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Qadeer A, Khan A, Khan NM, Wajid A, Ullah K, Skalickova S, Chilala P, Slama P, Horky P, Alqahtani MS, Alreshidi MA. Use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterial as a substitute for antibiotics in monogastric animals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31728. [PMID: 38845989 PMCID: PMC11153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for tackling antibiotic resistance in monogastric animals, providing innovative methods to enhance animal health and well-being. This review explores the novel use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterials as substitutes for antibiotics in monogastric animals. With growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable practices in animal husbandry, nanotechnology offers a compelling avenue to address these challenges. The objectives of this review are to find out the potential of nanomaterials in improving animal health while reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics. We examine various forms of nanomaterials and their roles in promoting gut health and also emphasize fresh perspectives brought by integrating nanotechnology into animal healthcare. Additionally, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of nanomaterials and their effectiveness in combating microbial resistance. By shedding light on the transformative role of nanotechnology in animal production systems. This review contributes to our understanding of how nanotechnology can provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadeer
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aamir Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad Khan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- Livestock and Dairy Development (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pompido Chilala
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 RH, UK
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Badia-Bringué G, Canive M, Vázquez P, Garrido JM, Fernández A, Juste RA, Jiménez JA, González-Recio O, Alonso-Hearn M. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Associated with High Interferon-gamma Production in Holstein Cattle Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium Bovis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6165. [PMID: 38892353 PMCID: PMC11172856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (Mb) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTb). Genetic selection aiming to identify less susceptible animals has been proposed as a complementary measure in ongoing programs toward controlling Mb infection. However, individual animal phenotypes for bTb based on interferon-gamma (IFNɣ) and its use in bovine selective breeding programs have not been explored. In the current study, IFNɣ production was measured using a specific IFNɣ ELISA kit in bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD)-stimulated blood samples collected from Holstein cattle. DNA isolated from the peripheral blood samples collected from the animals included in the study was genotyped with the EuroG Medium Density bead Chip, and the genotypes were imputed to whole-genome sequences. A genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) revealed that the IFNɣ in response to bPPD was associated with a specific genetic profile (heritability = 0.23) and allowed the identification of 163 SNPs, 72 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 197 candidate genes, and 8 microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with this phenotype. No negative correlations between this phenotype and other phenotypes and traits included in the Spanish breeding program were observed. Taken together, our results define a heritable and distinct immunogenetic profile associated with strong production of IFNɣ in response to Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Jabert P, Réveillaud É, Richomme C, Marsot M. Intra- and interspecies infectious neighbourhoods as determinant parameters for Mycobacterium bovis infection among badgers in southwestern France. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106146. [PMID: 38368697 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiological system for Mycobacterium bovis in France involves cattle and, in some areas, wildlife species (mainly badgers and wild boar). This multi-host aspect complicates the control and eradication prospects for bovine tuberculosis in endemic areas, despite the surveillance and control measures implemented for decades in this officially tuberculosis-free European country. To improve control measures, and to manage spillback transmission from badgers to cattle, it is necessary to clarify the transmission mechanisms of M. bovis in these epidemiological systems. We modelled a badger population from a southwestern endemic area by a Dirichlet tessellation based on a sett census conducted by local hunters and trappers between 2013 and 2015. We then used a logistic regression model to test the association between the infection status of setts and computed variables depicting three types of transmission (intraspecific, interspecific and landscape-associated). The apparent prevalence of infected setts was of 40.5%. Two variables were significantly associated with the probability for a sett to be infected: the proportion of neighbouring setts that were infected (OR: 3.19 [2.04-5.17]95%) and the presence of nearby pastures belonging to an infected farm (OR: 2.33 [1.13-4.89]95%]. While badger culling measures have been implemented according to the national TB control plan in the study area since 2012 (in the vicinity of infected farms and their pastures), our results clearly highlight the need to reinforce measures aimed at reducing both intraspecific and interspecific infection pressure. For this purpose, the promising prospect of badger vaccination could be considered, along with biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France; Independent researcher, Audincthun, France.
| | - Pierre Jabert
- French Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General for Food, 75015, Paris
| | | | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Maud Marsot
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Toribio JAL, Lomata K, Fullman S, Jenkins A, Borja E, Arif S, McKercher J, Blake D, Garcia A, Whittington RJ, Underwood F, Marais BJ. Assessing risks for bovine and zoonotic tuberculosis through spatial analysis and a questionnaire survey in Fiji - A pilot study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22776. [PMID: 38125425 PMCID: PMC10730600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle and when transmitted to humans typically causes extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a global distribution and is controlled in most countries to protect animal and public health. Recent studies revealed that bTB is established on dairy farms in Fiji where EPTB cases have been reported in people. The aims of this pilot investigation were to look for putative zoonotic TB (EPTB) cases in people and to evaluate practices that might contribute to the persistence and transmission of M. bovis between cattle and to humans. Existing data sets were shared between the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health and a questionnaire-based survey was implemented using One Health principles. Statistically significant co-location and close proximity of EPTB cases and bovine TB affected farms were identified. The bTB infection status of farms was significantly associated with unfenced water sources where cattle grazed. Of 247 households, 65 % shared drinking water sources with cattle and 36 % consumed raw milk without boiling, while 62 % of participants reported backyard slaughter of cattle. Several participants reported current symptoms potentially suggestive of TB (chronic cough) but the impact of smoking and history of previous TB treatment could not be evaluated. Farmers had limited understanding of the practices required to prevent bTB at farm level. Further study is recommended and should include an assessment of lifetime EPTB diagnoses, classification of farms based on more recent bTB test data and molecular typing of mycobacterial isolates from humans, cattle and the environment. A targeted awareness and education approach is required to reduce the future risk of zoonotic TB and to help ensure uptake of recommendations and practices aimed at controlling and preventing bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Ann L.M.L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keresi Lomata
- Ministry of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station, Koronivia, Republic of Fiji
| | - Sam Fullman
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Dinem House, 88 Amy Street, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Aaron Jenkins
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Elva Borja
- Ministry of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station, Koronivia, Republic of Fiji
| | - Shumaila Arif
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrad McKercher
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David Blake
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for People, Place and Planet, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anabel Garcia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Underwood
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Dinem House, 88 Amy Street, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Ben J. Marais
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Herraiz C, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Acevedo P. Large scale spatio-temporal modelling of risk factors associated with tuberculosis exposure at the wildlife-livestock interface. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106049. [PMID: 37866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for European Union animal health authorities. However, and despite all the efforts made to date, a significant part of Spain has as yet been unable to obtain the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Information regarding wildlife disease status is usually scarce, signifying that the role played by wildlife is usually ignored or poorly assessed in large-scale TB risk factor studies. The National Wildlife Health Surveillance Plan in Spain now provides information on infection rates in wildlife reservoirs at a national level, but there are limitations as regards the sample size, the spatio-temporal distribution of the samples, and the lack of homogeneity of the diagnostic techniques employed. The objective of the study described herein was, therefore, to employ a Bayesian approach with the intention of identifying the risk factors associated with four TB rates in cattle: prevalence, incidence, maintenance and persistence in Spain during the period 2014-2019. The modeling approach included highly informative spatio-temporal latent effects with which to control the limitations of the data. Variation partitioning procedures were carried out, and the pure effect of each factor was mapped in order to identify the most relevant factors associated with TB dynamics in cattle in each region. This made it possible to disclose that the movement of cattle, particularly from counties with herd incidence > 1%, was the main driver of the TB dynamics in cattle. The abundance of herds bred for bullfighting was retained in all four models, but had less weight than the movements. After accounting for farm-related factors, the TB prevalence in wild boar was retained in all the models and was significantly related to incidence, maintenance and persistence. With regard to the incidence, variation partitioning revealed that wildlife was the most explicative factor, thus suggesting that it plays a role in the introduction of the pathogen into uninfected herds, and consequently highlighting its importance in breakdowns. These results show, for the first time on a national scale, that wild ungulates play a relevant role in the spatio-temporal variability of TB in cattle, particularly as regards their disease status. Moreover, the spatial representation of the pure effect of each factor made it possible to identify which factors are driving the disease dynamics in each region, thus showing that it is a valuable tool with which to focus efforts towards achieving the OTF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Herraiz
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Boschiroli ML. Animal tuberculosis control in a disease-free country, France: does the long and winding road really lead to eradication? Ir Vet J 2023; 76:25. [PMID: 37752587 PMCID: PMC10521394 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It took France almost fifty years to attain its officially animal tuberculosis (TB) free status in 2000, granting the country a favourable position for international live animal trading. The initial TB control program has been adapted at different times in its history in order to suit changing epidemiological contexts: it was first focused on detection and elimination of infected animals while later on protecting TB free herds became a priority.In spite of all the efforts put into the program, final eradication has still not been achieved. Instead, the eradication process has stalled, most probably due to changes in breeding practices in the last 30 years. Indeed, the beef industry has overtaken the milk industry, which has led to the occurrence of new TB risks. Novel epidemiological situations in some regions of extensive beef cattle farming, where wildlife species (wild boar, badger) are also infected, have emerged. More adapted measures have thus been implemented, progressively evaluated and improved in order to reinforce prevention of infection, to follow up with the eradication goal and to strengthen, coordinate and re-motivate field resources. These include, among others, introduction of biosecurity measures in the herd, risk based surveillance and management of wildlife and cattle, improvement of screening in the field and at the abattoir, better diagnosis, but also improvement of communication, awareness, training activities of the main field actors. Very importantly, this new plan has been established through the participation of the majority of involved stakeholders -the farmer industry, hunter associations, veterinarians, scientists and the government-, through coordinated specific steering committees and ad hoc working groups.Without doubt, the main challenge for the next few years is reinforcing communication to encourage and strengthen the program in an already faltering agro-social system. In addition, it will be essential to continue sustaining national research and international collaborations to feed the program with relevant scientific data enabling the authorities to undertake the most pertinent measures for tackling the disease in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Boschiroli
- Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Kumar R, Gandham S, Rana A, Maity HK, Sarkar U, Dey B. Divergent proinflammatory immune responses associated with the differential susceptibility of cattle breeds to tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199092. [PMID: 37795082 PMCID: PMC10546398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in the bovine is one of the most predominant chronic debilitating infectious diseases primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Besides, the incidence of TB in humans due to M. bovis, and that in bovines (bovine TB, bTB) due to M. tuberculosis- indicates cattle as a major reservoir of zoonotic TB. While India accounts for the highest global burden of both TB and multidrug-resistant TB in humans, systematic evaluation of bTB prevalence in India is largely lacking. Recent reports emphasized markedly greater bTB prevalence in exotic and crossbred cattle compared to indigenous cattle breeds that represent more than one-third of the total cattle population in India, which is the largest globally. This study aimed at elucidating the immune responses underlying the differential bTB incidence in prominent indigenous (Sahiwal), and crossbred (Sahiwal x Holstein Friesian) cattle reared in India. Employing the standard Single Intradermal Tuberculin Test (SITT), and mycobacterial gene-targeting single as well as multiplex-PCR-based screening revealed higher incidences of bovine tuberculin reactors as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex specific PCR positivity amongst the crossbred cattle. Further, ex vivo mycobacterial infection in cultures of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SITT, and myco-PCR negative healthy cattle exhibited significantly higher intracellular growth of M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis H37Ra in the crossbred cattle PBMCs compared to native cattle. In addition, native cattle PBMCs induced higher pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tank binding kinase-1 (TBK-1), and nitric oxide (NO) upon exposure to live mycobacterial infection in comparison to PBMCs from crossbred cattle that exhibited higher expression of IL-1β transcripts. Together, these findings highlight that differences in the innate immune responses of these cattle breeds might be contributing to the differential susceptibility to bTB infection, and the resultant disparity in bTB incidence amongst indigenous, and crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sripratyusha Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Avi Rana
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttam Sarkar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bappaditya Dey
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Delpont M, Salazar LG, Dewulf J, Zbikowski A, Szeleszczuk P, Dufay-Lefort AC, Rousset N, Spaans A, Amalraj A, Tilli G, Piccirillo A, Devesa A, Sevilla-Navarro S, van Meirhaege H, Kovács L, Jóźwiak ÁB, Guérin JL, Paul MC. Monitoring biosecurity in poultry production: an overview of databases reporting biosecurity compliance from seven European countries. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231377. [PMID: 37649565 PMCID: PMC10465163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Compliance with required on-farm biosecurity practices reduces the risk of contamination and spread of zoonotic and economically important diseases. With repeating avian influenza epidemics in the poultry industry, the need to monitor and improve the overall level of biosecurity is increasing. In practice, biosecurity compliance is assessed by various actors (e.g., academic, private and public institutions), and the results of such assessments may be recorded and gathered in databases which are seldom shared or thoroughly analyzed. This study aimed to provide an inventory of databases related to the assessment of biosecurity in poultry farms in seven major poultry-producing European countries to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with biosecurity data collection, sharing, and use. The institutions in charge of these databases were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to gather information on the main characteristics of the databases and the context of their implementation. A total of 20 databases were identified, covering the gamut of poultry species and production types. Most databases were linked to veterinary health authorities or academia, and to a lesser extent interbranch organizations. Depending on the institutions in charge, the databases serve various purposes, from providing advice to enforcing regulations. The quality of the biosecurity data collected is believed to be quite reliable, as biosecurity is mostly assessed by trained farm advisors or official veterinarians and during a farm visit. Some of the databases are difficult to analyze and/or do not offer information concerning which biosecurity measures are most or least respected. Moreover, some key biosecurity practices are sometimes absent from certain databases. Although the databases serve a variety of purposes and cover different production types, each with specific biosecurity features, their analysis should help to improve the surveillance of biosecurity in the poultry sector and provide evidence on the benefits of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Zbikowski
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nathalie Rousset
- ITAVI, Institut Technique de l'Aviculture, Pisciculture et Cuniculture, Paris, France
| | - Annick Spaans
- Southern Agriculture and Horticulture Organization, Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Arthi Amalraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Giuditta Tilli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Aitor Devesa
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain
| | | | - László Kovács
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Chain Education, Research, Development and Innovation Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Efrem GH, Mihreteab B, Ghebremariam MK, Okbamichael T, Ghebresilasie Y, Mor SM, Mamo G. Prevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub Regions, Eritrea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177572. [PMID: 37396997 PMCID: PMC10311105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It is considered endemic in Eritrea, however, the current prevalence status and related risk factors in animals are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between August 2021 and February 2022. A total of 2,740 dairy cattle from 214 herds in 10 sub-regions of Eritrea were selected for blood and data collection. Blood samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed using competitive (c-ELISA). Data on risk factors was collected using questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression. Results In total, 34/2740 animals tested positive by RBPT. Of these, 29 were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an apparent and estimated true individual-level prevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 1.8%), respectively. Sixteen herds (7.5%) tested positive by RBPT and of these 15 herds (7.0%) were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an estimated true herd-level prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 4.0, 10.7). Animal and herd-level apparent prevalence was 1.6 and 9.2% in Maekel, while in Debub it was 0.6 and 5.5%, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that non-pregnant lactating cows (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.35; p = 0.042) were more likely to be Brucella sero-positive. History of abortion on the farm (aOR = 5.71; p = 0.026) and larger number of cows in the herd (aOR = 1.14; p < 0.001) were associated with brucellosis sero-positivity in herds. Conclusion Brucellosis prevalence was low in the study areas. Nonetheless, this low prevalence may increase if the disease is not controlled. Therefore, testing animals before movement, good farming practices, sanitary measures, and an awareness raising program on brucellosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghebremeskel Habteyohannes Efrem
- National Animal and Plant Health, Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Mihreteab
- Pathology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Michael K. Ghebremariam
- Division of Pathology, Public Health & Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tekeste Okbamichael
- Serology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Yosief Ghebresilasie
- Vaccine Production Unit, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institution (ILRI), Nairobi, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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10
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Bisschop PIH, Frankena K, Milne GM, Ford T, McCallan L, Young FJ, Byrne AW. Relationship between ambient temperature at sampling and the interferon gamma test result for bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109778. [PMID: 37216720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of significant economic and zoonotic importance, therefore, optimising tests for the identification of Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle is essential. The Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) Release Assay (IGRA) can diagnose M. bovis infected cattle at an early stage, is easy to perform and can be used alongside skin tests for confirmatory purposes or to increase diagnostic sensitivity. It is known that IGRA performance is sensitive to environmental conditions under which samples are taken and transported. In this study, the association between the ambient temperature on the day of bleeding and the subsequent IGRA result for bTB was quantified using field samples from Northern Ireland (NI). Results of 106,434 IGRA results (2013-2018) were associated with temperature data extracted from weather stations near tested cattle herds. Model dependent variables were the levels of IFN-γ triggered by avian purified protein derivative (PPDa), M. bovis PPD (PPDb), their difference (PPD(b-a)) as well as the final binary outcome (positive or negative for M. bovis infection). IFN-γ levels after both PPDa and PPDb stimulation were lowest at the extremes of the temperature distribution for NI. The highest IGRA positive probability (above 6%) was found on days with moderate maximum temperatures (6-16 °C) or moderate minimum temperatures (4-7 °C). Adjustment for covariates did not lead to major changes in the model estimates. These data suggest that IGRA performance can be affected when samples are taken at high or low temperatures. Whilst it is difficult to exclude physiological factors, the data nonetheless supports the temperature control of samples from bleeding through to laboratory to help mitigate post-collection confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I H Bisschop
- Department of Animal Science, Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Frankena
- Department of Animal Science, Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G M Milne
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 12 Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - T Ford
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 12 Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - L McCallan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 12 Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - F J Young
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 12 Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - A W Byrne
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 12 Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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11
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Ruette S, Richomme C, Lesellier S, Payne A, Boschiroli ML, Courcoul A, Durand B. Analysis of a multi-type resurgence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and badgers in Southwest France, 2007-2019. Vet Res 2023; 54:41. [PMID: 37138355 PMCID: PMC10158257 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007-2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both < 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5-0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3-2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R < 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9-5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Independent Researcher, Audincthun, France
| | - Sandrine Ruette
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris-Est University, ANSES, 94700, Maisons‑Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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12
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Ghazvini K, Khoshbakht R, Tadayon K, Mosavari N, BahramiTaghanaki HR, Mohammadi GR, Rashti Baf M, Nourian K, Samiei A, Ghavidel M. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from humans and animals in northeastern Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6746. [PMID: 37185604 PMCID: PMC10127167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from humans and cattle in northern Iran. Over the course of one year, a total of 120 human and 21 cattle isolates were tested using region of difference (RD)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unites-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). In M. tuberculosis, out of 120 isolates investigated, the most common genotype detected was NEW-1 (53.3%), followed by CAS/ Delhi (24.1%), Haarlem (5%), Beijing (4.16%), Uganda I (4.16%), S (3.3%), Ural (0.83%), TUR (0.83%), Uganda II (0.83%), Lam (0.83%) and Cameroon (0.83%). The HGDI rate was 0.9981 and the clustering rate was 10.83. Of the isolates, QUB26 had the highest allele diversity (h: 0.76), while the loci Mtub29 and MIRU24 had the lowest (h: 0). In M. Bovis, out of 123 collected tissue samples, 21 (17%) grew on culture media. The HGDI rate was 0.71 and clustering rate was 85.7%. The locus ETRC had the highest allele diversity (h: 0.45). The findings of this study suggest that there is high genetic diversity among M. tuberculosis isolates in Khorasan Razavi Province, which is consistent with similar results from other studies in other provinces in Iran and neighboring countries. This indicates that the prevalent genotypes in this study are spreading in the Middle East region. Furthermore, considering that M. Bovis isolates were identified in two clusters, it seems that all of them have a common origin and are circulating among the livestock farms in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Khoshbakht
