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Cadena-Zamudio JD, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Pérez-Torres CA, Alatorre-Cobos F, Guerrero-Analco JA, Ibarra-Laclette E. Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh: Metabolic Adaptive Responses to Stress Caused by N Starvation. Metabolites 2023; 13:1021. [PMID: 37755301 PMCID: PMC10535036 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants develop the ability to respond and survive in changing environments. Such adaptive responses maximize phenotypic and metabolic fitness, allowing plants to adjust their growth and development. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic plasticity of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to nitrate deprivation by untargeted metabolomic analysis and using wild-type (WT) genotypes and the loss-of-function nia1/nia2 double mutant. Secondary metabolites were identified using seedlings grown on a hydroponic system supplemented with optimal or limiting concentrations of N (4 or 0.2 mM, respectively) and harvested at 15 and 30 days of age. Then, spectral libraries generated from shoots and roots in both ionization modes (ESI +/-) were compared. Totals of 3407 and 4521 spectral signals (m/z_rt) were obtained in the ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively. Of these, approximately 50 and 65% were identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated. This led to the presumptive identification of 735 KEGG codes (metabolites) belonging to 79 metabolic pathways. The metabolic responses in the shoots and roots of WT genotypes at 4 mM of N favor the synthesis/accumulation of metabolites strongly related to growth. In contrast, for the nia1/nia2 double mutant (similar as the WT genotype at 0.2 mM N), metabolites identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated help cope with stress, regulating oxidative stress and preventing programmed cell death, meaning that metabolic responses under N starvation compromise growth to prioritize a defensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Juan Luis Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico;
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Unidad de Biotecnología, Merida 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.D.C.-Z.); (J.L.M.-V.); (C.-A.P.-T.); (J.A.G.-A.)
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Wang X, Tang Y, Huang H, Wu D, Chen X, Li J, Zheng H, Zhan R, Chen L. Functional analysis of Pogostemon cablin farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its binding transcription factor PcWRKY44 in regulating biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946629. [PMID: 36092423 PMCID: PMC9458891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) plays an important role in the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites, but its function and molecular regulation mechanism remain unclear in Pogostemon cablin. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the FPP synthase gene from P. cablin (PcFPPS) was cloned and characterized. The expressions of PcFPPS are different among different tissues (highly in P. cablin flowers). Subcellular localization analysis in protoplasts indicated that PcFPPS was located in the cytoplasm. PcFPPS functionally complemented the lethal FPPS deletion mutation in yeast CC25. Transient overexpression of PcFPPS in P. cablin leaves accelerated terpene biosynthesis, with an ~47% increase in patchouli alcohol. Heterologous overexpression of PcFPPS in tobacco plants was achieved, and it was found that the FPP enzyme activity was significantly up-regulated in transgenic tobacco by ELISA analysis. In addition, more terpenoid metabolites, including stigmasterol, phytol, and neophytadiene were detected compared with control by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, with dual-LUC assay and yeast one-hybrid screening, we found 220 bp promoter of PcFPPS can be bound by the nuclear-localized transcription factor PcWRKY44. Overexpression of PcWRKY44 in P. cablin upregulated the expression levels of PcFPPS and patchoulol synthase gene (PcPTS), and then promote the biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol. Taken together, these results strongly suggest the PcFPPS and its binding transcription factor PcWRKY44 play an essential role in regulating the biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daidi Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junren Li
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Likai Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
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Yang T, Juntila DJ, Fujihara N, Inada T, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. Enhancement of Squalene Production by Constitutive Expression of the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:733-743. [PMID: 35841466 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Squalene has a wide range of applications in the industry sectors of dietary supplements, cosmetics, immunization, and pharmaceuticals. Yet, suitable organisms as the source of squalene are limited. It is reported that the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain 18W-13a can accumulate high content of squalene. However, squalene production in this organism is fluctuated under various conditions and is not yet optimized for commercialization. In this organism, the mevalonate pathway supplies isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the initial substrate for squalene production. In this pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the rate-limiting enzyme. We found that the HMGR activity had a strong positive correlation with the squalene contents in the strain. We constitutively expressed the HMGR in this organism and found that the transformant showed increased and stable production of squalene as well as carotenoids and biomass. These results clearly indicated that the HMGR expression is the bottleneck of squalene synthesis in Aurantiochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Yang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Darryl Joy Juntila
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Algal Bio Co. Ltd, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Naomichi Fujihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Chitose Laboratory Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-0041, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoneda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Huang P, Li Z, Guo H. New Advances in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Classical and Peptide Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923136. [PMID: 35837465 PMCID: PMC9274171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, manifested by leaf yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll, along with the degradation of macromolecules and facilitates nutrient translocation from the sink to the source tissues, which is essential for the plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is controlled by a sophisticated genetic network that has been revealed through the study of the molecular mechanisms of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which are involved in multiple layers of regulation. Leaf senescence is primarily regulated by plant age, but also influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones and environmental stimuli. Phytohormones, as important signaling molecules in plant, contribute to the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Recently, peptide hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, enriching the significance of signaling molecules in controlling leaf senescence. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of leaf senescence by classical and peptide hormones, aiming to better understand the coordinated network of different pathways during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Bozbuga R. Molecular analysis of nematode-responsive defence genes CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 in Solanum lycopersicum tissues during the infection of plant-parasitic nematode species of the genus Meloidogyne. Genome 2022; 65:265-275. [PMID: 35112924 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several pathogens, including nematodes, have severe effects on plant development and growth, and immense populations of parasitic nematodes may cause plant death and crop loss. Obligate plant-parasitic nematodes and root-knot nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne are significant parasites in crops. During nematode infection, damage-associated molecular patterns play a role in the activation of plant defence responses to pathogens. Several genes are involved in Meloidogyne parasitism. However, the expression of nematode-responsive genes CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 during infection with different parasitic nematode species is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal plant responses to differential gene expression of nematode-responsive genes in tomato plants, and their relationship to nematode reproduction and comparative phylogeny. Molecular methods for gene expression, greenhouse work for nematode reproduction, and phylogenetic analysis were used to determine nematode-plant interactions. The results revealed that differential gene expression of CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 depended on the nematode species. The relative CRF1 gene expression reached its highest level at 3 dpi, following nematode infection. In conclusion, plant defense responses disturbed the expression of nematode-responsive genes, and the differential expression of nematode-responsive genes was affected by nematode species and nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refik Bozbuga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26160, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26160, Eskisehir, Turkey
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6
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Wu W, Du K, Kang X, Wei H. The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:118. [PMID: 34059666 PMCID: PMC8167137 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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Lange I, Lange BM, Navarre DA. Altering potato isoprenoid metabolism increases biomass and induces early flowering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4109-4124. [PMID: 32296842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids constitute the largest class of plant natural products and have diverse biological functions including in plant growth and development. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the mevalonate pathway is unclear. We assessed the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) homologs in potato development and in the metabolic regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis by generating transgenic lines with down-regulated expression (RNAi-hmgr) or overexpression (OE) of one (StHMGR1 or StHMGR3) or two genes, HMGR and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS; StHMGR1/StFPS1 or StHMGR3/StFPS1). Levels of sterols, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), and plastidial isoprenoids were elevated in the OE-HMGR1, OE-HMGR1/FPS1, and OE-HMGR3/FPS1 lines, and these plants exhibited early flowering, increased stem height, increased biomass, and increased total tuber weight. However, OE-HMGR3 lines showed dwarfism and had the highest sterol amounts, but without an increase in SGA levels, supporting a rate-limiting role for HMGR3 in the accumulation of sterols. Potato RNAi-hmgr lines showed inhibited growth and reduced cytosolic isoprenoid levels. We also determined the relative importance of transcriptional control at regulatory points of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis by assessing gene-metabolite correlations. These findings provide novel insights into specific end-products of the sterol pathway and could be important for crop yield and bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Duroy A Navarre
- Washington State University/IAREC, Prosser, WA, USA
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA, USA
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Zheng X, Giuliano G, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants: citius, altius, fortius. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158664. [PMID: 32068105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable for human health, required as precursors of vitamin A and efficient antioxidants. However, these plant pigments that play a vital role in photosynthesis are represented at insufficient levels in edible parts of several crops, which creates a need for increasing their content or optimizing their composition through biofortification. In particular, vitamin A deficiency, a severe health problem affecting the lives of millions in developing countries, has triggered the development of a series of high-provitamin A crops, including Golden Rice as the best-known example. Further carotenoid-biofortified crops have been generated by using genetic engineering approaches or through classical breeding. In this review, we depict carotenoid metabolism in plants and provide an update on the development of carotenoid-biofortified plants and their potential to meet needs and expectations. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using natural variation for carotenoid biofortification and the potential of gene editing tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Functional Gene Network of Prenyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244556. [PMID: 31842481 PMCID: PMC6943727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTs) are enzymes that catalyze prenyl chain elongation. Some are highly similar to each other at the amino acid level. Therefore, it is difficult to assign their function based solely on their sequence homology to functional orthologs. Other experiments, such as in vitro enzymatic assay, mutant analysis, and mutant complementation are necessary to assign their precise function. Moreover, subcellular localization can also influence the functionality of the enzymes within the pathway network, because different isoprenoid end products are synthesized in the cytosol, mitochondria, or plastids from prenyl diphosphate (prenyl-PP) substrates. In addition to in vivo functional experiments, in silico approaches, such as co-expression analysis, can provide information about the topology of PTs within the isoprenoid pathway network. There has been huge progress in the last few years in the characterization of individual Arabidopsis PTs, resulting in better understanding of their function and their topology within the isoprenoid pathway. Here, we summarize these findings and present the updated topological model of PTs in the Arabidopsis thaliana isoprenoid pathway.
