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Li T, Wang A, Zhang Y, Chen W, Guo Y, Yuan X, Liu Y, Geng Y. Chemoproteomic Profiling of Signaling Metabolite Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Interacting Proteins in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15155-15166. [PMID: 38775806 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), a cellular endogenous sugar metabolite in the glycolytic pathway, has recently been reported to act as a signaling molecule to regulate various cellular events through the engagement of important proteins. Though tremendous progress has been made in identifying specific FBP-protein interactions, the comprehensive identification of FBP-interacting proteins and their regulatory mechanisms remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe a concise synthetic approach for the scalable preparation of a photoaffinity FBP probe that enables the quantitative chemoproteomic profiling of FBP-protein interactions based on photoaffinity labeling (PAL) directly in living cells. Using such a protocol, we captured known FBP targets including PKM2 and MDH2. Furthermore, among unknown FBP-interacting proteins, we identified a mitochondrial metabolic enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), against which FBP showed inhibitory activity and resulted in cellular ROS upregulation accompanied by mitochondrial fragmentation. Our findings disclosed a new mode of glucose signaling mediating by the FBP-ALDH2-ROS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Anhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Shoop WK, Lape J, Trum M, Powell A, Sevigny E, Mischler A, Bacman SR, Fontanesi F, Smith J, Jantz D, Gorsuch CL, Moraes CT. Efficient elimination of MELAS-associated m.3243G mutant mitochondrial DNA by an engineered mitoARCUS nuclease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2169-2183. [PMID: 38036771 PMCID: PMC10730414 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclease-mediated editing of heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seeks to preferentially cleave and eliminate mutant mtDNA, leaving wild-type genomes to repopulate the cell and shift mtDNA heteroplasmy. Various technologies are available, but many suffer from limitations based on size and/or specificity. The use of ARCUS nucleases, derived from naturally occurring I-CreI, avoids these pitfalls due to their small size, single-component protein structure and high specificity resulting from a robust protein-engineering process. Here we describe the development of a mitochondrial-targeted ARCUS (mitoARCUS) nuclease designed to target one of the most common pathogenic mtDNA mutations, m.3243A>G. mitoARCUS robustly eliminated mutant mtDNA without cutting wild-type mtDNA, allowing for shifts in heteroplasmy and concomitant improvements in mitochondrial protein steady-state levels and respiration. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated using a m.3243A>G xenograft mouse model with mitoARCUS delivered systemically by adeno-associated virus. Together, these data support the development of mitoARCUS as an in vivo gene-editing therapeutic for m.3243A>G-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Shoop
- Precision BioSciences, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra R Bacman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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3
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Podmore L, Poloz Y, Iorio C, Mouaaz S, Nixon K, Smirnov P, McDonnell B, Lam S, Zhang B, Tharmapalan P, Sarkar S, Vyas F, Ennis M, Dowling R, Stambolic V. Insulin receptor loss impairs mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113251. [PMID: 37913774 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) prognosis and outcome are adversely affected by obesity. Hyperinsulinemia, common in the obese state, is associated with higher risk of death and recurrence in BC. Up to 80% of BCs overexpress the insulin receptor (INSR), which correlates with worse prognosis. INSR's role in mammary tumorigenesis was tested by generating MMTV-driven polyoma middle T (PyMT) and ErbB2/Her2 BC mouse models, respectively, with coordinate mammary epithelium-restricted deletion of INSR. In both models, deletion of either one or both copies of INSR leads to a marked delay in tumor onset and burden. Longitudinal phenotypic characterization of mouse tumors and cells reveals that INSR deletion affects tumor initiation, not progression and metastasis. INSR upholds a bioenergetic phenotype in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells, independent of its kinase activity. Similarity of phenotypes elicited by deletion of one or both copies of INSR suggest a dose-dependent threshold for INSR impact on mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Podmore
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yekaterina Poloz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Catherine Iorio
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Samar Mouaaz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin Nixon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Petr Smirnov
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Brianna McDonnell
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sonya Lam
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Pirashaanthy Tharmapalan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Soumili Sarkar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Foram Vyas
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Ryan Dowling
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Vuk Stambolic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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4
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Nakagawa R, Llorian M, Varsani-Brown S, Chakravarty P, Camarillo JM, Barry D, George R, Blackledge NP, Duddy G, Kelleher NL, Klose RJ, Turner M, Calado DP. Epi-microRNA mediated metabolic reprogramming ensures affinity maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551250. [PMID: 37609190 PMCID: PMC10441342 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
To increase antibody affinity against pathogens, positively selected GC-B cells initiate cell division in the light zone (LZ) of germinal centres (GCs). Among those, higher-affinity clones migrate to the dark zone (DZ) and vigorously proliferate by relying on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). However, it remains unknown how positively selected GC-B cells adapt their metabolism for cell division in the glycolysis-dominant, cell cycle arrest-inducing, hypoxic LZ microenvironment. Here, we show that microRNA (miR)-155 mediates metabolic reprogramming during positive selection to protect high-affinity clones. Transcriptome examination and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that miR-155 regulates H3K36me2 levels by directly repressing hypoxia-induced histone lysine demethylase, Kdm2a. This is indispensable for enhancing OXPHOS through optimizing the expression of vital nuclear mitochondrial genes under hypoxia. The miR-155-Kdm2a interaction is crucial to prevent excessive production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Thus, miR-155-mediated epigenetic regulation promotes mitochondrial fitness in high-affinity clones, ensuring their expansion and consequently affinity maturation.
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5
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Herman D, Kańduła MM, Freitas LGA, van Dongen C, Le Van T, Mesens N, Jaensch S, Gustin E, Micholt L, Lardeau CH, Varsakelis C, Reumers J, Zoffmann S, Will Y, Peeters PJ, Ceulemans H. Leveraging Cell Painting Images to Expand the Applicability Domain and Actively Improve Deep Learning Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37327474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The search for chemical hit material is a lengthy and increasingly expensive drug discovery process. To improve it, ligand-based quantitative structure-activity relationship models have been broadly applied to optimize primary and secondary compound properties. Although these models can be deployed as early as the stage of molecule design, they have a limited applicability domain─if the structures of interest differ substantially from the chemical space on which the model was trained, a reliable prediction will not be possible. Image-informed ligand-based models partly solve this shortcoming by focusing on the phenotype of a cell caused by small molecules, rather than on their structure. While this enables chemical diversity expansion, it limits the application to compounds physically available and imaged. Here, we employ an active learning approach to capitalize on both of these methods' strengths and boost the model performance of a mitochondrial toxicity assay (Glu/Gal). Specifically, we used a phenotypic Cell Painting screen to build a chemistry-independent model and adopted the results as the main factor in selecting compounds for experimental testing. With the additional Glu/Gal annotation for selected compounds we were able to dramatically improve the chemistry-informed ligand-based model with respect to the increased recognition of compounds from a 10% broader chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Herman
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Maciej M Kańduła
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Lorena G A Freitas
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Thanh Le Van
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Natalie Mesens
- Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gustin
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Micholt
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Charles-Hugues Lardeau
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Christos Varsakelis
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Joke Reumers
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Sannah Zoffmann
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Will
- Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, PSTS, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Hugo Ceulemans
- In-Silico Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
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6
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Darshi M, Tumova J, Saliba A, Kim J, Baek J, Pennathur S, Sharma K. Crabtree effect in kidney proximal tubule cells via late-stage glycolytic intermediates. iScience 2023; 26:106462. [PMID: 37091239 PMCID: PMC10119590 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crabtree effect is defined as a rapid glucose-induced repression of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and has been described in yeasts and tumor cells. Using plate-based respirometry, we identified the Crabtree effect in normal (non-tumor) kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTEC) but not in other kidney cells (podocytes or mesangial cells) or mammalian cells (C2C12 myoblasts). Glucose-induced repression of respiration was prevented by reducing glycolysis at the proximal step with 2-deoxyglucose and partially reversed by pyruvate. The late-stage glycolytic intermediates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate, but not the early-stage glycolytic intermediates or lactate, inhibited respiration in permeabilized PTEC and kidney cortex mitochondria, mimicking the Crabtree effect. Studies in diabetic mice indicated a pattern of increased late-stage glycolytic intermediates consistent with a similar pattern occurring in vivo. Our results show the unique presence of the Crabtree effect in kidney PTEC and identify the major mediators of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Darshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jana Tumova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Afaf Saliba
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jiwan Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Judy Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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7
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The Role of Silver Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: Are There Any Perspectives for the Future? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020466. [PMID: 36836823 PMCID: PMC9965924 DOI: 10.3390/life13020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disease with a complex pathophysiology. Lack of specificity and cytotoxicity, as well as the multidrug resistance of traditional cancer chemotherapy, are the most common limitations that often cause treatment failure. Thus, in recent years, significant efforts have concentrated on the development of a modernistic field called nano-oncology, which provides the possibility of using nanoparticles (NPs) with the aim to detect, target, and treat cancer diseases. In comparison with conventional anticancer strategies, NPs provide a targeted approach, preventing undesirable side effects. What is more, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown good pharmacokinetics and precise targeting, as well as reduced multidrug resistance. It has been documented that, in cancer cells, NPs promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, activate ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress, modulate various signaling pathways, etc. Furthermore, their ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo has also been documented. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of silver NPs (AgNPs) in cancer nanomedicine, discussing numerous mechanisms by which they render anticancer properties under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as their potential in the diagnosis of cancer.