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tadayon
- Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- PPD Tuberculin Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashti Baf
- Deputy of Veterinary Administration of Khorasan Razavi Province, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kimiya Nourian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Samiei
- Tuberculosis and Leprosy Coordinator at Health Chancellor, Health Center of Khorasan State, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdis Ghavidel
- Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Moens C, Saegerman C, Fretin D, Marché S. Field evaluation of two commercial serological assays for detecting bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:125-132. [PMID: 37126914 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle is challenging due to complex immune host response to infection that limit the performance of available diagnostic tests. In this study, performance of two commercial serological assays developed to detect bovine tuberculosis were evaluated: Enferplex Bovine TB antibody kit including 11 antigens (EnferGroup, Ireland) and IDEXX M. bovis Ab kit (IDEXX, USA). The specificity value obtained with the ELISA IDEXX M. bovis Ab test was 97.1%, whereas it was 97.1% and 95.1% for the high specificity and sensitivity settings, respectively, with the Enferplex Bovine TB antibody kit. The sensitivity of the multiplexed Enferplex Bovine TB antibody test for SICCT-positive animals was higher (N = 172; 51.7% and 58.7% with high specificity and sensitivity settings, respectively) compared to the ELISA IDEXX M. bovis Ab test (sensitivity of 36.6%). "Antigen profiles" generated by the multiplexed Enferplex method showed that five out of 11 antigens present in the test were mostly identified as positive sera in cattle originating from bTB-outbreaks. In comparison, unique profiles appeared to be correlated with false positive results. However additional studies are needed to confirm the observed antigen profiles, and their potential use as an additional diagnostic tool. Serial interpretation of the two serological tests produced higher diagnostic specificity (>99%), reducing false positive results, which is essential for a screening test when the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Moens
- Veterinary Bacteriology Service, Sciensano, Brussels B-1050, Belgium; Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - David Fretin
- Veterinary Bacteriology Service, Sciensano, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Marché
- Veterinary Bacteriology Service, Sciensano, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
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14
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Zhu X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Yan L, Xue Y, Chen Y, Robertson ID, Guo A, Aleri J. Prevalence, distribution, and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in central China. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105887. [PMID: 36893605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the priority epidemic diseases in dairy cattle in China. Continuous surveillance and evaluation of the control programs will help on improving the efficiency of bTB control policy. We designed this study to investigate both animal and herd level prevalence of bTB, as well as to determine the associated factors in dairy farms in Henan and Hubei provinces. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to September 2020 in central China (Henan and Hubei provinces). We sampled 40 herds in Henan and six herds in Hubei via stratified systematic sampling and administrated a questionnaire consisting of 35 factors. A total of 4900 whole blood samples were collected from 46 farms, including 545 calves < six months old and 4355 cows ≥ six months old. This study demonstrated a high animal-(18.65%, 95% CI: 17.6-19.8) and herd-level (93.48%, 95%CI: 82.1-98.6) prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in central China. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and negative binomial regression models showed that herd positivity was associated with the practice of introducing new animals (RR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-3.0, p = 0.042), and changing the disinfectant water in the wheel bath at the farm entrance every three days or less (RR = 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.8, p = 0.005) which reduced the odds of herd positivity. In addition, the result illustrated that testing cows with a higher age group (≥ 60 months old) (OR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.14-2.17, p = 0.006) and within the early stage of lactation (DIM=60-120 days, OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.19-2.88, p = 0.006) and the later stage of lactation (DIM≥301 days, OR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.30-3.52, p = 0.003) could maximize the odds of detecting seropositive animals. Our results have plenty of benefit to improve bTB surveillance strategies in China and elsewhere in the world. The LASSO and the negative binomial regression models were recommended when dealing with high herd-level prevalence and high dimensional data in questionnaire-based risk studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Yongkang Xue
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National Professional Laboratory For Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National Professional Laboratory For Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Joshua Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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15
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Diagnostic accuracy of the Enferplex Bovine Tuberculosis antibody test in cattle sera. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1875. [PMID: 36726018 PMCID: PMC9892036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease of worldwide economic, zoonotic and welfare importance caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis infection. Current regulatory diagnostic methods lack sensitivity and require improvement. We have developed a multiplex serological test for bovine tuberculosis and here we provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of the test in cattle. Positive and negative reference serum samples were obtained from animals from Europe and the United States of America. The diagnostic specificity estimate was 98.4% and 99.7% using high sensitivity and high specificity settings of the test respectively. Tuberculin boosting did not affect the overall specificity estimate. The diagnostic sensitivity in samples from Mycobacterium bovis culture positive animals following tuberculin boosting was 93.9%.The relative sensitivity following boosting in tuberculin test positive, lesion positive animals and interferon gamma test positive, lesion positive animals was 97.2% and 96.9% respectively. In tuberculin test negative, lesion positive animals and in interferon gamma test negative, lesion positive animals, the relative sensitivity following tuberculin boosting was 88.2% and 83.6% respectively. The results show that the test has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and can detect infected animals that are missed by tuberculin and interferon gamma testing.
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16
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Kwaghe AV, Ameh JA, Kudi CA, Ambali AG, Adesokan HK, Akinseye VO, Adelakun OD, Usman JG, Cadmus SI. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and humans, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:7. [PMID: 36624395 PMCID: PMC9827019 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, the highest burden of bovine and human tuberculosis resides in Africa and Asia. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading single infectious killer after severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARSCOV-2). Bovine TB remains a treat to wild and domesticated animals, humans and hinders international trade in endemic countries like Nigeria. We aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine and human tuberculosis, and the spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and humans in Maiduguri. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study on bovine and human tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno state. We calculated sample size using the method of Thrusfield. Lesions suggestive of TB from 160 slaughtered cattle were obtained from Maiduguri Central Abattoir. Sputum samples from humans; 82 abattoir workers and 147 suspected TB patients from hospitals/clinics were obtained. Lesions and sputum samples were cultured for the isolation of Mycobacterium spp. Positive cultures were subjected genus typing, deletion analysis and selected isolates were spoligotyped. Data was analysed using SPSS VERSION 16.0. RESULTS Prevalence of 32.5% (52/160) was obtained in cattle. Damboa local government area (LGA), where majority of the infected animals were obtained from had 35.5% bTB prevalence. All categories analysed (breed, age, sex, body conformation and score) had P-values that were not significant (P > 0.05). Sputum culture revealed a prevalence of 3.7% (3/82) from abattoir workers and 12.2% from hospitals/clinics. A significant P-value (0.03) was obtained when positive culture from abattoir and that of hospitals/clinics were compared. Out of the 52 culture positive isolates obtained from cattle, 26 (50%) belonged to M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and 17/26 (65.4%) were characterized as M. bovis. In humans, 7/12 (58.3%) MTC obtained were characterized as M. tuberculosis. Spoligotyping revealed SB0944 and SB1025 in cattle, while SIT838, SIT61 of LAM10_CAM and SIT1054, SIT46 of Haarlem (H) families were obtained from humans. CONCLUSIONS Cattle in Damboa LGA need to be screened for bTB as majority of the infected animals were brought from there. Our findings revealed the presence of SB0944 and SB1025 spoligotypes from cattle in Borno state. We isolated M. tuberculosis strain of the H family mainly domiciled in Europe from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayi Vandi Kwaghe
- grid.473394.e0000 0004 1785 2322Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P. M. B. 135, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria ,Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - James Agbo Ameh
- grid.413003.50000 0000 8883 6523Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- grid.411225.10000 0004 1937 1493Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Abdul-Ganiyu Ambali
- grid.412974.d0000 0001 0625 9425Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria
| | - Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Victor Oluwatoyin Akinseye
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria ,Department of Chemical Sciences, Augustine University Ilara-Epe, Epe, Lagos State Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Deborah Adelakun
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Joy Gararawa Usman
- grid.419813.6National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State Nigeria
| | - Simeon Idowu Cadmus
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
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17
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DAHOUROU LD, OUOBA LB, MINOUNGOU LBG, TAPSOBA ARS, SAVADOGO M, YOUGBARE B, TRAORE A, ALAMBEDJI RBADA. Prevalence and factors associated with brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle from extensive husbandry systems in Sahel and Hauts-Bassins regions, Burkina Faso. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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18
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Gonçalves S, Cardoso MF, Vieira-Pinto M, Gomes-Neves E. Bovine Tuberculosis - Analysis of 10-year cases and impact of visual inspection in the surveillance at the slaughterhouse in Portugal. One Health 2022; 15:100451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Male Here RR, Ryan E, Breslin P, Frankena K, Byrne AW. Revisiting the relative effectiveness of slaughterhouses in Ireland to detect tuberculosis lesions in cattle (2014-2018). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275259. [PMID: 36206240 PMCID: PMC9543943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouse or meat factory surveillance to detect factory lesions (FL) at slaughter is an important part of the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication program in Ireland. The objective of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of Irish slaughterhouses or factories in submitting FL and the proportion of those submitted FL confirmed as being due to bTB in slaughtered cattle, and to identify and quantify the association of risk factors at animal, herd, and factory level with FL submission and confirmation. The data consisted of 6,611,854 animals slaughtered in Irish factories from 2014 to 2018 obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine (DAFM), Ireland. Selected risk factors for this study included factory, year and month of slaughter, age, sex, breed, animal movement, ever inconclusive in the standard or severe skin test, herd type, herd size, and bTB history. The association of each risk factor on the FL submission and confirmation risk were analysed with univariable followed by a multivariable logistic regression with herd as random effect. Factories were ranked and compared based on the odds ratio (OR) obtained from the univariable (crude OR) and multivariable (adjusted OR) analysis. The average submission risk of all factories was 20 per 10,000 animals slaughtered, ranging from 1 to 42 per 10,000 animals slaughtered, and the average confirmation risk over all factories was 40.72%, ranging from 0.00 to 61.84%. The odds of submitting and confirming FL as bTB positive were higher in animals over eight years old compared to animals 1–2 years old (OR = 1.91, 95 CI 95% 1.77–2.06 and OR = 4.05, 95% CI 3.17–5.18, respectively), and were higher in animals that ever had inconclusive skin result based on severe interpretation (OR = 2.83, 95% CI 2.44–3.27 and OR = 4.48, 95% CI 2.66–7.54, respectively), animals originating from sucklers herds (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14 and OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.55, respectively), or herds with bTB history in the past three years (OR = 4.46, 95% CI 4.28–4.66 and OR = 319.90, 95% CI 237.98–430.04, respectively). The odds of FL submission and confirmation decreased as the herd size increased (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93–0.96 and OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.78–0.86, respectively). An inverse relationship of FL submission and confirmation was present for variable sex and inconclusive skin result with standard interpretation, where submission odds were higher in males (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.10) and ever inconclusive animals (OR = 74.24, 95% CI 69.39–79.43), although the confirmation odds were lower (males OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.56–0.76; ever inconclusive OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.36–0.54). The crude and adjusted ranking of factories did not differ greatly for FL submission, indicating that factory-related factors may contribute significantly to the submission variation between factories. However, a substantial difference between crude and adjusted confirmation ranking was present which may indicate that animal and herd-related factors were associated to variation in confirmation risk between factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rischi Robinson Male Here
