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Cremades M, Talavera-Urquijo E, Beisani M, Pappa S, Jordà M, Tarascó J, Moreno P, Caballero A, Martínez-López E, Pellitero S, Balibrea JM. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes after dietary and surgical weight loss interventions in an animal model of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:103-110. [PMID: 37833561 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying determinants that can predict response to weight loss interventions is imperative for optimizing therapeutic benefit. We aimed to identify changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of a subset of target genes following dietary and surgical interventions in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. METHODS Forty-two adult Wistar Han male rats were divided into two groups: control rats (n = 7) and obese rats (n = 28), fed a HFD for 10 weeks (t10). Obese rats were randomly subdivided into five intervention groups (seven animals per group): (i) HFD; (ii) very-low-calorie diet (VLCD); (iii) sham surgery, and (iv) sleeve gastrectomy (SG). At week sixteen (t16), animals were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected to analyze changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the selected genes. RESULTS By type of intervention, the surgical procedures led to the greatest weight loss. Changes in methylation and/or expression of candidate genes occurred proportionally to the effectiveness of the weight loss interventions. Leptin expression, increased sixfold in the visceral fat of the obese rats, was partially normalized after all interventions. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) genes, which was reduced 0.5- and 0.15-fold, respectively, in the liver tissue of obese rats, were completely normalized after weight loss interventions, particularly after surgical interventions. The upregulation of FASN and MCP-1 gene expression was accompanied by a significant reduction in promoter methylation, up to 0.5-fold decrease in the case of the FASN (all intervention groups) and a 0.8-fold decrease in the case of the MCP-1 (SG group). CONCLUSIONS Changes in tissue expression of specific genes involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity can be significantly attenuated following weight loss interventions, particularly surgery. Some of these genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Cremades
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eider Talavera-Urquijo
- Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Guipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marc Beisani
- Bariatric and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stella Pappa
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tarascó
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Moreno
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Caballero
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-López
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pellitero
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Adam AH, Verdegem M, Soliman AA, Zaki M, Khalil RH, Nour AEM, Khaled AA, El Basuini MF, Khalil HS. Effect of dietary bile acids: Growth performance, immune response, genes expression of fatty acid metabolism, intestinal, and liver morphology of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2023; 29:101510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Makarova E, Kazantseva A, Dubinina A, Jakovleva T, Balybina N, Baranov K, Bazhan N. The Same Metabolic Response to FGF21 Administration in Male and Female Obese Mice Is Accompanied by Sex-Specific Changes in Adipose Tissue Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10561. [PMID: 34638898 PMCID: PMC8508620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The preference for high-calorie foods depends on sex and contributes to obesity development. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) beneficially affects taste preferences and obesity, but its action has mainly been studied in males. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of FGF21 on food preferences and glucose and lipid metabolism in C57Bl/6J male and female mice with diet-induced obesity. Mice were injected with FGF21 or vehicle for 7 days. Body weight, choice between standard (SD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, blood parameters, and gene expression in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues, liver, muscles, and the hypothalamus were assessed. Compared to males, females had a greater preference for HFD; less WAT; lower levels of cholesterol, glucose, and insulin; and higher expression of Fgf21, Insr, Ppara, Pgc1, Acca and Accb in the liver and Dio2 in BAT. FGF21 administration decreased adiposity; blood levels of cholesterol, glucose, and insulin; hypothalamic Agrp expression, increased SD intake, decreased HFD intake independently of sex, and increased WAT expression of Pparg, Lpl and Lipe only in females. Thus, FGF21 administration beneficially affected mice of both sexes despite obesity-associated sex differences in metabolic characteristics, and it induced female-specific activation of gene expression in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Makarova
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Antonina Kazantseva
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Anastasia Dubinina
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Tatiana Jakovleva
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Natalia Balybina
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Konstantin Baranov
- The Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Nadezhda Bazhan
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (T.J.); (N.B.); (N.B.)
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Janmohammadi P, Djafari F, Farsani GM, Shab-Bidar S, Mehrizi AAH. Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Do Not Mediate the Association between Dietary Calcium, Protein and Vitamin D Intake and Adiposity and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Clin Nutr Res 2020; 9:271-283. [PMID: 33204667 PMCID: PMC7644370 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2020.9.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to determine the effects of dietary calcium, protein and vitamin D on adiposity and lipidemia and to assess mediatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic patients (93 females and 57 males) were randomly selected. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses, and fat mass percent were recorded. Nutritional data were collected. SEM was performed. Based on the primary hypothesis, adiposity and lipidemia were fitted in a model. The direct effects of dietary calcium (λ = -0.165, p value = 0.002) and PTH (λ = -0.143, p value = 0.011) were significantly associated with lipidemia. There were no significant effects for dietary protein on PTH (λ = -0.270, p value = 0.057), 25(OH)D (λ = -0.071, p value = 0.613), lipidemia (λ = -0.044; p value = 0.638) or adiposity (λ = -0.009, p value = 0.949) as well as for dietary vitamin D on PTH (λ = -0.119, p value = 0.194), 25(OH)D (λ = 0.023, p value = 0.806), lipidemia (λ = 0.034, p value = 0.587) or adiposity (λ = -0.221, p value = 0.118). The correlation between calcium intake and lipidemia, and adiposity are not mediated by 25(OH)D and PTH. There were the direct effects of dietary calcium on adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the predictors of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Farhang Djafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Haeri Mehrizi
- Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran 13145-1756, Iran
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Bains V, Kaur H, Badaruddoza B. Association analysis of polymorphisms in LEP (rs7799039 and rs2167270) and LEPR (rs1137101) gene towards the development of type 2 diabetes in North Indian Punjabi population. Gene 2020; 754:144846. [PMID: 32512158 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is a major risk factor in aetiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Leptin (LEP) is an anti-obesity hormone which regulates food intake, energy expenditure and glucose metabolism. The genetic variants in leptin and leptin receptor gene (LEPR) may play major role in the pathogenesis of T2DM and obesity. The current study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms in LEP (rs7799039, -2548G/A and rs2167270, 19G/A) and LEPR (rs1137101, 668A/G) gene with type 2 diabetes in North Indian Punjabi population. METHODS A total of 817 subjects were included for the present case-control study, consisting of 417 T2DM patients and 400 healthy controls. The anthropometric, physiometric and biochemical measurements were taken from all the subjects. The genotyping of LEP and LEPR gene variants were carried out by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP), followed by genotyping of 10% of the samples for each polymorphism by Sanger sequencing method for quality control measurement. RESULTS The risk genotype frequencies were found to be significantly higher in T2DM cases than control subjects (rs7799039, p = 0.001; rs2167270, p = 0.019 and rs1137101, p = 0.003). Under recessive genetic model LEPrs7799039 and LEPRrs1137101 polymorphism conferred 3.4 and 2.1 fold risk towards the development of T2DM after adjustment of various covariates (OR = 3.44, 95%CI: 1.768-6.681, p = 0.001 and OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.256-3.569, p = 0.005, respectively). In the stratified analysis of LEP variant rs7799039 by age, gender, BMI and alcohol use, a significantly increased risk of T2DM was found in female, BMI ≥ 23 and never drinking subgroups. However, in the LEPR variant rs1137101, significantly increased risk of T2DM was observed in age <50, male, BMI ≥ 23 and never drinking subgroup. The A-G haplotype combination of rs7799039A and rs2167270G conferred significant 2 fold risk towards T2DM (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.34-4.12, p = 0.002). In control group, the genetic variants rs7799039 and rs1137101 were significantly associated with levels of random blood sugar and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the association of LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which suggest its predominant role in the estimation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Indian Punjabi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Bains
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India
| | - Harjit Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India
| | - Badaruddoza Badaruddoza
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India.