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8
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Snf1p/Hxk2p/Mig1p pathway regulates hexose transporters transcript levels, affecting the exponential growth and mitochondrial respiration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 161:103701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Mihajlovic M, Vinken M. Mitochondria as the Target of Hepatotoxicity and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063315. [PMID: 35328737 PMCID: PMC8951158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury includes mitochondrial perturbation and dysfunction. This is not a surprise, given that mitochondria are essential organelles in most cells, which are responsible for energy homeostasis and the regulation of cellular metabolism. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can be influenced by various factors and conditions, such as genetic predisposition, the presence of metabolic disorders and obesity, viral infections, as well as drugs. Despite the fact that many methods have been developed for studying mitochondrial function, there is still a need for advanced and integrative models and approaches more closely resembling liver physiology, which would take into account predisposing factors. This could reduce the costs of drug development by the early prediction of potential mitochondrial toxicity during pre-clinical tests and, especially, prevent serious complications observed in clinical settings.
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10
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Warrier S, Mohana Sundaram S, Varier L, Balasubramanian A. Stalling SARS-CoV2 infection with stem cells: can regenerating perinatal tissue mesenchymal stem cells offer a multi-tiered therapeutic approach to COVID-19? Placenta 2021; 117:161-168. [PMID: 34915433 PMCID: PMC8647345 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has created a major health crisis across the globe. Invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the lungs causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that result in the damage of lung alveolar epithelial cells. Currently, there is no standard treatment available to treat the disease and the resultant lung scarring is irreversible even after recovery. This has prompted researchers across the globe to focus on developing new therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an efficient drug screening platform and MSC-derived organoids has found applications in disease modeling and drug discovery. Perinatal tissue derived MSC based cell therapies have been explored in the treatment of various disease conditions including ARDS because of their enhanced regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The multi-utility properties of MSCs have been described in this review wherein we discuss the potential use of MSC-derived lung organoids in screening of novel therapeutic compounds for COVID-19 and also in disease modeling to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. This article also summarizes the rationale behind the development of MSC-based cell- and cell-free therapies and vaccines for COVID-19 with a focus on the current progress in this area. With the pandemic raging, an important necessity is to develop novel treatment strategies which will not only alleviate the disease symptoms but also avoid any off-target effects which could further increase post infection sequelae. Naturally occurring mesenchymal stem cells could be the magic bullet which fulfil these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India.
| | - S Mohana Sundaram
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India
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11
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Miranda RR, Sampaio I, Zucolotto V. Exploring silver nanoparticles for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 210:112254. [PMID: 34896692 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy and diagnosis as they can solve long-term issues such as drug solubility, systemic distribution, tumor acquired resistance, and improve the performance of diagnostic methods. Among inorganic nanomaterials, AgNPs have been extensively studied in the context of cancer treatment and the reported results have raised exciting expectations. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent research on AgNPs antitumoral properties, their application in different cancer treatment modalities, their potential in biosensors development, and also highlight the main challenges and possible strategies to enable its translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rank Miranda
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, São Paulo University, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Sampaio
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, São Paulo University, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, São Paulo University, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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12
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van der Stel W, Yang H, Vrijenhoek NG, Schimming JP, Callegaro G, Carta G, Darici S, Delp J, Forsby A, White A, le Dévédec S, Leist M, Jennings P, Beltman JB, van de Water B, Danen EHJ. Mapping the cellular response to electron transport chain inhibitors reveals selective signaling networks triggered by mitochondrial perturbation. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:259-285. [PMID: 34642769 PMCID: PMC8748354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial perturbation is a key event in chemical-induced organ toxicities that is incompletely understood. Here, we studied how electron transport chain (ETC) complex I, II, or III (CI, CII and CIII) inhibitors affect mitochondrial functionality, stress response activation, and cell viability using a combination of high-content imaging and TempO-Seq in HepG2 hepatocyte cells. CI and CIII inhibitors perturbed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial and cellular ATP levels in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion and, under conditions preventing a switch to glycolysis attenuated cell viability, whereas CII inhibitors had no effect. TempO-Seq analysis of changes in mRNA expression pointed to a shared cellular response to CI and CIII inhibition. First, to define specific ETC inhibition responses, a gene set responsive toward ETC inhibition (and not to genotoxic, oxidative, or endoplasmic reticulum stress) was identified using targeted TempO-Seq in HepG2. Silencing of one of these genes, NOS3, exacerbated the impact of CI and CIII inhibitors on cell viability, indicating its functional implication in cellular responses to mitochondrial stress. Then by monitoring dynamic responses to ETC inhibition using a HepG2 GFP reporter panel for different classes of stress response pathways and applying pathway and gene network analysis to TempO-Seq data, we looked for downstream cellular events of ETC inhibition and identified the amino acid response (AAR) as being triggered in HepG2 by ETC inhibition. Through in silico approaches we provide evidence indicating that a similar AAR is associated with exposure to mitochondrial toxicants in primary human hepatocytes. Altogether, we (i) unravel quantitative, time- and concentration-resolved cellular responses to mitochondrial perturbation, (ii) identify a gene set associated with adaptation to exposure to active ETC inhibitors, and (iii) show that ER stress and an AAR accompany ETC inhibition in HepG2 and primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Yang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanette G Vrijenhoek
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P Schimming
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Callegaro
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salihanur Darici
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Delp
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sylvia le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Wang L, Mello DF, Zucker RM, Rivera NA, Rogers NMK, Geitner NK, Boyes WK, Wiesner MR, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN. Lack of Detectable Direct Effects of Silver and Silver Nanoparticles on Mitochondria in Mouse Hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10.1021/acs.est.1c02295. [PMID: 34346225 PMCID: PMC8814061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-proven antimicrobial nanomaterials, yet little is elucidated regarding the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondria are primary intracellular targets of two AgNPs and silver ions in mouse hepatocytes (AML12) cultured in glucose- and galactose-based media. AML12 cells were more sensitive to mitochondrial uncoupling when grown with galactose rather than glucose. However, 24 h treatments with 15 nm AgNPs and 6 nm GA-AgNPs (5 and 10 μg/mL) and AgNO3 (1 and 3 μg/mL), concentrations that resulted in either 10 or 30% cytotoxicity, failed to cause more toxicity to AML12 cells grown on galactose than glucose. Furthermore, colocalization analysis and subcellular Ag quantification did not show any enrichment of silver content in mitochondria in either medium. Finally, the effects of the same exposures on mitochondrial respiration were mild or undetectable, a result inconsistent with mitochondrial toxicity causing cell death. Our results suggest that neither ionic Ag nor the AgNPs that we tested specifically target mitochondria and are inconsistent with mitochondrial dysfunction being the primary cause of cell death after Ag exposure under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
- Department of Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Danielle F. Mello
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Nelson A. Rivera
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Nicholas K. Geitner
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - William K. Boyes
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
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14