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Philip Breslin
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Klaas Frankena
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew William Byrne
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, One-Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Agriculture House, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Wang Y, Oakes JM, Wells SJ. Examining perceived risk to bovine tuberculosis through factorial survey to inform policymaking for zoonotic diseases control and surveillance. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105763. [PMID: 36183653 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prevention and control of infectious diseases in livestock is dependent upon perceived risk and susceptibility, including the prevention of between-herd transmission of bovine tuberculosis through introductions of cattle to susceptible herds. To examine how perceived risk and susceptibility can help to inform policymaking in disease surveillance and control, we used factorial surveys to profile risk perceptions of cattle producers. We found that government indemnity and slaughtering policy did not impact the cattle purchasing behavior of producers who responded to our survey, but rather through other attributes such as the reliability or reputation of the seller. In addition, we identified significant production type and gender differences in purchasing behavior and risk perception. Finally, clustering analysis revealed a group of high-risk respondents characterized as experienced and very dedicated owners of established medium to large size herds. With the increasing availability of business data, assessment of producer's behavior, personalities and attitudes allows policymakers to understand the needs of cattle producers and develop tailored programs that will improve producer cooperation with government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - J Michael Oakes
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Scott J Wells
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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21
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Byrne AW, Barrett D, Breslin P, Fanning J, Casey M, Madden JM, Lesellier S, Gormley E. Bovine tuberculosis in youngstock cattle: A narrative review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1000124. [PMID: 36213413 PMCID: PMC9540495 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a high-priority global pathogen of concern. The role of youngstock animals in the epidemiology of bTB has not been a focus of contemporary research. Here we have aimed to collate and summarize what is known about the susceptibility, diagnosis, transmission (infectiousness), and epidemiology to M. bovis in youngstock (up to 1-year of age). Youngstock are susceptible to M. bovis infection when exposed, with the capacity to develop typical bTB lesions. Calves can be exposed through similar routes as adults, via residual infection, contiguous neighborhood spread, wildlife spillback infection, and the buying-in of infected but undetected cattle. Dairy systems may lead to greater exposure risk to calves relative to other production systems, for example, via pooled milk. Given their young age, calves tend to have shorter bTB at-risk exposure periods than older cohorts. The detection of bTB varies with age when using a wide range of ante-mortem diagnostics, also with post-mortem examination and confirmation (histological and bacteriological) of infection. When recorded as positive by ante-mortem test, youngstock appear to have the highest probabilities of any age cohort for confirmation of infection post-mortem. They also appear to have the lowest false negative bTB detection risk. In some countries, many calves are moved to other herds for rearing, potentially increasing inter-herd transmission risk. Mathematical models suggest that calves may also experience lower force of infection (the rate that susceptible animals become infected). There are few modeling studies investigating the role of calves in the spread and maintenance of infection across herd networks. One study found that calves, without operating testing and control measures, can help to maintain infection and lengthen the time to outbreak eradication. Policies to reduce testing for youngstock could lead to infected calves remaining undetected and increasing onwards transmission. Further studies are required to assess the risk associated with changes to testing policy for youngstock in terms of the impact for within-herd disease control, and how this may affect the transmission and persistence of infection across a network of linked herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Andrew W. Byrne ;
| | - Damien Barrett
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Breslin
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - June Fanning
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Casey
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie M. Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (LRFSN), ANSES, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Kelly RF, Gonzaléz Gordon L, Egbe NF, Freeman EJ, Mazeri S, Ngwa VN, Tanya V, Sander M, Ndip L, Muwonge A, Morgan KL, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC. Bovine Tuberculosis Epidemiology in Cameroon, Central Africa, Based on the Interferon-Gamma Assay. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:877541. [PMID: 35937301 PMCID: PMC9353046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.877541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounting for ~20% of the global cattle population, prevalence estimates and related risk factors of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) are still poorly described. The increased sensitivity of the IFN-γ assay and its practical benefits suggest the test could be useful to investigate bTB epidemiology in SSA. This study used a population-based sample to estimate bTB prevalence, identify risk factors and estimate the effective reproductive rate in Cameroonian cattle populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the North West Region (NWR) and the Vina Division (VIN) of Cameroon in 2013. A regional stratified sampling frame of pastoral cattle herds produced a sample of 1,448 cattle from 100 herds. In addition, a smaller cross-sectional study sampled 60 dairy cattle from 46 small-holder co-operative dairy farmers in the NWR. Collected blood samples were stimulated with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives, with extracted plasma screened using the IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Prionics Bovigam®). Design-adjusted population prevalences were estimated, and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models using Bayesian inference techniques identified the risk factors for IFN-γ positivity. Using the IFN-γ assay, the prevalence of bTB in the dairy cattle was 21.7% (95% CI: 11.2–32.2). The design-adjusted prevalence of bTB in cattle kept by pastoralists was 11.4% (95% CI: 7.6–17.0) in the NWR and 8.0% (95% CI: 4.7–13.0) in the VIN. A within-herd prevalence estimate for pastoralist cattle also supported that the NWR had higher prevalence herds than the VIN. Additionally, the estimates of the effective reproductive rate Rt were 1.12 for the NWR and 1.06 for the VIN, suggesting different transmission rates within regional cattle populations in Cameroon. For pastoral cattle, an increased risk of IFN-γ assay positivity was associated with being male (OR = 1.89; 95% CI:1.15–3.09), increasing herd size (OR = 1.02; 95% CI:1.01–1.03), exposure to the bovine leucosis virus (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.19–4.84) and paratuberculosis (OR = 9.01; 95% CI: 4.17–20.08). Decreased odds were associated with contacts at grazing, buffalo (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.03–0.97) and increased contact with other herds [1–5 herds: OR = 0.16 (95% CI: 0.04–0.55); 6+ herds: OR = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.05–0.64)]. Few studies have used the IFN-γ assay to describe bTB epidemiology in SSA. This study highlights the endemic situation of bTB in Cameroon and potential public health risks from dairy herds. Further work is needed to understand the IFN-γ assay performance, particularly in the presence of co-infections, and how this information can be used to develop control strategies in the SSA contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Robert F. Kelly
| | - Lina Gonzaléz Gordon
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nkongho F. Egbe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Freeman
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor N. Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Melissa Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Handel
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. D. C. Bronsvoort
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Disturbance Ecology Meets Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) Epidemiology: A Before-and-After Study on the Association between Forest Clearfelling and bTB Herd Risk in Cattle Herds. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070807. [PMID: 35890051 PMCID: PMC9321662 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbance ecology refers to the study of discrete processes that disrupt the structure or dynamics of an ecosystem. Such processes can, therefore, affect wildlife species ecology, including those that are important pathogen hosts. We report on an observational before-and-after study on the association between forest clearfelling and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) herd risk in cattle herds, an episystem where badgers (Meles meles) are the primary wildlife spillover host. The study design compared herd bTB breakdown risk for a period of 1 year prior to and after exposure to clearfelling across Ireland at sites cut in 2015–2017. The percent of herds positive rose from 3.47% prior to clearfelling to 4.08% after exposure. After controlling for confounders (e.g., herd size, herd type), we found that cattle herds significantly increased their odds of experiencing a bTB breakdown by 1.2-times (95%CIs: 1.07–1.36) up to 1 year after a clearfell risk period. Disturbance ecology of wildlife reservoirs is an understudied area with regards to shared endemic pathogens. Epidemiological observational studies are the first step in building an evidence base to assess the impact of such disturbance events; however, such studies are limited in inferring the mechanism for any changes in risk observed. The current cohort study suggested an association between clearfelling and bTB risk, which we speculate could relate to wildlife disturbance affecting pathogen spillback to cattle, though the study design precludes causal inference. Further studies are required. However, ultimately, integration of epidemiology with wildlife ecology will be important for understanding the underlying mechanisms involved, and to derive suitable effective management proposals, if required.
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Visualizing the Knowledge Domain in Health Education: A Scientometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116440. [PMID: 35682025 PMCID: PMC9180308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to visualize the evidence in the global research on health education to better improve the nation’s health literacy and to guide future research. Method: We searched the Web of Science (Core Collection) electronic databases. The search strategies: topic: (“Health Education” OR “Education, Health” OR “Community Health Education” OR “Education, Community Health” OR “Health Education, Community”) AND document: (Article) AND language:(English). Articles of evidence from January 2011 to December 2021 with those words in the title or abstract or keywords will be included in this review. We used the Citespace 5.6.R5 (64-bit) to investigate and determine the thematic patterns, and emerging trends of the knowledge domain, and presented a narrative account of the findings. Result: We analyzed 10,273 eligible articles. It showed that BMC Public Health displays the most prolific journals. Author MARCO PAHOR is highlighted in health education. The University of Sydney has published the most studies about health education. The USA plays an important role in these studies. Specifically, the visualization shows several hotspots: disease prevalence surveys and a specific population of knowledge, attitude and practice surveys, health intervention, chronic and non-communicable management, youth-health action, sexual and reproductive health, and physical activity promotion. Furthermore, document co-citation analysis indicated that there are 10 main clusters, which means the research front in health education. Meanwhile, by the citation detected, COVID-19, has achieved universal health coverage in related studies, however, public health education and the health workforce might be more popular in the coming years. Conclusion: Health education is an effective measure to shift the concept of public health and improve healthy living standards. The present study facilitates an extensive understanding of the basic knowledge and research frontiers that are pivotal for the developmental process of health education and allows scholars to visualize the identification modes and tendencies.
