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Frigon EM, Gérin-Lajoie A, Dadar M, Boire D, Maranzano J. Comparison of histological procedures and antigenicity of human post-mortem brains fixed with solutions used in gross anatomy laboratories. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1372953. [PMID: 38659652 PMCID: PMC11039794 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1372953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Brain banks provide small tissue samples to researchers, while gross anatomy laboratories could provide larger samples, including complete brains to neuroscientists. However, they are preserved with solutions appropriate for gross-dissection, different from the classic neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) used in brain banks. Our previous work in mice showed that two gross-anatomy laboratory solutions, a saturated-salt-solution (SSS) and an alcohol-formaldehyde-solution (AFS), preserve antigenicity of the main cellular markers (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and myelin). Our goal is now to compare the quality of histology and antigenicity preservation of human brains fixed with NBF by immersion (practice of brain banks) vs. those fixed with a SSS and an AFS by whole body perfusion, practice of gross-anatomy laboratories. Methods We used a convenience sample of 42 brains (31 males, 11 females; 25-90 years old) fixed with NBF (N = 12), SSS (N = 13), and AFS (N = 17). One cm3 tissue blocks were cut, cryoprotected, frozen and sliced into 40 μm sections. The four cell populations were labeled using immunohistochemistry (Neurons = neuronal-nuclei = NeuN, astrocytes = glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein = GFAP, microglia = ionized-calcium-binding-adaptor-molecule1 = Iba1 and oligodendrocytes = myelin-proteolipid-protein = PLP). We qualitatively assessed antigenicity and cell distribution, and compared the ease of manipulation of the sections, the microscopic tissue quality, and the quality of common histochemical stains (e.g., Cresyl violet, Luxol fast blue, etc.) across solutions. Results Sections of SSS-fixed brains were more difficult to manipulate and showed poorer tissue quality than those from brains fixed with the other solutions. The four antigens were preserved, and cell labeling was more often homogeneous in AFS-fixed specimens. NeuN and GFAP were not always present in NBF and SSS samples. Some antigens were heterogeneously distributed in some specimens, independently of the fixative, but an antigen retrieval protocol successfully recovered them. Finally, the histochemical stains were of sufficient quality regardless of the fixative, although neurons were more often paler in SSS-fixed specimens. Conclusion Antigenicity was preserved in human brains fixed with solutions used in human gross-anatomy (albeit the poorer quality of SSS-fixed specimens). For some specific variables, histology quality was superior in AFS-fixed brains. Furthermore, we show the feasibility of frequently used histochemical stains. These results are promising for neuroscientists interested in using brain specimens from anatomy laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Marie Frigon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Quebec in Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Amy Gérin-Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy, University of Quebec in Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Boire
- Department of Anatomy, University of Quebec in Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
| | - Josefina Maranzano
- Department of Anatomy, University of Quebec in Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Sahay S, Henkel ND, Vargas CFA, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Activity of Protein Kinase A in the Frontal Cortex in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 14:13. [PMID: 38248228 PMCID: PMC10813263 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious cognitive disorder characterized by disruptions in neurotransmission, a process requiring the coordination of multiple kinase-mediated signaling events. Evidence suggests that the observed deficits in schizophrenia may be due to imbalances in kinase activity that propagate through an intracellular signaling network. Specifically, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-associated signaling pathways are coupled to the activation of neurotransmitter receptors and modulate cellular functions through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), an enzyme whose function is altered in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia. In this study, we measured the activity of PKA in human postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissue from schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched control subjects. No significant differences in PKA activity were observed in male and female individuals in either brain region; however, correlation analyses indicated that PKA activity in the ACC may be influenced by tissue pH in all subjects and by age and tissue pH in females. Our data provide novel insights into the function of PKA in the ACC and DLPFC in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sahay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (N.D.H.); (C.F.-A.V.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Nicholas Daniel Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (N.D.H.); (C.F.-A.V.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Christina Flora-Anabelle Vargas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (N.D.H.); (C.F.-A.V.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Robert Erne McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (N.D.H.); (C.F.-A.V.); (R.E.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Promedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sinead Marie O’Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (N.D.H.); (C.F.-A.V.); (R.E.M.)
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Zhang L, Huang J, Dai L, Zhu G, Yang XL, He Z, Li YH, Yang H, Zhang CQ, Shen KF, Liang P. Expression profiles of α-synuclein in cortical lesions of patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and FCD rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1255097. [PMID: 38020594 PMCID: PMC10662349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1255097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. However, the etiologies related to the development of FCD IIb and TSC are not fully understood. α-synuclein (α-syn) is a member of synucleins family that plays crucial roles in modulating synaptic transmission in central nervous system. Here, we explored the expression profiles and potential pathogenic functions of α-syn in cortical lesions of epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC. Methods Surgical specimens from epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC, as well as FCD rats generated by in utero X-ray-radiation were adopted in this study and studied with immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation etc. molecular biological techniques. Result Our results showed that α-syn expression was reduced in FCD IIb and TSC lesions. Specifically, α-syn protein was intensely expressed in dysplastic neurons (DNs) and balloon cells (BCs) in FCD IIb lesions, whereas was barely detected in DNs and giant cells (GCs) of TSC lesions. Additionally, p-α-syn, the aggregated form of α-syn, was detected in DNs, BCs, GCs, and glia-like cells of FCD IIb and TSC lesions. We previous showed that the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was enhanced in FCD rats generated by X-ray-radiation. Here, we found the interaction between α-syn and NMDAR subunits NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B were augmented in cortical lesions of FCD patients and FCD rats. Conclusion These results suggested a potential role of α-syn in the pathogenesis of FCD IIb and TSC by interfering with NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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Thakral S, Purohit P, Mishra R, Gupta V, Setia P. The impact of RNA stability and degradation in different tissues to the determination of post-mortem interval: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111772. [PMID: 37450949 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem interval (PMI) in legal medicine is extremely important for both criminal and civil cases, and several sorts of techniques have been recommended. This systematic review solely focuses on approaches linked to RNA analysis, instead of including all proposed methods for determining the PMI. The term PMI will be used in this review to indicate the time between a person's death and the postmortem examination of the body. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines when conducting this systematic review. The majority of studies on various tissues at various time intervals at various temperatures are non-human, and just a small number are on humans. The results are then provided using various statistical approaches. To calculate the PMI, post-mortem RNA degradation was examined using several tissues. The result so obtained had an opposite polarity. While some studies show that RNA stability in various tissues remained constant for several days after death, the other group of studies showed evident RNA degradation over time post-mortem, which was significantly influenced by temperature and other agonal factors. These factors have an impact on the multi-parametric mathematical model of ante and post-mortem factors on RNA degradation, as well as its applicability and feasibility. The estimation of PMI using RNA degradation can prove to be highly objective and efficient after controlling for the various factors and challenges that pose the estimation of RNA in forensic samples difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Thakral
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Vaibhav Gupta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Setia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India.