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Shin JH, Lee G, Jeong MG, Kim HK, Won HY, Choi Y, Lee JH, Nam M, Choi CS, Hwang GS, Hwang ES. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif suppresses the expression of steroidogenic enzymes by nuclear receptor 4 A1 in Leydig cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:5332-5347. [PMID: 32067268 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900695rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) plays crucial role in maintaining testicular structure and function via regulation of senescence of spermatogenic cells. However, it remains unclear whether TAZ is involved in testosterone biosynthesis in testicular Leydig cells. We found that TAZ deficiency caused aberrant Leydig cell expansion and increased lipid droplet formation, which was significantly associated with increased lipogenic enzyme expression. Additionally, the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 11A1, CYP17A1, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was greatly increased in TAZ-deficient testes and primary Leydig cells. Interestingly, the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptor 4 A1 (NR4A1) was dramatically suppressed by TAZ; however, the protein expression and the subcellular localization of NR4A1 were not affected by TAZ. TAZ directly associated with the N-terminal region of NR4A1 and substantially suppressed its DNA-binding and transcriptional activities. Stable expression of TAZ in the mouse Leydig TM3 cell line decreased the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes, whereas knockdown of endogenous TAZ in TM3 cells increased transcripts of steroidogenic genes induced by NR4A1. Consistently, testosterone production was enhanced within TAZ-deficient Leydig cells. However, TAZ deficiency resulted in decreased testosterone secretion caused by dysfunctional mitochondria and lysosomes. Therefore, TAZ plays essential role in NR4A1-induced steroidogenic enzyme expression and testosterone production in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gibbeum Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Gyeong Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Won
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujeong Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeok Lee
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Miso Nam
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Sex Differences in Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Muscle Transcriptional Response to Fasting and Refeeding in Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121529. [PMID: 31783664 PMCID: PMC6953068 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is often used for obesity correction but the “refeeding syndrome” limits its efficiency, and molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic response to different food availability are under investigation. Sex was shown to affect hormonal and metabolic reactions to fasting/refeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate hormonal and transcriptional responses to fasting and refeeding in male and female C57Bl/6J mice. Sex asymmetry was observed both at the hormonal and transcriptional levels. Fasting (24 h) induced increase in hepatic Fgf21 gene expression, which was associated with elevation of plasma FGF21 and adiponectin levels, and the upregulation of expression of hepatic (Pparα, Cpt1α) and muscle (Cpt1β, Ucp3) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. These changes were more pronounced in females. Refeeding (6 h) evoked hyperinsulinemia and increased hepatic expression of gene related to lipogenesis (Fasn) only in males and hyperleptinemia and increase in Fgf21 gene expression in muscles and adipose tissues only in females. The results suggest that in mice, one of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex asymmetry in hepatic Pparα, Cpt1α, muscle Cpt1β, and Ucp3 expression during fasting is hepatic Fgf21 expression, and the reason for sex asymmetry in hepatic Fasn expression during refeeding is male-specific hyperinsulinemia.
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Pearce JV, Farrar JS, Lownik JC, Ni B, Chen S, Kan TW, Celi FS. E0771 and 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and interleukin 6 alter gene expression patterns but do not induce browning in cultured white adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100624. [PMID: 31193642 PMCID: PMC6536889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a substantial clinical problem worldwide, and cancer-associated cachexia is a condition associated with poor prognosis in this and other malignancies. Adipose tissue is involved in the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia, but its various roles and mechanisms of action are not completely defined, especially as it relates to breast cancer. Interleukin 6 has been implicated in several mechanisms contributing to increased breast cancer tumorigenesis, as well as a net-negative energy balance and cancer-associated cachexia via adipose tissue remodeling in other models of cancer; however, its potential role in breast cancer-associated white adipose browning has not been explored. In this study, we demonstrate localized white adipose tissue browning in a spontaneous model of murine mammary cancer. We then used an in vitro murine adipocyte culture system with the E0771 and 4T1 cell lines as models of breast cancer. We demonstrate that while the E0771 and 4T1 secretomes and cross-talk with white adipocytes alter white adipocyte mRNA expression, they do not directly induce white adipocyte browning. Additionally, we show that neither exogenous administration of interleukin 6 alone or with its soluble receptor directly induce white adipocyte browning. Together, these results demonstrate that neither the E0771 or 4T1 murine breast cancer cell lines, nor interleukin 6, directly cause browning of cultured white adipocytes. This suggests that their roles in adipose tissue remodeling are more complex and indirect in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina V. Pearce
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jared S. Farrar
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Lownik
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tiffany W. Kan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francesco S. Celi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Comparative Proteome Analysis Reveals Lipid Metabolism-Related Protein Networks in Response to Rump Fat Mobilization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092556. [PMID: 30154394 PMCID: PMC6164786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Altay is a typical fat-tailed sheep breed displaying the unique ability to rapidly mobilize fat, which is vital for maintaining a normal metabolism that facilitates its survival in lengthy winter conditions. However, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying fat mobilization remain to be elucidated. In this study, the monitoring of rump fat adipocyte sizes disclosed a positive correlation between cell size and fat deposition ability. In addition, we subjected sheep to persistent starvation to imitate the conditions that trigger rump fat mobilization and screened 112 differentially expressed proteins using the isobaric peptide labeling approach. Notably, increased secretion of leptin and adiponectin activated the key fat mobilization signaling pathways under persistent starvation conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of resistin (RETN), heat-shock protein 72 (HSP72), and complement factor D (CFD) promoted lipolysis, whereas the downregulation of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector C (CIDEC) inhibited lipid droplet fusion, and the increase in HSP72 and apolipoprotein AI (Apo-AI) levels activated the body’s stress mechanisms. The synergistic actions of the above hormones, genes, and signaling pathways form a molecular network that functions in improving the adaptability of Altay sheep to extreme environments. Our findings provide a reference for elucidating the complex molecular mechanisms underlying rump fat mobilization.
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Lin HP, Cheng ZL, He RY, Song L, Tian MX, Zhou LS, Groh BS, Liu WR, Ji MB, Ding C, Shi YH, Guan KL, Ye D, Xiong Y. Destabilization of Fatty Acid Synthase by Acetylation Inhibits De Novo Lipogenesis and Tumor Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6924-6936. [PMID: 27758890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the terminal enzyme in de novo lipogenesis and plays a key role in cell proliferation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of FASN are being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of cancer, obesity, and other diseases. Here, we report a previously unknown mechanism of FASN regulation involving its acetylation by KAT8 and its deacetylation by HDAC3. FASN acetylation promoted its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. FASN acetylation enhanced its association with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Acetylation destabilized FASN and resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis and tumor cell growth. FASN acetylation was frequently reduced in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples, which correlated with increased HDAC3 expression and FASN protein levels. Our results suggest opportunities to target FASN acetylation as an anticancer strategy. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6924-36. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Peng Lin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou-Li Cheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, National Center for National Center for Protein Science (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Zhou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beezly S Groh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Biao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, National Center for National Center for Protein Science (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dan Ye
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Pang SQ, Wang GQ, Jin XQ, Sun AJ, Lin JS, Diao Y. Chemical Composition of the Fatty Oil from Fructus Broussonetiae and Its Effects on Rat Plasma Lipids and Adipose Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.73038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Santoro A, Mattace Raso G, Meli R. Drug targeting of leptin resistance. Life Sci 2015; 140:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Rzheshevsky AV. Decrease in ATP biosynthesis and dysfunction of biological membranes. Two possible key mechanisms of phenoptosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1056-68. [PMID: 25519064 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is extremely prevalent in the world and can be considered as one of main factors leading to accelerated aging and premature death. This syndrome may be closely linked with age-related disruptions in hypothalamic-pituitary system function, which perhaps represent a trigger mechanism of development of endocrine and cardiovascular pathologies. Age-related elevation of the sensitivity threshold of the hypothalamus to regulatory signals in association with low mobility and excessive diet trigger a cascade of biochemical reactions that might be used for activation of programmed death of the organism - phenoptosis. Accumulation of fatty acids in a cell and resulting lipotoxicity include resistance to insulin and leptin, endoplasmic reticulum stress, uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation, and dysfunction of biological membranes. Decrease in ATP synthesis is correlated with accumulation of calcium ions in cells, dysfunction of mitochondria, and increasing apoptotic activity. Age-related activation of mTOR (which is greatly influenced by excess energy substrates) has deleterious impact on one of the main mechanisms of cell defense by which defective mitochondria are replaced: mitophagy and biogenesis of mitochondria will be suppressed, and this will increase in greater degree mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Fatty acid-induced inflammation will increase activity of nuclear factor NF-κB, the well-known stimulator of age-related pathologies. The final stage of phenoptosis can be represented by endothelium dysfunction related with oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and the most prevalent cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rzheshevsky
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Dnepropetrovsk, 49000, Ukraine.