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Singhla T, Boonyayatra S. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Diagnostic Efficacy of Bovine Tuberculosis in Slaughtered Animals at the Chiang Mai Municipal Abattoir, Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:846423. [PMID: 35425824 PMCID: PMC9002055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) investigate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in slaughtered animals at the Chiang Mai Municipal abattoir in Chiang Mai, Thailand; (2) identify animal-level risk factors for bTB at the abattoir; and (3) evaluate the performance of techniques for bTB detection at the abattoir. From April 2020 to March 2021, 161 animals registered for slaughter were randomly selected for the study. Animal data including age, sex, species, body condition scores, and origins of the animals were collected. Meat inspection was performed by a trained meat inspector. Tissue samples of the lung, liver, and lymph nodes were collected for histopathological diagnosis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Mycobacteria and specifically Mycobacterium bovis. The prevalence of bTB during meat inspection and PCR was calculated separately. Animal-level factors affecting bTB were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The performance of meat inspection and PCR was evaluated using a Bayesian approach. The prevalence of bTB was 12.4% (20/161) and 34.8% (56/161) when the disease was diagnosed using meat inspection and PCR, respectively. Buffaloes had a significantly higher risk of being identified as bTB-positive using PCR compared to beef cattle (odds ratio = 2.19; confidence interval = 1.11–4.30). The median of posterior estimates of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) to detect bTB using meat inspection were 20.8% [95% posterior probability interval (PPI) = 9.1–36.5%] and 87.8% (95% PPI = 79.6–95.4%), respectively. The medians of the posterior estimates of Se and Sp for PCR were 88.6% (95% PPI = 70.5–98.3%) and 94.4% (95% PPI = 84.7–98.8%), respectively. These findings demonstrate that bTB is highly prevalent among slaughtered animals. PCR can be used as an ancillary test for bTB surveillance at abattoirs in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawatchai Singhla
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Sukolrat Boonyayatra
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26
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Milne G, Graham J, McGrath J, Kirke R, McMaster W, Byrne AW. Investigating Farm Fragmentation as a Risk Factor for Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Herds: A Matched Case-Control Study from Northern Ireland. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030299. [PMID: 35335623 PMCID: PMC8954255 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis remains a challenging endemic pathogen of cattle in many parts of the globe. Spatial clustering of Mycoacterium bovis molecular types in cattle suggests that local factors are the primary drivers of spread. Northern Ireland’s agricultural landscape is comprised of highly fragmented farms, distributed across spatially discontinuous land parcels, and these highly fragmented farms are thought to facilitate localised spread. We conducted a matched case control study to quantify the risks of bovine tuberculosis breakdown with farm area, farm fragmentation, fragment dispersal, and contact with neighbouring herds. Whilst our results show small but significant increases in breakdown risk associated with each factor, these relationships were strongly confounded with the number of contiguous neighbours with bovine tuberculosis. Our key finding was that every infected neighbour led to an increase in the odds of breakdown by 40% to 50%, and that highly fragmented farms were almost twice as likely to have a bTB positive neighbour compared to nonfragmented farms. Our results suggest that after controlling for herd size, herd type, spatial and temporal factors, farm fragmentation increasingly exposes herds to infection originating from first-order spatial neighbours. Given Northern Ireland’s particularly fragmented landscape, and reliance on short-term leases, our data support the hypothesis that between-herd contiguous spread is a particularly important component of the region’s bovine tuberculosis disease system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Milne
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jordon Graham
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
| | - John McGrath
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Area Based Scheme), Londonderry BT48 6AT, UK;
| | - Raymond Kirke
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Veterinary Service Animal Health), Limavady BT49 9HP, UK;
| | - Wilma McMaster
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Land Parcel Identification System), Ballymena BT43 6HY, UK;
| | - Andrew William Byrne
- One-Health Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, D02 WK12 Dublin, Ireland;
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Barroso P, Breslin P, McGrath G, Madden JM, Tratalos JA, More SJ, Ryan E, Byrne AW, Barrett D. Is there an association between road building and bovine tuberculosis herd risk? A three time-point study in Ireland, 2011-2019. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105542. [PMID: 34798305 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis which results in a significant economic cost to cattle industries and governments where it is endemic. In Ireland, the European badger is the main wildlife reservoir of infection. In this study, we investigated whether (motorway) road construction was associated with an increased risk of bTB in associated cattle herds. For this study, we considered three observation periods: pre-construction (2011-2014), construction (2015-2017) and post-construction (2018-2019). We selected 1543 herds situated, based on proximity, between >50 m and <5 km of the roadworks, and extracted information about their herd-size, herd-type, inward animal movements, bTB history, and distance to the roadworks. Generalized linear mixed models were performed, whose outcome were whether a herd experienced a bTB breakdown with ≥1 or ≥3 standard reactor/s, respectively. Herds located at a distance of >3 km from the roadworks were found to be at reduced risk of a bTB breakdown over the construction period compared with those situated within 1 km of the roadworks for ≥1 reactor/s (>3 km and construction vs. <1 km: OR: 0.595, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 0.354-0.999) or ≥3 reactors (>3 km and construction vs. <1 km: OR: 0.431, 95 % CI: 0.174-1.067). Other previously reported risk factors such as inward movements, herd-size and herd-type were also associated with bTB risk in the final models (≥1 reactor/s and ≥3 reactors). These findings appear to be consistent with bTB breakdowns being a consequence as opposed to coincident to road construction, given the temporal and spatial consistency of the evidence. The potential for badger social group disturbance leading to the spatial spread of infection to cattle herds, as previously described in the United Kingdom, could be a hypothetical mechanism to explain these findings. However, our findings are not consistent with previous Irish studies, including recent work from another road construction project, albeit running alongside and cross over an existing road rather than construction of a new road as in this case, or experiences from national targeted badger removal. Further research is warranted to verify this pattern occurs elsewhere, and the underlying biological mechanism. Until further data are available, we recommend that badgers are vaccinated, as a precautionary measure, in advance of the commencement of major roadworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Barroso
- Grupo SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (UCLM-CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Philip Breslin
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Jamie M Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Jamie A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew W Byrne
- One Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Agriculture House, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Damien Barrett
- One Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Agriculture House, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Ambaw M, Gelalcha BD, Bayissa B, Worku A, Yohannis A, Zewude A, Ameni G. Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Three Breeds of Dairy Cattle and Spoligotyping of the Causative Mycobacteria in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715598. [PMID: 34621807 PMCID: PMC8491842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different breeds of cattle were observed to have a variable degree of susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis (bTB). The screening of bTB was conducted on 720 dairy cattle consisting of three breeds using the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test. Besides this, 43 SICCT test-positive cattle were used to compare the severity of the pathology of bTB among the three breeds and to identify the causative mycobacteria using spoligotyping. The overall SICCT test positivity was 17.92% (129/720) by pooling all animals in the three farms. There was a significant difference in SICCT test positivity among the three breeds (χ2 = 71.06; p < 0.001); the highest (25.34%) was recorded in the crossbreed followed by the Boran breed (10.08%), while the least (3.14%) was recorded in the Jersey breed. On other hand, the highest median pathology score (10.0, interquartile range, IQR = 6.0-17.0) was recorded in Boran followed by cross (5.0, IQR = 3.5-7.5), while the least (3.0, IQR = 2.25-3.0) was recorded in Jersey. Thus, the difference in the median pathology scores was significant [Kruskal Wallisχ ( 2 ) 2 = 18.78, p < 0.001] among the three breeds. Furthermore, multivariate analysis using ordinal logistic regression by considering age, sex, breed, reproductive status, and location of the farms also showed a significant [χ ( 2 ) 2 = 11.97, p < 0.01] difference in pathology scores among the three breeds of cattle. Even at a single-herd level at Holeta, the difference in severity of pathology between the Boran and crossbreeds was significant (U = 33.5; p < 0.01). Culture positivity was 39% in 108 suspicious tissues. Fourteen Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and two Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were isolated from the lesions. All the 14 M. bovis isolates belonged to SB0912, while the two M. tuberculosis belonged to SIT54. In conclusion, although the frequency of the SICCT test positivity was high in the crossbreed, a more severe pathology was observed on the Boran (zebu) breed. In addition M. tuberculosis was isolated from TB lesions of dairy cattle, demonstrating the role of M. tuberculosis in causing TB in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulualem Ambaw
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Benti Deresa Gelalcha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aster Yohannis
- Ethiopian Institutes of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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An abattoir-based study on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis from culled adult dairy cows in Wuhan, China. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105477. [PMID: 34482152 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abattoir surveillance is an integral component of a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) eradication programme. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bTB among culled adult dairy cows in Wuhan, China and to further assess two diagnostic procedures as an adjunct to the confirmation of M. bovis in animals with TB-like lesions. The study was conducted in an abattoir located in Wuhan, China over a period of 41 days from June to July 2019. A total of 171 culled adult dairy cows were sampled and inspected, and blood samples collected from 134 of these. The viscera and lymph nodes of the carcasses were visually inspected and palpated for TB-like lesions. A total of 28.1 % (48/171) of the carcasses had gross TB-like lesions. 89.6 % (43/48) of the animals with TB-like lesions were positive to a PCR procedure for bTB. The sensitivity and specificity for post-mortem examination for TB-like lesions using a Bayesian latent class analysis model was estimated to be 60.8 % and 86.6 %, respectively. A seroprevalence of 20.9 % (28/134) was recorded for antibody response to M. bovis antigens MPB70 and MPB83 based on an ELISA procedure. There was a low-moderate agreement between the ELISA and PCR results in the detection of bTB (Kappa = 0.46, 95 % CI: 0.24-0.67). The study confirms a high prevalence of bTB among culled adult dairy cows in the abattoir and highlights the need to implement surveillance for bTB based on post-mortem examination and ELISA and PCR methods in association with backward tracing of infected dairy herds.
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Welby S, Cargnel M, Saegerman C. Quantitative decision making in animal health surveillance: Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance in Belgium as case study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e119-e129. [PMID: 34331517 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite eradication and control measures applied across Europe, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a constant threat. In Belgium, after several years of official bTB-free status, routine movement testing, as currently practiced, revealed itself inadequate to detect some herds affected by sporadic breakdowns. The aim of this study was to assess different surveillance system components that strike a balance between cost and effectiveness and to identify sustainable alternatives, which substantiate a bTB-free claim while ensuring early detection and acceptance by various animal health stakeholders. For this pupose, a stochastic iteration model was used to simulate the current surveillance system's expected performance in terms of detection sensitivity and specificity. These results were then descriptively compared with observed field results. Second, the cost and effectiveness of simulated alternative surveillance components were quantified. Sensitivity analyses were performed to measure key assumptions' impacts (i.e. regarding diagnostic tests and true prevalence). The results confirmed discrepancies between the observed and simulated expected performance of bTB surveillance in Belgium. Second, simulated alternatives showed that interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and serological testing with antibody-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Ab-ELISA) targeting at-risk herds would enable an increase in the overall cost effectiveness (sensitivity and specificity) of the Belgian bTB surveillance system. Sensitivity analyses showed that results remained constant despite the modification of some key assumptions. While the performance of the ongoing bTB surveillance system in Belgium was questionable at the time of the study, this exercise highlighted that not only sensitivity but specificity also are key drivers of surveillance performance. The quantitative approach, taking into consideration various stakeholders' needs and priorities, revealed itself to be a useful tool in allowing evidence-based decision making for future tuberculosis surveillance in Belgium, in line with the international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welby
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Cargnel
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Research Unit of Epidemiology & Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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The Association between Palmer Drought Severity Index Data and Tuberculosis-like Lesions Occurrence in Mediterranean Hunted Wild Boars. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072060. [PMID: 34359188 PMCID: PMC8300272 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate is one of the most influential factors in the dynamics of tuberculosis in the Mediterranean Iberic wildlife population. In this study, we aim to address how drought as a risk factor influences the occurrence of Tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar inspected in the field. With this focus, our study contributes to pointing out the importance of periods of drought in the increased TBL occurrence in wild boars inspected in the field in the subsequent season. The results of our study allow hunting managers to be advised, in advance, on whether they should adopt extra protective measures when they are aware of the presence of periods of drought. This climate trait can become an alert sign for increased TBL occurrence in the following season, allowing for the implementation of a feasible, timely, and effective measures to control TB in the wild boar population. Abstract In the Iberian Peninsula, the prevalence of tuberculosis differs for each region and for different wild disease hosts and the region affected by a Mediterranean climate will be the most affected. The Mediterranean Iberic regions have a favourable ecosystem for the development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex agents, where habitat, population dynamics, and climate (especially drought) are important factors affecting the high prevalence of tuberculosis in the wild boar population. Our objective was to study the association between the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the occurrence of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar during nine hunting seasons (2008/09 to 2016/17) in Idanha-a-Nova County. To this end, statistical analysis revealed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the occurrence of TBL in wild boar in Idanha-a-Nova County and the analysed risk factor—previous season with periods of drought—which indicated that, when one season experiences some periods of drought, the probability of TBL occurrence in wild boars was 1.2 (OR = 1.2) times higher in the next hunting season than when there were no periods of drought. Therefore, our study contributes to the discovery of a positive effect of periods of drought on the transmission of tuberculosis in Iberian wildlife.