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Rike WA, Stern S. Proteins and Transcriptional Dysregulation of the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087435. [PMID: 37108598 PMCID: PMC10138539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is a dynamic structure made up of a vast network of bioactive macromolecules that modulate cellular events. Structural, organizational, and functional changes in these macromolecules due to genetic variation or environmental stressors are thought to affect cellular functions and may result in disease. However, most mechanistic studies to date usually focus on the cellular aspects of diseases and pay less attention to the relevance of the processes governing the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix in disease pathogenesis. Thus, due to the ECM's diversified biological roles, increasing interest in its involvement in disease, and the lack of sufficient compiled evidence regarding its relationship with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, we aimed to compile the existing evidence to boost the current knowledge on the area and provide refined guidance for the future research. Here, in this review, we gathered postmortem brain tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-related studies from PubMed and Google Scholar to identify, summarize and describe common macromolecular alterations in the expression of brain ECM components in Parkinson's disease (PD). A literature search was conducted up until 10 February 2023. The overall hits from the database and manual search for proteomic and transcriptome studies were 1243 and 1041 articles, respectively. Following a full-text review, 10 articles from proteomic and 24 from transcriptomic studies were found to be eligible for inclusion. According to proteomic studies, proteins such as collagens, fibronectin, annexins, and tenascins were recognized to be differentially expressed in Parkinson's disease. Transcriptomic studies displayed dysregulated pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell adhesion molecules in Parkinson's disease. A limited number of relevant studies were accessed from our search, indicating that much work remains to be carried out to better understand the roles of the ECM in neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. However, we believe that our review will elicit focused primary studies and thus support the ongoing efforts of the discovery and development of diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wote Amelo Rike
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Kocsmár É, Schmid M, Cosenza-Contreras M, Kocsmár I, Föll M, Krey L, Barta BA, Rácz G, Kiss A, Werner M, Schilling O, Lotz G, Bronsert P. Proteome alterations in human autopsy tissues in relation to time after death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:117. [PMID: 37020120 PMCID: PMC10075177 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression is a primary area of interest for routine histological diagnostics and tissue-based research projects, but the limitations of its post-mortem applicability remain largely unclear. On the other hand, tissue specimens obtained during autopsies can provide unique insight into advanced disease states, especially in cancer research. Therefore, we aimed to identify the maximum post-mortem interval (PMI) which is still suitable for characterizing protein expression patterns, to explore organ-specific differences in protein degradation, and to investigate whether certain proteins follow specific degradation kinetics. Therefore, the proteome of human tissue samples obtained during routine autopsies of deceased patients with accurate PMI (6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 h) and without specific diseases that significantly affect tissue preservation, from lungs, kidneys and livers, was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For the kidney and liver, significant protein degradation became apparent at 48 h. For the lung, the proteome composition was rather static for up to 48 h and substantial protein degradation was detected only at 72 h suggesting that degradation kinetics appear to be organ specific. More detailed analyses suggested that proteins with similar post-mortem kinetics are not primarily shared in their biological functions. The overrepresentation of protein families with analogous structural motifs in the kidney indicates that structural features may be a common factor in determining similar postmortem stability. Our study demonstrates that a longer post-mortem period may have a significant impact on proteome composition, but sampling within 24 h may be appropriate, as degradation is within acceptable limits even in organs with faster autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kocsmár
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marlene Schmid
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Cosenza-Contreras
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ildikó Kocsmár
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melanie Föll
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Leah Krey
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bálint András Barta
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gergely Rácz
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gábor Lotz
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Biobank Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Shen KF, Yue J, Wu ZF, Wu KF, Zhu G, Yang XL, Wang ZK, Wang J, Liu SY, Yang H, Zhang CQ. Fibroblast growth factor 13 is involved in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5259-5272. [PMID: 35195262 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, with pathological mechanisms remaining to be fully elucidated. Fibroblast Growth Factor 13 (FGF13) encodes an intracellular protein involved in microtubule stabilization and regulation of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) function. FGF13 mutation has been identified in patients with inherent seizure, suggesting a potential association between FGF13 and the etiology of TLE. Here, we set to explore the pathological role of FGF13 in the etiology of TLE. RESULTS We found that the expression of FGF13 was increased in the cortical lesions and CA1 region of sclerotic hippocampus and correlated with the seizure frequency in TLE patients. Also, Fgf13 expression was increased in the hippocampus of chronic TLE mice generated by kainic acid (KA) injection. Furthermore, Fgf13 knockdown or overexpression was respectively found to attenuate or potentiate the effects of KA on axonal length, somatic area and the VGSCs-mediated current in the hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that FGF13 is involved in the pathogenesis of TLE by modulating microtubule activity and neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiong Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wu
- Department of Pedatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Ke-Fu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhong-Ke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Henan Provincial People's hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China.,Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Second Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
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Huang K, Wang Z, He Z, Li Y, Li S, Shen K, Zhu G, Liu Z, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Yang X, Liu S. Downregulated formyl peptide receptor 2 expression in the epileptogenic foci of patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e706. [PMID: 36301030 PMCID: PMC9597500 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) show persistent neuroinflammation, which promotes epileptogenesis and epilepsy progression, suggesting that endogenous resolution of inflammation is inadequate to relieve neuronal network hyperexcitability. To explore the potential roles of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), which is a key regulator of inflammation resolution, in epilepsy caused by FCDIIb and TSC, we examined the expression and cellular distribution of FPR2. Method The expression of FPR2 and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway was examined by real‐time PCR, western blots, and analyzed via one‐way analysis of variance. The distribution of FPR2 was detected using immunostaining. The expression of resolvin D1 (RvD1, the endogenous ligand of FPR2) was observed via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between the expression levels of FPR2 and RvD1 and the clinical variants. Results The expression of FPR2 was significantly lower in FCDIIb (p = .0146) and TSC (p = .0006) cortical lesions than in controls, as was the expression of RvD1 (FCDIIb: p = .00431; TSC: p = .0439). Weak FPR2 immunoreactivity was observed in dysmorphic neurons (DNs), balloon cells (BCs), and giant cells (GCs) in FCDIIb and TSC tissues. Moreover, FPR2 was mainly distributed in dysplastic neurons; it was sparse in microglia and nearly absent in astrocytes. The NF‐κB pathway was significantly activated in patients with FCDIIb and TSC, and the protein level of NF‐κB was negatively correlated with the protein level of FPR2 (FCDIIb: p = .00395; TSC: p = .0399). In addition, the protein level of FPR2 was negatively correlated with seizure frequency in FCDIIb (p = .0434) and TSC (p = .0351) patients. Conclusion In summary, these results showed that the expression and specific distribution of FPR2 may be involved in epilepsy caused by FCDIIb and TSC, indicating that downregulation of FPR2 mediated the dysfunction of neuroinflammation resolution in FCDIIb and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zhongke Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryArmed Police Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zhonghong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryArmed Police Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
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Shen K, Duan Q, Duan W, Xu S, An N, Ke Y, Wang L, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang C. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C modulates cortical NMDA receptor activity in cortical lesions of young patients and rat model with focal cortical dysplasia. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13065. [PMID: 35259773 PMCID: PMC9425019 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of dysmorphic neurons is the primary pathology in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) associated pediatric intractable epilepsy; however, the etiologies related to the development and function of dysmorphic neurons are not fully understood. Our previous studies revealed that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and corresponding receptors VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 was increased in the epileptic lesions of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex or mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Here, we showed that the expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 was increased at both mRNA and protein levels in patients with cortical lesions of type I, IIa, and IIb FCD. The immunoreactivity of VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 was located in the micro-columnar neurons in FCD type I lesions, dysplastic neurons (DNs) in FCD type IIa lesions, balloon cells (BCs) and astrocytes in FCD type IIb lesions. Additionally, the amplitude of evoked-EPSCs (eEPSC) mediated by NMDA receptor, the ratio of NMDA receptor- and AMPA receptor-mediated eEPSC were increased in the dysmorphic neurons of FCD rats established by prenatal X-ray radiation. Furthermore, NMDA receptor mediated current in dysmorphic neurons was further potentiated by exogenous administration of VEGF-C, however, could be antagonized by ki8751, the blocker of VEGFR-2. These results suggest that VEGF-C system participate in the pathogenesis of cortical lesions in patients with FCD in association with modulating NMDA receptor-mediated currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Feng Shen
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing‐Tian Duan
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Sen‐Lin Xu
- Institute of PathologySouthwest HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ning An
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Ke
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li‐Ting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis CenterArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shi‐Yong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Guangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceChongqingChina
| | - Chun‐Qing Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Guangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceChongqingChina
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10
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Ashton MK, Rueda AVL, Ho AM, Noor Aizin NABM, Sharma H, Dodd PR, Stadlin A, Camarini R. Sex differences in GABA A receptor subunit transcript expression are mediated by genotype in subjects with alcohol-related cirrhosis of the liver. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12785. [PMID: 35301805 PMCID: PMC9744570 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male and female human subjects show contrasting propensities to misuse drugs of addiction, including alcohol. These differences lead to different psychological and neurological consequences, such as the likelihood of developing dependence. The pattern and extent of brain damage in alcohol-use disorder cases also varies with comorbid disease. To explore mechanisms that might underlie these outcomes, we used autopsy tissue to determine mRNA transcript expression in relation to genotype for two GABAA receptor subunit genes. We used quantitative Real-Time PCR to measure GABRA6 and GABRA2 mRNA concentrations in dorsolateral prefrontal and primary motor cortices of alcohol-use disorder subjects and controls of both sexes with and without liver disease who had been genotyped for these GABAA receptor subunit genes. Cirrhotic alcohol-use disorder cases had significantly higher expression of GABRA6 and GABRA2 transcripts than either controls or non-cirrhotic alcohol-use disorder cases. Differences were observed between sexes, genotypes and brain regions. We show that sex differences in subjects with GABRA6 and GABRA2 variants may contribute to differences in susceptibility to alcohol-use disorder and alcohol-induced cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K. Ashton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - André V. L. Rueda
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ada M.‐C. Ho
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Noradibah Arina Binte M. Noor Aizin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Vela Research Singapore Pte LtdThe KendallSingapore
| | - Hansa Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Peter R. Dodd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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11
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Shen KF, Yang XL, Liu GL, Zhu G, Wang ZK, Shi XJ, Wang TT, Wu ZF, Lv SQ, Liu SY, Yang H, Zhang CQ. The role of voltage-gated chloride channels in the epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103537. [PMID: 34391093 PMCID: PMC8365373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common intractable epilepsy in adults, and elucidation of the underlying pathological mechanisms is needed. Voltage-gated chloride channels (ClC) play diverse physiological roles in neurons. However, less is known regarding their functions in the epilepogenesis of TLE. METHODS ClC-mediated current and the spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents (sIPSC) in hippocampal neurons of epileptic lesions were investigated by electrophysiological recording. The EEG data were analyzed by Z-scored wavelet and Fourier transformations. The expression of ClC-3, a member of ClC gene family, was detected by immunostaining and western blot. FINDINGS ClC-mediated current was increased in the hippocampal neurons of chronic TLE mice. Application of chloride channel blockers, NPPB (5-Nitro-2- [3-phenylpropylamino] benzoic acid) and DIDS (4,4'-Diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt) reduced ClC-mediated current and increased inhibitory synaptic transmission in TLE mice. NPPB and DIDS reduced the seizure frequency and the average absolute power of ictal high-frequency oscillations (HFOs, 80-500 Hz) in TLE mice. In addition, both drugs induced outwardly rectified currents, which might be tonic inhibitory currents in the hippocampal neurons of TLE patients. Furthermore, the expression of ClC-3 was increased in the hippocampus of TLE mice and patients and positively correlated with both the absolute power and number of ictal HFOs per seizure in the sclerotic hippocampus. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that ClC participate in the epilepogenetic process of TLE and the inhibition of ClC may have anti-epileptic effect. FUNDING This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81601143, No. 81771217).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guo-Long Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhong-Ke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xian-Jun Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, China.
