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Taketomi Y, Higashi T, Kano K, Miki Y, Mochizuki C, Toyoshima S, Okayama Y, Nishito Y, Nakae S, Tanaka S, Tokuoka SM, Oda Y, Shichino S, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Akahoshi N, Ishii S, Chun J, Aoki J, Murakami M. Lipid-orchestrated paracrine circuit coordinates mast cell maturation and anaphylaxis through functional interaction with fibroblasts. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00318-2. [PMID: 39002541 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Interaction of mast cells (MCs) with fibroblasts is essential for MC maturation within tissue microenvironments, although the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Through a phenotypic screening of >30 mouse lines deficient in lipid-related genes, we found that deletion of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor LPA1, like that of the phospholipase PLA2G3, the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase L-PGDS, or the PGD2 receptor DP1, impairs MC maturation and thereby anaphylaxis. Mechanistically, MC-secreted PLA2G3 acts on extracellular vesicles (EVs) to supply lysophospholipids, which are converted by fibroblast-derived autotaxin (ATX) to LPA. Fibroblast LPA1 then integrates multiple pathways required for MC maturation by facilitating integrin-mediated MC-fibroblast adhesion, IL-33-ST2 signaling, L-PGDS-driven PGD2 generation, and feedforward ATX-LPA1 amplification. Defective MC maturation resulting from PLA2G3 deficiency is restored by supplementation with LPA1 agonists or PLA2G3-modified EVs. Thus, the lipid-orchestrated paracrine circuit involving PLA2G3-driven lysophospholipid, eicosanoid, integrin, and cytokine signaling fine-tunes MC-fibroblast communication, ensuring MC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Higashi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chika Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shota Toyoshima
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Center for Allergy, and Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Research Project Team, Research Institute of Medical Science, Center for Allergy, and Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Allergy and Internal Medicine, Misato Kenwa Hospital, Saitama 341-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan; Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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Zammit VA, Park SO. In Vivo Monitoring of Glycerolipid Metabolism in Animal Nutrition Biomodel-Fed Smart-Farm Eggs. Foods 2024; 13:722. [PMID: 38472835 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have examined the biochemical metabolic pathways by which an egg (egg yolk) lowers blood lipid levels, data on the molecular biological mechanisms that regulate and induce the partitioning of hepatic glycerolipids are missing. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo monitoring in four study groups using an animal nutrition biomodel fitted with a jugular-vein cannula after egg yolk intake: CON (control group, oral administration of 1.0 g of saline), T1 (oral administration of 1.0 g of pork belly fat), T2 (oral administration of 1.0 g of smart-farm egg yolk), and T3 (oral administration of T1 and T2 alternately every week). The eggs induced significant and reciprocal changes in incorporating 14C lipids into the total glycerolipids and releasing 14CO2, thereby regulating esterification and accelerating oxidation in vivo. The eggs increased phospholipid secretion from the liver into the blood and decreased triacylglycerol secretion by regulating the multiple cleavage of fatty acyl-CoA moieties' fluxes. In conclusion, the results of the current study reveal the novel fact that eggs can lower blood lipids by lowering triacylglycerol secretion in the biochemical metabolic pathway of hepatic glycerolipid partitioning while simultaneously increasing phospholipid secretion and 14CO2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Zammit
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sang O Park
- Institute of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Gangwon State, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ewers M, Epple D, Bugert P, Rosendahl J, Witt H. Genetic analysis of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2G1B) in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2022; 22:244-247. [PMID: 35031208 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic mutations in various pancreatic enzymes or their counteracting proteins have been linked to chronic pancreatitis. In particular, variants in the genes encoding pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) and carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) have been associated with pancreatitis. Therefore, we investigated pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2G1B) as a promising candidate gene in patients with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS We analyzed all coding exons and adjacent intronic regions of PLA2G1B in 416 German patients with non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (NACP) and 186 control subjects by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS We detected 2 frequent synonymous variants in exon 3: c.222T>C (p.Y74 = ) and c.294G>A (p.S98 = ). The genotype and allele frequencies of these variants were similar between patients and controls (c.222 TC: 9.6% in NACP vs. 9.7% in controls; c.222CC: 0.2% in NACP vs. 0% in controls; c.294 GA: 31.3% in NACP vs. 28.0% in controls; c.294AA: 2.4% in NACP vs. 1.1% in controls). All p-values were non-significant. In addition, we found one synonymous variant, c.138C>T (p.N46 = ) and one non-synonymous variant, c.244A>G (p.S82G), in a single case each. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic alterations in PLA2G1B do not predispose to the development of non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Ewers