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Almaw G, Conlan AJK, Ameni G, Gumi B, Alemu A, Guta S, Gebre S, Olani A, Garoma A, Shegu D, Yimesgen L, Nigussie D, Wood JLN, Abebe T, Mihret A, Berg S. The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254091. [PMID: 34214106 PMCID: PMC8253440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease for dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Previous prevalence studies of bTB in the dairy sector in central Ethiopia have suggested high prevalence, however, they have been limited to relatively small scale surveys, raising concerns about their representativeness. Here we carried out a cross sectional one-stage cluster sampling survey taking the dairy herd as a cluster to estimate the prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in six areas of central Ethiopia. The survey, which to date is by far the largest in the area in terms of the number of dairy farms, study areas and risk factors explored, took place from March 2016 to May 2017. This study combined tuberculin skin testing and the collection of additional herd and animal level data by questionnaire to identify potential risk factors contributing to bTB transmission. We applied the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test using >4mm cut-off for considering an individual animal as positive for bTB; at least one reactor animal was required for a herd to be considered bTB positive. Two hundred ninety-nine dairy herds in the six study areas were randomly selected, from which 5,675 cattle were tested. The overall prevalence of bTB after standardisation for herd-size in the population was 54.4% (95% CI 48.7–60%) at the herd level, and it was 24.5% (95% CI 23.3–25.8) at the individual animal level. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with herd and area as random effect was used to explore risk factors association with bTB status. We found that herd size, age, bTB history at farm, and breed were significant risk factors for animals to be SICCT positive. Animals from large herds had 8.3 times the odds of being tuberculin reactor (OR: 8.3, p-value:0.008) as compared to animals from small herds. The effect of age was strongest for animals 8–10 years of age (the oldest category) having 8.9 times the odds of being tuberculin reactors (OR: 8.9, p-value:<0.001) compared to the youngest category. The other identified significant risk factors were bTB history at farm (OR: 5.2, p-value:0.003) and cattle breed (OR: 2.5, p-value: 0.032). Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of bTB in central Ethiopia but with a large variation in within-herd prevalence between herds, findings that lays an important foundation for the future development of control strategies.
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Grants
- D43 TW009127 FIC NIH HHS
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- This research was financially supported by the Ethiopia Control of Bovine Tuberculosis Strategies (ETHICOBOTS) project funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development, the Economic & Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science &Technology Laboratory, under the Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) program.Stefan Berg was also funded by Defra, United Kingdom, ref: TBSE3294. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
- ETHICOBOTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. K. Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Alemu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Guta
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gebre
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Garoma
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Letebrhan Yimesgen
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Nigussie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Shared use of mineral supplement in extensive farming and its potential for infection transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lopes BC, Vidaletti MR, Loiko MR, Andrade JDS, Maciel ALG, Doyle RL, Bertagnolli AC, Rodrigues RO, Driemeier D, Mayer FQ. Investigation of Mycobacterium bovis and Metastrongylus sp. co-infection and its relationship to tuberculosis lesions' occurrence in wild boars. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101674. [PMID: 34051650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (aTB) is a zoonotic disease characterized by granulomatous lesions on affected tissues, occurring as a consequence of immunological response to infection. Mycobacterium bovis, the main causative agent of aTB, was investigated in Brazilian wild boars with 37.7 % (29/77) positivity. Among these animals, most had no macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions (89.6 %; 26/29). The existence of co-infections, which may alter an individual's immune response to an immunological challenge, could influence the formation of tuberculosis lesions. Therefore, we investigated Metastrongylus sp. and aTB co-infection to seek an explanation for the absence of macroscopic lesions in aTB. Of the tested animals, 77.9 % (60/77) had Metastrongylus sp., however, there was no association between its occurrence and the pattern of aTB lesions. The absence of tuberculous lesions in infected animals is worrisome, especially to hunters who handle their carcasses, potentially assuming that the animal is healthy. Studies evaluating other possibilities that can explain the absence of lesions in infected animals should be carried out to better understand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Correa Lopes
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marina Roth Vidaletti
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Regina Loiko
- Feevale, Universidade Feevale, Av. Edgar Hoffmeister, 600 - Zona Industrial Norte, Campo Bom, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Juliana da Silva Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Anna Luiza Gisler Maciel
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rovaina Laureano Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Angélica Cavalheiro Bertagnolli
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Oliveira Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - David Driemeier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Byrne AW, Barrett D, Breslin P, Madden JM, O’Keeffe J, Ryan E. Future Risk of Bovine Tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis) Breakdown in Cattle Herds 2013-2018: A Dominance Analysis Approach. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051004. [PMID: 34066621 PMCID: PMC8148532 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a significant endemic pathogen of cattle herds, despite multi-decadal control programmes being in place in several countries. Understanding the risks of future bTB breakdown (BD) and the associated characteristics of herds and index breakdowns could help inform risk categorisation. Such risk categories could then contribute to tailored management and policies. Here, we estimated the future risk of herd BD for the cohort of herds that were derestricted during 2013 in Ireland using multivariable logit regression models, with a dominance analysis approach. One third of herds that were derestricted in 2013 experienced a breakdown during the follow-up five year period (1469/4459; 33%). BD length was a significant predictor of future risk, primarily driven by long BDs > 230 days relative to short BDs < 130 days (OR 95%CI: 1.157–1.851), as was having had a previous BD (OR 95%CI: 1.012–1.366). Herd-size was the dominant predictor of future risk (accounted for 46% of predicted variance), suggesting significant increase in risk of future breakdown with increasing (log) herd-size (OR 95%CI: 1.378–1.609). There was significant spatial variation in future risk across counties, and it was the second most dominant predictor of future risk (25% of predicted variance). The size of index breakdowns was not a strong predictor of future risk over a 5-year period. These findings can inform a risk-based policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, D02 WK12 Dublin 2, Ireland;
- Correspondence: (A.W.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Damien Barrett
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, D02 WK12 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Philip Breslin
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Jamie M. Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - James O’Keeffe
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.B.); (E.R.)
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Sedighi T, Varga L. Evaluating the Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Mechanism and Its Risk Factors in England's Cattle Farms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3451. [PMID: 33810385 PMCID: PMC8036833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Controlling bovine tuberculosis (bTB) disease in cattle farms in England is seen as a challenge for farmers, animal health, environment and policy-makers. The difficulty in diagnosis and controlling bTB comes from a variety of factors: the lack of an accurate diagnostic test which is higher in specificity than the currently available skin test; isolation periods for purchased cattle; and the density of active badgers, especially in high-risk areas. In this paper, to enable the complex evaluation of bTB disease, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is designed with the help of domain experts and available historical data. A significant advantage of this approach is that it represents bTB as a dynamic process that evolves periodically, capturing the actual experience of testing and infection over time. Moreover, the model demonstrates the influence of particular risk factors upon the risk of bTB breakdown in cattle farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassom Sedighi
- Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy and Environment (SWEE), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Liz Varga
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Relative Contribution of Each Component of the French Ante-Mortem Surveillance System for Bovine Tuberculosis in Its Overall Sensitivity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030643. [PMID: 33808869 PMCID: PMC8003711 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the contribution to the sensitivity of the French ante-mortem surveillance system for bovine tuberculosis in cattle of each of the system’s components (periodic screening, epidemiological investigations, and screening exchanged animals), on a local scale defined by administrative areas. These components were individually assessed in previous studies by scenario tree modeling. We used scenario tree modeling at the herd level and combined the results to evaluate the overall sensitivity of the ante-mortem surveillance system. The probability to detect at least one infected herd was consistent with the location of the outbreaks detected in 2016. In areas with a high apparent incidence, the probability of an infected herd to be detected was satisfactory (for an infected herd there was a 100% probability to be detected over a two-year period). Periodic screening was the most important component for the overall sensitivity in infected areas. In other areas, where periodic screening had stopped, tracing-on epidemiological investigation was the most sensitive component of the system. Screening exchanged animals had a negligible part in the overall sensitivity of the surveillance system.
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Occupational exposure and challenges in tackling M. bovis at human-animal interface: a narrative review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:1147-1171. [PMID: 33725176 PMCID: PMC7961320 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has increasingly gathered attention as a public health risk, particularly in developing countries with higher disease prevalence. M. bovis is capable of infecting multiple hosts encompassing a number of domestic animals, in particular cattle as well as a broad range of wildlife reservoirs. Humans are the incidental hosts of M. bovis whereby its transmission to humans is primarily through the consumption of cattle products such as unpasteurized milk or raw meat products that have been contaminated with M. bovis or the transmission could be due to close contact with infected cattle. Also, the transmission could occur through aerosol inhalation of infective droplets or infected body fluids or tissues in the presence of wound from infected animals. The zoonotic risk of M. bovis in humans exemplified by miscellaneous studies across different countries suggested the risk of occupational exposure towards M. bovis infection, especially those animal handlers that have close and unreserved contact with cattle and wildlife populations These animal handlers comprising of livestock farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians and their assistants, hunters, wildlife workers as well as other animal handlers are at different risk of contracting M. bovis infection, depending on the nature of their jobs and how close is their interaction with infected animals. It is crucial to identify the underlying transmission risk factors and probable transmission pathways involved in the zoonotic transmission of M. bovis from animals to humans for better designation and development of specific preventive measures and guidelines that could reduce the risk of transmission and to protect these different occupational-related/populations at risk. Effective control and disease management of zoonotic tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in humans are also hindered by various challenges and factors involved at animal–human interface. A closer look into factors affecting proper disease control and management of M. bovis are therefore warranted. Hence, in this narrative review, we have gathered a number of different studies to highlight the risk of occupational exposure to M. bovis infection and addressed the limitations and challenges underlying this context. This review also shed lights on various components and approaches in tackling M. bovis infection at animal–human interface.