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12
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Korovesi AG, Anagnostopoulos AK, Pierros V, Stravopodis DJ, Tsangaris GT. Normal Mouse Brain Proteome II: Analysis of Brain Regions by High-resolution Mass Spectrometry. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:757-767. [PMID: 33099477 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Proteomics technologies provide fundamental insights into the high organizational complexity and diversity of the central nervous system. In the present study, high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was applied in order to identify whole-proteome content of anatomically distinct and functionally specific mouse brain regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brains from eight 8-week-old C57BL/6N normal male mice were separated into seven anatomically district regions. The protein content of each region was analyzed by high-throughput nano-liquid chromatography-MS/MS Orbitrap elite technology. RESULTS A total of 16,574 proteins were identified: 2,795 in cerebral cortex, 2,311 in olfactory bulb, 2,246 in hippocampus, 2,247 in hypothalamus, 2,250 in mid brain, 2,334 in cerebellum and 2,391 in medulla. Of these proteins, 534 were uniquely expressed in cerebral cortex, 323 in olfactory bulb, 230 in hippocampus, 272 in hypothalamus, 1,326 in mid brain, 320 in cerebellum and 268 in medulla. CONCLUSION These data represent the most comprehensive proteomic map of the normal mouse brain and they might further be used in studies related to brain diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis G Korovesi
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasileios Pierros
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Th Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Oyefeso FA, Muotri AR, Wilson CG, Pecaut MJ. Brain organoids: A promising model to assess oxidative stress-induced central nervous system damage. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:653-670. [PMID: 33942547 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most significant propagators of systemic damage with implications for widespread pathologies such as vascular disease, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, inflammation, and traumatic injury. OS can be induced by numerous factors such as environmental conditions, lifestyle choices, disease states, and genetic susceptibility. It is tied to the accumulation of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insufficient antioxidant protection, which leads to cell aging and tissue degeneration over time. Unregulated systemic increase in reactive species, which contain harmful free radicals, can lead to diverse tissue-specific OS responses and disease. Studies of OS in the brain, for example, have demonstrated how this state contributes to neurodegeneration and altered neural plasticity. As the worldwide life expectancy has increased over the last few decades, the prevalence of OS-related diseases resulting from age-associated progressive tissue degeneration. Unfortunately, vital translational research studies designed to identify and target disease biomarkers in human patients have been impeded by many factors (e.g., limited access to human brain tissue for research purposes and poor translation of experimental models). In recent years, stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures known as "brain organoids" have taken the spotlight as a novel model for studying central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to model the responses of human neural cells to OS, noting current and prospective limitations. Overall, brain organoids show promise as an innovative translational model to study CNS susceptibility to OS and elucidate the pathophysiology of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluwasomi A Oyefeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD, Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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14
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Bountress KE, Vladimirov V, McMichael G, Taylor ZN, Hardiman G, Chung D, Adams ZW, Danielson CK, Amstadter AB. Gene Expression Differences Between Young Adults Based on Trauma History and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:581093. [PMID: 33897478 PMCID: PMC8060466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.581093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to identify gene expression differences associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma exposure (TE) in a three-group study design comprised of those with and without trauma exposure and PTSD. Methods: We conducted gene expression and gene network analyses in a sample (n = 45) composed of female subjects of European Ancestry (EA) with PTSD, TE without PTSD, and controls. Results: We identified 283 genes differentially expressed between PTSD-TE groups. In an independent sample of Veterans (n = 78) a small minority of these genes were also differentially expressed. We identified 7 gene network modules significantly associated with PTSD and TE (Bonferroni corrected p ≤ 0.05), which at a false discovery rate (FDR) of q ≤ 0.2, were significantly enriched for biological pathways involved in focal adhesion, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, and immune related processes among others. Conclusions: This study uses gene network analyses to identify significant gene modules associated with PTSD, TE, and controls. On an individual gene level, we identified a large number of differentially expressed genes between PTSD-TE groups, a minority of which were also differentially expressed in the independent sample. We also demonstrate a lack of network module preservation between PTSD and TE, suggesting that the molecular signature of PTSD and trauma are likely independent of each other. Our results provide a basis for the identification of likely disease pathways and biomarkers involved in the etiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin E. Bountress
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vladimir Vladimirov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine Texas A&M University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gowon McMichael
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Z. Nathan Taylor
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- National Crime Victim Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, United States
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15
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Swerdlow RH, de Leon MJ, Marcus DL. Betahydroxybutyrate Consumption in Autopsy Brain Tissue from Alzheimer's Disease Subjects. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:135-141. [PMID: 33782666 PMCID: PMC7990458 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) features perturbed brain glucose utilization, which could contribute to brain bioenergetic failure. This led some to consider using ketone bodies to enhance AD brain bioenergetics and treat AD. Objective: We evaluated the rate at which brain homogenates from persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) metabolize D-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Methods: We homogenized pieces of temporal cortex from frozen autopsy brains obtained from recently deceased AD subjects (n = 4), and age-matched subjects that did not have clinical AD (n = 3). Measuring the rate of CO2 production that followed the introduction of radiolabeled BHB to the homogenates yielded a BHB utilization rate. Results: Compared to the control homogenates, the BHB-supported CO2 production rate was 66%lower in the AD homogenates (p < 0.05). Conclusions: AD brains can utilize BHB, albeit less robustly than control brains. In conjunction with a previous study that demonstrated reduced glucose utilization in AD brain homogenates, our BHB data provide further evidence of AD brain mitochondrial dysfunction or altered mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - David L Marcus
- New York University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
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16
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Wu K, Yue J, Shen K, He J, Zhu G, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang CQ. Expression and cellular distribution of FGF13 in cortical tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135714. [PMID: 33582188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cortical tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are highly associated with intractable epilepsy. Recent evidence suggests a close relationship between FGF13 and seizures. To understand the role of FGF13 in the pathogenesis of cortical tubers, we investigated the expression pattern of FGF13 in cortical tubers of TSC compared with normal control cortices (CTX). We found that both the mRNA and protein levels of FGF13 were significantly higher in the cortical tubers from patients with TSC than in the control cortices. The immunohistochemical results showed strong FGF13 immunoreactivity in abnormal cells, including dysplastic neurons (DNs) and giant cells (GCs). Moreover, double-label immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that FGF13 was mainly localized in neurons and nearly absent in glia-like cells. The protein levels of FGF13 in the TSC samples were positively correlated with the frequency of seizures before surgery. Taken together, these results suggest that the overexpression and distribution pattern of FGF13 may be related to intractable epilepsy caused by TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Wu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Wang Z, Huang K, Yang X, Shen K, Yang L, Ruan R, Shi X, Wang M, Zhu G, Yang M, Zhang C, Lv S, Yang H, Fan X, Liu S. Downregulated GPR30 expression in the epileptogenic foci of female patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex is correlated with 18 F-FDG PET-CT values. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:346-364. [PMID: 33314369 PMCID: PMC8018162 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are typical causes of developmental delay and refractory epilepsy. G‐protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is a specific estrogen receptor that is critical in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and neuronal excitability, suggesting that it plays a potential role in the epilepsy of patients with FCDIIb and TSC. Therefore, we investigated the role of GPR30 in patients with FCDIIb and TSC. We found that the expression of GPR30 and its downstream protein kinase A (PKA) pathway were decreased and negatively correlated with seizure frequency in female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, but not in male patients. GPR30 was widely distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and its downregulation was especially notable in microglia. The GPR30 agonist G‐1 increased the expression of PKA and p‐PKA in cultured cortical neurons, and the GPR30 antagonist G‐15 exhibited the opposite effects of G‐1. The NF‐κB signaling pathway was also activated in the specimens of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, and was regulated by G‐1 and G‐15 in cultured cortical neurons. We also found that GPR30 regulated cortical neuronal excitability by altering the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and the expression of NR2A/B. Further, the relationship between GPR30 and glycometabolism was evaluated by analyzing the correlations between GPR30 and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT values (standardized uptake values, SUVs). Positive correlations between GPR30 and SUVs were found in female patients, but not in male patients. Intriguingly, GPR30 expression and SUVs were significantly decreased in the epileptogenic tubers of female TSC patients, and ROC curves indicated that SUVs could predict the localization of epileptogenic tubers. Taken together, our results suggest a potential protective effect of GPR30 in the epileptogenesis of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ruotong Ruan
- Department of Basic Medical College, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Shi
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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18
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Wu K, Yue J, Shen K, He J, Zhu G, Liu S, Zhang C, Yang H. Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 13 in cortical lesions of the focal cortical dysplasia. Brain Res Bull 2020; 168:36-44. [PMID: 33285262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are well recognized as important causes of medically intractable epilepsy in both children and adults. To explore the potential role of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) in intractable epilepsy caused by FCDs, we examined the expression of FGF13 in cortical lesions from 23 patients with FCD type Ia (FCDIa), 24 patients with FCD type IIa (FCDIIa), and 12 patients with FCD type IIb (FCDIIb), and we compared the results with the FGF13 expression levels in control cortex (CTX) brain tissues from 12 nonepileptic normal subjects. Both the mRNA levels and protein levels of FGF13 were significantly higher in the cortical lesions from patients with FCD than in the control cortices. The immunohistochemical results showed that strong FGF13 immunoreactivity was observed in misshapen cells, including neuronal microcolumns, hypertrophic neurons, dysmorphic neurons, and most balloon cells. Moreover, double-label immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that FGF13 was mainly localized in neurons and nearly absent in glia-like cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the overexpression of FGF13 in FCDs and the cell-specific distribution patterns of FGF13 in misshapen neurons in FCDs could potentially contribute to intractable epilepsy caused by FCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Wu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Javier Meana J, Callado LF, García-Sevilla JA. Fundamental features of receptor-mediated Gα i/o activation in human prefrontal cortical membranes: A postmortem study. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147032. [PMID: 32745659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate possible abnormalities in transmembrane signal transduction in psychiatric diseases, use of autopsy brain is a feasible approach. However, postmortem studies should be interpreted with caution concerning such factors as age, gender, psychotropic drug history, agonal state, postmortem delay (PMD), and storage period. In this study, agonist-induced [35S]GTPγS binding was performed in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortical membranes of 40 control subjects. In addition to the previously reported G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated Gi/o activation, κ-opioid receptor-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding was detected by using U-50,448. The responses elicited by 16 different agonists were determined, and the effects of several factors were investigated. Gender difference was negligible. Concentration-response curve of histamine H3 receptor-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding was shifted rightward in the subjects with some drugs detected at toxicological screening. Age-related alterations were minimal, except for the age-dependent supersensitivity of μ-opioid receptor-mediated Gαi/o activation, revealed by endomorphin-1- and DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. Age-related increase in %Emax values was also detected as to DPDPE-induced [35S]GTPγS binding through δ-opioid receptors. With an exception of NOP receptor/G-protein coupling, GPCR-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding is relatively stable irrespective of PMD or storage period. There were many positive correlations among the %Emax values for different receptor subtypes, which might reflect formation of heterodimer complex of such GPCRs coupled to the same Gi/o proteins. These results provide us with important fundamental data in the future project using human postmortem brains from patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and Institut d'investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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20
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Castañeda-Cabral JL, Colunga-Durán A, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Beas-Zárate C, Nuñez-Lumbreras MDLA, Orozco-Suárez S, Alonso-Vanegas M, Guevara-Guzmán R, Deli MA, Valle-Dorado MG, Sánchez-Valle V, Rocha L. Expression of VEGF- and tight junction-related proteins in the neocortical microvasculature of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Microvasc Res 2020; 132:104059. [PMID: 32798551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the optimal microenvironment for brain function. Tight junctions (TJs) allow endothelial cells to adhere to each other, leading to the formation of a barrier that prevents the penetration of most molecules via transcellular routes. Evidence has indicated that seizure-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) type 2 receptor (VEGFR-2) pathway activation weakens TJs, inducing vasodilatation and increasing vascular permeability and subsequent brain injury. The present study focused on investigating the expression levels of VEGF-related (VEGF-A and VEGFR-2) and TJ-related proteins (claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1) in the neocortical microvasculature of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The results obtained from hippocampal sclerosis TLE (HS-TLE) patients were compared with those obtained from patients with TLE secondary to lesions (lesion-TLE) and autopsy samples. The Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 protein expression levels were increased in HS-TLE and lesion-TLE patients compared to autopsy group. On the other hand, claudin-5 expression was higher in HS-TLE patients and lesion-TLE patients than autopsies. The expression level of occludin and ZO-1 was decreased in HS-TLE patients. Our study described modifications to the integrity of the BBB that may contribute to the pathogenesis of TLE, in which the VEGF system may play an important role. We demonstrated that the same modifications were present in both HS-TLE and lesion-TLE patients, which suggests that seizures modify these systems and that they are not associated with the establishment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico.
| | - Adacrid Colunga-Durán
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Nuñez-Lumbreras
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario Alonso-Vanegas
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez" (INNNMVS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - María Guadalupe Valle-Dorado
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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21
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Raghunathan R, Hogan JD, Labadorf A, Myers RH, Zaia J. A glycomics and proteomics study of aging and Parkinson's disease in human brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12804. [PMID: 32733076 PMCID: PMC7393382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on Parkinson’s disease mechanisms have shown dysregulated extracellular transport of α-synuclein and growth factors in the extracellular space. In the human brain these consist of perineuronal nets, interstitial matrices, and basement membranes, each composed of a set of collagens, non-collagenous glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and hyaluronan. The manner by which amyloidogenic proteins spread extracellularly, become seeded, oligomerize, and are taken up by cells, depends on intricate interactions with extracellular matrix molecules. We sought to assess the alterations to structure of glycosaminoglycans and proteins that occur in PD brain relative to controls of similar age. We found that PD differs markedly from normal brain in upregulation of extracellular matrix structural components including collagens, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan binding molecules. We also observed that levels of hemoglobin chains, possibly related to defects in iron metabolism, were enriched in PD brains. These findings shed important new light on disease processes that occur in association with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Raghunathan
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - John D Hogan
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Adam Labadorf
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, 02118, USA. .,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 02118, USA.