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Denise Epple
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, MRI, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden, Württemberg, Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany
| | - Heiko Witt
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
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4
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Goh YQ, Cheam G, Wang Y. Understanding Choline Bioavailability and Utilization: First Step Toward Personalizing Choline Nutrition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10774-10789. [PMID: 34392687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential macronutrient involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, cell-membrane signaling, lipid transport, and methyl-group metabolism. Nevertheless, the vast majority are not meeting the recommended intake requirement. Choline deficiency is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, skeletal muscle atrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The conversion of dietary choline to trimethylamine by gut microbiota is known for its association with atherosclerosis and may contribute to choline deficiency. Choline-utilizing bacteria constitutes less than 1% of the gut community and is modulated by lifestyle interventions such as dietary patterns, antibiotics, and probiotics. In addition, choline utilization is also affected by genetic factors, further complicating the impact of choline on health. This review overviews the complex interplay between dietary intakes of choline, gut microbiota and genetic factors, and the subsequent impact on health. Understanding of gut microbiota metabolism of choline substrates and interindividual variability is warranted in the development of personalized choline nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi Goh
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
| | - Guoxiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
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Kuefner MS. Secretory Phospholipase A2s in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732726. [PMID: 34512555 PMCID: PMC8429832 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) superfamily encompasses enzymes commonly found in mammalian tissues and snake venom. Many of these enzymes have unique tissue distribution, function, and substrate specificity suggesting distinct biological roles. In the past, much of the research on secretory PLA2s has analyzed their roles in inflammation, anti-bacterial actions, and atherosclerosis. In recent studies utilizing a variety of mouse models, pancreatic islets, and clinical trials, a role for many of these enzymes in the control of metabolism and insulin action has been revealed. In this review, this research, and the unique contributions of the PLA2 enzymes in insulin resistance and metabolism.
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6
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Walther B, Lett AM, Bordoni A, Tomás‐Cobos L, Nieto JA, Dupont D, Danesi F, Shahar DR, Echaniz A, Re R, Fernandez AS, Deglaire A, Gille D, Schmid A, Vergères G. GutSelf: Interindividual Variability in the Processing of Dietary Compounds by the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900677. [PMID: 31483113 PMCID: PMC6900003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional research is currently entering the field of personalized nutrition, to a large extent driven by major technological breakthroughs in analytical sciences and biocomputing. An efficient launching of the personalized approach depends on the ability of researchers to comprehensively monitor and characterize interindividual variability in the activity of the human gastrointestinal tract. This information is currently not available in such a form. This review therefore aims at identifying and discussing published data, providing evidence on interindividual variability in the processing of the major nutrients, i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, along the gastrointestinal tract, including oral processing, intestinal digestion, and absorption. Although interindividual variability is not a primary endpoint of most studies identified, a significant number of publications provides a wealth of information on this topic for each category of nutrients. This knowledge remains fragmented, however, and understanding the clinical relevance of most of the interindividual responses to food ingestion described in this review remains unclear. In that regard, this review has identified a gap and sets the base for future research addressing the issue of the interindividual variability in the response of the human organism to the ingestion of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walther
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Aaron M. Lett
- Section for Nutrition ResearchDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | | | | | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Francesca Danesi
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | - Danit R. Shahar
- Department of Public HealthThe S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and NutritionBen‐Gurion University of the Negev84105Beer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Ana Echaniz
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | - Roberta Re
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | | | - Amélie Deglaire
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Doreen Gille
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Alexandra Schmid
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Guy Vergères
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