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14
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Mennigen JA, Plagnes-Juan E, Figueredo-Silva CA, Seiliez I, Panserat S, Skiba-Cassy S. Acute endocrine and nutritional co-regulation of the hepatic omy-miRNA-122b and the lipogenic gene fas in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 169:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Bravard A, Vial G, Chauvin MA, Rouillé Y, Bailleul B, Vidal H, Rieusset J. FTO contributes to hepatic metabolism regulation through regulation of leptin action and STAT3 signalling in liver. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:4. [PMID: 24410832 PMCID: PMC3896784 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is related to obesity and type 2 diabetes, but its function is still largely unknown. A link between leptin receptor-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (LepR-STAT3) signalling pathway and FTO was recently suggested in the hypothalamus. Because of the presence of FTO in liver and the role of LepR-STAT3 in the control of hepatic metabolism, we investigated both in vitro and in vivo the potential interrelationship between FTO and LepR-STAT3 signalling pathway in liver and the impact of FTO overexpression on leptin action and glucose homeostasis in liver of mice. Results We found that FTO protein expression is regulated by both leptin and IL-6, concomitantly to an induction of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, in leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing HuH7 cells. In addition, FTO overexpression in vitro altered both leptin-induced Y705 and S727 STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to dysregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) expression and mitochondrial density, respectively. In vivo, liver specific FTO overexpression in mice induced a reducetion of Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in nuclear fraction, associated with reduced SOCS3 and LepR mRNA levels and with an increased G6P expression. Interestingly, FTO overexpression also induced S727 STAT3 phosphorylation in liver mitochondria, resulting in an increase of mitochondria function and density. Altogether, these data indicate that FTO promotes mitochondrial recruitment of STAT3 to the detriment of its nuclear localization, affecting in turn oxidative metabolism and the expression of leptin-targeted genes. Interestingly, these effects were associated in mice with alterations of leptin action and hyperleptinemia, as well as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Conclusions Altogether, these data point a novel regulatory loop between FTO and leptin-STAT3 signalling pathways in liver cells, and highlight a new role of FTO in the regulation of hepatic leptin action and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Rieusset
- INSERM U-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, INRA 1235, INSA de Lyon, Facultés de médecine Charles Mérieux, Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.
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16
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Morris KL, Zemel MB. Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Source on the Development of Obesity inAgoutiTransgenic Mice**. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:21-35. [PMID: 15761160 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a qualitative change in dietary carbohydrate source on body weight and adiposity in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We evaluated the effects of high-fat diets (basal) varying in carbohydrate source in aP2-agouti transgenic mice. In the ad libitum study, animals were given free access to the basal diet or one of four test diets for 6 weeks. In two of the diets, dietary carbohydrate was derived from a single source: mung bean noodles (MUNG) or rolled oats (ROLL). The remaining diets were designed to mimic commercially available instant oatmeal with added sugar (IO-S) or flavored instant oatmeal (IO-F). In the energy-restricted study, animals were given ad libitum access to the basal diet for 6 weeks. Subsequently, animals were assigned to one of six treatment groups for 6 weeks. One group was continued on the basal diet ad libitum. The remaining groups were maintained with energy restriction (70% ad libitum) on either the basal, MUNG, ROLL, IO-S, or IO-F diet. RESULTS Subcutaneous fat pad mass was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the energy-restricted basal and IO-S groups compared with the energy-restricted ROLL diet. Similarly, visceral fat pad mass was significantly lower with ROLL and MUNG diets (p<0.05 for both) compared with basal and IO-S diets, and the insulin:glucose ratio was reduced (by 23% to 34%, p<0.05) in these two diets compared with all others. In ad libitum-fed animals, liver fatty acid synthase expression was 43% to 62% lower (p<0.05) with ROLL and MUNG diets compared with all others. DISCUSSION These data suggest that a qualitative change in dietary carbohydrate source modulates body weight and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Morris
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Room 229 Jessie Harris Building, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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17
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Stucchi P, Gil-Ortega M, Merino B, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Cano V, Valladolid-Acebes I, Somoza B, Le Gonidec S, Argente J, Valet P, Chowen JA, Fernández-Alfonso M, Ruiz-Gayo M. Circadian feeding drive of metabolic activity in adipose tissue and not hyperphagia triggers overweight in mice: is there a role of the pentose-phosphate pathway? Endocrinology 2012; 153:690-9. [PMID: 22147018 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diets trigger an increase in adipose tissue and body weight (BW) and disordered eating behavior. Our study deals with the hypothesis that circadian distribution of energy intake is more relevant for BW dynamics than diet composition. Four-week-old mice were exposed for 8 wk to a HF diet and compared with animals receiving control chow. HF mice progressively increased BW, decreased the amount of nocturnal (1800-0900 h) calories (energy or food intake) (30%) and increased diurnal (0900-1800 h) caloric intake (energy or food intake), although total daily intake was identical between groups. Animals were killed at 3-h intervals and plasma insulin, leptin, corticosterone, glucose, and fatty acid levels quantified. Adipose tissue was weighed, and enzymatic activities integral to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) assayed in lumbar adipose tissue. Phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase and fatty acid synthase were quantified by Western blotting. In HF mice, there was a shift in the circadian oscillations of plasma parameters together with an inhibition of PPP activity and a decrease in phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase and fatty acid synthase. In a second experiment, HF mice were forced to adhere to a circadian pattern of food intake similar to that in control animals. In this case, BW, adipose tissue, morning plasma parameters and PPP activity appeared to be normal. These data indicate that disordered feeding behavior can trigger BW gain independently of food composition and daily energy intake. Because PPP is the main source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, we suggest that PPP inhibition might be an early marker of adipose dysfunction in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Stucchi
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ma YM, Tao RY, Liu Q, Li J, Tian JY, Zhang XL, Xiao ZY, Ye F. PTP1B inhibitor improves both insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 357:65-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Sachithanandan N, Fam BC, Fynch S, Dzamko N, Watt MJ, Wormald S, Honeyman J, Galic S, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S, Hevener AL, Kay TWH, Steinberg GR. Liver-specific suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 deletion in mice enhances hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipogenesis resulting in fatty liver and obesity. Hepatology 2010; 52:1632-42. [PMID: 20799351 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and contributes to the development of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) protein is increased in inflammation and is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin and leptin signaling. Therefore, we studied the metabolic effects of liver-specific SOCS3 deletion in vivo. We fed wild-type (WT) and liver-specific SOCS3 knockout (SOCS3 LKO) mice either a control diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks and examined their metabolic phenotype. We isolated hepatocytes from WT and SOCS3 LKO mice and examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor α and insulin on Akt phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism and lipogenic gene expression. Hepatocytes from control-fed SOCS3 LKO mice were protected from developing tumor necrosis factor α-induced insulin resistance but also had increased lipogenesis and expression of sterol response element-binding protein-1c target genes. Lean SOCS3 LKO mice fed a control diet had enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity; however, when fed an HFD, SOCS3 LKO mice had increased liver fat, inflammation, and whole-body insulin resistance. SOCS3 LKO mice fed an HFD also had elevated hypothalamic SOCS3 and fatty acid synthase expression and developed greater obesity due to increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure. CONCLUSION Deletion of SOCS3 in the liver increases liver insulin sensitivity in mice fed a control diet but paradoxically promotes lipogenesis, leading to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammation, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Sachithanandan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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20
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The metabolic switch and its regulation in cancer cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:942-58. [PMID: 20821293 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary features of cancer are maintained via intrinsically modified metabolic activity, which is characterized by enhanced nutrient supply, energy production, and biosynthetic activity to synthesize a variety of macromolecular components during each passage through the cell cycle. This metabolic shift in transformed cells, as compared with non-proliferating cells, involves aberrant activation of aerobic glycolysis, de novo lipid biosynthesis and glutamine-dependent anaplerosis to fuel robust cell growth and proliferation. Here, we discuss the unique metabolic characteristics of cancer, the constitutive regulation of metabolism through a variety of signal transduction pathways and/or enzymes involved in metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, and their implications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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21
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Panickar K, Bhathena S. Control of Fatty Acid Intake and the Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Cognitive Function and Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Puig T, Porta R, Colomer R. [Fatty acid synthase: a new anti-tumor target]. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:359-63. [PMID: 19268984 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), an enzyme capable of de novo fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed and activated in most human carcinomas. FASN is associated with poor prognosis in prostate and breast cancer and its inhibition is selectively cytotoxic to human cancer cells. Thus, FASN and fatty acid metabolism have become an important focus for the diagnostic and treatment of cancer. In this sense, there is an increasing interest in identifying and developing new antitumor compounds that inhibit FASN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Puig
- Oncología Médica, Instituto Catalán de Oncología (ICO-Girona) Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, España.