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22
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Roalf DR, Sydnor VJ, Woods M, Wolk DA, Scott JC, Reddy R, Moberg PJ. A quantitative meta-analysis of brain glutamate metabolites in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 95:240-249. [PMID: 32866885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is a key molecule in cellular metabolism, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and the principal neurotransmitter of cortical efferents. Glutamate dysfunction, on the other hand, is common in neurodegenerative disorders, and likely contributes to age-related declines in behavioral and cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the extant literature measuring age-related changes in brain glutamate in vivo has yet to be comprehensively and quantitatively summarized. This meta-analysis examines proton spectroscopy (1HMRS) measures of Glu-related brain metabolites across 589 healthy young and older adults. Glu (Cohen's d = -0.82) and Glu+glutamine (Cohen's d = -0.51) concentrations were significantly lower in older compared with younger adults, whereas the concentration of glutamine (d = 0.43) was significantly higher in older individuals. Notably, 1HMRS methodological choices impacted effect sizes for age-related Glu differences. Glu metabolite change appears to be a robust marker of aging-related neurological change; however, additional studies are needed to elucidate age-related trajectories of glutamatergic alterations and their relationship to cognitive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Valerie J Sydnor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Cobb Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Bai B, Wang X, Li Y, Chen PC, Yu K, Dey KK, Yarbro JM, Han X, Lutz BM, Rao S, Jiao Y, Sifford JM, Han J, Wang M, Tan H, Shaw TI, Cho JH, Zhou S, Wang H, Niu M, Mancieri A, Messler KA, Sun X, Wu Z, Pagala V, High AA, Bi W, Zhang H, Chi H, Haroutunian V, Zhang B, Beach TG, Yu G, Peng J. Deep Multilayer Brain Proteomics Identifies Molecular Networks in Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Neuron 2020; 105:975-991.e7. [PMID: 31926610 PMCID: PMC7318843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) displays a long asymptomatic stage before dementia. We characterize AD stage-associated molecular networks by profiling 14,513 proteins and 34,173 phosphosites in the human brain with mass spectrometry, highlighting 173 protein changes in 17 pathways. The altered proteins are validated in two independent cohorts, showing partial RNA dependency. Comparisons of brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid proteomes reveal biomarker candidates. Combining with 5xFAD mouse analysis, we determine 15 Aβ-correlated proteins (e.g., MDK, NTN1, SMOC1, SLIT2, and HTRA1). 5xFAD shows a proteomic signature similar to symptomatic AD but exhibits activation of autophagy and interferon response and lacks human-specific deleterious events, such as downregulation of neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins. Multi-omics integration prioritizes AD-related molecules and pathways, including amyloid cascade, inflammation, complement, WNT signaling, TGF-β and BMP signaling, lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, and membrane transport. Some Aβ-correlated proteins are colocalized with amyloid plaques. Thus, the multilayer omics approach identifies protein networks during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bai
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yuxin Li
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ping-Chung Chen
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaushik Kumar Dey
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jay M Yarbro
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Xian Han
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Brianna M Lutz
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shuquan Rao
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sifford
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jonghee Han
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Timothy I Shaw
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Cho
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Suiping Zhou
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mingming Niu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ariana Mancieri
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaitlynn A Messler
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vishwajeeth Pagala
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony A High
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenjian Bi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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24
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Yue J, Zhang C, Shi X, Wei Y, Liu L, Liu S, Yang H. Activation of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2 signaling pathway in cortical lesions of pediatric patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. Brain Dev 2019; 41:829-838. [PMID: 31495513 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are very frequently associated with epilepsy in pediatric patients. Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2 (LILRB2) participates in the process of neurite growth, synaptic plasticity, and inflammatory reaction, suggesting a potential role of LILRB2 in epilepsy. However, little is known about the distribution and expression of LILRB2 in cortical lesions of FCD IIb and cortical tubers of TSC. METHODS In this study, we have described the distribution and expression of LILRB2 signaling pathway in cortical lesions of pediatric patients with FCD IIb (n = 15) and TSC (n = 12) relative to age-matched autopsy control samples (CTX, n = 10), respectively. The protein levels of LILRB2 pathway molecules were assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The expression pattern was investigated by immunohistochemistry and double labeling experiment. Spearman correlation analysis to explore the correlation between LILRB2 protein level and seizure frequency. RESULTS The protein levels of LILRB2 and its downstream molecules POSH, SHROOM3, ROCK1, ROCK2 were increased in cortices of patients compared to CTX. Protein levels of LILRB2 negatively correlated with the frequency of seizures in FCD IIb and TSC patients, respectively. Moreover, all LILRB2 pathway molecules were strongly expressed in dysmorphic neurons, balloon cells, and giant cells, LILRB2 co-localized with neuron marker and astrocyte marker. CONCLUSION Taken together, the special expression patterns of LILRB2 signaling pathway in cortical lesions of FCD IIb and TSC implies that it may be involved in the process of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Shi
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujia Wei
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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25
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Ramos DM, d’Ydewalle C, Gabbeta V, Dakka A, Klein SK, Norris DA, Matson J, Taylor SJ, Zaworski PG, Prior TW, Snyder PJ, Valdivia D, Hatem CL, Waters I, Gupte N, Swoboda KJ, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Naryshkin N, Paushkin S, Crawford TO, Sumner CJ. Age-dependent SMN expression in disease-relevant tissue and implications for SMA treatment. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4817-4831. [PMID: 31589162 PMCID: PMC6819103 DOI: 10.1172/jci124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by deficient expression of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. New SMN-enhancing therapeutics are associated with variable clinical benefits. Limited knowledge of baseline and drug-induced SMN levels in disease-relevant tissues hinders efforts to optimize these treatments.METHODSSMN mRNA and protein levels were quantified in human tissues isolated during expedited autopsies.RESULTSSMN protein expression varied broadly among prenatal control spinal cord samples, but was restricted at relatively low levels in controls and SMA patients after 3 months of life. A 2.3-fold perinatal decrease in median SMN protein levels was not paralleled by comparable changes in SMN mRNA. In tissues isolated from nusinersen-treated SMA patients, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) concentration and full-length (exon 7 including) SMN2 (SMN2-FL) mRNA level increases were highest in lumbar and thoracic spinal cord. An increased number of cells showed SMN immunolabeling in spinal cord of treated patients, but was not associated with an increase in whole-tissue SMN protein levels.CONCLUSIONSA normally occurring perinatal decrease in whole-tissue SMN protein levels supports efforts to initiate SMN-inducing therapies as soon after birth as possible. Limited ASO distribution to rostral spinal and brain regions in some patients likely limits clinical response of motor units in these regions for those patients. These results have important implications for optimizing treatment of SMA patients and warrant further investigations to enhance bioavailability of intrathecally administered ASOs.FUNDINGSMA Foundation, SMART, NIH (R01-NS096770, R01-NS062869), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and PTC Therapeutics. Biogen provided support for absolute real-time RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin d’Ydewalle
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amal Dakka
- PTC Therapeutics, South Plainfield, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - John Matson
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas W. Prior
- Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela J. Snyder
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David Valdivia
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine L. Hatem
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Waters
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, and
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Swoboda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas O. Crawford
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Department of Neuroscience and
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Thygesen C, Larsen MR, Finsen B. Proteomic signatures of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:601-611. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1633919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thygesen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Rössel Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Grochowski C, Blicharska E, Krukow P, Jonak K, Maciejewski M, Szczepanek D, Jonak K, Flieger J, Maciejewski R. Analysis of Trace Elements in Human Brain: Its Aim, Methods, and Concentration Levels. Front Chem 2019; 7:115. [PMID: 30891444 PMCID: PMC6411644 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements play a crucial role in many biochemical processes, mainly as components of vitamins and enzymes. Although small amounts of metal ions have protective properties, excess metal levels result in oxidative injury, which is why metal ion homeostasis is crucial for the proper functioning of the brain. The changes of their level in the brain have been proven to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, it is currently an important application of various analytical methods. This review covers the most important of them: inductively coupled ground mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flame-induced atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), optical emission spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Additionally, we present a summary of concentration values found by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Eliza Blicharska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Jonak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejewski
- Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szczepanek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foreign Languages, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Detection of Changes in Immunohistochemical Stains Caused by Postmortem Delay and Fixation Time. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 27:238-245. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Salvatore JE, Han S, Farris SP, Mignogna KM, Miles MF, Agrawal A. Beyond genome-wide significance: integrative approaches to the interpretation and extension of GWAS findings for alcohol use disorder. Addict Biol 2019; 24:275-289. [PMID: 29316088 PMCID: PMC6037617 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a heritable complex behavior. Due to the highly polygenic nature of AUD, identifying genetic variants that comprise this heritable variation has proved to be challenging. With the exception of functional variants in alcohol metabolizing genes (e.g. ADH1B and ALDH2), few other candidate loci have been confidently linked to AUD. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of AUD and other alcohol-related phenotypes have either produced few hits with genome-wide significance or have failed to replicate on further study. These issues reinforce the complex nature of the genetic underpinnings for AUD and suggest that both GWAS studies with larger samples and additional analysis approaches that better harness the nominally significant loci in existing GWAS are needed. Here, we review approaches of interest in the post-GWAS era, including in silico functional analyses; functional partitioning of single nucleotide polymorphism heritability; aggregation of signal into genes and gene networks; and validation of identified loci, genes and gene networks in postmortem brain tissue and across species. These integrative approaches hold promise to illuminate our understanding of the biological basis of AUD; however, we recognize that the main challenge continues to be the extremely polygenic nature of AUD, which necessitates large samples to identify multiple loci associated with AUD liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Sean P. Farris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Kristin M. Mignogna
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Michael F. Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis MO USA
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30
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Neurochemical changes in the aging brain: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
An autopsy is a specialized surgical procedure consisting of external and internal examination of a deceased individual for the purposes of documenting abnormalities and determining or confirming medical diagnoses that may have contributed to their death. One of the benefits of an autopsy is the opportunity to collect and store biospecimens for the purposes of biobanking. This chapter outlines the procedures necessary to procure, store, and utilize biospecimens obtained during an autopsy. With the emergence of molecular diagnostics, this chapter also discusses factors that influence the integrity of autopsy biospecimens prior to procurement. These include the postmortem interval, as well as premortem factors such as the patient's agonal state, biospecimen temperature, and pH.