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A Simple In Vitro Assay to Measure the Activity of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase and Other Short-Chain Prenyltransferases. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2083:27-38. [PMID: 31745910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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11
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Sharma A, Rather GA, Misra P, Dhar MK, Lattoo SK. Jasmonate responsive transcription factor WsMYC2 regulates the biosynthesis of triterpenoid withanolides and phytosterol via key pathway genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:543-560. [PMID: 31090025 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterization of WsMYC2 via artificial microRNA mediated silencing and transient over-expression displayed significant regulatory role vis-à-vis withanolides and stigmasterol biosyntheses in Withania somnifera. Further, metabolic intensification corroborated well with higher expression levels of putative pathway genes. Additionally, copious expression of WsMYC2 in response to exogenous elicitors resulted in enhanced withanolides production. Withania somnifera, a high value multipurpose medicinal plant, is a rich reservoir of structurally diverse and biologically active triterpenoids known as withanolides. W. somnifera has been extensively pursued vis-à-vis pharmacological and chemical studies. Nonetheless, there exists fragmentary knowledge regarding the metabolic pathway and the regulatory aspects of withanolides biosynthesis. Against this backdrop, a jasmonate-responsive MYC2 transcription factor was identified and functionally characterized from W. somnifera. In planta transient over-expression of WsMYC2 showed significant enhancement of mRNA transcript levels which corroborated well with the enhanced content of withanolides and stigmasterol. Further, a comparative analysis of expression levels of some of the genes of triterpenoid pathway viz. WsCAS, WsCYP85A, WsCYP90B and WsCYP710A in corroboration with the over-expression and silencing of WsMYC2 suggested its positive influence on their regulation. These corroboratory approaches suggest that WsMYC2 has cascading effect on over-expression of multiple pathway genes leading to the increased triterpenoid biosynthesis in infiltered plants. Further, the functional validation of WsMYC2 was carried out by artificial micro-RNA mediated silencing. It resulted in significant reduction of withanolides and stigmasterol levels, indicative of crucial role of WsMYC2 in the regulation of their biosyntheses. Taken together, these non-complementary approaches provided unambiguous understanding of the regulatory role of WsMYC2 in context to withanolides and stigmasterol biosyntheses. Furthermore, the upstream promoter of WsMYC2 presented several cis-regulatory elements primarily related to phytohormone responsiveness. WsMYC2 displayed inducible nature in response to MeJA. It had substantial influence on the higher expression of WsMYC2 which was in consonance with enhanced accumulation of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Gulzar A Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Manoj K Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180006, India.
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India.
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Kempinski C, Jiang Z, Zinck G, Sato SJ, Ge Z, Clemente TE, Chappell J. Engineering linear, branched-chain triterpene metabolism in monocots. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:373-385. [PMID: 29979490 PMCID: PMC6335073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are thirty-carbon compounds derived from the universal five-carbon prenyl precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Normally, triterpenes are synthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes where DMAPP is condensed with two IPPs to yield farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by FPP synthase (FPS). Squalene synthase (SQS) condenses two molecules of FPP to generate the symmetrical product squalene, the first committed precursor to sterols and most other triterpenes. In the green algae Botryococcus braunii, two FPP molecules can also be condensed in an asymmetric manner yielding the more highly branched triterpene, botryococcene. Botryococcene is an attractive molecule because of its potential as a biofuel and petrochemical feedstock. Because B. braunii, the only native host for botryococcene biosynthesis, is difficult to grow, there have been efforts to move botryococcene biosynthesis into organisms more amenable to large-scale production. Here, we report the genetic engineering of the model monocot, Brachypodium distachyon, for botryococcene biosynthesis and accumulation. A subcellular targeting strategy was used, directing the enzymes (botryococcene synthase [BS] and FPS) to either the cytosol or the plastid. High titres of botryococcene (>1 mg/g FW in T0 mature plants) were obtained using the cytosolic-targeting strategy. Plastid-targeted BS + FPS lines accumulated botryococcene (albeit in lesser amounts than the cytosolic BS + FPS lines), but they showed a detrimental phenotype dependent on plastid-targeted FPS, and could not proliferate and survive to set seed under phototrophic conditions. These results highlight intriguing differences in isoprenoid metabolism between dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Garrett Zinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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13
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Nagel R, Schmidt A, Peters RJ. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases: the chain length determining step in terpene biosynthesis. PLANTA 2019; 249:9-20. [PMID: 30467632 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in the study of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases with an emphasis on analytical techniques, product length determination, and the physiological consequences of manipulating expression in planta. The highly diverse structures of all terpenes are synthesized from the five carbon precursors dimethylallyl diphosphate and a varying number of isopentenyl diphosphate units through 1'-4 alkylation reactions. These elongation reactions are catalyzed by isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS). IDS are classified depending on the configuration of the ensuing double bond as trans- and cis-IDS. In addition, IDS are further stratified by the length of their prenyl diphosphate product. This review discusses analytical techniques for the determination of product length and the factors that control product length, with an emphasis on alternative mechanisms. With recent advances in analytics, multiple IDS of Arabidopsis thaliana have been recently reinvestigated and demonstrated to yield products of different lengths than originally reported, which is summarized here. As IDS dictate prenyl diphosphate length and thereby which class of terpenes is ultimately produced, another focus of this review is the impact that altering IDS expression has on terpenoid natural product accumulation. Finally, recent findings regarding the ability of a few IDS to not catalyze 1'-4 alkylation reactions, but instead produce irregular products, with unusual connectivity, or act as terpene synthases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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14
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Andrade P, Manzano D, Ramirez-Estrada K, Caudepon D, Arro M, Ferrer A, Phillips MA. Nerolidol production in agroinfiltrated tobacco: Impact of protein stability and membrane targeting of strawberry (Fragraria ananassa) NEROLIDOL SYNTHASE1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:112-123. [PMID: 29362090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene alcohol nerolidol, synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), mediates plant-insect interactions across multiple trophic levels with major implications for pest management in agriculture. We compared nerolidol engineering strategies in tobacco using agroinfiltration to transiently express strawberry (Fragraria ananassa) linalool/nerolidol synthase (FaNES1) either at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in the cytosol as a soluble protein. Using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS), we have determined that FaNES1 directed to the ER via fusion to the transmembrane domain of squalene synthase or hydroxymethylglutaryl - CoA reductase displayed significant improvements in terms of transcript levels, protein accumulation, and volatile production when compared to its cytosolic form. However, the highest levels of nerolidol production were observed when FaNES1 was fused to GFP and expressed in the cytosol. This SPME-GCMS method afforded a limit of detection and quantification of 1.54 and 5.13 pg, respectively. Nerolidol production levels, which ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 μg/g F.W., correlated more strongly to the accumulation of recombinant protein than transcript level, the former being highest in FaNES-GFP transfected plants. These results indicate that while the ER may represent an enriched source of FDP that can be exploited in metabolic engineering, protein accumulation is a better predictor of sesquiterpene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepon