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Wortman P, Miyazaki Y, Kalupahana NS, Kim S, Hansen-Petrik M, Saxton AM, Claycombe KJ, Voy BH, Whelan J, Moustaid-Moussa N. n3 and n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate prostaglandin E secretion but not markers of lipogenesis in adipocytes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:5. [PMID: 19159447 PMCID: PMC2646735 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A dramatic rise in the incidence of obesity in the U.S. has accelerated the search for interventions that may impact this epidemic. One recently recognized target for such intervention is adipose tissue, which secretes a variety of bioactive substances including prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to decrease lipolysis in adipocytes, but limited studies have explored alternative mechanisms by which PGE2 might impact obesity, such as adipogenesis or lipogenesis. Studies conducted on ApcMin/+ mice indicated that selective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme led to significant reductions in fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in adipose tissue suggesting lipogenic effects of PGE2. To further investigate whether these lipid mediators directly regulate lipogenesis, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and celecoxib on PGE2 formation and FAS used as a lipogenic marker. Both arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA dose-dependently increased PGE secretion from adipocytes. AA was expectedly more potent and exhibiting at 150 uM dose a 5-fold increase in PGE2 secretion over EPA. Despite higher secretion of PGE by EPA and AA compared to control, neither PUFA significantly altered FAS activity. By contrast both AA and EPA significantly decreased FAS mRNA levels. Addition of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, significantly decreased PGE2 secretion (p < 0.05) versus control, and also significantly decreased FAS activity (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the combination of exogenous PGE2 and celecoxib further decreased the FAS activity compared to PGE2 alone or untreated controls. In conclusion, EPA-mediated inhibition of AA metabolism did not significantly alter FAS activity while both AA and EPA significantly decreased FAS mRNA expression. COX-2 inhibition significantly decreased PGE2 production resulting in a decrease in FAS activity and expression that was not reversed with the addition of exogenous PGE2, suggesting an additional mechanism that is independent of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wortman
- University of Tennessee (UT), Department of Animal Science, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Dridi S, Temim S, Derouet M, Tesseraud S, Taouis M. Acute cold- and chronic heat-exposure upregulate hepatic leptin and muscle uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:381-8. [PMID: 18473347 DOI: 10.1002/jez.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence showed that variations in environmental temperature affect both leptin and uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression in mammals, whereas a little is known about such interactions in birds. Thus, we conducted the present study to investigate the influence of acute (2 hours) cold (4 degrees C) and chronic (10 days) heat (32 degrees C) exposure on hepatic leptin and muscle UCP gene expression in 5-wk-old broiler chickens. Both cold- and heat-exposure significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) upregulated hepatic leptin (by 35 and 46%, respectively) and muscle UCP mRNA levels (by 71 and 71%, respectively) compared to the thermoneutrality (22 degrees C). This result suggests that leptin and UCP may be involved in the thermoregulation response of chickens to extreme climate (cold and hot temperatures). The upregulation of hepatic leptin gene expression was accompanied by an increase in plasma leptin levels, indicating that leptin may be regulated at transcriptional level. The increase of leptin and UCP mRNA abundance, and leptinemia we report here were not related to plasma glucose or insulin levels. In conclusion, the exposure of broiler chickens to extreme ambient temperatures (cold and heat) increases hepatic leptin and muscle UCP gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Dridi
- INRA, UR83 RecherchesAvicoles, Nouzilly, France.
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Abstract
While normal tissues are tightly regulated by nutrition and a carefully balanced system of glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis, tumor cells are under significant evolutionary pressure to bypass many of the checks and balances afforded normally. Cancer cells have high energy expenditure from heightened proliferation and metabolism and often show increased lipogenesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the ultimate steps of fatty acid synthesis in cells, is expressed at high levels in tumor cells and is mostly absent in corresponding normal cells. Because of the unique expression profile of FASN, there is considerable interest not only in understanding its contribution to tumor cell growth and proliferation, but also in developing inhibitors that target FASN specifically as an anti-tumor modality. Pharmacological blockade of FASN activity has identified a pleiotropic role for FASN in mediating aspects of proliferation, growth and survival. As a result, a clearer understanding of the role of FASN in tumor cells has been developed.