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Javan GT, Finley SJ, Tuomisto S, Hall A, Benbow ME, Mills D. An interdisciplinary review of the thanatomicrobiome in human decomposition. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2018; 15:75-83. [PMID: 30519986 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Death does not occur instantaneously and organs do not decompose at the same rate or in the same way. Nulligravid human uteri and prostate glands are the last internal organs to deteriorate during decomposition; however, the reason for this very important observation is still enigmatic. Recent studies have elucidated that the composition and abundance of microbes in the human thanatomicrobiome (microbiome of death) varies by organ and changes as a function of time and temperature. The ileocecal area has the largest absolute postmortem burden that spreads to the liver and spleen and continues to the heart and brain depending on the cause of death. To truly understand the mechanisms of microbial assembly during decomposition, a thorough examination of different strategies utilized by the trillions of microbes that colonize decaying tissues is needed from a multi-organ and multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we highlight interdisciplinary research and provide an overview of human decomposition investigations of thanatomicrobiomic changes in internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz T Javan
- Physical Sciences Department, Forensic Science Program, Alabama State University, 915 S. Jackson St., Hatch Hall Building Room 251, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
| | - Sheree J Finley
- Physical Sciences Department, Forensic Science Program, Alabama State University, 915 S. Jackson St., Hatch Hall Building Room 251, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Sari Tuomisto
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashley Hall
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology and Department of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - DeEtta Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Kageyama Y, Saito A, Pletnikova O, Rudow GL, Irie Y, An Y, Murakami K, Irie K, Resnick SM, Fowler DR, Martin LJ, Troncoso JC. Amyloid β toxic conformer has dynamic localization in the human inferior parietal cortex in absence of amyloid plaques. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16895. [PMID: 30442978 PMCID: PMC6237870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, its distribution and clearance before Aβ plaque formation needs to be elucidated. Using an optimized immunofluorescent staining method, we examined the distribution of Aβ in the post-mortem parietal cortex of 35 subjects, 30 to 65 years of age, APOE ε3/ε3, without AD lesions. We used 11A1, an antibody against an Aβ conformer which forms neurotoxic oligomers. 11A1 immunoreactivity (IR) was present in cortical neurons, pericapillary spaces, astrocytes and the extracellular compartment at 30 years of age. The percentage of neurons with 11A1 IR did not change with age, but the number and percentage of astrocytes with 11A1 IR gradually increased. Notably, the percentage of pericapillary spaces labeled with 11A1 IR declined significantly in the 5th decade of the life, at the same time that 11A1 IR increased in the extracellular space. Our findings indicate that the Aβ toxic conformer is normally present in various cell types and brain parenchyma, and appears to be constitutively produced, degraded, and cleared from the inferior parietal cortex. The decrease in pericapillary Aβ and the concomitant increase of extracellular Aβ may reflect an age-associated impairment in Aβ clearance from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kageyama
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gay L Rudow
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yumi Irie
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, NIH/NIA/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuma Murakami
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, NIH/NIA/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R Fowler
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Oxidative Stress Levels in the Brain Are Determined by Post-Mortem Interval and Ante-Mortem Vitamin C State but Not Alzheimer's Disease Status. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070883. [PMID: 29987201 PMCID: PMC6073320 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study highlighted several changes in measures of oxidative stress and antioxidant status that take place in the mouse brain over the course of 24 h post-mortem. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and glutathione both decreased significantly in cortex in as little as 2 h and malondialdehyde levels increased. Further change from baseline was observed up to 24 h, including carbonyl and sulfhydryl formation. The greatest changes were observed in brains that began with low ascorbic acid levels (gulo−/− mice) compared to wild-type or 5XFAD mice. Cortical samples from nine Alzheimer’s Disease cases and five controls were also assayed under the same conditions. Post mortem intervals ranged from 6 to 47 h and all samples had low ascorbic acid levels at time of measurement. Malondialdehyde levels were lower in Alzheimer’s Disease cases. Despite a strong positive correlation between ascorbic acid and glutathione levels, no other correlations among oxidative stress measures or post mortem interval were observed. Together the data suggest that molecular changes occurring within the first hours of death may mask differences between patient groups. Care must be taken interpreting studies in human brain tissue where ante-mortem nutrient status is not known to avoid bias or confounding of results.
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Alghamdi A, Vallortigara J, Howlett DR, Broadstock M, Hortobágyi T, Ballard C, Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT, Aarsland D, Attems J, Francis PT, Whitfield DR. Reduction of RPT6/S8 (a Proteasome Component) and Proteasome Activity in the Cortex is Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Lewy Body Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:373-386. [PMID: 28269775 PMCID: PMC5438478 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body dementia is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia and is pathologically characterized by α-synuclein positive cytoplasmic inclusions, with varying amounts of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tau) aggregates in addition to synaptic loss. A dysfunctional ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), the major proteolytic pathway responsible for the clearance of short lived proteins, may be a mediating factor of disease progression and of the development of α-synuclein aggregates. In the present study, protein expression of a key component of the UPS, the RPT6 subunit of the 19S regulatory complex was determined. Furthermore, the main proteolytic-like (chymotrypsin- and PGPH-) activities have also been analyzed. The middle frontal (Brodmann, BA9), inferior parietal (BA40), and anterior cingulate (BA24) gyrus' cortex were selected as regions of interest from Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD, n = 31), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 44), Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 16), and control (n = 24) brains. Clinical and pathological data available included the MMSE score. DLB, PDD, and AD were characterized by significant reductions of RPT6 (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001; Bonferroni post hoc test) in prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex compared with controls. Strong associations were observed between RPT6 levels in prefrontal, parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus and cognitive impairment (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.008, respectively). These findings highlight the involvement of the UPS in Lewy body dementia and indicate that targeting the UPS may have the potential to slow down or reduce the progression of cognitive impairment in DLB and PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghamdi
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julie Vallortigara
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - David R Howlett
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Martin Broadstock
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Clive Ballard
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK.,University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK
| | | | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Neurobiology, Ward Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Sweden.,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, UK
| | - Paul T Francis
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - David R Whitfield
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
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Expression of pannexin 1 and 2 in cortical lesions from intractable epilepsy patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6883-6895. [PMID: 28036289 PMCID: PMC5351677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a major cause of intractable epilepsy in children however the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of FCD and FCD induced epilepsy remain unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that the large-pore ion channels, pannexin 1 (Panx1) and 2 (Panx2), are involved in epilepsy and brain development. In this study, we investigated the expression of Panx1 and Panx2 in surgical samples from patients with FCD type Ia (FCDIa), type IIa (FCDIIa), and type IIb (FCDIIb) and in age-matched autopsy control samples. We found Panx1 mRNA and protein levels were both increased in all these FCD samples. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Panx1 was mainly distributed in microcolumn neurons, dysmorphic neurons (DNs), balloon cells (BCs) and reactive astrocytes. Double-labeled staining showed that the Panx1-positive neurons were mostly glutamatergic DNs and occasionally GABAergic normal-appearing neurons. Importantly, the protein levels of Panx1 positively correlated with the frequency of seizures. Intriguingly, the Panx2 mRNA and protein levels were only upregulated in FCDIIb lesions and characteristically expressed on SOX2-positive multipotential BCs. Immunofluorescent experiments identified that Panx2-positive BCs mainly expressed the neuronal differentiation transcription factor MASH1 but not the immature glial marker vimentin. Taken together, our results established a potential role of the specific expression and cellular distribution patterns of Panx1 and Panx2 in FCD-associated epileptogenesis and pathogenesis.