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Arro
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto - Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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15
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Nogueira M, Enfissi EM, Almeida J, Fraser PD. Creating plant molecular factories for industrial and nutritional isoprenoid production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:80-87. [PMID: 28837945 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical refining is a highly efficient process that has driven industrialisation and globalisation. However, dwindling fuel reserves and climatic fluctuation are now imposing key societal and economic challenges to health and welfare provision, agriculture, manufacturing outputs and energy. Plants are potentially exploitable 'green' chemical factories, with vast chemical diversity that can be used for the discovery and production of food, feed, medicines and biomaterials. Despite notable advances, plant based production under real-life scenarios remains, in most cases, economically uncompetitive when compared to inherently non-sustainable petrochemical based processes. In the present review the strategies available and those emerging will be described. Furthermore, how can the new evolving molecular tools such as genome editing be utilised to create a new paradigm of plant-based production? To illustrate the present status quo, we have chosen the isoprenoids as the class of natural products. These compounds display vast chemical diversity and have been used across multiple industrial sectors as medicines, supplements in food and feedstuffs, colourants and fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilise Nogueira
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Eugenia Ma Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Juliana Almeida
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK.
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16
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Kajiura H, Suzuki N, Tokumoto Y, Yoshizawa T, Takeno S, Fujiyama K, Kaneko Y, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Two Eucommia farnesyl diphosphate synthases exhibit distinct enzymatic properties leading to end product preferences. Biochimie 2017; 139:95-106. [PMID: 28478108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prenyl precursors for the production of primary and secondary metabolites, including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids and ubiquinones, and for the modification of proteins. Here we identified and characterized two FPSs (EuFPS1 and EuFPS2) from the plant Eucommia ulmoides. The EuFPSs had seven highly conserved prenyltransferase-specific domains that are critical for activity. Complementation and biochemical analyses using bacterially produced recombinant EuFPS isoforms showed that the EuFPSs had FPP synthesis activities both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the typical reaction mechanisms of FPS, EuFPSs utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate and participated in further elongation of the isoprenyl chain, resulting in the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. However, despite the high amino acid similarities between the two EuFPS isozymes, their specific activities, substrate preferences, and final reaction products were different. The use of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as an allylic substrate highlighted the differences between the two enzymes: depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulated geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesized little geranyl diphosphate. The reaction kinetics of the EuFPSs demonstrated that isopentenyl diphosphate and DMAPP were used both as substrates and as inhibitors of EuFPS activity. Taken together, the results indicate that the biosynthesis of FPP is highly regulated by various factors indispensable for EuFPS reactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan; Laboratory of Forest Ecology & Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, E1-1 (300), Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.
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17
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Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Yamaguchi H, Miyagi Inoue Y, Takagi K, Fushihara K, Seki H, Suzuki M, Nagata N, Muranaka T. Platform for "Chemical Metabolic Switching" to Increase Sesquiterpene Content in Plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2017; 34:65-69. [PMID: 31275010 PMCID: PMC6543698 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.0114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of cytosolic isoprenoids bifurcates after farnesyl diphosphate into sesquiterpene and triterpene pathways. "Metabolic switching" has been used to increase sesquiterpene content in plants by suppressing the competitive triterpene pathway using transgenic technology. To develop "metabolic switching" without using transgenic technology, we developed a model system of "chemical metabolic switching" using inhibitors of the competitive pathway. Arabidopsis plants that overexpress the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene were treated with squalestatin, a squalene synthase inhibitor, or terbinafine, a squalene epoxidase inhibitor. We then analyzed total sterol content as major triterpenes and amorpha-4,11-diene in the plant. Plants treated with squalestatin showed decreased total sterol content and increased amorpha-4,11-diene content. In contrast, plants treated with terbinafine showed decreased total sterol content, but amorpha-4,11-diene accumulation was quite low. These results suggest that inhibition of the enzyme just below the branch point is more effective than inhibition of enzymes far from the branch point for "chemical metabolic switching". In addition, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, was upregulated in plants treated with squalestatin, suggesting that feedback regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase may contribute to amorpha-4,11-diene production. Here we demonstrated the effectiveness of "chemical metabolic switching" in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Woman’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Kanako Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yamaguchi
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 3-6-9 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0072, Japan
| | - Yukino Miyagi Inoue
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 3-6-9 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0072, Japan
| | - Keiji Takagi
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 3-6-9 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0072, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Fushihara
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 3-6-9 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0072, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Woman’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Molecular cloning and characterization of an intronless farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDP) gene from Indian rubber clone (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. RRII105): A gene involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Liu Y, Wang L, Liu H, Zhao R, Liu B, Fu Q, Zhang Y. The antioxidative defense system is involved in the premature senescence in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). Biol Res 2016; 49:30. [PMID: 27370650 PMCID: PMC4930573 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Farnesene is a volatile sesquiterpene synthesized by the plant mevalonate (MVA) pathway through the action of α-farnesene synthase. The α-farnesene synthase 1 (MdAFS1) gene was isolated from apple peel (var. white winter pearmain), and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). The transgenic plants had faster stem elongation during vegetative growth and earlier flowering than wild type (WT). Our studies focused on the transgenic tobacco phenotype. RESULTS The levels of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and a lower seed biomass and reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radicals (O 2 (·-) ) had higher levels in transgenics compared to controls. Transgenic plants also had enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. The transcriptome of 8-week-old plants was studied to detect molecular changes. Differentially expressed unigene analysis showed that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell growth, and death unigenes were upregulated. Unigenes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. Combined with the expression analysis of senescence marker genes, these results indicate that senescence started in the leaves of the transgenic plants at the vegetative growth stage. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidative defense system was compromised and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) played an important role in the premature aging of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjuan Fu