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Cong WN, Tao RY, Tian JY, Liu GT, Ye F. The establishment of a novel non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model accompanied with obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Life Sci 2008; 82:983-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chakravarthy MV, Zhu Y, López M, Yin L, Wozniak DF, Coleman T, Hu Z, Wolfgang M, Vidal-Puig A, Lane MD, Semenkovich CF. Brain fatty acid synthase activates PPARalpha to maintain energy homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2539-52. [PMID: 17694178 PMCID: PMC1937501 DOI: 10.1172/jci31183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system control of energy balance affects susceptibility to obesity and diabetes, but how fatty acids, malonyl-CoA, and other metabolites act at this site to alter metabolism is poorly understood. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS), rate limiting for de novo lipogenesis, decreases appetite independently of leptin but also promotes weight loss through activities unrelated to FAS inhibition. Here we report that the conditional genetic inactivation of FAS in pancreatic beta cells and hypothalamus produced lean, hypophagic mice with increased physical activity and impaired hypothalamic PPARalpha signaling. Administration of a PPARalpha agonist into the hypothalamus increased PPARalpha target genes and normalized food intake. Inactivation of beta cell FAS enzyme activity had no effect on islet function in culture or in vivo. These results suggest a critical role for brain FAS in the regulation of not only feeding, but also physical activity, effects that appear to be mediated through the provision of ligands generated by FAS to PPARalpha. Thus, 2 diametrically opposed proteins, FAS (induced by feeding) and PPARalpha (induced by starvation), unexpectedly form an integrative sensory module in the central nervous system to orchestrate energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu V. Chakravarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David F. Wozniak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Trey Coleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Wolfgang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Daniel Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
There is a renewed interest in the ultimate role of fatty acid synthase (FASN)--a key lipogenic enzyme catalysing the terminal steps in the de novo biogenesis of fatty acids--in cancer pathogenesis. Tumour-associated FASN, by conferring growth and survival advantages rather than functioning as an anabolic energy-storage pathway, appears to necessarily accompany the natural history of most human cancers. A recent identification of cross-talk between FASN and well-established cancer-controlling networks begins to delineate the oncogenic nature of FASN-driven lipogenesis. FASN, a nearly-universal druggable target in many human carcinomas and their precursor lesions, offers new therapeutic opportunities for metabolically treating and preventing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Translational Research Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Health Services Division of Catalonia, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Medical Oncology, Josep Trueta University Hospital of Girona, 17,007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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30
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An Z, Wang H, Song P, Zhang M, Geng X, Zou MH. Nicotine-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits fatty acid synthase in 3T3L1 adipocytes: a role for oxidant stress. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26793-26801. [PMID: 17635921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703701200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a major energy sensor and regulator in adipose tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of AMPK in nicotine-induced lipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Exposure of 3T3L1 adipocytes to smoking-related concentrations of nicotine increased lipolysis and inhibited fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The effects of nicotine on FAS activity were accompanied by phosphorylation of both AMPK (Thr(172)) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC; Ser(79)). Nicotine-induced AMPK phosphorylation appeared to be mediated by reactive oxygen species based on the finding that nicotine significantly increased superoxide anions and 3-nitrotyrosine-positive proteins, exogenous peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) mimicked the effects of nicotine on AMPK, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished nicotine-enhanced AMPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of AMPK using either pharmacologic (insulin, compound C) or genetic means (overexpression of dominant negative AMPK; AMPK-DN) abolished FAS inhibition induced by nicotine or ONOO(-). Conversely, activation of AMPK by pharmacologic (nicotine, ONOO(-), metformin, and AICAR) or genetic (overexpression of constitutively active AMPK) means inhibited FAS activity. Notably, AMPK activation increased threonine phosphorylation of FAS, and this effect was blocked by adenovirus encoding dominant negative AMPK. Finally, AMPK-dependent FAS phosphorylation was confirmed by (32)P incorporation into FAS in adipocytes. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that nicotine, via ONOO(-) activates AMPK, resulting in enhanced threonine phosphorylation and consequent inhibition of FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo An
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ping Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Miao Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Xuemei Geng
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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31
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Hudgins LC, Baday A, Hellerstein MK, Parker TS, Levine DM, Seidman CE, Neese RA, Tremaroli JD, Hirsch J. The effect of dietary carbohydrate on genes for fatty acid synthase and inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissues from lean and obese subjects. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 19:237-45. [PMID: 17618104 PMCID: PMC2362147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is markedly stimulated in humans by low-fat diets enriched in simple sugars. However, the dietary responsiveness of the key enzyme controlling DNL in human adipose tissue, fatty acid synthase (FAS), is uncertain. HYPOTHESIS Adipose tissue mRNA for FAS is increased in lean and obese subjects when hepatic DNL is elevated by a eucaloric, low-fat, high-sugar diet. DESIGN Twelve lean and seven obese volunteers were given two eucaloric diets (10% vs. 30% fat; 75% vs. 55% carbohydrate; sugar/starch 60/40) each for 2 weeks by a random-order cross-over design. FAS mRNA in abdominal and gluteal adipose tissues was compared to hepatic DNL measured in serum by isotopic and nonisotopic methods. Adipose tissue mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, which are inflammatory cytokines that modulate DNL, was also assayed. RESULTS The low-fat high-sugar diet induced a 4-fold increase in maximum hepatic DNL (P<.001) but only a 1.3-fold increase in adipose tissue FAS mRNA (P=.029) and no change in cytokine mRNA. There was a borderline significant positive correlation between changes in FAS mRNA and hepatic DNL (P=.039). Compared to lean subjects, obese subjects had lower levels of FAS mRNA and higher levels of cytokine mRNA (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that key elements of human adipose tissue DNL are less responsive to dietary carbohydrate than is hepatic DNL and may be regulated by diet-independent factors. Irrespective of diet, there is reduced expression of the FAS gene and increased expression of cytokine genes in adipose tissues of obese subjects.
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32
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Abstract
Nutrigenomics examines nutrient-gene interactions on a genome-wide scale. Increased dietary fat or higher non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) from starvation-induced mobilisation may enhance hepatic oxidation and decrease esterification of fatty acids by reducing the expression of the fatty acid synthase gene. The key factors are the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Dietary carbohydrates--both independently and through insulin effect--influence the transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene. Oleic acid or n-3 fatty acids downregulate the expression of leptin, fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Protein-rich diets entail a shortage of mRNA necessary for expression of the fatty acid synthase gene in the adipocytes. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are activators of PPAR and also induce apoptosis in adipocytes. Altered rumen microflora produces CLAs that are efficient inhibitors of milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland ('biohydrogenation theory'). Oral zinc or cadmium application enhances transcription rate in the metallothionein gene. Supplemental CLA in pig diets was found to decrease feed intake and body fat by activating PPARgamma-responsive genes in the adipose tissue. To prevent obesity and type II diabetes, the direct modulation of gene expression by nutrients is also possible. Nutrigenomics may help in the early diagnosis of genetically determined metabolic disorders and in designing individualised diets for companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gy Fekete
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary.
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33
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Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS), the sole mammalian enzyme capable of de novo fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed in most human carcinomas. FAS is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer, is elaborated into the blood of cancer patients, and its inhibition is selectively cytotoxic to human cancer cells. Thus, FAS and fatty acid metabolism in cancer has become a focus for the potential diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P Kuhajda
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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34
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Menendez JA, Lupu R. Oncogenic properties of the endogenous fatty acid metabolism: molecular pathology of fatty acid synthase in cancer cells. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:346-57. [PMID: 16778562 DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000232893.21050.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review documents our rapidly changing perspectives on the function of fatty acid synthase-catalyzed endogenous fatty acid biogenesis in cancer biology. RECENT FINDINGS Up-regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression and fatty acid synthase biosynthetic activity are molecular events accompanying the pathogenesis and natural history of cancer disease. First, the increased fatty acid synthase gene expression in precursor, preinvasive and invasive cancer lesions appears to represent an indirect, early epiphenomenon, occurring in response to a microenvironment containing regions of poor oxygenation and high acidity due to, for example, lack of an adequate angiogenesis and/or nutritional supply. Second, aberrant transduction cascades driven by cancer-associated oncogenic changes subvert the downregulatory effects of circulating fatty acids. Third, fatty acid synthase-dependent endogenous fatty acid metabolism actively contributes to cancer evolution by specifically regulating the expression, activity and/or cellular localization of proteins closely related to malignant transformation and/or cancer progression. SUMMARY Fatty acid synthase-catalyzed endogenous fatty acid metabolism appears to be an obligatory acquisition selecting a biologically aggressive sub-group of cancer cells capable of growth and survival upon stresses such as hypoxia, low pH and/or nutritional deprivation. Considering that an ever-growing body of evidence demonstrates that fatty acid synthase-driven signalling actively regulates key cancer-controlling networks, we may hereafter redefine fatty acid synthase as a metabolic oncogene in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Foundation of the Recerca Bio-Medical Institute of Girona Dr Josep Trueta, University Hospital of Girona, Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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35