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Islam MN, Khan MK, Khan MFR, Kostoulas P, Rahman AKMA, Alam MM. Risk factors and true prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247838. [PMID: 33635911 PMCID: PMC7909650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTb) is endemic in Bangladesh but the true prevalence has not yet been reported. Our objectives for this study were to determine the true prevalence and identify risk factors for bTb at the animal- and herd-level in Bangladesh. A total of 510 cows were randomly selected during January 2018 to December 2018. Caudal fold (CFT) and comparative cervical tuberculin tests (CCT) were serially interpreted. Animal- and herd-level risk factor data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The hierarchical true prevalence of bTb was estimated within a Bayesian framework. The herd- and animal-level risk factors were identified using mixed effects logistic regression. The apparent prevalence of bTb was 20.6% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 17.3; 24.3] based on CFT. The animal-level true prevalence of bTb was 21.9 (13.0; 32.4). The herd-level true prevalence in different regions varied from 41.9% to 88.8%. The region-level true prevalence was 49.9 (13.8; 91.2). There is a 100% certainty that herds from Bhaluka and Mymensingh Sadar upazilas are not free from bTb. The odds of bTb were 3.9 times (1.2; 12.6) higher in herds having more than four cows than those with ≤ 4 cows. On the other hand, the risk of bTb was 3.3 times higher (1.0; 10.5) in non-grazing cows than grazing cows. Crossbred cows were 2.9 times (1.5; 5.9) more likely to be infected with bTb than indigenous cows. The risk of bTb in animals with cough was 2.3 times (1.2; 4.3) higher than those without cough. Crossbred, non-grazing cows with cough should be targeted for bTb surveillance. Herds of the Mymensingh, Sadar and Bhaluka regions should be emphasized for bTb control programs. Estimation of Bayesian hierarchical true prevalence facilitates identification of areas with higher prevalence and can be used to indicate regions that where true prevalence exceeds a pre-specified critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazimul Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Community Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public Health and One Health, Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - A. K. M. Anisur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahbub Alam
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The Ethiopian government has several initiatives to expand and intensify the dairy industry; however, the risk of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread is a challenge. To assess the rate of expansion and risk factors for transmission of bTB within-herds, we carried out a repeated cross-sectional survey at two time points, 2016/17 and 2018, in three regional cities, namely, Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle, representing the emerging dairy belts of Ethiopia. The total number of herds involved was 128, comprising an average of 2303 cattle in each round. The Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test was used to identify reactor status and data on herd-level risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. In the first survey, the apparent prevalence of bTB, as measured by the SICCT test, was 4.5% (95% CI 3.7–5.4%) at the individual animal-level and 24% (95% CI 17.5–32%) at the herd-level. There was no statistically significant change in the overall apparent prevalence or regional distribution at the second survey, consistent with the infection being endemic. The incidence rate was estimated at 3.6 (95% CI 2.8–4.5) and 6.6 (95% CI 3.0–12.6) cases/100 cattle (or herd)-years at the animal- and herd-levels, respectively. Risk factors significantly associated with the within-herd transmission of bTB were age group and within-herd apparent prevalence at the start of the observation period. We noted that farmers voluntarily took steps to remove reactor cattle from their herds as a consequence of the information shared after the first survey. Removal of reactors between surveys was associated with a reduced risk of transmission within these herds. However, with no regulatory barriers to the sale of reactor animals, such actions could potentially lead to further spread between herds. We therefore advocate the importance of setting up regulations and then establishing a systematic bTB surveillance programme to monitor the impact prior to implementing any control measures in Ethiopia.
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Ciaravino G, Laranjo-González M, Casal J, Sáez-Llorente JL, Allepuz A. Most likely causes of infection and risk factors for tuberculosis in Spanish cattle herds. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e140. [PMID: 34297366 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to assess the most likely causes of Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) breakdowns in Spanish cattle herds and to identify the main risk factors at farm-level. METHODS Causes of bTB breakdowns were assessed through a qualitative risk-assessment based on decision-trees by analysing surveillance data from 3819 bTB breakdowns detected during 2014-2016. Results were compared to veterinary officers' (VO) opinions. Risk factors were identified through a case-control study with data from 196 bTB cases and 160 controls collected during 2014-2018. RESULTS The decision tree analysis identified residual infections and interactions with wildlife as the most frequent causes of breakdowns (36% each), followed by purchasing infected cattle (14%). These results were not supported by VOs' opinions. According to the regression models, the risk of bTB increased by sharing pastures (odds ratios [OR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-4.4) and by increasing inwards cattle movements. The presence of wildlife reservoirs represented a significant risk for extensively-managed farms if other cattle farms are situated within a one-kilometre radius (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1-5.1). DISCUSSION To prevent bTB breakdowns, efforts should be devoted to decrease the likelihood of residual infections and improve farm biosecurity. The adoption of biosecurity measures might be influenced by farmers' perceptions, which should be carefully evaluated to ensure the effectiveness of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ciaravino
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Minerva Laranjo-González
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Animal Health Research Center IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Allepuz
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Animal Health Research Center IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Damene H, Tahir D, Diels M, Berber A, Sahraoui N, Rigouts L. Broad diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from humans and cattle in Northern Algeria suggests a zoonotic transmission cycle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008894. [PMID: 33253150 PMCID: PMC7728391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) comprises closely related species responsible for human and animal tuberculosis (TB). Efficient species determination is useful for epidemiological purposes, especially for the elucidation of the zoonotic contribution. In Algeria, data on MTBC genotypes are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and diversity of MTBC genotypes causing human and bovine TB in Northern Algeria. During a two-year sampling period (2017-2019) in two regions of Northern Algeria, we observed an overall prevalence of 6.5% of tuberculosis (TB) among slaughtered cattle, which is higher than previous Algerian data yet comparable to neighboring countries. A total of 296 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates were genotyped by spoligotyping: 181 from tissues with TB-like lesions collected from 181 cattle carcasses and 115 from TB patients. In human isolates, we identified 107 M. tuberculosis, seven M. bovis and one "M. pinnipedii-like", while for bovine samples, 174 isolates were identified as M. bovis, three as M. caprae, three as "M. pinnipedii-like" and one as "M. microti-like". The majority of isolates (89.2%) belonged to 72 different known Shared International Types (SIT) or M. bovis spoligotypes (SB), while we also identified seven new SB profiles (SB2695 to SB2701). Twenty-eight of the SB profiles were new to Algeria. Our data suggest zoonotic transmission in Sétif, where significantly more TB was observed among cattle (20%) compared to the slaughterhouses from the three other regions (5.4%-7.3%) (p < 0.0001), with the isolation of the same M. bovis genotypes from TB patients. The present study showed a high genetic diversity of MTBC isolated from human and cattle in Northern Algeria. Even though relatively small in terms of numbers, our data suggest the zoonotic transmission of TB from cattle to humans, suggesting the need for stronger eradication strategies for bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Damene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Djamel Tahir
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Maren Diels
- BCCM/ITM Mycobacterial Culture collection, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ali Berber
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Naima Sahraoui
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Mekonnen GA, Mihret A, Tamiru M, Hailu E, Olani A, Aliy A, Sombo M, Lakew M, Gumi B, Ameni G, Wood JLN, Berg S. Genotype Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis and Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Selected Emerging Dairy Regions of Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:553940. [PMID: 33195524 PMCID: PMC7554335 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.553940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in Ethiopia with higher prevalence in cattle, particularly in the central parts. Spread of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) to wider regions is inevitable in uncontrolled conditions. This study was conducted to explore the pathology, characterize M. bovis strains, and describe genotypic diversity to demonstrate possible epidemiological links in emerging dairy areas of Ethiopia, namely, Mekelle and Gondar. Twenty-seven bTB positive cattle identified by the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test were subjected to post-mortem inspection to determine lesion distribution and pathological score. Samples from tissues with visible tuberculous or suspected non-visible lesions were processed and cultured following a standard protocol. Isolates identified as M. bovis by Region of Difference (RD)-based Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were also spoligotyped to determine their spoligotype patterns. Post-mortem inspection of visceral organs indicated bTB suggestive lesions in 41% of the animals, with 25% being in the lungs. Lymph nodes from 77% of the animals had lesions. Fifty-five isolates identified from 24 of the slaughtered animals were confirmed as M. bovis. No other mycobacterial species were isolated. Spoligotyping classified strains from 21 of these animals into seven spoligotype patterns: SB0133, SB0134, SB1176, SB2233, SB2290, SB2467, and SB2520. More than one spoligotype were identified from five of these animals, and none of the last four spoligotypes had been reported in Ethiopia before. SB0134 was the most predominant type (47%) followed by SB0133 (25.5%). SB0133, SB2290, SB2467, and SB1176 are spoligotypes lacking spacers 3–7, characteristics of M. bovis strains of the African 2 (Af2) clonal complex, while SB0134, SB2233, and SB2520 do not belong to any of the established clonal complexes and likely to have a different evolutionary history. Despite a small sample size, the present study showed strain diversity with multiple genotypes identified in a single herd and even within a single animal, and the genotypes showed no sign of geographical localization, which could be a consequence of significant movement of bTB diseased cattle around the country, spreading the disease. Therefore, any future control programme of bTB in Ethiopia needs to address the risks of cattle movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Abie Mekonnen
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia.,Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mekdes Tamiru
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Elena Hailu
- Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Matios Lakew
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Fielding HR, McKinley TJ, Delahay RJ, Silk MJ, McDonald RA. Characterization of potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis: A review. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:310-321. [PMID: 32937038 PMCID: PMC8025614 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variation in host attributes that influence their contact rates and infectiousness can lead some individuals to make disproportionate contributions to the spread of infections. Understanding the roles of such ‘superspreaders’ can be crucial in deciding where to direct disease surveillance and controls to greatest effect. In the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Great Britain, it has been suggested that a minority of cattle farms or herds might make disproportionate contributions to the spread of Mycobacterium bovis, and hence might be considered ‘superspreader farms’. Objectives and Methods We review the literature to identify the characteristics of farms that have the potential to contribute to exceptional values in the three main components of the farm reproductive number ‐ Rf: contact rate, infectiousness and duration of infectiousness, and therefore might characterize potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Results Farms exhibit marked heterogeneity in contact rates arising from between‐farm trading of cattle. A minority of farms act as trading hubs that greatly augment connections within cattle trading networks. Herd infectiousness might be increased by high within‐herd transmission or the presence of supershedding individuals, or infectiousness might be prolonged due to undetected infections or by repeated local transmission, via wildlife or fomites. Conclusions Targeting control methods on putative superspreader farms might yield disproportionate benefits in controlling endemic bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. However, real‐time identification of any such farms, and integration of controls with industry practices, present analytical, operational and policy challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Fielding
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Matthew J Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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Djafar ZR, Benazi N, Bounab S, Sayhi M, Diouani MF, Benia F. Distribution of seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in east Algeria. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105127. [PMID: 32905887 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the difficulties and the absence of credible scientific information concerning bovine tuberculosis in Algeria, our cross-sectional and inferential study, which is estimated to be a first in Algeria, affected three major semi-intensive regions in East of Algeria, by analyzing 21 holdings which grouped 516 cattle in an intensive and semi-intensive breeding character over a period of 12 months, in order to estimate the seroprevalence and the risk factors those influence the emergence of the disease in these regions. A serological test (ELISA) was carried out on all collected sera, after a stratified two-level sampling. A generalized linear mixed model was used to identify risk factors associated with animal-level positivity. A multivariate descriptive analysis (MCA) was used to identify farm clusters associated with bTB seroprevalence. The results obtained allow us to classify Algeria on the epidemiological level in the field of bovine tuberculosis, in an intermediate situation with a seroprevalence rate of 3.49 % (95 % CI : 1,91, 507); between industrialized countries where the seroprevalence is mostly very low below 0,1% and developing countries with very high seroprevalence such as African-Asian countries. This intermediate epidemiological position is influenced by certain risk factors that are integrated into the three mechanisms commonly known by the scientific community: "contamination by the introduction of an animal"; "neighborhood contamination"; "recurrence". But what characterizes this study is the obtaining of a "Animals purchased from a country listed as not OTF" factor that has returned as a highly protective factor and contributed to the decrease in this seroprevalence, and put Algeria in an intermediate epidemiological situation according to our study, and this is due to a purchase channeled by the state which is exclusive of the countries certified OTF by the OIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehaira Romeissa Djafar
- Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Plant and Animal Production (ADPVA), 19000, Sétif, Algeria; University of Sétif1, Faculty of Sciences, 19000, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Nabil Benazi
- Institut PASTEUR Algérie, Annexe, M'sila, 28000, Algeria.