- />Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Long Tan Road, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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20
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Liao P, Hemmerlin A, Bach TJ, Chye ML. The potential of the mevalonate pathway for enhanced isoprenoid production. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:697-713. [PMID: 26995109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytosol-localised mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway delivers the basic isoprene unit isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). In higher plants, this central metabolic intermediate is also synthesised by the plastid-localised methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Both MVA and MEP pathways conspire through exchange of intermediates and regulatory interactions. Products downstream of IPP such as phytosterols, carotenoids, vitamin E, artemisinin, tanshinone and paclitaxel demonstrate antioxidant, cholesterol-reducing, anti-ageing, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Other isoprenoid precursors including isoprene, isoprenol, geraniol, farnesene and farnesol are economically valuable. An update on the MVA pathway and its interaction with the MEP pathway is presented, including the improvement in the production of phytosterols and other isoprenoid derivatives. Such attempts are for instance based on the bioengineering of microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as plants. The function of relevant genes in the MVA pathway that can be utilised in metabolic engineering is reviewed and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Yousaf A, Qadir A, Anjum T, Ahmad A. Identification of Microbial Metabolites Elevating Vitamin Contents in Barley Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7304-10. [PMID: 26173019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation analyzes metabolites of Acetobacter aceti to explore chemical compounds responsible for the induction of vitamins in barley seeds. A bioactivity guided assay of bacterial extracts and chromatographic analyses of barley produce revealed 13 chemical compounds, which were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). PCA determined four chemical compounds (i.e., quinolinic acid, pyridoxic acid, p-aminobenzoate, and α-oxobutanoic acid) highly associated with increased quantities of vitamins. Further experimentations confirmed that quinolinic acid and p-aminobenzoate were the most efficient vitamin inducers. The results indicated chloroform/ethanol (4:1) as the best solvent system for the extraction of active compounds from crude metabolites of A. aceti. Significant quantities of mevalonic acid were detected in the extracted fraction, indicating the possible induction of the isoprenoid pathway. Altogether, the current investigation broadens the frontiers in plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Yousaf
- †College of Earth and Environmental Sciences and ‡Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- †College of Earth and Environmental Sciences and ‡Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- †College of Earth and Environmental Sciences and ‡Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- †College of Earth and Environmental Sciences and ‡Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
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22
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Podzimska-Sroka D, O'Shea C, Gregersen PL, Skriver K. NAC Transcription Factors in Senescence: From Molecular Structure to Function in Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:412-48. [PMID: 27135336 PMCID: PMC4844398 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, NAC transcription factors have been shown to play essential roles in senescence, which is the focus of this review. Transcriptome analyses associate approximately one third of Arabidopsis NAC genes and many crop NAC genes with senescence, thereby implicating NAC genes as important regulators of the senescence process. The consensus DNA binding site of the NAC domain is used to predict NAC target genes, and protein interaction sites can be predicted for the intrinsically disordered transcription regulatory domains of NAC proteins. The molecular characteristics of these domains determine the interactions in gene regulatory networks. Emerging local NAC-centered gene regulatory networks reveal complex molecular mechanisms of stress- and hormone-regulated senescence and basic physiological steps of the senescence process. For example, through molecular interactions involving the hormone abscisic acid, Arabidopsis NAP promotes chlorophyll degradation, a hallmark of senescence. Furthermore, studies of the functional rice ortholog, OsNAP, suggest that NAC genes can be targeted to obtain specific changes in lifespan control and nutrient remobilization in crop plants. This is also exemplified by the wheat NAM1 genes which promote senescence and increase grain zinc, iron, and protein content. Thus, NAC genes are promising targets for fine-tuning senescence for increased yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Podzimska-Sroka
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse DK-4200, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte O'Shea
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaloesvej, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Per L Gregersen
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse DK-4200, Denmark.
| | - Karen Skriver
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaloesvej, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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Laranjeira S, Amorim-Silva V, Esteban A, Arró M, Ferrer A, Tavares RM, Botella MA, Rosado A, Azevedo H. Arabidopsis Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3) Complements SQE1 and Is Important for Embryo Development and Bulk Squalene Epoxidase Activity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1090-102. [PMID: 25707755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The existence of multigenic families in the mevalonate pathway suggests divergent functional roles for pathway components involved in the biosynthesis of plant sterols. Squalene epoxidases (SQEs) are key components of this pathway, and Squalene Epoxidase 1 (SQE1) has been identified as a fundamental enzyme in this biosynthetic step. In the present work, we extended the characterization of the remaining SQE family members, phylogenetically resolving between true SQEs and a subfamily of SQE-like proteins that is exclusive to Brassicaceae. Functional characterization of true SQE family members, Squalene Epoxidase 2 (SQE2) and Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3), indicates that SQE3, but not SQE2, contributes to the bulk SQE activity in Arabidopsis, with sqe3-1 mutants accumulating squalene and displaying sensitivity to terbinafine. We genetically demonstrated that SQE3 seems to play a particularly significant role in embryo development. Also, SQE1 and SQE3 both localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, and SQE3 can functionally complement SQE1. Thus, SQE1 and SQE3 seem to be two functionally unequal redundant genes in the promotion of plant SQE activity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Laranjeira
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor Amorim-Silva
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Monserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- Canada Research Chair in Plant Physiology and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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Cloning and characterization of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from the highly branched isoprenoid producing diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10246. [PMID: 25996801 PMCID: PMC4440519 DOI: 10.1038/srep10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell produces highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) hydrocarbons that are ubiquitously present in marine environments. The hydrocarbon composition of R. setigera varies between C25 and C30 HBIs depending on the life cycle stage with regard to auxosporulation. To better understand how these hydrocarbons are biosynthesized, we characterized the farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase (FPPS) enzyme of R. setigera. An isolated 1465-bp cDNA clone contained an open reading frame spanning 1299-bp encoding a protein with 432 amino acid residues. Expression of the RsFPPS cDNA coding region in Escherichia coli produced a protein that exhibited FPPS activity in vitro. A reduction in HBI content from diatoms treated with an FPPS inhibitor, risedronate, suggested that RsFPPS supplies precursors for HBI biosynthesis. Product analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry also revealed that RsFPPS produced small amounts of the cis-isomers of geranyl pyrophosphate and FPP, candidate precursors for the cis-isomers of HBIs previously characterized. Furthermore, RsFPPS gene expression at various life stages of R. setigera in relation to auxosporulation were also analyzed. Herein, we present data on the possible role of RsFPPS in HBI biosynthesis, and it is to our knowledge the first instance that an FPPS was cloned and characterized from a diatom.