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Dridi S, Ververken C, Hillgartner FB, Arckens L, Lutgarde A, Van der Gucht E, Cnops L, Decuypere E, Buyse J. FAS inhibitor cerulenin reduces food intake and melanocortin receptor gene expression without modulating the other (an)orexigenic neuropeptides in chickens. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R138-47. [PMID: 16455759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00899.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor, and its synthetic analog C75 are hypothesized to alter the metabolism of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate ingestive behavior to cause a profound decrease of food intake and an increase in metabolic rate, leading to body weight loss. The bulk of data exclusively originates from mammals (rodents); however, such effects are currently lacking in nonmammalian species. We have, therefore, addressed this issue in broiler chickens because this species is selected for high growth rate and high food intake and is prone to obesity. First, we demonstrate that FAS messenger and protein are expressed in the hypothalamus of chickens. FAS immunoreactivity was detected in a number of brain regions, including the nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis and the nucleus infundibuli hypothalami, the avian equivalent of the mammalian arcuate nucleus, suggesting that FAS may be involved in the regulation of food intake. Second, we show that hypothalamic FAS gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by overnight fasting similar to that in liver, indicating that hypothalamic FAS gene is regulated by energy status in chickens. Finally, to investigate the physiological consequences of in vivo inhibition of fatty acid synthesis on food intake, we administered cerulenin by intravenous injections (15 mg/kg) to 2-wk-old broiler chickens. Cerulenin administration significantly reduced food intake by 23 to 34% (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001) and downregulated FAS and melanocortin receptors 1, 4, and 5 gene expression (P < 0.05). However, the known orexigenic (neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related peptide, orexin, and orexin receptor) and anorexigenic (pro-opiomelanocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone) neuropeptide mRNA levels remained unchanged after cerulenin treatment. These results suggest that the catabolic effect of cerulenin in chickens may be mediated through the melanocortin system rather than the other neuropeptides known to be involved in food intake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Dridi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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36
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Park KS, Shin HD, Park BL, Cheong HS, Cho YM, Lee HK, Lee JY, Lee JK, Oh B, Kimm K. Polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR)--putative association with obesity and T2DM. J Hum Genet 2005; 51:85-91. [PMID: 16333525 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays an important role in regulating adipose-tissue mass. Leptin controls energy balance and food intake through the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus of the brain, which suggests that some polymorphisms of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) might contribute to obesity or obesity-related diseases. In an effort to identify genetic polymorphisms in a potential candidate gene for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Korean population, we have sequenced the LEPR gene. Thirty-five sequence variants were identified (including 9 novel polymorphisms): 1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region, 1 SNP in the 5' UTR, 8 SNPs in exons (3 non-synonymous SNPs), 23 SNPs in introns, 1 ins/del in the 3' UTR, and 1 SNP in the 3' downstream region. To investigate possible association of LEPR polymorphisms with body mass index (BMI) and the risk of T2DM, we genotyped for 11 polymorphisms in the Korean population (n = 1,463). Using statistical analyses, no significant associations between the genetic polymorphisms in the LEPR gene and the risk of T2DM were detected. However, one non-synonymous SNP in exon 3, +5193G > A (Arg109Lys), showed marginal association with BMI (P = 0.02) and gene dose-dependent genetic effects were observed. The present study provides information about additional genetic polymorphisms in LEPR and positive associations of those polymorphisms with BMI in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Soo Park
- Genome Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Disease, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 110-744, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Rm 1407, 14th floor, B-dong, WooLim Lion's Valley, 371-28, Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-Gu, 153-803, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Rm 1407, 14th floor, B-dong, WooLim Lion's Valley, 371-28, Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-Gu, 153-803, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Rm 1407, 14th floor, B-dong, WooLim Lion's Valley, 371-28, Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-Gu, 153-803, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Genome Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Disease, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 110-744, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Genome Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Disease, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 110-744, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-ku, 122-701, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Keuk Lee
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-ku, 122-701, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-ku, 122-701, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kuchan Kimm
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-ku, 122-701, Seoul, Korea.
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37
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Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:646-60. [PMID: 15941644 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is reported to have direct effects on lipogenesis in peripheral tissues that are independent of its central effects on food intake and body weight. These experiments have been mainly carried out in rodents (different models of obesity) in which lipogenesis occurs in both adipose tissue and liver. Such effects are unknown in birds in which lipogenesis occurs essentially in the liver. In this study, leptin gene expression and circulating leptin levels were examined in two chicken lines, selected for high (FL) or low (LL) abdominal fat pad size, at different nutritional states (fasted and fed state). In addition, effects of recombinant chicken leptin on liver metabolism were investigated. Hepatic leptin and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expression and plasma leptin levels were significantly higher in FL than in LL chickens (P < 0.05). In both lines, fasting significantly reduced hepatic leptin and FAS mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Continuous administration of recombinant chicken leptin (8 microg/kg/h) during 6 h significantly inhibited food intake (51%) and increased leptinemia (23-fold) compared to untreated group. Despite the decrease of food intake, leptin significantly induced the expression of FAS in chicken liver. These changes were accompanied by a significant down-regulation of leptin receptor gene expression, however SREBP-1, the main transcription factor of lipogenic genes, remained unchanged. This result suggests a local potential role of leptin in the regulation of avian hepatic lipogenesis, and explain, at least partly, the metabolic changes evolved during the divergent selection of FL and LL chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Dridi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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38
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Najjar SM, Yang Y, Fernström MA, Lee SJ, Deangelis AM, Rjaily GAA, Al-Share QY, Dai T, Miller TA, Ratnam S, Ruch RJ, Smith S, Lin SH, Beauchemin N, Oyarce AM. Insulin acutely decreases hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. Cell Metab 2005; 2:43-53. [PMID: 16054098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is viewed as a positive regulator of fatty acid synthesis by increasing fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA transcription. We uncover a new mechanism by which insulin acutely reduces hepatic FAS activity by inducing phosphorylation of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and its interaction with FAS. Ceacam1 null mice (Cc1(-/-)) show loss of insulin's ability to acutely decrease hepatic FAS activity. Moreover, adenoviral delivery of wild-type, but not the phosphorylation-defective Ceacam1 mutant, restores the acute effect of insulin on FAS activity in Cc1(-/-) primary hepatocytes. Failure of insulin to acutely reduce hepatic FAS activity in hyperinsulinemic mice, including L-SACC1 transgenics with liver inactivation of CEACAM1, and Ob/Ob obese mice, suggests that the acute effect of insulin on FAS activity depends on the prior insulinemic state. We propose that this mechanism acts to reduce hepatic lipogenesis incurred by insulin pulses during refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Biology and Metabolic Diseases, The Medical University of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Avenue, HSci Building, Room 270, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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39