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7
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Lee Y, Han CY, Bae M, Park YK, Lee JY. Egg phospholipids exert an inhibitory effect on intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 13:295-301. [PMID: 31388405 PMCID: PMC6669065 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.4.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Consumption of cholesterol-rich foods, such as eggs, has a minimal effect on circulating cholesterol levels in healthy humans. To gain insight, we investigated whether phospholipids rich in eggs (EPL) interfere with intestinal cholesterol absorption in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS To investigate the acute effect of EPL on intestinal cholesterol absorption, male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 6, 11, or 19 mg of EPL for three days. We also tested the effect of chronic EPL consumption on cholesterol metabolism in the small intestine and the liver in mice with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/high cholesterol (HF/HC; 35% fat, 0.25% cholesterol, w/w) diet for 4 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia, and subsequently the mice were either fed 0, 0.4 or 0.8% (w/w) of EPL for 6 weeks. RESULTS Intestinal cholesterol absorption was significantly decreased by the highest dose of acute EPL administration compared to control. Chronic EPL supplementation did not significantly alter intestinal cholesterol absorption nor plasma levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the small intestine and the liver, EPL supplementation minimally altered the expression of genes which regulate cellular cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION Although chronic EPL consumption was not able to counteract hypercholesterolemia in HF/HC-fed mice, acute EPL administration decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. This study provides in vivo evidence that acute administration of PLs in eggs prevent cholesterol absorption in the intestine, suggesting a mechanism for a minimal effect of egg consumption on circulating cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Catherine Y Han
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
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Nilsson Å, Duan RD. Pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in choline phospholipid digestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G425-G445. [PMID: 30576217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00320.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of choline phospholipids is important for choline homeostasis, lipid signaling, postprandial lipid and energy metabolism, and interaction with intestinal bacteria. The digestion is mediated by the combined action of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes. In the proximal small intestine, hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to 1-lyso-PC and free fatty acid (FFA) by the pancreatic phospholipase A2 IB coincides with the digestion of the dietary triacylglycerols by lipases, but part of the PC digestion is extended and must be mediated by other enzymes as the jejunoileal brush-border phospholipase B/lipase and mucosal secreted phospholipase A2 X. Absorbed 1-lyso-PC is partitioned in the mucosal cells between degradation and reacylation into chyle PC. Reutilization of choline for hepatic bile PC synthesis, and the reacylation of 1-lyso-PC into chylomicron PC by the lyso-PC-acyl-CoA-acyltransferase 3 are important features of choline recycling and postprandial lipid metabolism. The role of mucosal enzymes is emphasized by sphingomyelin (SM) being sequentially hydrolyzed by brush-border alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) and neutral ceramidase to sphingosine and FFA, which are well absorbed. Ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate are generated and are both metabolic intermediates and important lipid messengers. Alk-SMase has anti-inflammatory effects that counteract gut inflammation and tumorigenesis. These may be mediated by multiple mechanisms including generation of sphingolipid metabolites and suppression of autotaxin induction and lyso-phosphatidic acid formation. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in PC and SM digestion, and its implications in intestinal and liver diseases, bacterial choline metabolism in the gut, and cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Nilsson
- Department of Clow-linical Sciences Lund, Division of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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9
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Blanco-Morales V, López-García G, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Barberá R, Lagarda MJ, Sánchez-Siles LM, Alegría A. The impact of galactooligosaccharides on the bioaccessibility of sterols in a plant sterol-enriched beverage: adaptation of the harmonized INFOGEST digestion method. Food Funct 2018; 9:2080-2089. [PMID: 29594273 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on sterol bioaccessibility in three plant sterol (PS)-enriched milk-based fruit beverages (without GOS addition (MfB) and with 2.5 g (MfB-G2) and 5.0 g (MfB-G5) GOS per 250 mL) was evaluated after micellar gastrointestinal digestion. Cholesterol bioaccessibility was very similar among beverages, though a slight significant increase (from 80% to 85%) was observed by the addition of 5.0 g GOS. The addition of GOS did not affect total PS bioaccessibility (≈37%). Based on the results obtained after micellar digestion, it has been demonstrated that these beverages could be a suitable food matrix for simultaneous enrichment with PS and GOS. The harmonized in vitro digestion model INFOGEST was applied to the MfB beverage, but the cholesterol content could not be quantified due