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Calleja LF, Yoval-Sánchez B, Hernández-Esquivel L, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Marín-Hernández Á, Jasso-Chávez R, Macías-Silva M, Salud Rodríguez-Zavala J. Activation of ALDH1A1 by omeprazole reduces cell oxidative stress damage. FEBS J 2021; 288:4064-4080. [PMID: 33400378 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, cells produce low basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, in pathologic conditions ROS production increases dramatically, generating high concentrations of toxic unsaturated aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are responsible for detoxification of these aldehydes protecting the cell. Due to the physiological relevance of these enzymes, it is important to design strategies to modulate their activity. It was previously reported that omeprazole activation of ALDH1A1 protected Escherichia coli cells overexpressing this enzyme, from oxidative stress generated by H2 O2 . In this work, omeprazole cell protection potential was evaluated in eukaryotic cells. AS-30D cell or hepatocyte suspensions were subjected to a treatment with omeprazole and exposure to light (that is required to activate omeprazole in the active site of ALDH) and then exposed to H2 O2 . Cells showed viability similar to control cells, total activity of ALDH was preserved, while cell levels of lipid aldehydes and oxidative stress markers were maintained low. Cell protection by omeprazole was avoided by inhibition of ALDHs with disulfiram, revealing the key role of these enzymes in the protection. Additionally, omeprazole also preserved ALDH2 (mitochondrial isoform) activity, diminishing lipid aldehyde levels and oxidative stress in this organelle, protecting mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential formation capacity, from the stress generated by H2 O2 . These results highlight the important role of ALDHs as part of the antioxidant system of the cell, since if the activity of these enzymes decreases under stress conditions, the viability of the cell is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Calleja
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Belem Yoval-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Gallardo-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Álvaro Marín-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Jasso-Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Ghasemishahrestani Z, Melo Mattos LM, Tilli TM, Santos ALSD, Pereira MD. Pieces of the Complex Puzzle of Cancer Cell Energy Metabolism: An Overview of Energy Metabolism and Alternatives for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3514-3534. [PMID: 32814521 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200819123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, several advances in cancer cell biology have led to relevant details about a phenomenon called the 'Warburg effect'. Currently, it has been accepted that the Warburg effect is not compatible with all cancer cells, and thus the process of aerobic glycolysis is now challenged by the knowledge of a large number of cells presenting mitochondrial function. The energy metabolism of cancer cells is focused on the bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways in order to meet the requirements of rapid proliferation. Changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids have already been reported for cancer cells and this might play an important role in cancer progression. To the best of our knowledge, these changes are mainly attributed to genetic reprogramming which leads to the transformation of a healthy into a cancerous cell. Indeed, several enzymes that are highly relevant for cellular energy are targets of oncogenes (e.g. PI3K, HIF1, and Myc) and tumor suppressor proteins (e.g. p53). As a consequence of extensive studies on cancer cell metabolism, some new therapeutic strategies have appeared that aim to interrupt the aberrant metabolism, in addition to influencing genetic reprogramming in cancer cells. In this review, we present an overview of cancer cell metabolism (carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid), and also describe oncogenes and tumor suppressors that directly affect the metabolism. We also discuss some of the potential therapeutic candidates which have been designed to target and disrupt the main driving forces associated with cancer cell metabolism and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ghasemishahrestani
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maura Melo Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Martins Tilli
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnologico em Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dias Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Skolik RA, Solocinski J, Konkle ME, Chakraborty N, Menze MA. Global changes to HepG2 cell metabolism in response to galactose treatment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C778-C793. [PMID: 33439775 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00460.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell proliferation requires sufficient metabolic flux through the pentose phosphate pathway to meet the demand for biosynthetic precursors and to increase protection against oxidative stress which in turn requires an upregulation of substrate flow through glycolysis. This metabolic poise is often coupled with a shift in ATP production from mitochondrial OXPHOS to substrate-level phosphorylation. Despite major advances that were facilitated by using tumor-derived cell lines in research areas spanning from membrane to cytoskeletal biology, this distorted metabolic profile limits their impact as a model in physiology and toxicology. Substitution of glucose with galactose in the cell culture medium has been demonstrated to shift ATP production from substrate-level phosphorylation to mitochondrial OXPHOS. This increase in oxygen utilization is coupled to a global metabolic reorganization with potential impacts on macromolecule biosynthesis and cellular redox homeostasis, but a comprehensive analysis on the effects of sugar substitution in tumor-derived cells is still missing. To address this gap in knowledge we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells adapted to either glucose or galactose as the aldohexose source. We observed a shift toward oxidative metabolism in all primary metabolic pathways at both transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. We also observed a decrease in nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD(P)) levels and subcellular NAD+-to-NADH ratios in cells cultured with galactose compared with glucose control cells. Our results suggest that galactose reduces both glycolytic and biosynthetic flux and restores a metabolic poise in HepG2 cells that closely reflects the metabolic state observed in primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Skolik
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - J Solocinski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan
| | - M E Konkle
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - N Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan
| | - M A Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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17
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Gueguen N, Lenaers G, Reynier P, Weissig V, Edeas M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mitochondrial Medicine: Current Limitations, Pitfalls, and Tomorrow. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2276:1-29. [PMID: 34060029 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1266-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Until recently restricted to hereditary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a key player and strategic factor in the pathophysiological of many human diseases, ranging from the metabolism, vascular, cardiac, and neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. Because of their participation in a myriad of cellular functions and signaling pathways, precisely identifying the cause of mitochondrial "dysfunctions" can be challenging and requires robust and controlled techniques. Initially limited to the analysis of the respiratory chain functioning, these analytical techniques now enlarge to the analyses of mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, based on metabolomic approaches.Here, we address the methods used to assay mitochondrial dysfunction, with a highlight on the techniques used in diagnosis on tissues and cells derived from patients, the information they provide, and their strength and weakness.Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction by various strategies is a huge challenge, requires robust methods of evaluation, and should be able to take into consideration the mitochondria dynamics and localization. The future of mitochondrial medicine is strongly related to a perfect comprehension of its dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naig Gueguen
- UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, University of Angers, Angers, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, University of Angers, Angers, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Volkmar Weissig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanocenter of Excellence, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy at Glendale, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Marvin Edeas
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.
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18
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Rank Miranda R, Pereira da Fonseca M, Korzeniowska B, Skytte L, Lund Rasmussen K, Kjeldsen F. Elucidating the cellular response of silver nanoparticles as a potential combinatorial agent for cisplatin chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:164. [PMID: 33168016 PMCID: PMC7654574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination chemotherapy uses drugs that target different cancer hallmarks, resulting in synergistic or additive toxicity. This strategy enhances therapeutic efficacy as well as minimizes drug resistance and side effects. In this study, we investigated whether silver nanoparticles act as a combinatorial partner to cisplatin. In so doing, we compared post-exposure biological endpoints, intracellular drug accumulation, and changes in the proteome profile of tumoral and normal cell lines. RESULTS Combinatorial exposure corresponded to cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in both cell lines, yet was substantially more effective against tumoral cells. Proteome analysis revealed that proteins related to energy metabolism pathways were upregulated in both cell lines, suggesting that combinatorial exposure corresponded to energetic modulation. However, proteins and upstream regulators involved in the cell cycle were downregulated, indicating reduced cell proliferation. The response to oxidative stress was markedly different in both cell lines; downregulation of antioxidant proteins in tumoral cells, yet upregulation of the antioxidant defense system in normal cells. These outcomes may have avoided higher cell death rates in normal cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that combining silver nanoparticles with cisplatin increases the biological activity of the latter, and the combination warrants further exploration for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rank Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark.
| | | | - Barbara Korzeniowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Lilian Skytte
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Kaare Lund Rasmussen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark.