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Roy S, Hyogo H, Yadav SK, Wu MK, Jelicks LA, Locker JD, Frank PG, Lisanti MP, Silver DL, Cohen DE. A biphasic response of hepatobiliary cholesterol metabolism to dietary fat at the onset of obesity in the mouse. Hepatology 2005; 41:887-95. [PMID: 15793852 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity is associated with abnormal hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and resistance to leptin action. Because leptin administration to rodents promotes the biliary elimination of plasma cholesterol, this study was designed to elucidate a pathophysiological role for leptin during the development of obesity. We fed mice diets containing high or low saturated fat contents. Before and after the onset of obesity, we measured downstream targets of leptin action and evaluated plasma, hepatic, and biliary cholesterol metabolism. Although not obese at 28 days, mice fed a high fat diet became hyperleptinemic. Sensitivity to leptin was evidenced by downregulation of both hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid synthase. Due principally to upregulation of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette proteins A1 and G5, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations increased, as did relative secretion rates of biliary cholesterol. A smaller, more hydrophilic bile salt pool decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. In this setting, hepatic cholesterol synthesis was downregulated, indicative of increased uptake of plasma cholesterol. After 56 days of high fat feeding, obesity was associated with leptin resistance, as evidenced by marked hyperleptinemia without downregulation of stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 or fatty acid synthase and by upregulation of hepatic cholesterol and bile salt synthesis. Hypercholesterolemia was attributable to overproduction and decreased clearance of large HDL(1) particles. In conclusion, before the onset of obesity, preserved leptin sensitivity promotes biliary elimination of endogenous cholesterol in response to dietary fat. Leptin resistance due to obesity leads to a maladaptive response whereby newly synthesized cholesterol in the liver is eliminated via bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheeta Roy
- Department of Medicine, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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40
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Menendez JA, Colomer R, Lupu R. Why does tumor-associated fatty acid synthase (oncogenic antigen-519) ignore dietary fatty acids? Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:342-9. [PMID: 15607569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hyperactivation of fatty acid synthase (FAS)-catalyzed de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids is a molecular marker linked to tumor virulence in population studies of human malignancies. This activation appears to be linked to neoplastic transformation, since high levels of FAS have also been identified in pre-malignant lesions. This dependence of cancer upon accelerated lipogenesis differs from normal human tissues, in which FAS is suppressed by the presence of small amounts of fatty acids in the diet. The molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells constitutively exhibit FAS overexpression and hyperactivity have begun to emerge. The active involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI-3'K)/protein kinase B (AKT) transduction cascades in the overexpression of FAS has been recently demonstrated in several cancer cell models. Strikingly, insulin-regulated stimulation of FAS expression in adipose cells is also mediated by the PI-3'K pathway with AKT being involved as a downstream effector. Moreover, FAS overexpression in tumor cells has been demonstrated to occur through a modification of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), the major regulatory factor of FAS in liver and adipose tissues, which, in turn, is known to be regulated by MAPK ERK1/2 and PI-3'K/AKT pathways. Therefore, the signal transduction pathways regulating FAS expression in normal and cancer cells seem to share several downstream elements. However, the upstream mechanisms controlling FAS expression in cancer cells must be different from those in normal tissues, since tumor-associated FAS expression seems to be insensitive to nutritional signals. In pre-neoplastic lesions, we hypothesize that the early activation of FAS in pre-malignant cells represents a survival strategy which occurs to compensate for an insufficiency of both oxygen and dietary fatty acids due to, e.g., lack of angiogenesis. Thus, FAS activation reflects an epigenetic dysregulation of the lipogenic pathway in response to the microenvironment of tumors containing regions of poor oxygenation. Upon this unusual metabolic situation, FAS up-regulation also represent a metabolic strategy to maintain high proliferation rates of surviving cells in the absence of exogenous dietary fatty acids. Concomitantly, a variety of oncogenic changes (H-ras, erb B-2, etc.) may result in the constitutive activation of MAPK and PI-3'K/AKT signaling cascades, which, in turn, can activate SREBP-1c and, subsequently, tumor-associated FAS-catalyzed endogenous lipogenesis. Thereafter, high levels of FAS are maintained in coordination with increased demand for fatty acid metabolism and/or membrane synthesis in response to cancer-related overexpression of growth factors (e.g., EGF, heregulin) and/or growth factor receptors (e.g., EGFR, Her-2/neu). The aberrant MAPK and PI-3'K/AKT cascades driven by these oncogenic changes subvert the downregulatory effects of physiological concentrations of dietary fatty acids, resulting in a cancer-associated FAS insensitivity to nutritional signals. This model does not exclude that fundamental differences in the ability of FAS gene to respond to normal fatty acid's downregulatory actions may also synergistically interact with oncogenic signals to constitutively maintain an elevated FAS-dependent de novo endogenous fatty acid biogenesis in cancer cells in spite of high levels of circulating dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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41
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Peelman F, Waelput W, Iserentant H, Lavens D, Eyckerman S, Zabeau L, Tavernier J. Leptin: linking adipocyte metabolism with cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:283-301. [PMID: 15234549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptin was originally discovered as an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in the central control of body weight and energy homeostasis. It is now clear that leptin is a pleiotropic cytokine, with activities on many peripheral cell types. These findings may help explain the surprising role of leptin in pathophysiological processes. Recent evidence suggests that leptin contributes to atherosclerosis and to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in obese people. Leptin also appears to be involved in T-cell-dependent immunity and possibly in the development and maintenance of certain autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the role of leptin in cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, and also briefly address the potential therapeutic use of leptin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peelman
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB09, Department of Medical Protein Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Nogalska A, Swierczynski J. Potential role of high serum leptin concentration in age-related decrease of fatty acid synthase gene expression in rat white adipose tissue. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:147-50. [PMID: 14724075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing in rats is associated with significant reduction of lipogenic enzymes genes expression and the rate of fatty acids synthesis in white adipose tissue. Since resistance to insulin and/or triiodothyronine is not directly related to reduction in lipogenic enzymes activity in white adipose tissue of old rats, we have proposed recently that the age-related increase in leptin gene expression and high serum leptin concentration could, at least partly, account for the down regulation of lipogenic enzymes gene expression. To test this hypothesis, in this paper we experimentally (by single intraperitoneal injection of recombinant leptin) increased plasma leptin concentration in young rats to the level observed in old animals, and we examined its effect on fatty acids synthase (FAS) gene expression in white adipose tissue. The results presented in this paper indicate that leptin administration to young rats, in amount that cause the increase in serum leptin concentration to that found in old rats, significantly decreased the white adipose tissue FAS gene expression. We propose, therefore, that leptin could play a causative role in the down-regulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression observed with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nogalska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
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43
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Abstract
The present study examined whether recombinant porcine leptin alters lipid synthesis in porcine adipocytes. The stromal-vascular cell fraction of neonatal pig subcutaneous adipose tissue was isolated by collagenase digestion, filtration, and subsequent centrifugation. These cells were seeded on 25-cm2 tissue culture flasks and proliferated to confluency in 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 (DMEM/F12, 50:50). Cultures were differentiated using 2.5% pig serum (vol/vol), 10 nM insulin, 100 nM hydrocortisone. After 7 d of lipid filling, cultures were washed free of this medium, incubated overnight in DMEM/F12 containing 2% pig serum (vol/vol), and then used for experiments. Acute experiments assessed U-(14)C-glucose or 1-(14)C-palmitate metabolism in cultures exposed to porcine leptin (0 to 1,000 ng/mL medium) for 4 h. Chronic experiments used cultures incubated with 0 to 1,000 ng porcine leptin/mL medium for 44 h before measurements of U-(14)C-glucose and 1-(14)C-palmitate oxidation and incorporation into lipid. Another experiment examined whether chronic leptin treatment alters insulin responsiveness by including insulin (10 nM) with incubations containing leptin. Leptin had no acute effects on glucose oxidation or conversion to lipid (P > 0.05). Acute leptin treatment decreased palmitate incorporation into lipids up to 45% (P < 0.05). Chronic leptin exposure decreased glucose oxidation (21%), total lipid synthesis (18%), and fatty acid synthesis (23%) at 100 ng/mL medium (P < 0.05). Insulin increased rates of glucose oxidation, total lipid, and fatty acid synthesis (P < 0.05); however, chronic exposure to 10 ng leptin/mL medium decreased the effectiveness of 10 nM insulin to affect these measures of glucose metabolism by approximately 18 to 46% (P < 0.05). Higher concentrations of leptin inhibited all effects of insulin on glucose metabolism (P < 0.05). Chronic exposure to leptin increased palmitate oxidation by 36% (P < 0.05). Chronic leptin exposure decreased palmitate incorporation into total lipids by 40% at 100 ng/mL medium (P < 0.05). Lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected (P > 0.05) by leptin. These data indicate that leptin functions to promote partitioning of energy away from lipid accretion within porcine adipose tissue by inhibiting glucose oxidation and lipogenesis indirectly, by decreasing insulin-mediated stimulation of lipogenesis, and by stimulating fatty acid oxidation while inhibiting fatty acid esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Ramsay