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Sullivan K, Pantazopoulos H, Liebson E, Woo TUW, Baldessarini RJ, Hedreen J, Berretta S. What can we learn about brain donors? Use of clinical information in human postmortem brain research. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:181-196. [PMID: 29496141 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem studies on the human brain reside at the core of investigations on neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Ground-breaking advances continue to be made on the pathologic basis of many of these disorders, at molecular, cellular, and neural connectivity levels. In parallel, there is increasing emphasis on improving methods to extract relevant demographic and clinical information about brain donors and, importantly, translate it into measures that can reliably and effectively be incorporated in the design and data analysis of postmortem human investigations. Here, we review the main source of information typically available to brain banks and provide examples on how this information can be processed. In particular, we discuss approaches to establish primary and secondary diagnoses, estimate exposure to therapeutic treatment and substance abuse, assess agonal status, and use time of death as a proxy in investigations on circadian rhythms. Although far from exhaustive, these considerations are intended as a contribution to ongoing efforts from tissue banks and investigators aimed at establishing robust, well-validated methods for collecting and standardizing information about brain donors, further strengthening the scientific rigor of human postmortem studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Sullivan
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Traslational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Liebson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - T-U W Woo
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ross J Baldessarini
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; International Consortium for Psychotic and Bipolar Disorders Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - John Hedreen
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Traslational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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38
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Towards a Better Understanding of GABAergic Remodeling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081813. [PMID: 28825683 PMCID: PMC5578199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. In the past, there has been a major research drive focused on the dysfunction of the glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, there is now growing evidence in support of a GABAergic contribution to the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease. Previous studies paint a complex, convoluted and often inconsistent picture of AD-associated GABAergic remodeling. Given the importance of the GABAergic system in neuronal function and homeostasis, in the maintenance of the excitatory/inhibitory balance, and in the processes of learning and memory, such changes in GABAergic function could be an important factor in both early and later stages of AD pathogenesis. Given the limited scope of currently available therapies in modifying the course of the disease, a better understanding of GABAergic remodeling in AD could open up innovative and novel therapeutic opportunities.
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The Study of Postmortem Human Synaptosomes for Understanding Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders: A Review. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:57-68. [PMID: 28733958 PMCID: PMC5520816 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is thought to play important roles in the pathophysiology of many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. Over the past few decades, there have been systematic efforts to collect postmortem brain tissues via autopsies, leading to the establishment of dozens of human brain banks around the world. From cryopreserved human brain tissues, it is possible to isolate detached-and-resealed synaptic terminals termed synaptosomes, which remain metabolically and enzymatically active. Synaptosomes have become important model systems for studying human synaptic functions, being much more accessible than ex vivo brain slices or primary neuronal cultures. Here we review recent advances in the establishment of human brain banks, the isolation of synaptosomes, their biological activities, and various analytical techniques for investigating their biochemical and ultrastructural properties. There are unique insights to be gained by directly examining human synaptosomes, which cannot be substituted by animal models. We will also discuss how human synaptosome research has contributed to better understanding of neurological disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease.
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40
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Sethi MK, Zaia J. Extracellular matrix proteomics in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:379-394. [PMID: 27601046 PMCID: PMC5203946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly organized system that consists of collagens, noncollagenous proteins, glycoproteins, hyaluronan, and proteoglycans. Recognized physiological roles of ECM include developmental regulation, tissue homeostasis, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, neuronal plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. Aberrant ECM structure is associated with brain neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on two neurodegenerative conditions, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and summarizes recent findings of altered ECM components, including proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, and glycoproteins, and proteins and genes related to other brain components. The scope includes immunohistochemical, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and glycomics studies, and a critical assessment of current state of proteomic studies for neurodegenerative disorders. The intent is to summarize the ECM molecular alterations associated with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Graphical Abstract Brain extracellular matrix showing HSPGs, CSPGs, HA, collagens, and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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41
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Aslam B, Basit M, Nisar MA, Khurshid M, Rasool MH. Proteomics: Technologies and Their Applications. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:182-196. [PMID: 28087761 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics involves the applications of technologies for the identification and quantification of overall proteins present content of a cell, tissue or an organism. It supplements the other "omics" technologies such as genomic and transcriptomics to expound the identity of proteins of an organism, and to cognize the structure and functions of a particular protein. Proteomics-based technologies are utilized in various capacities for different research settings such as detection of various diagnostic markers, candidates for vaccine production, understanding pathogenicity mechanisms, alteration of expression patterns in response to different signals and interpretation of functional protein pathways in different diseases. Proteomics is practically intricate because it includes the analysis and categorization of overall protein signatures of a genome. Mass spectrometry with LC-MS-MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF being widely used equipment is the central among current proteomics. However, utilization of proteomics facilities including the software for equipment, databases and the requirement of skilled personnel substantially increase the costs, therefore limit their wider use especially in the developing world. Furthermore, the proteome is highly dynamic because of complex regulatory systems that control the expression levels of proteins. This review efforts to describe the various proteomics approaches, the recent developments and their application in research and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Basit
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan .,College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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42
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Gross JA, Nagy C, Lin L, Bonneil É, Maheu M, Thibault P, Mechawar N, Jin P, Turecki G. WITHDRAWN: Global and site-specific changes in 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine after extended post-mortem interval. Exp Mol Pathol 2016:S0014-4800(16)30042-9. [PMID: 27746278 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gross
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corina Nagy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Éric Bonneil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marissa Maheu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Remnestål J, Just D, Mitsios N, Fredolini C, Mulder J, Schwenk JM, Uhlén M, Kultima K, Ingelsson M, Kilander L, Lannfelt L, Svenningsson P, Nellgård B, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Nilsson P, Häggmark-Månberg A. CSF profiling of the human brain enriched proteome reveals associations of neuromodulin and neurogranin to Alzheimer's disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1242-1253. [PMID: 27604409 PMCID: PMC5157753 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study is part of a larger effort aiming to expand the knowledge of brain‐enriched proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to provide novel insight into the relation between such proteins and different neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental design Here 280 brain‐enriched proteins in CSF from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are profiled. In total, 441 human samples of ventricular CSF collected post mortem and lumbar CSF collected ante mortem are analyzed using 376 antibodies in a suspension bead array setup, utilizing a direct labelling approach. Results Among several proteins displaying differentiated profiles between sample groups, we focus here on two synaptic proteins, neuromodulin (GAP43) and neurogranin (NRGN). They are both found at elevated levels in CSF from AD patients in two independent cohorts, providing disease‐associated profiles in addition to verifying and strengthening previously observed patterns. Increased levels are also observed for patients for whom the AD diagnosis was not established at the time of sampling. Conclusions and clinical relevance These findings indicate that analyzing the brain‐enriched proteins in CSF is of particular interest to increase the understanding of the CSF proteome and its relation to neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, this study lends support to the notion that measurements of these synaptic proteins could potentially be of great relevance in future diagnostic tests for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Remnestål
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Just
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- SciLifeLab, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- SciLifeLab, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Häggmark-Månberg
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Vallortigara J, Whitfield D, Quelch W, Alghamdi A, Howlett D, Hortobágyi T, Johnson M, Attems J, O'Brien JT, Thomas A, Ballard CG, Aarsland D, Francis PT. Decreased Levels of VAMP2 and Monomeric Alpha-Synuclein Correlate with Duration of Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:101-10. [PMID: 26639969 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregations are the key pathological hallmark of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), but are also frequently present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much remains unknown about the role of α-syn in the synapse and the wider role of synaptic dysfunction in these dementias. Changes in concentrations of key 'SNAP (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein) Receptor' (SNARE) proteins as a consequence of alterations in the aggregation state of α-syn may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in patients with DLB, PDD, and AD and result in impaired cognition. We have studied a large cohort (n = 130) of autopsy confirmed DLB, PDD, AD, and control brains. Using semi-quantitative western blotting, we have demonstrated significant changes across the diagnostic groups of DLB, PDD, and AD in the SNARE and vesicle proteins syntaxin, Munc18, VAMP2, and monomeric α-syn in the prefrontal cortex, with a significant reduction of Munc18 in AD patients (p < 0.001). This correlated to the final MMSE score before death (p = 0.016). We also identified a significant negative correlation between the duration of dementia and the levels of the binding partners VAMP2 (p = 0.0004) and monomeric α-syn (p = 0.0002). Our findings may indicate that an upregulation of SNARE complex related proteins occurs in the early stages of disease as an attempt at compensating for failing synapses, prior to widespread deposition of pathological α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vallortigara
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Whitfield
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - William Quelch
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amani Alghamdi
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Howlett
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mary Johnson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, CAV, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, CAV, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, CAV, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, CAV, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Clive G Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Neurobiology, Ward Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Paul T Francis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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45
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Nguyen TVV, Frye JB, Zbesko JC, Stepanovic K, Hayes M, Urzua A, Serrano G, Beach TG, Doyle KP. Multiplex immunoassay characterization and species comparison of inflammation in acute and non-acute ischemic infarcts in human and mouse brain tissue. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:100. [PMID: 27600707 PMCID: PMC5011964 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a parallel characterization of the cytokine and chemokine response to stroke in the human and mouse brain at different stages of infarct resolution. The study goal was to address the hypothesis that chronic inflammation may contribute to stroke-related dementia. We used C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to control for strain related differences in the mouse immune response. Our data indicate that in both mouse strains, and humans, there is increased granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 p70 (IL-12p70), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), keratinocyte chemoattractant/interleukin-8 (KC/IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the infarct core during the acute time period. Nevertheless, correlation and two-way ANOVA analyses reveal that despite this substantial overlap between species, there are still significant differences, particularly in the regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is increased in mice but not in humans. In the weeks after stroke, during the stage of liquefactive necrosis, there is significant resolution of the inflammatory response to stroke within the infarct. However, CD68+ macrophages remain present, and levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 remain chronically elevated in infarcts from both mice and humans. Furthermore, there is a chronic T cell response within the infarct in both species. This response is differentially polarized towards a T helper 1 (Th1) response in C57BL/6 mice, and a T helper 2 (Th2) response in BALB/c mice, suggesting that the chronic inflammatory response to stroke may follow a different trajectory in different patients. To control for the fact that the average age of the patients used in this study was 80 years, they were of both sexes, and many had suffered from multiple strokes, we also present findings that reveal how the chronic inflammatory response to stroke is impacted by age, sex, and multiple strokes in mice. Our data indicate that the chronic cytokine and chemokine response to stroke is not substantially altered in 18-month old compared to 3-month old C57BL/6 mice, although T cell infiltration is attenuated. We found a significant correlation in the chronic cytokine response to stroke in males and females. However, the chronic cytokine response to stroke was mildly exacerbated by a recurrent stroke in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.