to its contribution of bile salts. Hence, it was proposed: (i) a change in porcine bile salt concentration from 10 mM to 1.4 mM (in order to compare with micellar digestion); or (ii) a change of bile salt origin (bovine instead of porcine), maintaining physiological concentration (10 mM, INFOGEST condition). Both options allowed cholesterol quantification, with bioaccessibilities of 62% (reduction of bile salts) and 38% (replacement of the bile salt source), whereas plant sterol bioaccessibilities were 22% and 14%, respectively. Therefore, the change of bile salt origin maintaining INFOGEST concentration is proposed as a method to evaluate sterol (cholesterol and PS) bioaccessibility in these beverages, demonstrating the need for the selection of appropriate conditions of the INFOGEST harmonized method according to the food matrix and compounds to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Kuang H, Yang F, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen G. The Impact of Egg Nutrient Composition and Its Consumption on Cholesterol Homeostasis. CHOLESTEROL 2018; 2018:6303810. [PMID: 30210871 PMCID: PMC6126094 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6303810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient deficiencies and excess are involved in many aspects of human health. As a source of essential nutrients, eggs have been used worldwide to support the nutritional needs of human societies. On the other hand, eggs also contain a significant amount of cholesterol, a lipid molecule that has been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Whether the increase of egg consumption will lead to elevated cholesterol absorption and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis has been a concern of debate for a while. Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated through its dietary intake, endogenous biosynthesis, utilization, and excretion. Recently, some research interests have been paid to the effects of egg consumption on cholesterol homeostasis through the intestinal cholesterol absorption. Nutrient components in eggs such as phospholipids may contribute to this process. The goals of this review are to summarize the recent progress in this area and to discuss some potential benefits of egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Entwistle LJ, Pelly VS, Coomes SM, Kannan Y, Perez-Lloret J, Czieso S, Silva Dos Santos M, MacRae JI, Collinson L, Sesay A, Nikolov N, Metidji A, Helmby H, Hui DY, Wilson MS. Epithelial-Cell-Derived Phospholipase A 2 Group 1B Is an Endogenous Anthelmintic. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:484-493.e5. [PMID: 29024642 PMCID: PMC5644720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to intestinal helminth infections has been well studied, but the mechanism of helminth killing prior to expulsion remains unclear. Here we identify epithelial-cell-derived phospholipase A2 group 1B (PLA2g1B) as a host-derived endogenous anthelmintic. PLA2g1B is elevated in resistant mice and is responsible for killing tissue-embedded larvae. Despite comparable activities of other essential type-2-dependent immune mechanisms, Pla2g1b−/− mice failed to expel the intestinal helminths Heligmosomoides polygyrus or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Expression of Pla2g1b by epithelial cells was dependent upon intestinal microbiota, adaptive immunity, and common-gamma chain-dependent signaling. Notably, Pla2g1b was downregulated in susceptible mice and inhibited by IL-4R-signaling in vitro, uncoupling parasite killing from expulsion mechanisms. Resistance was restored in Pla2g1b−/− mice by treating infective H. polygyrus L3 larvae with PLA2g1B, which reduced larval phospholipid abundance. These findings uncover epithelial-cell-derived Pla2g1b as an essential mediator of helminth killing, highlighting a previously overlooked mechanism of anti-helminth immunity. Pla2g1b expression correlated with resistance to intestinal helminth infection PLA2g1B is essential for resistance to intestinal helminth infection in mice PLA2g1B directly reduces phospholipid abundance in infective larvae Pla2g1b is expressed by epithelial cells and is negatively regulated by IL-4Rα
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Entwistle
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Victoria S Pelly
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephanie M Coomes
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abdul Sesay
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amina Metidji
- AhR Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helena Helmby
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Mark S Wilson
- Allergy and Anti-helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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12
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Cash JG, Konaniah E, Hegde N, Kuhel DG, Watanabe M, Romick-Rosendale L, Hui DY. Therapeutic reduction of lysophospholipids in the digestive tract recapitulates the metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery and promotes diabetes remission. Mol Metab 2018; 16:55-64. [PMID: 30087032 PMCID: PMC6158127 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders are major health problems worldwide. The most effective obesity intervention is bariatric surgery. This study tested the hypothesis that bariatric surgery alters phospholipid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract to favor a metabolically healthy gut microbiota profile and therapeutic intervention of phospholipid metabolism in the gastrointestinal may have similar metabolic benefits. METHODS The first study compared plasma levels of the bioactive lipid metabolites lysophospholipid and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as well as gut microbiota profile in high fat/carbohydrate (HFHC) diet-fed C57BL/6 mice with or without vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and in Pla2g1b-/- mice with group 1B phospholipase A2 gene inactivation. The second study examined the effectiveness of the non-absorbable secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor methyl indoxam to reverse hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in HFHC diet-fed C57BL/6 mice after diabetes onset. RESULTS Both bariatric surgery and PLA2G1B inactivation were shown to reduce lysophospholipid content in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in resistance to HFHC diet-induced alterations of the gut microbiota, reduction of the cardiovascular risk factors hyperlipidemia and TMAO, decreased adiposity, and prevention of HFHC diet-induced diabetes. Importantly, treatment of wild type mice with methyl indoxam after HFHC diet-induced onset of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia effectively restored normal plasma lipid and glucose levels and replicated the metabolic benefits of VSG surgery with diabetes remission and TMAO reduction. CONCLUSION These results provided pre-clinical evidence that PLA2G1B inhibition in the digestive tract may be a viable alternative option to bariatric surgery for obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic disorder intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Cash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Narasimha Hegde
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - David G Kuhel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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13
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Hui DY. Group 1B phospholipase A 2 in metabolic and inflammatory disease modulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:784-788. [PMID: 30003964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The group 1B phospholipase A2 (PLA2G1B) is a secreted phospholipase that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of the sn-2 fatty acyl moiety from phospholipids. This enzyme is synthesized most abundantly in the pancreas and is also expressed in the lung. The first part of this review article focuses on the role of pancreatic-derived PLA2G1B in mediating lipid absorption and discusses how the PLA2G1B-derived metabolic product contributes to cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The anti-helminth properties of PLA2G1B will also be discussed. The second part of this review will focus on PLA2G1B expressed in the lung, and in vitro data suggest that how this enzyme may modulate lung inflammation via both hydrolytic activity-dependent and -dependent mechanisms. Finally, recent studies revealing a relationship between PLA2G1B and cancer will also be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States.
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14
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Possible Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin on Fumonisin B1-mediated Toxicity. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:75-97. [PMID: 32231933 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major corn-related mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1), continues to attract attention of researchers as well as risk-assessors due to the diverse toxicological characteristics, including distinct target tissues in different animal species and opposite susceptibility in males and females in mice and rats. More than thirty years passed since the structure identification as a sphingoid-like chemical, but the causal mechanism of the toxicity remains obscure in spites of extensive studies. Considerable amounts of knowledge have been accumulated on the biochemical/toxicological actions of FB1, but the influence on lipid dynamics and mobilization in the body has not been focused well in relation to the FB1-mediated toxicity. Considerable influences of this toxin on mobilization of sphingolipids and phospholipids and also on adaptive changes in their compositions in tissues are implicated from recent studies on FB1-interacting ceramide synthases. Accumulated patho-physiological data also suggest a possible role of hepatic phospholipid on FB1-mediated toxicity. Thus, a mechanism of FB1-mediated toxicity is discussed in relation to the mobilization of phospholipids and sphingolipids in the body in this context.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phospholipids are major constituents in the intestinal lumen after meal consumption. This article highlights current literature suggesting the contributory role of intestinal phospholipid metabolism toward cardiometabolic disease manifestation. RECENT FINDINGS Group 1b phospholipase A2 (PLA2g1b) catalyzes phospholipid hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen. The digestive product lysophospholipid, particularly lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), has a direct role in mediating chylomicron assembly and secretion. The LPC in the digestive tract is further catabolized into lysophosphatidic acid and choline via autotaxin-mediated and autotaxin-independent mechanisms. The LPC and lysophosphatidic acid absorbed through the digestive tract and transported to the plasma directly promote systemic inflammation and cell dysfunction, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity/diabetes. The choline moiety generated in the digestive tract can also be used by gut bacteria to generate trimethylamine, which is subsequently transported to the liver and oxidized into trimethylamine-N-oxide that also enhances atherosclerosis and cardiovascular abnormalities. SUMMARY Products of phospholipid metabolism in the intestine through PLA2g1b and autotaxin-mediated pathways directly contribute to cardiometabolic diseases through multiple mechanisms. The implication of these studies is that therapeutic inhibition of PLA2g1b and autotaxin in the digestive tract may be a viable approach for cardiovascular and metabolic disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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16
