For the F. columnare strain used in this study, the minimal inhibitory concentration of florfenicol ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/mL in the 30 bacterial cultures obtained from infected fish, and the mean disk diffusion zone of inhibition was 40 mm. There were no adverse effects among the medicated fish. Administration of florfenicol at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight for 10 d was efficacious and safe for the control of mortality from F. columnare infection in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Gaunt
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA.
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Nya E, Austin B. Use of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an immunostimulant for the control ofAeromonas hydrophilainfections in rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum). J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:686-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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McCue MD. Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:1-18. [PMID: 20060056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All animals face the possibility of limitations in food resources that could ultimately lead to starvation-induced mortality. The primary goal of this review is to characterize the various physiological strategies that allow different animals to survive starvation. The ancillary goals of this work are to identify areas in which investigations of starvation can be improved and to discuss recent advances and emerging directions in starvation research. The ubiquity of food limitation among animals, inconsistent terminology associated with starvation and fasting, and rationale for scientific investigations into starvation are discussed. Similarities and differences with regard to carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism during starvation are also examined in a comparative context. Examples from the literature are used to underscore areas in which reporting and statistical practices, particularly those involved with starvation-induced changes in body composition and starvation-induced hypometabolism can be improved. The review concludes by highlighting several recent advances and promising research directions in starvation physiology. Because the hundreds of studies reviewed here vary so widely in their experimental designs and treatments, formal comparisons of starvation responses among studies and taxa are generally precluded; nevertheless, it is my aim to provide a starting point from which we may develop novel approaches, tools, and hypotheses to facilitate meaningful investigations into the physiology of starvation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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Greco L, Serrano R, Blanes MA, Serrano E, Capri E. Bioaccumulation markers and biochemical responses in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) raised under different environmental conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:38-45. [PMID: 19819549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Site- and season-specific biochemical responses and bioaccumulations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analysed in tissues from sea bass raised under four different environmental conditions and sampled in April and July. Samples were analysed for condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and glycogen and lactate contents. Results showed the presence of PCBs and DDTs, with site- and season-specific variations in its concentrations. CFs did not differ significantly, while LSIs in samples from two of the four sites decreased between April and July. GST activities were lower in samples with higher concentrations of PCBs and DDTs. Lactate and glycogen contents were influenced to a greater extent by the season than by levels of contamination. The study demonstrated that farming methods could play a crucial role in both health status and bioaccumulation of OC compounds in farmed sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Greco
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Institute, Plant Chemistry Section, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
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Bebak J, Matthews M, Shoemaker C. Survival of vaccinated, feed-trained largemouth bass fry (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) during natural exposure to Flavobacterium columnare. Vaccine 2009; 27:4297-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klesius PH, Shoemaker CA, Evans JJ. Flavobacterium columnarechemotaxis to channel catfish mucus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 288:216-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Wise DJ, Greenway T, Li MH, Camus AC, Robinson EH. Effects of variable periods of food deprivation on the development of enteric septicemia in channel catfish. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2008; 20:39-44. [PMID: 18536501 DOI: 10.1577/h07-008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the survival of channel catfish fingerlings following variable periods of feed deprivation before and after exposure to E. ictaluri in controlled aquarium experiments. In the first study, feed was withheld for varying time periods before bacterial challenge. After bacterial challenge, feed was either withheld or fish were fed daily. The second study utilized fish fed daily or fish deprived of feed 7 d before bacterial challenge. Daily feeding was resumed 4, 48, and 96 h after fish were exposed to E. ictaluri. In both experiments, the prechallenge feed treatments did not affect mortality. In contrast, withholding feed after bacterial challenge reduced mortalities by 52% in experiment 1 and by 45% in experiment 2. The highest mortality was observed when fish were fed immediately after immersion exposure and the lowest when fish were completely denied feed or fed daily starting 96 h after challenge. This reduction in mortality occurred when the concentration of E. ictaluri in aquarium water was negligible. These data suggest that when E. ictaluri is present in the water, feeding fish increases mortality by enhancing oral exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Post Office Box 197, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA.
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Soto E, Mauel MJ, Karsi A, Lawrence ML. Genetic and virulence characterization of Flavobacterium columnare from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:1302-10. [PMID: 18005349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a method for conducting pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) on Flavobacterium columnare, to use PFGE to characterize F. columnare channel catfish isolates, and to determine whether variation in pathogenic potential exists in F. columnare isolates from channel catfish. METHODS AND RESULTS On the basis of PFGE-derived profiles, similarity dendrograms constructed for more than 30 F. columnare isolates showed two major genetic groups with more than 60% similarity. Channel catfish fingerlings challenged with PFGE group A isolates by bath immersion had significantly higher average mortalities (>60%) than fish challenged with PFGE group B isolates (<9%). However, abrasion and skin mucus removal made channel catfish fingerlings susceptible to disease caused by group B isolates following immersion exposure. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that two genetic divisions of F. columnare channel catfish isolates exist, and that isolates in PFGE group A isolates tend to be more pathogenic to immunocompetent channel catfish fingerlings than PFGE group B isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY PFGE is a potentially useful tool for determining whether F. columnare isolates are more likely to be primary or secondary pathogens. Pathogenesis research for columnaris disease in catfish should focus on pathogenic isolates from PFGE group A.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Soto
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS, USA
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Klesius PH, Evans JJ, Shoemaker CA. Warmwater fish vaccinology in catfish production. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 5:305-11. [PMID: 15984345 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability of the fish industry to provide a continuous supply of fish protein depends on both proper biosecurity and strategies to significantly reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Vaccination is a safe and effective means to prevent disease and to increase the productivity and profitability of farmed fish. Vaccines are likely to be the prime prophylactic measure of the future because of rapidly developing advances in fish vaccine technology and producer acceptance. The efficacy of a vaccine is influenced by a variety of factors that must be considered in the development of vaccination strategies for fish. This review highlights some of these factors. The response to a modified live vaccine against Edwardsiella ictaluri is used for illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H Klesius
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratories, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 952, Auburn, AL 36830, USA.
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Zhang Y, Arias CR, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Comparison of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles between Flavobacterium columnare strains from different genomovars. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:657-63. [PMID: 17169112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and total protein profiles from four Flavobacterium columnare isolates were compar. These strains belonged to genetically different groups and/or presented distinct virulence properties. Flavobacterium columnare isolates ALG-00-530 and ARS-1 are highly virulent strains that belong to different genomovars while F. columnare FC-RR is an attenuated mutant used as a live vaccine against F. columnare. Strain ALG-03-063 is included in the same genomovar group as FC-RR and presents a similar genomic fingerprint. Electrophoresis of LPS showed qualitative differences among the four strains. Further analysis of LPS by immunoblotting revealed that the avirulent mutant lacks the higher molecular bands in the LPS. Total protein analysis displayed by immunoblotting showed differences between the strains analysed although common bands were present in all the isolates. FC-RR lacked two distinct common bands (34 and 33 kDa) shared by the other three isolates. Based on the difference of LPS and total protein profiles, it is possible to discriminate the attenuated mutant FC-RR from other F. columnare strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Wise DJ, Camus AC, Schwedler TE, Terhune JS. 15 Health management. BIOLOGY AND CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(04)80017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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