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Bhatia V, Maisnam J, Jain A, Sharma KK, Bhattacharya R. Aphid-repellent pheromone E-β-farnesene is generated in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:581-91. [PMID: 25538111 PMCID: PMC4343287 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant-synthesized sesquiterpenes play a pivotal role in chemotactic interactions with insects. Biosynthesis of functionally diverse sesquiterpenes is dependent on the availability of a pool of the precursor farnesyldiphosphate (FDP). In Arabidopsis thaliana, FPS2, encoding cytosolic farnesyldiphosphate synthase, is implicated in the synthesis of cytosolic FDP, but it is not known whether enhanced levels of FDP have a commensurate effect on sesquiterpene-mediated defence responses. This study examined transgenic arabidopsis plants generated to over-express FPS2 in order to determine if any effects could be observed in the response of aphids, Myzus persicae. METHODS Transgenic arabidopsis plants were generated to over-express FPS2 to produce FPS2 in either the cytosol or the chloroplasts. Morphochemical analyses of the transgenic plants were carried out to detremine growth responses of roots and shoots, and for GC-MS profiling of sesquiterpenes. Aphid response to hyrdo-distillate extracts and head-space volatiles from transgenic plants was assessed using a bioassay. KEY RESULTS Either over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol or targetting of its translated product to chlorplasts resulted in stimulatory growth responses of transgenic arabidopsis at early and late developmental stages. GC-MS analysis of hydro-distillate extracts from aerial parts of the plants revealed biosynthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of aphids. Both entrapped volatiles and hydro-distillate extracts of the transgenic leaves triggered agitation in aphids, which was related to both time and dose of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol and targeting of its translated product to chloroplasts in arabidopsis led to synthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, and induced alarm responses in M. persicae. The results suggest a potential for engineering aphid-resistant strains of arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnika Bhatia
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Jaya Maisnam
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
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Liao P, Wang H, Wang M, Hsiao AS, Bach TJ, Chye ML. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing Brassica juncea HMG-CoA synthase 1 shows increased plant growth, pod size and seed yield. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98264. [PMID: 24847714 PMCID: PMC4029903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds are very important not only in the life cycle of the plant but they represent food sources for man and animals. We report herein a mutant of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGS), the second enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway that can improve seed yield when overexpressed in a phylogenetically distant species. In Brassica juncea, the characterisation of four isogenes encoding HMGS has been previously reported. Enzyme kinetics on recombinant wild-type (wt) and mutant BjHMGS1 had revealed that S359A displayed a 10-fold higher enzyme activity. The overexpression of wt and mutant (S359A) BjHMGS1 in Arabidopsis had up-regulated several genes in sterol biosynthesis, increasing sterol content. To quickly assess the effects of BjHMGS1 overexpression in a phylogenetically more distant species beyond the Brassicaceae, wt and mutant (S359A) BjHMGS1 were expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) of the family Solanaceae. New observations on tobacco OEs not previously reported for Arabidopsis OEs included: (i) phenotypic changes in enhanced plant growth, pod size and seed yield (more significant in OE-S359A than OE-wtBjHMGS1) in comparison to vector-transformed tobacco, (ii) higher NtSQS expression and sterol content in OE-S359A than OE-wtBjHMGS1 corresponding to greater increase in growth and seed yield, and (iii) induction of NtIPPI2 and NtGGPPS2 and downregulation of NtIPPI1, NtGGPPS1, NtGGPPS3 and NtGGPPS4. Resembling Arabidopsis HMGS-OEs, tobacco HMGS-OEs displayed an enhanced expression of NtHMGR1, NtSMT1-2, NtSMT2-1, NtSMT2-2 and NtCYP85A1. Overall, increased growth, pod size and seed yield in tobacco HMGS-OEs were attributed to the up-regulation of native NtHMGR1, NtIPPI2, NtSQS, NtSMT1-2, NtSMT2-1, NtSMT2-2 and NtCYP85A1. Hence, S359A has potential in agriculture not only in improving phytosterol content but also seed yield, which may be desirable in food crops. This work further demonstrates HMGS function in plant reproduction that is reminiscent to reduced fertility of hmgs RNAi lines in let-7 mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - An-Shan Hsiao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas J. Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Nagel R, Berasategui A, Paetz C, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Overexpression of an isoprenyl diphosphate synthase in spruce leads to unexpected terpene diversion products that function in plant defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:555-69. [PMID: 24346420 PMCID: PMC3912089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spruce (Picea spp.) and other conifers employ terpenoid-based oleoresin as part of their defense against herbivores and pathogens. The short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS) are situated at critical branch points in terpene biosynthesis, producing the precursors of the different terpenoid classes. To determine the role of IDS and to create altered terpene phenotypes for assessing the defensive role of terpenoids, we overexpressed a bifunctional spruce IDS, a geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in white spruce (Picea glauca) saplings. While transcript level (350-fold), enzyme activity level (7-fold), and in planta geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate levels (4- to 8-fold) were significantly increased in the needles of transgenic plants, there was no increase in the major monoterpenes and diterpene acids of the resin and no change in primary isoprenoids, such as sterols, chlorophylls, and carotenoids. Instead, large amounts of geranylgeranyl fatty acid esters, known from various gymnosperm and angiosperm plant species, accumulated in needles and were shown to act defensively in reducing the performance of larvae of the nun moth (Lymantria monacha), a conifer pest in Eurasia. These results show the impact of overexpression of an IDS and the defensive role of an unexpected accumulation product of terpenoid biosynthesis with the potential for a broader function in plant protection.
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Campos N, Arró M, Ferrer A, Boronat A. Determination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in plants. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:21-40. [PMID: 24777788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes the NADPH-mediated reductive deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is the first committed step of the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In agreement with its key regulatory role in the pathway, plant HMG-CoA reductase is modulated by many diverse external stimuli and endogenous factors and can be detected to variable levels in every plant tissue. A fine determination of HMG-CoA reductase activity levels is required to understand its contribution to plant development and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Here, we report a procedure to reliably determine HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants. The method includes the sample collection and homogenization strategies as well as the specific activity determination based on a classical radiochemical assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Campos
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,
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Hartmann M, Hemmerlin A, Gas-Pascual E, Gerber E, Tritsch D, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. The effect of MEP pathway and other inhibitors on the intracellular localization of a plasma membrane-targeted, isoprenylable GFP reporter protein in tobacco BY-2 cells. F1000Res 2013; 2:170. [PMID: 24555083 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-170.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established anin vivovisualization system for the geranylgeranylation of proteins in a stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cell line, based on the expression of a dexamethasone-inducible GFP fused to the carboxy-terminal basic domain of the rice calmodulin CaM61, which naturally bears a CaaL geranylgeranylation motif (GFP-BD-CVIL). By using pathway-specific inhibitors it was demonstrated that inhibition of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway with known inhibitors like oxoclomazone and fosmidomycin, as well as inhibition of the protein geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 (PGGT-1), shifted the localization of the GFP-BD-CVIL protein from the membrane to the nucleus. In contrast, the inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway with mevinolin did not affect the localization. During the present work, this test system has been used to examine the effect of newly designed inhibitors of the MEP pathway and inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis such as squalestatin, terbinafine and Ro48-8071. In addition, we also studied the impact of different post-prenylation inhibitors or those suspected to affect the transport of proteins to the plasma membrane on the localization of the geranylgeranylable fusion protein GFP-BD-CVIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrea Hemmerlin
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Wooster OH, 44691, USA
| | - Esther Gerber
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Deinove SA, F-34830 Clapiers, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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Hartmann M, Hemmerlin A, Gas-Pascual E, Gerber E, Tritsch D, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. The effect of MEP pathway and other inhibitors on the intracellular localization of a plasma membrane-targeted, isoprenylable GFP reporter protein in tobacco BY-2 cells. F1000Res 2013; 2:170. [PMID: 24555083 PMCID: PMC3886798 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-170.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established an
in vivo visualization system for the geranylgeranylation of proteins in a stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cell line, based on the expression of a dexamethasone-inducible GFP fused to the carboxy-terminal basic domain of the rice calmodulin CaM61, which naturally bears a CaaL geranylgeranylation motif (GFP-BD-CVIL). By using pathway-specific inhibitors it was demonstrated that inhibition of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway with known inhibitors like oxoclomazone and fosmidomycin, as well as inhibition of the protein geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 (PGGT-1), shifted the localization of the GFP-BD-CVIL protein from the membrane to the nucleus. In contrast, the inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway with mevinolin did not affect the localization. During the present work, this test system has been used to examine the effect of newly designed inhibitors of the MEP pathway and inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis such as squalestatin, terbinafine and Ro48-8071. In addition, we also studied the impact of different post-prenylation inhibitors or those suspected to affect the transport of proteins to the plasma membrane on the localization of the geranylgeranylable fusion protein GFP-BD-CVIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrea Hemmerlin