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Chap H. Forty five years with membrane phospholipids, phospholipases and lipid mediators: A historical perspective. Biochimie 2016; 125:234-49. [PMID: 27059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases play a key role in the metabolism of phospholipids and in cell signaling. They are also a very useful tool to explore phospholipid structure and metabolism as well as membrane organization. They are at the center of this review, covering a period starting in 1971 and focused on a number of subjects in which my colleagues and I have been involved. Those include determination of phospholipid asymmetry in the blood platelet membrane, biosynthesis of lysophosphatidic acid, biochemistry of platelet-activating factor, first attempts to define the role of phosphoinositides in cell signaling, and identification of novel digestive (phospho)lipases such as pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) or phospholipase B. Besides recalling some of our contributions to those various fields, this review makes an appraisal of the impressive and often unexpected evolution of those various aspects of membrane phospholipids and lipid mediators. It is also the occasion to propose some new working hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Chap
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France. hugues.chap.@univ-tlse3.fr
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17
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Chattopadhyay A, Navab M, Hough G, Grijalva V, Mukherjee P, Fogelman HR, Hwang LH, Faull KF, Lusis AJ, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. Tg6F ameliorates the increase in oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum of mice fed unsaturated LysoPC or WD. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:832-47. [PMID: 26965826 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse chow supplemented with lysophosphatidylcholine with oleic acid at sn-1 and a hydroxyl group at sn-2 (LysoPC 18:1) increased LysoPC 18:1 in tissue of the jejunum of LDL receptor (LDLR)-null mice by 8.9 ± 1.7-fold compared with chow alone. Western diet (WD) contained dramatically less phosphatidylcholine 18:1 or LysoPC 18:1 compared with chow, but feeding WD increased LysoPC 18:1 in the jejunum by 7.5 ± 1.4-fold compared with chow. Feeding LysoPC 18:1 or feeding WD increased oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum by 5.2 ± 3.0-fold or 8.6 ± 2.2-fold, respectively, in LDLR-null mice (P < 0.0004), and 2.6 ± 1.5-fold or 2.4 ± 0.92-fold, respectively, in WT C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.0001). Adding 0.06% by weight of a concentrate of transgenic tomatoes expressing the 6F peptide (Tg6F) decreased LysoPC 18:1 in the jejunum of LDLR-null mice on both diets (P < 0.0001), and prevented the increase in oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum in LDLR-null and WT mice on both diets (P < 0.008). Tg6F decreased inflammatory cells in the villi of the jejunum, decreased dyslipidemia, and decreased systemic inflammation in LDLR-null and WT mice on both diets. We conclude that Tg6F reduces diet-induced inflammation by reducing the content of unsaturated LysoPC and oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chattopadhyay
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Greg Hough
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Pallavi Mukherjee
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Hannah R Fogelman
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Lin H Hwang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Kym F Faull
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing CVD risk. The ultimate measure of RCT is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Howles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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19
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Ikeda I. Factors affecting intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:9-18. [PMID: 25742922 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors affect intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. Plant sterols and stanols are generally less absorptive than cholesterol. Differential absorption rates among various plant sterols and stanols have been also reported. Although it was suggested that differential absorption among cholesterol and various plant sterols was determined by difference in excretion rates of sterols and stanols through ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G5/ABCG8 of intestinal cells, our study suggests that affinity for and solubility in bile salt micelles can be important determinants for differential absorption of plant sterols and stanols. It was also suggested that plant sterols were transiently incorporated into intestinal cells and then excreted to intestinal lumen through ABCG5/ABCG8. However, in a rat study, transient incorporation of sitosterol into intestinal cells was not observed, suggesting that sitosterol is differentiated from cholesterol at the incorporation site of intestinal cells. It is well established that plant sterols inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol and exert a hypocholesterolemic activity. Plant sterols are solubilized in bile salt micelles as cholesterol. Our study clearly showed that because the sterol-solubilizing capacity of bile salt micelles was limited, plant sterols solubilized in micelles reduced the solubility of cholesterol. This can be the major cause of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase accelerates intestinal absorption of unesterified cholesterol. Although it was suggested that cholesterol esterase accelerated esterification of cholesterol incorporated into intestinal cells and acted as a transporter at the surface of intestinal cells, our research revealed that the accelerated cholesterol absorption was caused by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine in bile salt micelles. It is thought that hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine reduces the affinity of cholesterol for the micelles and accelerates the incorporation of cholesterol released from the micelles into intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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20