- Growth Biology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Kang K, Miyazaki M, Ntambi JM, Pariza MW. Evidence that the anti-obesity effect of conjugated linoleic acid is independent of effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 expression and enzyme activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:532-7. [PMID: 14975733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat gain in animals and inhibits stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To test whether CLA's body fat reduction is mediated by SCD1, wild-type and SCD1-null mice were fed diet supplemented with 0.2% trans-10,cis-12 (t10c12) CLA for 4 weeks. The t10c12 CLA-supplemented diet significantly reduced body fat mass in both wild type and SCD1-null mice. Similarly, t10c12 CLA diet decreased blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels regardless of SCD1 genotypes. Mice fed t10c12 CLA exhibited increased mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and uncoupling protein 2 in both genotypes. Taken together, the effects of t10c12 CLA on reduction of body fat gain, blood parameters, and mRNA expression in both SCD1-null mice and wild-type mice were similar, indicating that the anti-obesity effect of t10c12 CLA may be independent of the effects of this CLA isomer on SCD1 gene expression and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwa Kang
- Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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45
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Abstract
This study examined if leptin can acutely affect glucose or fatty acid metabolism in pig adipocytes and whether leptin's actions on lipogenesis are manifested through interaction with insulin or growth hormone. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from approximately 55 kg crossbred barrows at the USDA abattoir. Isolated adipocytes were prepared using a collagenase procedure. Experiments assessed U-14C-glucose or 1-14C-palmitate metabolism in isolated adipocytes exposed to: basal medium (control), 100 nM insulin, 100 ng/ml porcine growth hormone, 100 ng/ml recombinant porcine leptin, and combinations of these hormones. Treatments were performed in triplicate and the experiment was repeated with adipocytes isolated from five different animals. Cell aliquots (250 microl) were added to 1 ml of incubation medium, then incubated for 2h at 37 degrees C for measurement of glucose and palmitate oxidation or incorporation into lipid. Incubation of isolated adipocytes with insulin increased glucose oxidation rate by 18% (P<0.05), while neither growth hormone nor leptin affected glucose oxidation (P>0.5). Total lipid synthesis from glucose was increased by approximately 25% by 100 nM insulin or insulin+growth hormone (P<0.05). Insulin+leptin reduced the insulin response by 37% (P<0.05). The combination of all three hormones increased total lipid synthesis by 35%, relative to controls (P<0.05), a rate similar to insulin alone. Fatty acid synthesis was elevated by insulin (32%, P<0.05) or growth hormone (13%, P<0.05). Leptin had no effect on fatty acid synthesis (P>0.05). Leptin reduced the esterification rate by 10% (P<0.05). Growth hormone and insulin could overcome leptin's inhibition of palmitate esterification (P>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Ramsay
- Growth Biology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-East, Bldg. 200, Rm. 201, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Despite significant reductions in the consumption of dietary fat, the prevalence of obesity is steadily rising in western civilization. Of particular concern is the recent epidemic of childhood obesity, which is expected to increase the incidence of obesity-related disorders. The obese gene (ob) protein product leptin is a hormone that is secreted from adipocytes and functions to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. Leptin is an attractive candidate for the treatment of obesity as it is an endogenous protein and has been demonstrated to have potent effects on bodyweight and adiposity in rodents. Whereas leptin has been successfully used in the treatment of leptin-deficient obese patients, trials in hyperleptinemic obese patients have yielded variable results. Long-acting leptins have been tried but with no greater success. Other strategies including the use of leptin analogs and other factors that bypass normal leptin delivery systems are being developed. Identifying the mechanisms at the molecular level by which leptin functions will create new avenues for pharmaceutical targeting to simulate the intracellular effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Bell-Anderson
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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47
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Moraes RC, Blondet A, Birkenkamp-Demtroeder K, Tirard J, Orntoft TF, Gertler A, Durand P, Naville D, Bégeot M. Study of the alteration of gene expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice by microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4773-82. [PMID: 12960083 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we developed a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in male C57 BL/6J mice using an 8-wk high fat diet. This model should better reflect the physiology of the majority of the human obese patients than mouse genetic models of obesity with defects in leptin or leptin signaling. At the end of the diet, DIO mice displayed an increased weight (20%) and higher leptin, insulin, glucose, and corticosterone plasma levels compared with mice fed a standard diet during the same period. Moreover, they became resistant to the central effect of peripheral administration of leptin. Oligonucleotide microarray studies were conducted in adipose tissue. They showed that a great number of genes are differentially expressed. The majority of these genes (69%) are down-regulated in DIO mice. Among those are genes encoding enzymes of the lipid metabolism or markers of adipocyte differentiation, enzymes involved in detoxification processes, as well as structural components of the cytoskeleton. Some other groups of genes displayed increased expression, such as those encoding inflammatory markers. The results of the microarray analysis were confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR studies run on a selected number of genes that were differentially expressed or not modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Moraes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 418-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1245, and Institut Fédérif de Recherche 62, Hôpital Debrousse and Claude Bernard University, 69005 Lyon, France
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48
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Letexier D, Pinteur C, Large V, Fréring V, Beylot M. Comparison of the expression and activity of the lipogenic pathway in human and rat adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:2127-34. [PMID: 12897191 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300235-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipogenesis is considered less active in human than in rat adipose tissue. This could be explained by different nutritional conditions, namely high-carbohydrate (HCHO) diet in rats and high-fat (HF) diet in humans. Adipose tissue was sampled (postabsorptive state) in rats and humans receiving HCHO or HF diets, ad libitum fed humans, and obese subjects. We measured 1) mRNA concentrations of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), 2) SREBP-1c protein, and 3) FAS activity. FAS, ACC1, ChREBP, and SREBP1-c mRNA concentrations were unaffected by diet in humans or in rats. FAS and ACC1 mRNA levels were lower in humans than in rats (P < 0.05). FAS activity was unaffected by diet and was lower in humans (P < 0.05). SREBP-1c mRNA concentrations were similar in rats and humans, but the precursor and mature forms of SREBP-1c protein were less abundant in humans (P < 0.05). ChREBP mRNA concentrations were lower in humans than in rats. In conclusion, the lipogenic capacity of adipose tissue is lower in humans than in rats. This is not related to differences in diet and is probably explained by lower abundance of SREBP-1c protein. A decreased expression of ChREBP could also play a role.
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49
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Diraison F, Yankah V, Letexier D, Dusserre E, Jones P, Beylot M. Differences in the regulation of adipose tissue and liver lipogenesis by carbohydrates in humans. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:846-53. [PMID: 12562844 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200461-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the contributions of human liver and adipose tissue de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Volunteers were fed a high-energy, high-carbohydrate diet (HC, n = 5) or a normocaloric diet (NC, n = 10). NC subjects remained in the fasting state (Study 1, n = 5) or received oral glucose (Study 2, n = 5) throughout the test (12 h). HC subjects remained in the fasting state (Study 3). They ingested deuterated water and [U-13C]acetate to trace lipogenesis. Adipose tissue fatty-acid (FA) synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and SREBP-1c mRNA were measured. Plasma TAG-FA was labeled by 13C and deuterium showing active liver lipogenesis, which was stimulated (P < 0.05) by oral glucose and HC diet. Adipose tissue TAG had no detectable 13C enrichment in any test, showing no significant incorporation of TAG-FA provided by liver lipogenesis, but were labeled by deuterium in all tests, showing active DNL in situ; however, rough quantitative estimates showed that adipose DNL was minimal (<1 g), and poorly stimulated by oral glucose or HC diet. mRNA levels were not increased by the HC diet. Adipose DNL is active in humans, but contributes little to TAG stores and is less responsive than liver DNL to stimulation by carbohydrates.
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50
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Yang YUA, Morin PJ, Han WF, Chen T, Bornman DM, Gabrielson EW, Pizer ES. Regulation of fatty acid synthase expression in breast cancer by sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c. Exp Cell Res 2003; 282:132-7. [PMID: 12531699 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(02)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and fatty acid synthesis is a common event in human breast cancer. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, including FAS. SREBP-1c expression is induced in liver and adipose tissue by insulin and by fasting/refeeding and is critical for nutritional regulation of lipogenic gene expression. In contrast, upregulation of fatty acid metabolism during in vitro transformation of human mammary epithelial cells and in breast cancer cells was driven by increased MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase signaling, which increased SREBP-1 levels. SREBP-1a was more abundant than SREBP-1c in many proliferative tissues and cultured cells and was thus a candidate to regulate lipogenesis for support of membrane synthesis during cell growth. We now show that SREBP-1c and FAS mRNA were both increased by H-ras transformation of MCF-10a breast epithelial cells and were both reduced by exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to the MAP kinase inhibitor, PD98059, or the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, while SREBP-1a and SREBP-2 showed less variation. Similarly, the mRNA levels for FAS and SREBP-1c in a panel of primary human breast cancer samples showed much greater increases than did those for SREBP-1a and SREBP-2 and were significantly correlated with each other, suggesting coordinate regulation of SREBP-1c and FAS in clinical breast cancer. We conclude that regulation of FAS expression in breast cancer is achieved through modulation of SREBP-1c, similar to the regulation in liver and adipose tissue, although the upstream regulation of liopgenesis differs in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y u-An Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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