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19
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The role of mitochondria in sterigmatocystin-induced apoptosis on SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111493. [PMID: 32553934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in many crucial functions, such as generation of energy (ATP) and initiation of apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of mitochondria in the toxicity induced by sterigmatocystin (STE), a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, on SH-SY5Y cells. Our results showed that STE exposure decreased cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by MTT assay and caused mitochondrial dysfunction, as highlighted by the increase of STE cytotoxicity in cells forced to rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, intracellular ATP depletion and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were also observed. Since mitochondria play a pivotal role in apoptosis, the induction of this process in response to STE exposure was decided to study. Our results showed an increase in apoptotic cell population by flow cytometry, further confirmed by the up-regulation of the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Casp-3 and the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 by qPCR technique. Taken together, our results provide novel insights in the signalling pathways of the cell death process induced by STE in SH-SY5Y cells, highlighting the key role played by mitochondria in STE toxicity.
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20
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Guan Y, Chen X, Wu M, Zhu W, Arslan A, Takeda S, Nguyen MH, Majeti R, Thomas D, Zheng M, Peltz G. The phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis pathway provides a new target for cancer chemotherapy. J Hepatol 2020; 72:746-760. [PMID: 31760071 PMCID: PMC7085447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Since human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) develop into hepatic organoids through stages that resemble human embryonic liver development, they can be used to study developmental processes and disease pathology. Therefore, we examined the early stages of hepatic organoid formation to identify key pathways affecting early liver development. METHODS Single-cell RNA-sequencing and metabolomic analysis was performed on developing organoid cultures at the iPSC, hepatoblast (day 9) and mature organoid stage. The importance of the phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis pathway to early liver development was examined in developing organoid cultures using iPSC with a CRISPR-mediated gene knockout and an over the counter medication (meclizine) that inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. Meclizine's effect on the growth of a human hepatocarcinoma cell line in a xenotransplantation model and on the growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro was also examined. RESULTS Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of organoid development indicated that the phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis pathway is essential for early liver development. Unexpectedly, early hepatoblasts were selectively sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of meclizine. We demonstrate that meclizine could be repurposed for use in a new synergistic combination therapy for primary liver cancer: a glycolysis inhibitor reprograms cancer cell metabolism to make it susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of meclizine. This combination inhibited the growth of a human liver carcinoma cell line in vitro and in a xenotransplantation model, without causing significant side effects. This drug combination was also highly active against acute myeloid leukemia cells. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis is a targetable pathway for cancer; meclizine may have clinical efficacy as a repurposed anti-cancer drug when used as part of a new combination therapy. LAY SUMMARY The early stages of human liver development were modeled using human hepatic organoids. We identified a pathway that was essential for early liver development. Based upon this finding, a novel combination drug therapy was identified that could be used to treat primary liver cancer and possibly other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Manhong Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Ahmed Arslan
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Saori Takeda
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer
Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford
University School of Medicine
| | - Dan Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer
Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford
University School of Medicine
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.
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21
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Hendriks DFG, Hurrell T, Riede J, van der Horst M, Tuovinen S, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Mechanisms of Chronic Fialuridine Hepatotoxicity as Revealed in Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:385-395. [PMID: 31505000 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDrug hepatotoxicity is often delayed in onset. An exemplar case is the chronic nature of fialuridine hepatotoxicity, which resulted in the deaths of several patients in clinical trials as preclinical studies failed to identify this human-specific hepatotoxicity. Conventional preclinical in vitro models are mainly designed to evaluate the risk of acute drug toxicity. Here, we evaluated the utility of 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to assess chronic drug hepatotoxicity events using fialuridine as an example. Fialuridine toxicity was only detectable after 7 days of repeated exposure. Clinical manifestations, including reactive oxygen species formation, lipid accumulation, and induction of apoptosis, were readily identified. Silencing the expression or activity of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), implicated in the mitochondrial transport of fialuridine, modestly protected PHH spheroids from fialuridine toxicity. Interference with the phosphorylation of fialuridine into the active triphosphate metabolites by silencing of thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) provided substantial protection, whereas simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2 provided near-complete protection. Fialuridine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested by a decrease in the expression of mtDNA-encoded genes, which correlated with the onset of toxicity and was prevented under the simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2. Furthermore, interference with the expression or activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which is critical to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool homeostasis, resulted in selective potentiation of fialuridine toxicity. Our findings demonstrate the translational applicability of the PHH 3D spheroid model for assessing drug hepatotoxicity events which manifest only under chronic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Julia Riede
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Muriëlle van der Horst
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sarianna Tuovinen
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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22
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Wallace DR, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Schweitzer A, Djordjevic V, Djordjevic AB. Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:145-156. [PMID: 31115542 PMCID: PMC6559323 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is insidious with a high mortality rate due to the lack of symptomology prior to diagnosis. Mitochondrial involvement in PC development is becoming accepted, and exposure to cadmium (Cd) is suspected of being a risk factor for the development of PC; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we examined the role of Cd as a mitochondrial toxicant and whether alterations in mitochondrial function may be an underlying cause for the development of PC. In this study, cadmium chloride (CdCl2)‑mediated toxicity in hTERT‑HPNE and AsPC‑1 pancreatic cell lines was determined by MTT assay. We also investigated the release of LDH and the generation of free radicals. Mitochondrial toxicity assays were performed in media containing glucose (25 mM) or galactose (10 mM) and following exposure to CdCl2 (0‑100 µM) followed by MTT assay. For the confirmation of mitochondrial toxicity, we measured the release of ATP following exposure to CdCl2. Initial experiments confirmed that exposure to CdCl2 did not reduce the viability of either cell line until a concentration of >10 µM was used. Non‑linear analysis of the response curves revealed lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values for CdCl2 in the HPNE cells of 77 µM compared to 42 µM in the AsPC‑1 cells (P<0.01). The CdCl2‑mediated mitochondrial toxic effects were greater in the HPNE cells, suggesting a heightened sensitivity to the effects of CdCl2, not due to elevated oxidative stress. Increased mitochondrial toxic sensitivity was indicated by a 73.4% reduction in IC50 values in the HPNE cells cultured in galactose compared to culture in glucose media, whereas the AsPC‑1 cells exhibited a 58.8% reduction in IC50 values. In addition, the higher concentration of CdCl2 elicited a significant cell‑dependent effect on ATP release in both cell lines, suggestive of CdCl2 being a mitochondrial toxicant. Cell survival was unaffected following exposure to low concentrations of CdCl2; however, exposure did alter mitochondrial function (control cells > tumor cells). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the mitochondria may be a site of action for cadmium in promoting tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Wallace
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898
- Oklahoma State University, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Stillwater, OK 74078-2003, USA
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amie Schweitzer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898
- Oklahoma State University, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Stillwater, OK 74078-2003, USA
| | | | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- Department of Toxicology 'Akademik Danilo Soldatović', Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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23