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Wooster OH, 44691, USA
| | - Esther Gerber
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Deinove SA, F-34830 Clapiers, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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Novák J, Pavlů J, Novák O, Nožková-Hlaváčková V, Špundová M, Hlavinka J, Koukalová Š, Skalák J, Černý M, Brzobohatý B. High cytokinin levels induce a hypersensitive-like response in tobacco. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:41-55. [PMID: 23644362 PMCID: PMC3690983 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cytokinins are positive regulators of shoot development. However, it has previously been demonstrated that efficient activation of the cytokinin biosynthesis gene ipt can cause necrotic lesions and wilting in tobacco leaves. Some plant pathogens reportedly use their ability to produce cytokinins in disease development. In response to pathogen attacks, plants can trigger a hypersensitive response that rapidly kills cells near the infection site, depriving the pathogen of nutrients and preventing its spread. In this study, a diverse set of processes that link ipt activation to necrotic lesion formation were investigated in order to evaluate the potential of cytokinins as signals and/or mediators in plant defence against pathogens. METHODS The binary pOp-ipt/LhGR system for dexamethasone-inducible ipt expression was used to increase endogenous cytokinin levels in transgenic tobacco. Changes in the levels of cytokinins and the stress hormones salicylic, jasmonic and abscisic acid following ipt activation were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Trends in hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation were monitored using the potassium iodide and malondialdehyde assays. The subcellular distribution of hydrogen peroxide was investigated using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine staining. The dynamics of transcripts related to photosynthesis and pathogen response were analysed by reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR. The effects of cytokinins on photosynthesis were deciphered by analysing changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf gas exchange. KEY RESULTS Plants can produce sufficiently high levels of cytokinins to trigger fast cell death without any intervening chlorosis - a hallmark of the hypersensitive response. The results suggest that chloroplastic hydrogen peroxide orchestrates the molecular responses underpinning the hypersensitive-like response, including the inhibition of photosynthesis, elevated levels of stress hormones, oxidative membrane damage and stomatal closure. CONCLUSIONS Necrotic lesion formation triggered by ipt activation closely resembles the hypersensitive response. Cytokinins may thus act as signals and/or mediators in plant defence against pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pavlů
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Nožková-Hlaváčková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Špundová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hlavinka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Koukalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skalák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Doblas VG, Amorim-Silva V, Posé D, Rosado A, Esteban A, Arró M, Azevedo H, Bombarely A, Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Ferrer A, Tavares RM, Botella MA. The SUD1 gene encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase and is a positive regulator of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:728-43. [PMID: 23404890 PMCID: PMC3608789 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme catalyzes the major rate-limiting step of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway from which sterols and other isoprenoids are synthesized. In contrast with our extensive knowledge of the regulation of HMGR in yeast and animals, little is known about this process in plants. To identify regulatory components of the MVA pathway in plants, we performed a genetic screen for second-site suppressor mutations of the Arabidopsis thaliana highly drought-sensitive drought hypersensitive2 (dry2) mutant that shows decreased squalene epoxidase activity. We show that mutations in SUPPRESSOR OF DRY2 DEFECTS1 (SUD1) gene recover most developmental defects in dry2 through changes in HMGR activity. SUD1 encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that shows sequence and structural similarity to yeast Degradation of α factor (Doα10) and human TEB4, components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation C (ERAD-C) pathway. While in yeast and animals, the alternative ERAD-L/ERAD-M pathway regulates HMGR activity by controlling protein stability, SUD1 regulates HMGR activity without apparent changes in protein content. These results highlight similarities, as well as important mechanistic differences, among the components involved in HMGR regulation in plants, yeast, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G. Doblas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona-Universidad de Barcelona), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo CP12900, Uruguay
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona-Universidad de Barcelona), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui M. Tavares
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Sun Y, Long R, Kang J, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Yang Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of three isoprenyl diphosphate synthase genes from alfalfa. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:2035-44. [PMID: 23238915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid is the precursor for the biosynthesis of saponins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, chlorophylls and many other products in plants. Saponins are an important group of bioactive plant natural products. The alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) saponins are glycosides of different triterpene aglycones and possess many biological activities. We isolated three genes (MsFPPS, MsGPPS and MsGGPPS) encoding isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS) from alfalfa via a homology-based PCR approach. The enzyme activity assay of purified recombined MsFPPS and MsGGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli indicated that they all had IDS activity. Expression analysis of the three genes in different alfalfa tissues using real time PCR displayed that they were expressed in all tissues although they had a different expression patterns. MsFPPS and MsGPS displayed a significant increase in transcript level in response to methyl jasmonate, but the transcript level of MsGGPPS decreased obviously. To elucidate the functions of the three IDSs, their overexpression driven by a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus-35S promoter in tobacco plants was applied and analyzed. The T(0) transgenic plants of MsFPPS showed high levels of squalene content when compared with control. However, no differences were detected in T(0) transgenic plants of MsGPPS and MsGGPPS. In addition, the overexpression of MsFPPS induced senescence response in transgenic plant leaves. This result may indicate that MsFPPS performs a role not only in phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis, but also in growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Keim V, Manzano D, Fernández FJ, Closa M, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Bortolotti C, Vega MC, Arró M, Ferrer A. Characterization of Arabidopsis FPS isozymes and FPS gene expression analysis provide insight into the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in seeds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49109. [PMID: 23145086 PMCID: PMC3492304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPS), the prenyl diphoshate synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of FPP from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In this study, we provide evidence that the two Arabidopsis short FPS isozymes FPS1S and FPS2 localize to the cytosol. Both enzymes were expressed in E. coli, purified and biochemically characterized. Despite FPS1S and FPS2 share more than 90% amino acid sequence identity, FPS2 was found to be more efficient as a catalyst, more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of NaCl, and more resistant to thermal inactivation than FPS1S. Homology modelling for FPS1S and FPS2 and analysis of the amino acid differences between the two enzymes revealed an increase in surface polarity and a greater capacity to form surface salt bridges of FPS2 compared to FPS1S. These factors most likely account for the enhanced thermostability of FPS2. Expression analysis of FPS::GUS genes in seeds showed that FPS1 and FPS2 display complementary patterns of expression particularly at late stages of seed development, which suggests that Arabidopsis seeds have two spatially segregated sources of FPP. Functional complementation studies of the Arabidopsis fps2 knockout mutant seed phenotypes demonstrated that under normal conditions FPS1S and FPS2 are functionally interchangeable. A putative role for FPS2 in maintaining seed germination capacity under adverse environmental conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Keim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Department of Structural and Quantitative Biology, Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Closa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bortolotti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Vega
- Department of Structural and Quantitative Biology, Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Shuiqin W, Zuodong J, Chase K, Eric Nybo S, Husodo S, Williams R, Chappell J. Engineering triterpene metabolism in tobacco. PLANTA 2012; 236:867-77. [PMID: 22729821 PMCID: PMC3810399 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes comprise a distinct class of natural products that serve a diverse range of physiological functions, provide for interactions between plants and their environment and represent a resource for many kinds of practical applications. To better appreciate the importance of terpenes to overall growth and development, and to create a production capacity for specific terpenes of industrial interest, we have pioneered the development of strategies for diverting carbon flow from the native terpene biosynthetic pathways operating in the cytosol and plastid compartments of tobacco for the generation of specific classes of terpenes. In the current work, we demonstrate how difficult it is to divert the 5-carbon intermediates DMAPP and IPP from the mevalonate pathway operating in the cytoplasm for triterpene biosynthesis, yet diversion of the same intermediates from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway operating in the plastid compartment leads to the accumulation of very high levels of the triterpene squalene. This was assessed by the co-expression of an avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase and yeast squalene synthase genes targeting metabolism in the cytoplasm or chloroplast. We also evaluated the possibility of directing this metabolism to the secretory trichomes of tobacco by comparing the effects of trichome-specific gene promoters to strong, constitutive viral promoters. Surprisingly, when transgene expression was directed to trichomes, high-level squalene accumulation was observed, but overall plant growth and physiology were reduced up to 80 % of the non-transgenic controls. Our results support the notion that the biosynthesis of a desired terpene can be dramatically improved by directing that metabolism to a non-native cellular compartment, thus avoiding regulatory mechanisms that might attenuate carbon flux within an engineered pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Shuiqin