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46
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Yang XL, Chen B, Zhang XQ, Chen X, Yang MH, Zhang W, Chen HR, Zang ZL, Li W, Yang H, Liu SY. Upregulations of CRH and CRHR1 in the Epileptogenic Tissues of Patients with Intractable Infantile Spasms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 23:57-68. [PMID: 27534449 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Infantile spasms (IS) are an age-specific epileptic syndrome with specific clinical symptom and electroencephalogram (EEG) features, lacking treatment options, and a poor prognosis. Excessive endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in infant brain might result in IS. However, the data from human IS are limited. In our study, we investigated the expressions of CRH and its receptor type 1 (CRHR1) in surgical tissues from patients with IS and autopsy controls. METHODS Specimens surgically removed from 17 patients with IS, and six autopsy controls were included in the study. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunostaining were used to detect the expressions of mRNA, protein expression, and distribution. The correlation between variates was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS The expressions of CRH and CRHR1 were significantly upregulated in the epileptogenic tissues of IS patients compared with the control group. CRH was distributed mainly in neurons, while CRHR1 was distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The expression levels of CRH and CRHR1 were positively correlated with the frequency of epileptic spasms. Moreover, the expression of protein kinase C (PKC), which was an important downstream factor of CRHR1, was significantly upregulated in the epileptogenic tissues of patients with IS and was positively correlated with the CRHR1 expression levels and the frequency of epileptic spasms. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the CRH signal transduction pathway might participate in the epileptogenesis of IS, supporting the hypothesis that CRH is related to the pathogenesis of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan-Ran Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Le Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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47
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD: unipolar depression) is widely distributed in the USA and world-wide populations and it is one of the leading causes of disability in both adolescents and adults. Traditional diagnostic approaches for MDD are based on patient interviews, which provide a subjective assessment of clinical symptoms which are frequently shared with other maladies. Reliance upon clinical assessments and patient interviews for diagnosing MDD is frequently associated with misdiagnosis and suboptimal treatment outcomes. As such, there is increasing interest in the identification of objective methods for the diagnosis of depression. Newer technologies from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging are technically sophisticated and objective but their application to diagnostic tests in psychiatry is still emerging. This brief overview evaluates the technical basis for these technologies and discusses how the extension of their clinical performance can lead to an objective diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Bilello
- Ridge Diagnostics Laboratories, Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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48
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Gross JA, Nagy C, Lin L, Bonneil É, Maheu M, Thibault P, Mechawar N, Jin P, Turecki G. Global and Site-Specific Changes in 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine after Extended Post-mortem Interval. Front Genet 2016; 7:120. [PMID: 27446202 PMCID: PMC4917525 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in the study of epigenetic mechanisms to elucidate the molecular bases of human brain-related diseases and disorders. Frequently, researchers utilize post-mortem tissue with the assumption that post-mortem tissue decay has little or no effect on epigenetic marks. Although previous studies show no effect of post-mortem interval on certain epigenetic marks, no such research has been performed on cytosine modifications. In this study, we use DNA from the brains of adult Sprague Dawley rats subjected to post-mortem intervals at room temperature, ranging from 0 to 96 h, to assess the stability of cytosine modifications, namely 5-methycytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Our results indicate that neither global nor site-specific levels of 5-methycytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine are affected by the post-mortem intervals we studied. As such, the use of post-mortem tissue to study cytosine modifications in the context of neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Corina Nagy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Éric Bonneil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Marissa Maheu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
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49
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Sun FJ, Zhang CQ, Chen X, Wei YJ, Li S, Liu SY, Zang ZL, He JJ, Guo W, Yang H. Downregulation of CD47 and CD200 in patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:85. [PMID: 27095555 PMCID: PMC4837553 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are well-recognized causes of chronic intractable epilepsy in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of the microglia/macrophage and concomitant inflammatory response in FCD IIb and TSC may contribute to the initiation and recurrence of seizures. The membrane glycoproteins CD47 and CD200, which are highly expressed in neurons and other cells, mediate inhibitory signals through their receptors, signal regulatory protein α (SIRP-α) and CD200R, respectively, in microglia/macrophages. We investigate the levels and expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R in surgically resected brain tissues from patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and the potential effect of soluble human CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc on the inhibition of several proinflammatory cytokines associated with FCD IIb and TSC in living epileptogenic brain slices in vitro. The level of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a modulator of CD200, was also investigated. Methods Twelve FCD IIb (range 1.8–9.5 years), 13 TSC (range 1.5–10 years) patients, and 6 control cases (range 1.5–11 years) were enrolled. The levels of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays. Results Both the messenger RNA and protein levels of CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200, as well as the mRNA level of IL-4, were downregulated in epileptogenic lesions of FCD IIb and TSC compared with the control specimens, whereas CD200R levels were not significantly changed. CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200 were decreasingly expressed in dysmorphic neuron, balloon cells, and giant cells. CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc could inhibit IL-6 release but did not suppress IL-1β or IL-17 production. Conclusions Our results suggest that microglial activation may be partially caused by CD47/SIRP-α- and CD200/CD200R-mediated reductions in the immune inhibitory pathways within FCD IIb and TSC cortical lesions where chronic neuroinflammation has been established. Upregulation or activation of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R may have therapeutic potential for controlling neuroinflammation in human FCD IIb and TSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhen-le Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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50
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Gallart-Palau X, Lee BST, Adav SS, Qian J, Serra A, Park JE, Lai MKP, Chen CP, Kalaria RN, Sze SK. Gender differences in white matter pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease. Mol Brain 2016; 9:27. [PMID: 26983404 PMCID: PMC4794845 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia risk in women is higher than in men, but the molecular neuropathology of this gender difference remains poorly defined. In this study, we used unbiased, discovery-driven quantitative proteomics to assess the molecular basis of gender influences on risk of Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease (AD + CVD). RESULTS We detected modulation of several redox proteins in the temporal lobe of AD + CVD subjects, and we observed sex-specific alterations in the white matter (WM) and mitochondria proteomes of female patients. Functional proteomic analysis of AD + CVD brain tissues revealed increased citrullination of arginine and deamidation of glutamine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in female which impaired degradation of degenerated MBP and resulted in accumulation of non-functional MBP in WM. Female patients also displayed down-regulation of ATP sub-units and cytochromes, suggesting increased severity of mitochondria impairment in women. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that gender-linked modulation of white matter and mitochondria proteomes influences neuropathology of the temporal lobe in AD + CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallart-Palau
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Benjamin S. T. Lee
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Sunil S. Adav
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jingru Qian
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Aida Serra
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Park
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Mitchell K. P. Lai
- />Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P. Chen
- />Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- />Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- />Institute for Ageing and Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- />Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
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