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Orang AV, Petersen J, McKinnon RA, Michael MZ. Micromanaging aerobic respiration and glycolysis in cancer cells. Mol Metab 2019; 23:98-126. [PMID: 30837197 PMCID: PMC6479761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells possess a common metabolic phenotype, rewiring their metabolic pathways from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and anabolic circuits, to support the energetic and biosynthetic requirements of continuous proliferation and migration. While, over the past decade, molecular and cellular studies have clearly highlighted the association of oncogenes and tumor suppressors with cancer-associated glycolysis, more recent attention has focused on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mediating this metabolic shift. Accumulating studies have connected aberrant expression of miRNAs with direct and indirect regulation of aerobic glycolysis and associated pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells and provides arguments that the earlier paradigm of cancer glycolysis needs to be updated to a broader concept, which involves interconnecting biological pathways that include miRNA-mediated regulation of metabolism. For these reasons and in light of recent knowledge, we illustrate the relationships between metabolic pathways in cancer cells. We further summarize our current understanding of the interplay between miRNAs and these metabolic pathways. This review aims to highlight important metabolism-associated molecular components in the hunt for selective preventive and therapeutic treatments. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Metabolism in cancer cells is influenced by driver mutations but is also regulated by posttranscriptional gene silencing. Understanding the nuanced regulation of gene expression in these cells and distinguishing rapid cellular responses from chronic adaptive mechanisms provides a basis for rational drug design and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla V Orang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Arend C, Ehrke E, Dringen R. Consequences of a Metabolic Glucose-Depletion on the Survival and the Metabolism of Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2288-2300. [PMID: 30788754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes are considered to be highly glycolytic, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. To investigate how a metabolic depletion of glucose will affect the metabolism of astrocytes, we applied glucose at an initial concentration of 2 mM to cultured primary astrocytes and monitored the cell viability and various metabolic parameters during an incubation for up to 2 weeks. Already within 2 days of incubation the cells had completely consumed the applied glucose and lactate had accumulated in the medium to a concentration of around 3 mM. During the subsequent 10 days of incubation, the cell viability was not compromised while the extracellular lactate concentration declined to values of around 0.2 mM, before the cell viability was compromised. Application of known inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism strongly accelerated glucose consumption and initial lactate production, while the lactate consumption was completely (antimycin A or 8-hydroxy efavirenz) and partially (efavirenz, metformin or tyrphostin 23) inhibited which caused rapid and delayed cell toxicity, respectively. The switch from glycolytic glucose metabolism to mitochondrial metabolism during the incubation was neither accompanied by alterations in the specific cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity or in the WST1 reduction capacity nor in the mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, but a cellular redistribution of mitochondria from a perinuclear to a more spread cytoplasmic localization was observed during the lactate consumption phase. These results demonstrate that cultured astrocytes survive a metabolism-induced glucose depletion very well by consuming lactate as fuel for mitochondrial ATP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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25
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Celecoxib inhibits mitochondrial O2 consumption, promoting ROS dependent death of murine and human metastatic cancer cells via the apoptotic signalling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:318-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Khodabukus A, Prabhu N, Wang J, Bursac N. In Vitro Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models for Studying Muscle Physiology and Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701498. [PMID: 29696831 PMCID: PMC6105407 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skeletal muscle possesses the extraordinary ability to regenerate in response to small-scale injuries; however, this self-repair capacity becomes overwhelmed with aging, genetic myopathies, and large muscle loss. The failure of small animal models to accurately replicate human muscle disease, injury and to predict clinically-relevant drug responses has driven the development of high fidelity in vitro skeletal muscle models. Herein, the progress made and challenges ahead in engineering biomimetic human skeletal muscle tissues that can recapitulate muscle development, genetic diseases, regeneration, and drug response is discussed. Bioengineering approaches used to improve engineered muscle structure and function as well as the functionality of satellite cells to allow modeling muscle regeneration in vitro are also highlighted. Next, a historical overview on the generation of skeletal muscle cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells, and a discussion on the potential of these approaches to model and treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is provided. Finally, the need to integrate multiorgan microphysiological systems to generate improved drug discovery technologies with the potential to complement or supersede current preclinical animal models of muscle disease is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Neel Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
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27
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Miranda RR, Gorshkov V, Korzeniowska B, Kempf SJ, Neto FF, Kjeldsen F. Co-exposure to silver nanoparticles and cadmium induce metabolic adaptation in HepG2 cells. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:781-795. [PMID: 29996704 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1489987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple studies have reported the toxicological effects and underlying mechanisms of toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in a variety of organisms, the interactions of AgNP with environmental contaminants such as cadmium are poorly understood. We used biochemical assays and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to assess the cellular and molecular effects induced by a co-exposure of HepG2 cells to AgNP and cadmium. Cell viability and energy homeostasis were slightly affected after a 4-h exposure to AgNP, cadmium, or a combination of the two; these endpoints were substantially altered after a 24-h co-exposure to AgNP and cadmium, while exposure to one of the two contaminants led only to minor changes. Proteomics analysis followed the same trend: while a 4-h exposure induced minor protein deregulation, a 24-h exposure to a combination of AgNP and cadmium deregulated 43% of the proteome. The toxicity induced by a combined exposure to AgNP and cadmium involved (1) inactivation of Nrf2, resulting in downregulation of antioxidant defense and proteasome-related proteins, (2) metabolic adaptation and ADP/ATP imbalance, and (3) increased protein synthesis possibly to reestablish homeostasis. The adaptation strategy was not sufficient to restore ADP/ATP homeostasis and to avoid cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rank Miranda
- a Department of Cell Biology , Federal University of Parana , Curitiba , Brazil.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Barbara Korzeniowska
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | | | - Frank Kjeldsen
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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28
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Rosas Lemus M, Roussarie E, Hammad N, Mougeolle A, Ransac S, Issa R, Mazat JP, Uribe-Carvajal S, Rigoulet M, Devin A. The role of glycolysis-derived hexose phosphates in the induction of the Crabtree effect. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12843-12854. [PMID: 29907566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the Crabtree effect was first reported by H. Crabtree in 1929 and is defined as the glucose-induced decrease of cellular respiratory flux. This effect was observed in tumor cells and was not detected in most non-tumor cells. A number of hypotheses on the mechanism underlying the Crabtree effect have been formulated. However, to this day, no consensual mechanism for this effect has been described. In a previous study on isolated mitochondria, we have proposed that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6bP), which inhibits the respiratory chain, induces the Crabtree effect. Using whole cells from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we show here not only that F1,6bP plays a key role in the process but that glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a hexose that has an effect opposite to that of F1,6bP on the regulation of the respiratory flux, does as well. Thus, these findings reveal that the Crabtree effect strongly depends on the ratio between these two glycolysis-derived hexose phosphates. Last, in silico modeling of the Crabtree effect illustrated the requirement of an inhibition of the respiratory flux by a coordinated variation of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fit the respiratory rate decrease observed upon glucose addition to cells. In summary, we conclude that two glycolysis-derived hexose phosphates, G6P and F1,6bP, play a key role in the induction of the Crabtree effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rosas Lemus
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Roussarie
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Hammad
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Mougeolle
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Ransac
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Razanne Issa
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mazat
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México 04510
| | - Michel Rigoulet
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Anne Devin
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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29
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Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Robledo-Cadena DX, Hernández-Reséndiz I, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Energy Metabolism Drugs Block Triple Negative Breast Metastatic Cancer Cell Phenotype. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2151-2164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
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30
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Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by leflunomide and its active metabolite. Toxicology 2018; 396-397:33-45. [PMID: 29427785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide, an anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has been marked with a black box warning regarding an increased risk of liver injury. The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, which also carries a boxed warning about potential hepatotoxicity, has been marketed as teriflunomide for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Thus far, however, the mechanism of liver injury associated with the two drugs has remained elusive. In this study, cytotoxicity assays showed that ATP depletion and subsequent LDH release were induced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by leflunomide in HepG2 cells, and to a lesser extent, by A77 1726. The decline of cellular ATP levels caused by leflunomide was dramatically exacerbated when galactose was substituted for glucose as the sugar source, indicating a potential mitochondrial liability of leflunomide. By measuring the activities of immuno-captured mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, we found that leflunomide and A77 1726 preferentially targeted complex V (F1FO ATP synthase), with IC50 values of 35.0 and 63.7 μM, respectively. Bongkrekic acid, a mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker that targets adenine nucleotide translocase, profoundly attenuated mitochondrial membrane depolarization, ATP depletion, and LDH leakage induced by leflunomide and A77 1726. Substantial alterations of mitochondrial function at the transcript level were observed in leflunomide-treated HepG2 cells, whereas the effects of A77 1726 on the cellular transcriptome were much less profound. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be implicated in the hepatotoxicity associated with leflunomide and A77 1726, with the former exhibiting higher toxicity potency.