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Jiang Zuodong
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Kempinski Chase
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - S. Eric Nybo
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Satrio Husodo
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Robert Williams
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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Yu XD, Pickett J, Ma YZ, Bruce T, Napier J, Jones HD, Xia LQ. Metabolic engineering of plant-derived (E)-β-farnesene synthase genes for a novel type of aphid-resistant genetically modified crop plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:282-99. [PMID: 22348813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are major agricultural pests that cause significant yield losses of crop plants each year. Excessive dependence on insecticides for long-term aphid control is undesirable because of the development of insecticide resistance, the potential negative effects on non-target organisms and environmental pollution. Transgenic crops engineered for resistance to aphids via a non-toxic mode of action could be an efficient alternative strategy. (E)-β-Farnesene (EβF) synthases catalyze the formation of EβF, which for many pest aphids is the main component of the alarm pheromone involved in the chemical communication within these species. EβF can also be synthesized by certain plants but is then normally contaminated with inhibitory compounds. Engineering of crop plants capable of synthesizing and emitting EβF could cause repulsion of aphids and also the attraction of natural enemies that use EβF as a foraging cue, thus minimizing aphid infestation. In this review, the effects of aphids on host plants, plants' defenses against aphid herbivory and the recruitment of natural enemies for aphid control in an agricultural setting are briefly introduced. Furthermore, the plant-derived EβF synthase genes cloned to date along with their potential roles in generating novel aphid resistance via genetically modified approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Dao Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences (ICS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
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Nagel R, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Nonradioactive assay for detecting isoprenyl diphosphate synthase activity in crude plant extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:33-8. [PMID: 22266300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids form the largest class of plant metabolites involved in primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze the condensation of the C(5) terpenoid building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, to form geranyl diphosphate (C(10)), farnesyl diphosphate (C(15)), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C(20)). These branch point reactions control the flow of metabolites that act as precursors to each of the major terpene classes-monoterpenes, sequiterpenes, and diterpenes, respectively. Thus accurate and easily performed assays of IDS enzyme activity are critical to increase our knowledge about the regulation of terpene biosynthesis. Here we describe a new and sensitive nonradioactive method for carrying out IDS assays using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect the short-chain prenyl diphosphate products directly without dephosphorylation. Furthermore, we were able to separate cisoid and transoid isomers of both C(10) enzyme products (geranyl diphosphate and neryl diphosphate) and three C(15) products [(E,E)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-farnesyl diphosphate]. By applying the method to crude protein extracts from various organs of Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana attenuata, Populus trichocarpa, and Picea abies, we could determine their IDS activity in a reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Tang J, Ohyama K, Kawaura K, Hashinokuchi H, Kamiya Y, Suzuki M, Muranaka T, Ogihara Y. A new insight into application for barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat: achievement of stigmasterol accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1555-67. [PMID: 21951468 PMCID: PMC3252158 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.183533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has a much higher content of bioactive substances than wheat (Triticum aestivum). In order to investigate additive and/or synergistic effect(s) on the phytosterol content of barley chromosomes, we used a series of barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat that were produced by normal crossing. In determining the plant sterol levels in 2-week-old seedlings and dry seeds, we found that the level of stigmasterol in the barley chromosome 3 addition (3H) line in the seedlings was 1.5-fold higher than that in the original wheat line and in the other barley chromosome addition lines, but not in the seeds. Simultaneously, we determined the overall expression pattern of genes related to plant sterol biosynthesis in the seedlings of wheat and each addition line to assess the relative expression of each gene in the sterol pathway. Since we elucidated the CYP710A8 (cytochrome P450 subfamily)-encoding sterol C-22 desaturase as a key characteristic for the higher level of stigmasterol, full-length cDNAs of wheat and barley CYP710A8 genes were isolated. These CYP710A8 genes were mapped on chromosome 3 in barley (3H) and wheat (3A, 3B, and 3D), and the expression of CYP710A8 genes increased in the 3H addition line, indicating that it is responsible for stigmasterol accumulation. Overexpression of the CYP710A8 genes in Arabidopsis increased the stigmasterol content but did not alter the total sterol level. Our results provide new insight into the accumulation of bioactive compounds in common wheat and a new approach for assessing plant metabolism profiles.
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tholl D, Lee S. Terpene Specialized Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0143. [PMID: 22303268 PMCID: PMC3268506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute the largest class of plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which are compounds of ecological function in plant defense or the attraction of beneficial organisms. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, nearly all Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) enzymes of the core biosynthetic pathways producing the 5-carbon building blocks of terpenes have been characterized and closer insight has been gained into the transcriptional and posttranscriptional/translational mechanisms regulating these pathways. The biochemical function of most prenyltransferases, the downstream enzymes that condense the C(5)-precursors into central 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon prenyldiphosphate intermediates, has been described, although the function of several isoforms of C(20)-prenyltranferases is not well understood. Prenyl diphosphates are converted to a variety of C(10)-, C(15)-, and C(20)-terpene products by enzymes of the terpene synthase (TPS) family. Genomic organization of the 32 Arabidopsis TPS genes indicates a species-specific divergence of terpene synthases with tissue- and cell-type specific expression profiles that may have emerged under selection pressures by different organisms. Pseudogenization, differential expression, and subcellular segregation of TPS genes and enzymes contribute to the natural variation of terpene biosynthesis among Arabidopsis accessions (ecotypes) and species. Arabidopsis will remain an important model to investigate the metabolic organization and molecular regulatory networks of terpene specialized metabolism in relation to the biological activities of terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Procházková D, Wilhelmová N. Nitric oxide, reactive nitrogen species and associated enzymes during plant senescence. Nitric Oxide 2011; 24:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Sawai S, Saito K. Triterpenoid biosynthesis and engineering in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:25. [PMID: 22639586 PMCID: PMC3355669 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are a diverse group of natural products in plants and are considered defensive compounds against pathogenic microbes and herbivores. Because of their various beneficial properties for humans, saponins are used in wide-ranging applications in addition to medicinally. Saponin biosynthesis involves three key enzymes: oxidosqualene cyclases, which construct the basic triterpenoid skeletons; cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, which mediate oxidations; and uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases, which catalyze glycosylations. The discovery of genes committed to saponin biosynthesis is important for the stable supply and biotechnological application of these compounds. Here, we review the identified genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, summarize the recent advances in the biotechnological production of useful plant terpenoids, and discuss the bioengineering of plant triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Plant Science Center, RIKENYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuki Saito, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. e-mail:
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Validation and application of reference genes for quantitative gene expression analyses in various tissues of Bupleurum chinense. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:5017-23. [PMID: 21161394 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to select stable references in gene expression analyses using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In this work, seven frequently used reference genes, 18S, Actin, EF1α, α-tubulin, β-tubulin, Cyclophilin and Cytoplasmic ribosomal protein L2 (L2), from Bupleurum chinense DC. were evaluated as the internal control in five tissues, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, before tissue specific gene expression assays. The results showed that β-tubulin was the most stable and reliable reference gene among the seven candidate genes in the measured tissues. The expression levels of four genes involved in saikosaponins (the pharmacological active compounds of B. chinense) biosynthesis, HMGR, IPPI, FPS and β-AS, were assayed with β-tubulin as the internal control in the five tissues. All the four genes were expressed in the five tissues with different profiles and HMGR in the order of roots > flowers, stems and leaves > fruits, IPPI of stems > leaves and fruits > roots and flowers, FPS of flowers > fruits > stems and roots > leaves and β-AS of roots > flowers, stems and fruits > leaves. The genes of FPS and β-AS were expressed predominantly in flowers and roots, respectively. This study may provide a suitable internal control for quantitative gene expression assays in various tissues and give insight into the tissue expression profiles of four saikosaponins biosynthesis-involved genes of medicinal B. chinense.