| | - Sabrina Bounab
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, University of M'sila, 28000, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Maher Sayhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, LR11IPT03, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia; Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1068, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Fethi Diouani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, LR11IPT03, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1068, Tunisia
| | - Farida Benia
- Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Plant and Animal Production (ADPVA), 19000, Sétif, Algeria; University of Sétif1, Faculty of Sciences, 19000, Sétif, Algeria
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Denholm SJ, Brand W, Mitchell AP, Wells AT, Krzyzelewski T, Smith SL, Wall E, Coffey MP. Predicting bovine tuberculosis status of dairy cows from mid-infrared spectral data of milk using deep learning. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9355-9367. [PMID: 32828515 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease in cattle that is transmissible to humans, distributed worldwide, and considered endemic throughout much of England and Wales. Mid-infrared (MIR) analysis of milk is used routinely to predict fat and protein concentration, and is also a robust predictor of several other economically important traits including individual fatty acids and body energy. This study predicted bTB status of UK dairy cows using their MIR spectral profiles collected as part of routine milk recording. Bovine tuberculosis data were collected as part of the national bTB testing program for Scotland, England, and Wales; these data provided information from over 40,500 bTB herd breakdowns. Corresponding individual cow life-history data were also available and provided information on births, movements, and deaths of all cows in the study. Data relating to single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) skin-test results, culture, slaughter status, and presence of lesions were combined to create a binary bTB phenotype labeled 0 to represent nonresponders (i.e., healthy cows) and 1 to represent responders (i.e., bTB-affected cows). Contemporaneous individual milk MIR spectral data were collected as part of monthly routine milk recording and matched to bTB status of individual animals on the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test date (±15 d). Deep learning, a sub-branch of machine learning, was used to train artificial neural networks and develop a prediction pipeline for subsequent use in national herds as part of routine milk recording. Spectra were first converted to 53 × 20-pixel PNG images, then used to train a deep convolutional neural network. Deep convolutional neural networks resulted in a bTB prediction accuracy (i.e., the number of correct predictions divided by the total number of predictions) of 71% after training for 278 epochs. This was accompanied by both a low validation loss (0.71) and moderate sensitivity and specificity (0.79 and 0.65, respectively). To balance data in each class, additional training data were synthesized using the synthetic minority over sampling technique. Accuracy was further increased to 95% (after 295 epochs), with corresponding validation loss minimized (0.26), when synthesized data were included during training of the network. Sensitivity and specificity also saw a 1.22- and 1.45-fold increase to 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, when synthesized data were included during training. We believe this study to be the first of its kind to predict bTB status from milk MIR spectral data. We also believe it to be the first study to use milk MIR spectral data to predict a disease phenotype, and posit that the automated prediction of bTB status at routine milk recording could provide farmers with a robust tool that enables them to make early management decisions on potential reactor cows, and thus help slow the spread of bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Denholm
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - W Brand
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - A P Mitchell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - A T Wells
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - T Krzyzelewski
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - S L Smith
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - E Wall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - M P Coffey
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Reis AC, Ramos B, Pereira AC, Cunha MV. Global trends of epidemiological research in livestock tuberculosis for the last four decades. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:333-346. [PMID: 32748511 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria remains as one of the most significant infectious diseases of livestock, despite decades of eradication programmes and research efforts, in an era where the livestock sector is among the most important and rapidly expanding commercial agricultural segments worldwide. This work provides a global overview of the spatial and temporal trends of reported scientific knowledge of TB in livestock, aiming to gain insights into research subtopics within the animal TB epidemiology domain and to highlight territorial inequalities regarding data reporting and research outputs over the years. To deliver such information, peer-reviewed reports of TB studies in livestock were retrieved from the Web of Science and Google Scholar, systematized and dissected. The validated data set contained 443 occurrence observations, covering the 1981-2020 period (39 years). We highlight a clear move towards transdisciplinary areas and the One Health approach, with a global temporal increase in publications combining livestock with wildlife and/or human components, which reflect the importance of non-prototypical hosts as key to understanding animal TB. It becomes evident that cattle is the main host across works from all continents; however, many regions remain poorly surveyed. TB research in livestock in low-/middle-income countries is markedly growing, reflecting changes in animal husbandry, but also mirroring the globalization era, with a marked increase in international collaboration and capacitation programmes for scientific and technological development. This review gives an overview of the most prolific continents, countries and research fields in animal TB epidemiology, clearly outlining knowledge gaps and key priority topics. The estimated growth trend of livestock production until 2050, particularly in Asia and Africa, in response to human population growth and animal-protein demand, will require further investment in early surveillance and adaptive research to accommodate the higher diversity of livestock species and MTC members and raising the possibility to fine-tune funding schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André C Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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A Review of Welfare Indicators of Indoor-Housed Dairy Cow as a Basis for Integrated Automatic Welfare Assessment Systems. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081430. [PMID: 32824228 PMCID: PMC7459720 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many techniques have been developed to measure single indicators of reduced welfare in farm animals, such as changes in the walking pattern to detect lameness in dairy cows. However, there is still a need to combine these single measurements to get a more complete picture of the wellbeing of an animal. Based on a literature review on dairy cow welfare, this review provides a basis for the development of an integrated automatic system to assess the welfare of dairy cows on the farm. It provides an overview of the main welfare issues for dairy cows, such as lameness, heat stress, or pain and of the most established indicators that could help to detect these welfare issues on the farm. We found that there are several indicators, such as reduced feed intake, that are common to most welfare issues and that are therefore suitable to detect reduced welfare in general, while other indicators mainly identify one welfare issue, such as increased respiratory rate, as an indicator of heat stress. Combining these different types of indicators would provide a good basis to develop an integrated automatic system that could assist farmers in the detection of reduced welfare on their farms. Abstract For on-farm welfare assessment many automatic methods have been developed to detect indicators of reduced welfare. However, there is still a need to integrate data from single sources to obtain a complete picture of the welfare of an animal. This review offers a basis for developing integrated automatic systems to assess dairy cow welfare by providing an overview of the main issues that challenge cow welfare (e.g., lameness) and of well-established indicators that could detect these issues on the farm. Based on a literature review of 4 reviews on cow welfare in general and 48 reviews on single welfare issues, we identified 18 different major welfare issues and 76 matching indicators that could be detected automatically on the farm. Several indicators, e.g., feed intake, showed a consistent association with welfare across many different issues. Although some of these indicators are discussed critically, this means there are many indicators that potentially could detect reduced welfare in general. Other types of indicators could detect one specific welfare issue, e.g., increased respiratory rate for heat stress. These different types of indicators combined provide a basis to develop integrated automatic systems that ultimately would help farmers to detect welfare problems at an early stage.
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Ciambrone L, Gioffrè A, Musarella R, Samele P, Visaggio D, Pirolo M, Clausi MT, Di Natale R, Gherardi M, Spatari G, Visca P, Casalinuovo F. Presence of Mycobacterium bovis in slaughterhouses and risks for workers. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105072. [PMID: 32629357 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to detect the presence of Mycobacterium bovis in slaughterhouses where intradermal tuberculin test positive cattle were slaughtered, and to evaluate the risk of contamination by M. bovis among exposed slaughterhouse workers. Swabs were taken from the carcasses of slaughtered animals showing autoptic signs of non-generalized forms of tuberculosis, thus authorized for free consumption. Swabs were also taken from the hands and clothes of the staff employed in the butchery production line. Environmental samplings were conducted on the slaughterhouse air using filters and air aspiration devices, and on water used to wash the carcasses after slaughter. Samples from the carcasses of healthy animals were also taken on a following slaughtering session. The swabs were analysed by means of Polymerase Chain Reaction for the detection of mycobacteria. M. bovis was detected on meats, on the hands of one worker, and in the washing water. The results obtained from this study confirm that workers are highly exposed to infection by zoonotic tuberculosis, and that cleaning procedures were ineffective in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ciambrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Sezione di Catanzaro, Viale Crotone, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Angela Gioffrè
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Workplace and Environmental Hygiene, Lamezia Terme Research Centre, INAIL- National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Lamezia Terme, Contrada Ficarella, 88046, Lamezia Terme, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Musarella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Sezione di Catanzaro, Viale Crotone, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Samele
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Workplace and Environmental Hygiene, Lamezia Terme Research Centre, INAIL- National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Lamezia Terme, Contrada Ficarella, 88046, Lamezia Terme, Italy.
| | - Daniela Visaggio
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Viale Marconi n. 446, 00100, Roma, Italy.
| | - Mattia Pirolo
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Viale Marconi n. 446, 00100, Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Clausi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Sezione di Catanzaro, Viale Crotone, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Natale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental, Morphological and Functional Investigations, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n. 1, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Workplace and Environmental Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone Research Centre, INAIL- National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome. Via Fontana Candida n. 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, RM, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental, Morphological and Functional Investigations, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n. 1, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Viale Marconi n. 446, 00100, Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Casalinuovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Sezione di Catanzaro, Viale Crotone, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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50
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Long-Term Determinants of Tuberculosis in the Ungulate Host Community of Doñana National Park. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060445. [PMID: 32516963 PMCID: PMC7350361 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and cattle in south and central Spain. In order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied TB at the wildlife–livestock interface in Doñana National Park for 14 years (2006–2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). Wild boar showed the highest prevalence of TB (76.7%), followed by red deer (42.5%), fallow deer (14.4%) and cattle (10.7%). We found evidence of relevant epidemiological processes which operate over the long-term and interact with host and community ecology. Interestingly, the effect of high wild boar population density on increased TB rates was mediated by sows, which could determine high incidence in young individuals already in maternal groups. Rainfall significantly determined a higher risk of TB in male red deer, probably mediated by sex-related differences in life history traits that determined more susceptibility and/or exposure in comparison to females. The positive association between the prevalence of TB in fallow deer and cattle may indicate significant interspecies transmission (in either direction) and/or similar exposure to risk factors mediated by ecological overlapping of grazing species. The identification of long-term drivers of TB provided evidence that its control in extensive pastoral systems can only be achieved by targeting all relevant hosts and integrating measures related to all the factors involved, such as: population abundance and the aggregation of wild and domestic ungulates, environmental exposure to mycobacteria, cattle testing and culling campaigns and adjustments of appropriate densities.
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