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31
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Anaplerotic Role of Glucose in the Oxidation of Endogenous Fatty Acids during Dengue Virus Infection. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00458-17. [PMID: 29404419 PMCID: PMC5793041 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00458-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection is a major cause of human arbovirosis, for which clinical and experimental evidence supports the idea that liver dysfunction and lipid metabolism disorders are characteristics of severe disease. Analyzing mitochondrial bioenergetics, here we show that infection of hepatic cells with dengue virus favors the cellular capacity of metabolizing glucose, impairing the normal metabolic flexibility that allows the oxidative machinery to switch among the main energetic substrates. However, instead of being used as an energy source, glucose performs an anaplerotic role in the oxidation of endogenous fatty acids, which become the main energetic substrate during infection. Taken together, the results shed light on metabolic mechanisms that may explain the profound alterations in lipid metabolism for severe dengue patients, contributing to the understanding of dengue physiopathology. Dengue virus (DENV) is among the most important human arboviruses and is clinically and experimentally associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Using high-resolution respirometry, we analyzed the metabolic switches induced by DENV in a human hepatic cell line. This experimental approach allowed us to determine the contribution of fatty acids, glutamine, glucose, and pyruvate to mitochondrial bioenergetics, shedding light on the mechanisms involved in DENV-induced metabolic alterations. We found that while infection strongly inhibits glutamine oxidation, it increases the cellular capacity of metabolizing glucose; remarkably, though, this substrate, instead being used as an energy source, performs an anaplerotic role in the oxidation of endogenous lipids. Fatty acids become the main energetic substrate in infected cell, and through the pharmacological modulation of β-oxidation we demonstrated that this pathway is essential for virus replication. Interestingly, infected cells were much less susceptible to the Crabtree effect, i.e., the glucose-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption, suggesting that infection favors cellular respiration by increasing ADP availability. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus infection is a major cause of human arbovirosis, for which clinical and experimental evidence supports the idea that liver dysfunction and lipid metabolism disorders are characteristics of severe disease. Analyzing mitochondrial bioenergetics, here we show that infection of hepatic cells with dengue virus favors the cellular capacity of metabolizing glucose, impairing the normal metabolic flexibility that allows the oxidative machinery to switch among the main energetic substrates. However, instead of being used as an energy source, glucose performs an anaplerotic role in the oxidation of endogenous fatty acids, which become the main energetic substrate during infection. Taken together, the results shed light on metabolic mechanisms that may explain the profound alterations in lipid metabolism for severe dengue patients, contributing to the understanding of dengue physiopathology.
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32
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Antunes F, Pereira GJ, Jasiulionis MG, Bincoletto C, Smaili SS. Nutritional shortage augments cisplatin-effects on murine melanoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 281:89-97. [PMID: 29273566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence increases every year worldwide and is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Due to its metastatic potential and resistance to almost any treatments such as chemo, radio, immune and targeted-therapy, the patients still have a poor prognosis, especially at metastatic stage. Considering that, it is crucial to find new therapeutic approaches to overcome melanoma resistance. Here we investigated the effect of cisplatin (CDDP), one of the chemotherapeutic agents used for melanoma treatment, in association with nutritional deprivation in murine melanoma cell lines. Cell death and autophagy were evaluated after the treatment with cisplatin, nutritional deprivation and its association using an in vitro model of murine melanocytes malignant transformation to metastatic melanoma. Our results showed that nutritional deprivation augmented cell death induced by cisplatin in melanoma cells, especially at the metastatic subtype, with slight effects on melanocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that although autophagy was present at high levels in basal conditions in melanoma cells, was not essential for cell death process that involved mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species production and possible glycolysis inhibition. In conclusion, nutritional shortage in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs as cisplatin can be a valuable new therapeutic strategy to overcome melanoma resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Antunes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Pharmacology (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G J Pereira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Pharmacology (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - M G Jasiulionis
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Pharmacology (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Bincoletto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Pharmacology (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S S Smaili
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Pharmacology (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Saavedra E, Marín-Hernández Á. Control of the NADPH supply for oxidative stress handling in cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:149-161. [PMID: 28739529 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has not been systematically analyzed whether the NADPH supply is a limiting factor for oxidative stress management in cancer cells. In the present work, it was determined in non-cancer and cancer cells the protein contents and kinetomics of (i) the cytosolic enzymes responsible for the NADPH production (i.e., Glc6PDH, 6PGDH, ME, IDH-1); and (ii) the two main enzymes responsible for NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG recycling (GR, GPx-1) associated to oxidative stress management. With these data, kinetic models were built and further validated. Rat liver and hepatoma AS-30D cytosolic fractions exhibited greater Vmax for IDH-1 than for Glc6PDH and 6PGDH whereas human cancer cells and platelets showed greater Vmax for Glc6PDH than for 6PGDH and IDH-1. The ME activity was comparatively low in all cell types tested. The Km values for the respective specific substrates were all similar among the different cell types. Most activities were lower in AS-30D cells than in liver. In contrast, IDH-1, Glc6PDH and GR activities in human cancer cells were similar or greater to those of platelets, but GPx-1 activity was severely suppressed, despite showing similar GPx-1 protein content vs. platelets. Kinetic analysis and pathway modeling revealed a previously unveiled feedback IDH-1 regulation by GSH. The oxidative stress management in cancer cells (i) was mainly controlled by GPx-1 and the main NADPH provider was Glc6PDH; and (ii) modeling indicated that NADPH supply was not a controlling step. These data suggested that Glc6PDH and GPx-1 are adequate and promising targets for anti-cancer therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ciudad de México, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ciudad de México, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ciudad de México, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ciudad de México, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico.
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Sanuki Y, Araki T, Nakazono O, Tsurui K. A rapid mitochondrial toxicity assay utilizing rapidly changing cell energy metabolism. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:349-358. [PMID: 28496041 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of safety-related drug-marketing withdrawals. Several drugs have been reported to disrupt mitochondrial function, resulting in hepatotoxicity. The development of a simple and effective in vitro assay to identify the potential for mitochondrial toxicity is thus desired to minimize the risk of causing hepatotoxicity and subsequent drug withdrawal. An in vitro test method called the "glucose-galactose" assay is often used in drug development but requires prior-culture of cells over several passages for mitochondrial adaptation, thereby restricting use of the assay. Here, we report a rapid version of this method with the same predictability as the original method. We found that replacing the glucose in the medium with galactose resulted in HepG2 cells immediately shifting their energy metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation due to drastic energy starvation; in addition, the intracellular concentration of ATP was reduced by mitotoxicants when glucose in the medium was replaced with galactose. Using our proposed rapid method, mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells can be evaluated by drug exposure for one hour without a pre-culture step. This rapid assay for mitochondrial toxicity may be more suitable for high-throughput screening than the original method at an early stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sanuki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Tetsuro Araki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Osamu Nakazono
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Kazuyuki Tsurui
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
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35
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The use of high-throughput screening techniques to evaluate mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 391:34-41. [PMID: 28789971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxicologists and chemical regulators depend on accurate and effective methods to evaluate and predict the toxicity of thousands of current and future compounds. Robust high-throughput screening (HTS) experiments have the potential to efficiently test large numbers of chemical compounds for effects on biological pathways. HTS assays can be utilized to examine chemical toxicity across multiple mechanisms of action, experimental models, concentrations, and lengths of exposure. Many agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical chemicals classified as harmful to human and environmental health exert their effects through the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondrial toxicants are compounds that cause a decrease in the number of mitochondria within a cell, and/or decrease the ability of mitochondria to perform normal functions including producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to apoptosis, necrosis, altered metabolism, muscle weakness, neurodegeneration, decreased organ function, and eventually disease or death of the whole organism. The development of HTS techniques to identify mitochondrial toxicants will provide extensive databases with essential connections between mechanistic mitochondrial toxicity and chemical structure. Computational and bioinformatics approaches can be used to evaluate compound databases for specific chemical structures associated with toxicity, with the goal of developing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models and mitochondrial toxicophores. Ultimately these predictive models will facilitate the identification of mitochondrial liabilities in consumer products, industrial compounds, pharmaceuticals and environmental hazards.