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Castro-Gómez P, Garcia-Serrano A, Visioli F, Fontecha J. Relevance of dietary glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids to human health. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 101:41-51. [PMID: 26242691 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids participate in a variety of indispensable metabolic, neurological, and intracellular signaling processes. In this didactic paper we review the biological roles of phospholipids and try to unravel the precise nature of their putative healthful activities. We conclude that the biological actions of phospholipids activities potentially be nutraceutically exploited in the adjunct therapy of widely diffused pathologies such as neurodegeneration or the metabolic syndrome. As phospholipids can be recovered from inexpensive sources such as food processing by-products, ad-hoc investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castro-Gómez
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Group of Lipids, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Serrano
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Group of Lipids, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - F Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Fontecha
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Group of Lipids, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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21
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Egg phospholipids and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 2015; 7:2731-47. [PMID: 25871489 PMCID: PMC4425170 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appear to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More research is warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses with chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.
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Hollie NI, Konaniah ES, Goodin C, Hui DY. Group 1B phospholipase A₂ inactivation suppresses atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:377-80. [PMID: 24747111 PMCID: PMC4037866 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that inactivation of the group 1B phospholipase A2 (Pla2g1b) suppresses diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia in C57BL/6 mice. A possible influence of Pla2g1b inactivation on atherosclerosis has not been addressed previously. The current study utilized LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice with plasma lipid levels and distribution similar to hyperlipidemic human subjects as a preclinical animal model to test the effectiveness of Pla2g1b inactivation on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS The Pla2g1b(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) and Pla2g1b(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a low fat chow diet or a hypercaloric diet with 58.5 kcal% fat and 25 kcal% sucrose for 10 weeks. Minimal differences were observed between Pla2g1b(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) and Pla2g1b(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice when the animals were maintained on the low fat chow diet. However, when the animals were maintained on the hypercaloric diet, the Pla2g1(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) mice showed the expected body weight gain but the Pla2g1b(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice were resistant to diet-induced body weight gain. The Pla2g1b(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice also displayed lower fasting glucose, insulin, and plasma lipid levels compared to the Pla2g1b(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) mice, which displayed robust hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia in response to the hypercaloric diet. Importantly, atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic roots were also reduced 7-fold in the Pla2g1b(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of Pla2g1b inactivation to suppress diet-induced body weight gain and reduce diabetes and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice suggests that pharmacological inhibition of Pla2g1b may be a viable strategy to decrease diet-induced obesity and the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norris I Hollie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Colleen Goodin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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Hamada T, Ikeda I, Takashima K, Kobayashi M, Kodama Y, Inoue T, Matsuoka R, Imaizumi K. Hydrolysis of Micellar Phosphatidylcholine Accelerates Cholesterol Absorption in Rats and Caco-2 Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:1726-32. [PMID: 16195591 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic recovery of cholesterol infused into the duodenum as bile salt micelles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) was accelerated by the co-administration of phospholipase A2 in bile and pancreatic juice diverted rats. Previously we observed that cholesterol esterase, which