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Current progress in the study on biosynthesis and regulation of ganoderic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:1243-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Closa M, Vranová E, Bortolotti C, Bigler L, Arró M, Ferrer A, Gruissem W. The Arabidopsis thaliana FPP synthase isozymes have overlapping and specific functions in isoprenoid biosynthesis, and complete loss of FPP synthase activity causes early developmental arrest. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:512-25. [PMID: 20497375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPS) catalyses the synthesis of FPP, the major substrate used by cytosolic and mitochondrial branches of the isoprenoid pathway. Arabidopsis contains two farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes, FPS1 and FPS2, that encode isozymes FPS1L (mitochondrial), FPS1S and FPS2 (both cytosolic). Here we show that simultaneous knockout of both FPS genes is lethal for Arabidopsis, and embryo development is arrested at the pre-globular stage, demonstrating that FPP-derived isoprenoid metabolism is essential. In addition, lack of FPS enzyme activity severely impairs male genetic transmission. In contrast, no major developmental and metabolic defects were observed in fps1 and fps2 single knockout mutants, demonstrating the redundancy of the genes. The levels of sterols and ubiquinone, the major mitochondrial isoprenoid, are only slightly reduced in the single mutants. Although one functional FPS gene is sufficient to support isoprenoid biosynthesis for normal growth and development, the functions of FPS1 and FPS2 during development are not completely redundant. FPS1 activity has a predominant role during most of the plant life cycle, and FPS2 appears to have a major role in seeds and during the early stages of seedling development. Lack of FPS2 activity in seeds, but not of FPS1 activity, is associated with a marked reduction in sitosterol content and positive feedback regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity that renders seeds hypersensitive to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor mevastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Closa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Nagegowda DA. Plant volatile terpenoid metabolism: Biosynthetic genes, transcriptional regulation and subcellular compartmentation. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2965-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kim OT, Kim SH, Ohyama K, Muranaka T, Choi YE, Lee HY, Kim MY, Hwang B. Upregulation of phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis in Centella asiatica hairy roots overexpressed ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:403-411. [PMID: 20195611 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) plays an essential role in organ development in plants. However, FPS has not previously been identified as a key regulatory enzyme in triterpene biosynthesis. To elucidate the functions of FPS in triterpene biosynthesis, C. asiatica was transformed with a construct harboring Panax ginseng FPS (PgFPS)-encoding cDNA coupled to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Higher levels of CaDDS (C. asiatica dammarenediol synthase) and CaCYS (C. asiatica cycloartenol synthase) mRNA were detected in all hairy root lines overexpressing when compared with the controls. However, no differences were detected in any expression of the CaSQS (C. asiatica squalene synthase) gene. In particular, the upregulation of CaDDS transcripts suggests that FPS may result in alterations in triterpene biosynthesis capacity. Squalene contents in the T17, T24, and T27 lines were increased to 1.1-, 1.3- and 1.5-fold those in the controls, respectively. The total sterol contents in the T24 line were approximately three times higher than those of the controls. Therefore, these results indicated that FPS performs a regulatory function in phytosterol biosynthesis. To evaluate the contribution of FPS to triterpene biosynthesis, we applied methyl jasmonate as an elicitor of hairy roots expressing PgFPS. The results of HPLC analysis revealed that the content of madecassoside and asiaticoside in the T24 line was transiently increased by 1.15-fold after 14 days of MJ treatment. This result may indicate that FPS performs a role not only in phytosterol regulation, but also in triterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Tae Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 369-873, South Korea
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Ma D, Pu G, Lei C, Ma L, Wang H, Guo Y, Chen J, Du Z, Wang H, Li G, Ye H, Liu B. Isolation and characterization of AaWRKY1, an Artemisia annua transcription factor that regulates the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene, a key gene of artemisinin biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:2146-61. [PMID: 19880398 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) of Artemisia annua catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate into amorpha-4,11-diene, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. The promoters of ADS contain two reverse-oriented TTGACC W-box cis-acting elements, which are the proposed binding sites of WRKY transcription factors. A full-length cDNA (AaWRKY1) was isolated from a cDNA library of the glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) in which artemisinin is synthesized and sequestered. AaWRKY1 encodes a 311 amino acid protein containing a single WRKY domain. AaWRKY1 and ADS genes were highly expressed in GSTs and both were strongly induced by methyl jasmonate and chitosan. Transient expression analysis of the AaWRKY1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) reporter revealed that AaWRKY1 was targeted to nuclei. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the AaWRKY1 protein was capable of binding to the W-box cis-acting elements of the ADS promoters, and it demonstrated transactivation activity in yeast. Co-expression of the effector construct 35S::AaWRKY1 with a reporter construct ADSpro1::GUS greatly activated expression of the GUS (beta-glucuronidase) gene in stably transformed tobacco. Furthermore, transient expression experiments in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana and A. annua leaves showed that AaWRKY1 protein transactivated the ADSpro2 promoter activity by binding to the W-box of the promoter; disruption of the W-box abolished the activation. Transient expression of AaWRKY1 cDNA in A. annua leaves clearly activated the expression of the majority of artemisinin biosynthetic genes. These results strongly suggest the involvement of the AaWRKY1 transcription factor in the regulation of artemisinin biosynthesis, and indicate that ADS is a target gene of AaWRKY1 in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Haidian District, 100093 Beijing, PR China
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Posé D, Castanedo I, Borsani O, Nieto B, Rosado A, Taconnat L, Ferrer A, Dolan L, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Identification of the Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant reveals a central role for sterols in drought tolerance and regulation of reactive oxygen species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:63-76. [PMID: 19309460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Squalene epoxidase enzymes catalyse the conversion of squalene into 2,3-oxidosqualene, the precursor of cyclic triterpenoids. Here we report that the Arabidopsis drought hypersensitive/squalene epoxidase 1-5 (dry2/sqe1-5) mutant, identified by its extreme hypersensitivity to drought stress, has altered stomatal responses and root defects because of a point mutation in the SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 (SQE1) gene. GC-MS analysis indicated that the dry2/sqe1-5 mutant has altered sterol composition in roots but wild-type sterol composition in shoots, indicating an essential role for SQE1 in root sterol biosynthesis. Importantly, the stomatal and root defects of the dry2/sqe1-5 mutant are associated with altered production of reactive oxygen species. As RHD2 NADPH oxidase is de-localized in dry2/sqe1-5 root hairs, we propose that sterols play an essential role in the localization of NADPH oxidases required for regulation of reactive oxygen species, stomatal responses and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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