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37
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The HK2 Dependent "Warburg Effect" and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer: Targets for Effective Therapy with 3-Bromopyruvate. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121730. [PMID: 27983708 PMCID: PMC6273842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the metabolism of cancer cells, especially with respect to the "Warburg" and "Crabtree" effects. This work also summarizes two key discoveries, one of which relates to hexokinase-2 (HK2), a major player in both the "Warburg effect" and cancer cell immortalization. The second discovery relates to the finding that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, derive as much as 60% of their ATP from glycolysis via the "Warburg effect", and the remaining 40% is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Also described are selected anticancer agents which generally act as strong energy blockers inside cancer cells. Among them, much attention has focused on 3-bromopyruvate (3BP). This small alkylating compound targets both the "Warburg effect", i.e., elevated glycolysis even in the presence oxygen, as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells. Normal cells remain unharmed. 3BP rapidly kills cancer cells growing in tissue culture, eradicates tumors in animals, and prevents metastasis. In addition, properly formulated 3BP shows promise also as an effective anti-liver cancer agent in humans and is effective also toward cancers known as "multiple myeloma". Finally, 3BP has been shown to significantly extend the life of a human patient for which no other options were available. Thus, it can be stated that 3BP is a very promising new anti-cancer agent in the process of undergoing clinical development.
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Ball AL, Kamalian L, Alfirevic A, Lyon JJ, Chadwick AE. Identification of the Additional Mitochondrial Liabilities of 2-Hydroxyflutamide When Compared With its Parent Compound, Flutamide in HepG2 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:341-51. [PMID: 27413113 PMCID: PMC5036617 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide, is strongly associated with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Following administration, flutamide undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to its primary metabolite, 2-hydroxyflutamide. Flutamide is a known mitochondrial toxicant; however there has been limited investigation into the potential mitochondrial toxicity of 2-hydroxyflutamide and its contribution to flutamide-induced liver injury. In this study we have used the acute glucose or galactose-conditioning of HepG2 cells to compare the mitochondrial toxicity of flutamide, 2-hydroxyflutamide and the structurally-related, non-hepatotoxic androgen receptor antagonist, bicalutamide. Compound-induced changes in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate were assessed using Seahorse technology. Permeabilization of cells and delivery of specific substrates and inhibitors of the various respiratory complexes provided more detailed information on the origin of mitochondrial perturbations. These analyses were supported by assessment of downstream impacts including changes in cellular NAD(+)/NADH ratio. Bicalutamide was not found to be a mitochondrial toxicant, yet flutamide and 2-hydroxyflutamide significantly reduced basal and maximal respiration. Both flutamide and 2-hydroxyflutamide significantly reduced respiratory complex I-linked respiration, though 2-hydroxyflutamide also significantly decreased complex II and V-linked respiration; liabilities not demonstrated by the parent compound. This study has identified for the first time, the additional mitochondrial liabilities of the major metabolite, 2-hydroxyflutamide compared with its parent drug, flutamide. Given the rapid production of this metabolite upon administration of flutamide, but not bicalutamide, we propose that the additional mitochondrial toxicity of 2-hydroxyflutamide may fundamentally contribute to the idiosyncratic DILI seen in flutamide-treated, but not bicalutamide-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Ball
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laleh Kamalian
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | | | - Amy E Chadwick
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Circumventing the Crabtree Effect: A method to induce lactate consumption and increase oxidative phosphorylation in cell culture. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:128-138. [PMID: 27590850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most cells grown in glucose-containing medium generate almost all their ATP via glycolysis despite abundant oxygen supply and functional mitochondria, a phenomenon known as the Crabtree effect. By contrast, most cells within the body rely on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate the bulk of their energy supply. Thus, when utilising the accessibility of cell culture to elucidate fundamental elements of mitochondria in health and disease, it is advantageous to adopt culture conditions under which the cells have greater reliance upon OXPHOS for the supply of their energy needs. Substituting galactose for glucose in the culture medium can provide these conditions, but additional benefit can be gained from alternate in vitro models. Herein we describe culture conditions in which complete autonomous depletion of medium glucose induces a lactate-consuming phase marked by increased MitoTracker Deep Red staining intensity, increased expression of Kreb's cycle proteins, increased expression of electron transport chain subunits, and increased sensitivity to the OXPHOS inhibitor rotenone. We propose these culture conditions represent an alternate accessible model for the in vitro study of cellular processes and diseases involving the mitochondrion without limitations incurred via the Crabtree effect.
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Marín-Hernández Á, Del Mazo-Monsalvo I, Saavedra E, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Assessment of the low inhibitory specificity of oxamate, aminooxyacetate and dichloroacetate on cancer energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3221-3236. [PMID: 27538376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exceedingly high therapeutic/experimental doses of metabolic drugs such as oxamate, aminooxyacetate (AOA) and dichloroacetate (DCA) are required to diminish growth, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) of different cancer cells. To identify the mechanisms of action of these drugs on cancer energy metabolism, a systematic analysis of their specificities was undertaken. METHODS Hepatocarcinoma AS-30D cells were treated with the inhibitors and glycolysis and OxPhos enzyme activities, metabolites and fluxes were analyzed. Kinetic modeling of glycolysis was used to identify the regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS Oxamate (i) not only inhibited LDH, but also PYK and ENO activities inducing an increase in the cytosolic NAD(P)H, Fru1,6BP and DHAP levels in AS-30D cells; (ii) it slightly inhibited HPI, ALD and Glc6PDH; and (iii) it inhibited pyruvate-driven OxPhos in isolated heart mitochondria. AOA (i) strongly inhibited both AAT and AlaT, and 2-OGDH and glutamate-driven OxPhos; and (ii) moderately affected GAPDH and TPI. DCA slightly affected pyruvate-driven OxPhos and Glc6PDH. Kinetic modeling of cancer glycolysis revealed that oxamate inhibition of LDH, PYK and ENO was insufficient to achieve glycolysis flux inhibition. To do so, HK, HPI, TPI and GAPDH have to be also inhibited by the accumulated Fru1,6BP and DHAP induced by oxamate. CONCLUSION Oxamate, AOA, and DCA are not specific drugs since they inhibit several enzymes/transporters of the glycolytic and OxPhos pathways through direct interaction or indirect mechanisms. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data explain why oxamate or AOA, through their multisite inhibitory actions on glycolysis or OxPhos, may be able to decrease the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico.
| | - Álvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Isis Del Mazo-Monsalvo
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
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Eakins J, Bauch C, Woodhouse H, Park B, Bevan S, Dilworth C, Walker P. A combined in vitro approach to improve the prediction of mitochondrial toxicants. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:161-170. [PMID: 27083147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in organ toxicity and the withdrawal of drugs or black box warnings limiting their use. The development of highly specific and sensitive in vitro assays in early drug development would assist in detecting compounds which affect mitochondrial function. Here we report the combination of two in vitro assays for the detection of drug induced mitochondrial toxicity. The first assay measures cytotoxicity after 24h incubation of test compound in either glucose or galactose conditioned media (Glu/Gal assay). Compounds with a greater than 3-fold toxicity in galactose media compared to glucose media imply mitochondrial toxicity. The second assay measures mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis and a reserve capacity with mechanistic responses observed within one hour following exposure to test compound. In order to assess these assays a total of 72 known drugs and chemicals were used. Dose-response data was normalised to 100× Cmax giving a specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of 100%, 81% and 92% respectively for this combined approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Eakins
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Caroline Bauch
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Heather Woodhouse
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Benjamin Park
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Samantha Bevan
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Clive Dilworth
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, BioHub at Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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The Crabtree and Warburg effects: Do metabolite-induced regulations participate in their induction? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1139-1146. [PMID: 27066942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Crabtree and Warburg effects are two well-known deviations of cell energy metabolism that will be described herein. A number of hypotheses have been formulated regarding the molecular mechanisms leading to these cellular energy metabolism deviations. In this review, we will focus on the emerging notion that metabolite-induced regulations participate in the induction of these effects. All throughout this review, it should be kept in mind that no regulatory mechanism is exclusive and that it may vary in cancer cells owing to different cell types or oncogenic background. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Eno MR, El-Gendy BEDM, Cameron MD. P450 3A-Catalyzed O-Dealkylation of Lapatinib Induces Mitochondrial Stress and Activates Nrf2. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:784-96. [PMID: 26958860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lapatinib (LAP), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, has been associated with idiosyncractic hepatotoxicity. Recent investigations have implicated the importance of P450 3A4/5 enzymes in the formation of an electrophilic quinone imine (LAPQI) metabolite generated through further oxidation of O-dealkylated lapatinib (OD-LAP). In the current study, hepatic stress was observed via mitochondrial impairment. OD-LAP caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in oxygen consumption in HepG2 cells, whereas LAP did not alter the oxygen consumption rate. Interestingly, however, HepG2 cells transfected with human P450 3A4 did exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction via P450 3A4-mediated metabolism of LAP to OD-LAP. OD-LAP-induced mitochondrial toxicity was enhanced upon depletion of intracellular GSH levels, demonstrating that cellular GSH levels are important in the protection of mitochondrial function against LAPQI. Given the nature of LAPQI and the importance of GSH levels in LAP-induced mitochondrial stress, the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated, as this transcription factor induces the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and glutathione synthetase, all of which might be expected to decrease the toxicity of LAP. Using a FRET-based target gene assay in HepG2 cells, OD-LAP was indeed found to activate Nrf2. Follow-up assays showed increased mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes after a 4 h treatment with OD-LAP but not with LAP. LAP activation of Nrf2 was observed only when HepG2 cells were transduced with P450 3A4. The significance of Nrf2 protection was established in vivo in Nrf2-KO mice. Increased transaminase levels were found after a single LAP dose in both Nrf2-KO and control mice, indicating elevated hepatic necrosis, although transaminase levels reverted to baseline levels in the control mice upon repeat dosing. They continued to rise in Nrf2-KO mice, however, indicating the likelihood that Nrf-2 plays a significant role in combatting the hepatotoxicity triggered by LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Rebecca Eno
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Sokolov SS, Balakireva AV, Markova OV, Severin FF. Negative Feedback of Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Mechanisms of and Reasons for It. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:559-64. [PMID: 26071773 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There are two main pathways of ATP biosynthesis: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. As a rule, the two pathways are not fully active in a single cell. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of glycolytic inhibition of respiration (Warburg and Crabtree effects). What are the reasons for the existence of this negative feedback? It is known that maximal activation of both processes can cause generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative phosphorylation is more efficient from the energy point of view, while glycolysis is safer and favors biomass synthesis. This might be the reason why quiescent cells are mainly using oxidative phosphorylation, while the quickly proliferating ones - glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sokolov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Maximchik PV, Kulikov AV, Zhivotovsky BD, Gogvadze VG. Cellular energetics as a target for tumor cell elimination. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:65-79. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sen A, Cox RT. Clueless is a conserved ribonucleoprotein that binds the ribosome at the mitochondrial outer membrane. Biol Open 2016; 5:195-203. [PMID: 26834020 PMCID: PMC4823986 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is tied to the nucleus, in that hundreds of proteins encoded by nuclear genes must be imported into mitochondria. While post-translational import is fairly well understood, emerging evidence supports that mitochondrial site-specific import, or co-translational import, also occurs. However, the mechanism and the extent to which it is used are not fully understood. We have previously shown Clueless (Clu), a conserved multi-domain protein, associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, including Translocase of outer membrane 20, and genetically and physically interacts with the PINK1-Parkin pathway. The human ortholog of Clu, Cluh, was shown to bind nuclear-encoded mitochondrially destined mRNAs. Here we identify the conserved tetratricopeptide domain of Clu as predominantly responsible for binding mRNA. In addition, we show Clu interacts with the ribosome at the mitochondrial outer membrane. Taken together, these data support a model whereby Clu binds to and mitochondrially targets mRNAs to facilitate mRNA localization to the outer mitochondrial membrane, potentially for site-specific or co-translational import. This role may link the presence of efficient mitochondrial protein import to mitochondrial quality control through the PINK1-Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rachel T Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Blanquer-Rosselló MDM, Oliver J, Sastre-Serra J, Valle A, Roca P. Leptin regulates energy metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 72:18-26. [PMID: 26772821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be a poorer prognosis factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Among the diverse endocrine factors associated to obesity, leptin has received special attention since it promotes breast cancer cell growth and invasiveness, processes which force cells to adapt their metabolism to satisfy the increased demands of energy and biosynthetic intermediates. Taking this into account, our aim was to explore the effects of leptin in the metabolism of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Polarographic analysis revealed that leptin increased oxygen consumption rate and cellular ATP levels were more dependent on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in leptin-treated cells compared to the more glycolytic control cells. Experiments with selective inhibitors of glycolysis (2-DG), fatty acid oxidation (etomoxir) or aminoacid deprivation showed that ATP levels were more reliant on fatty acid oxidation. In agreement, levels of key proteins involved in lipid catabolism (FAT/CD36, CPT1, PPARα) and phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMPK were increased by leptin. Regarding glucose, cellular uptake was not affected by leptin, but lactate release was deeply repressed. Analysis of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) together with the pentose-phosphate pathway enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) revealed that leptin favors the use of glucose for biosynthesis. These results point towards a role of leptin in metabolic reprogramming, consisting of an enhanced use of glucose for biosynthesis and lipids for energy production. This metabolic adaptations induced by leptin may provide benefits for MCF-7 growth and give support to the reverse Warburg effect described in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Del Mar Blanquer-Rosselló
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jorge Sastre-Serra
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Adamo Valle
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Lagido C, McLaggan D, Glover LA. A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans. J Vis Exp 2015:e53083. [PMID: 26554627 PMCID: PMC4692654 DOI: 10.3791/53083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode’s ATP levels.1-3 Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.4,5 In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L Anne Glover
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen
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Sison-Young RLC, Mitsa D, Jenkins RE, Mottram D, Alexandre E, Richert L, Aerts H, Weaver RJ, Jones RP, Johann E, Hewitt PG, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Comparative Proteomic Characterization of 4 Human Liver-Derived Single Cell Culture Models Reveals Significant Variation in the Capacity for Drug Disposition, Bioactivation, and Detoxication. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:412-24. [PMID: 26160117 PMCID: PMC4583060 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro preclinical models for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are usually based on cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (cPHH) or human hepatic tumor-derived cell lines; however, it is unclear how well such cell models reflect the normal function of liver cells. The physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological phenotyping of available cell-based systems is necessary in order to decide the testing purpose for which they are fit. We have therefore undertaken a global proteomic analysis of 3 human-derived hepatic cell lines (HepG2, Upcyte, and HepaRG) in comparison with cPHH with a focus on drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins (DMETs), as well as Nrf2-regulated proteins. In total, 4946 proteins were identified, of which 2722 proteins were common across all cell models, including 128 DMETs. Approximately 90% reduction in expression of cytochromes P450 was observed in HepG2 and Upcyte cells, and approximately 60% in HepaRG cells relative to cPHH. Drug transporter expression was also lower compared with cPHH with the exception of MRP3 and P-gp (MDR1) which appeared to be significantly expressed in HepaRG cells. In contrast, a high proportion of Nrf2-regulated proteins were more highly expressed in the cell lines compared with cPHH. The proteomic database derived here will provide a rational basis for the context-specific selection of the most appropriate ‘hepatocyte-like’ cell for the evaluation of particular cellular functions associated with DILI and, at the same time, assist in the construction of a testing paradigm which takes into account the in vivo disposition of a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena L C Sison-Young
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dimitra Mitsa
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Mottram
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | | | | | - Hélène Aerts
- Biologie Servier, 905 Route de Saran, 45520, Gidy, France
| | | | - Robert P Jones
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Esther Johann
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; and
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher E P Goldring
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - B Kevin Park
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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