has the ability to hydrolyze PC, caused the same effect under a similar experimental condition (Ikeda et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1571, 34-44 (2002)). Accelerated cholesterol absorption was also observed when a part of micellar PC was replaced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oleic acid. Phospholipase A2 facilitated the incorporation of micellar cholesterol into Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. There was a highly negative correlation between the incorporation of cholesterol into Caco-2 cells and the content of micellar PC remaining in the culture medium. The release of cholesterol as a monomer from bile salt micelles was enhanced when a part of micellar PC was replaced with LysoPC and oleic acid. These results strongly suggest that the release of monomer cholesterol from bile salt micelles is accelerated by hydrolysis of PC in bile salt micelles and hence that cholesterol absorption is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadateru Hamada
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Differential regulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes during chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:154-61. [PMID: 24816161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes are essential for the digestion of dietary components and are regulated by them. Chronic excess dietary high fat (HF) consumption is a contributing factor of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated chronic diseases and requires adaptation by the pancreas. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic HF diet feeding on exocrine pancreatic digestive enzyme transcript levels in DIO C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing either 10 or 45% energy (E%) derived from fat for 12 weeks (n 10 mice per diet group). Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were collected at 0, 4 and 12 weeks. The expression of a panel of exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes was analysed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The HF (45 E%) diet-fed C57BL/6J mice developed obesity, hyperleptinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. The transcript levels of pancreatic lipase (PL), pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) and pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were initially elevated; however, they were down-regulated to basal control levels at week 12. The transcript levels of colipase were significantly affected by diet and time. The protein levels of PL and PLRP2 responded to HF diet feeding. The transcript levels of amylase and proteases were not significantly affected by diet and time. The transcript levels of specific lipases in hyperinsulinaemic, hyperleptinaemic and hyperglycaemic DIO C57BL/6J mice are down-regulated. However, these mice compensate for this by the post-transcriptional regulation of the levels of proteins that respond to dietary fat. This suggests a complex regulatory mechanism involved in the modulation of fat digestion.
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25
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Kurusu S, Sapirstein A, Bonventre JV. Group IVA phospholipase A₂ optimizes ovulation and fertilization in rodents through induction of and metabolic coupling with prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. FASEB J 2012; 26:3800-10. [PMID: 22673578 PMCID: PMC3425826 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-203968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Female mice lacking group IVA phospholipase A(2) (Pla2g4a(-/-)) have a smaller litter size, which is due, in part, to defective implantation. We examined PLA(2)G4A dependence of the processes of ovulation and fertilization. Following induction of ovulation by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)/human CG (hCG) treatment and mating, ovulation and fertilization rates were reduced significantly in Pla2g4a(-/-) mice as compared to wild-type littermates. Human CG triggered robust ovarian prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production in the preovulatory period that was significantly attenuated in Pla2g4a(-/-) mice. Human CG transiently enhanced ovarian expression of PLA(2)G4A and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in wild-type mice. This PTGS2 induction was decreased in Pla2g4a(-/-) mice and also in immature rats treated with the PLA(2)G4A inhibitor, archidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone. A close spatiotemporal association of PLA(2)G4A with PTGS2 was found in mouse and rat preovulatory follicles examined by immunohistochemistry. Less association was observed with 4 other forms of PLA(2). Our data strongly suggest that PLA(2)G4A amplifies hCG induction of PTGS2 and colocalizes with the induced PTGS2, thus contributing to robust PG production required for optimal ovulation and fertilization in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kurusu
- Department of Medicine and
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Adam Sapirstein
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Milk phospholipid and plant sterol-dependent modulation of plasma lipids in healthy volunteers. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1169-79. [PMID: 22836514 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic effects are presumed for dietary milk phospholipid (PL) as well as plant sterol (PSt) supplementation. The aim was to induce changes in plasma lipid profile by giving different doses of milk PL and a combination of milk PL with PSt to healthy volunteers. METHODS In an open-label intervention study, 14 women received dairy products enriched with moderate (3 g PL/day) or high (6 g PL/day) dose of milk PL or a high dose of milk PL combined with PSt (6 g PL/day + 2 g PSt/day) during 3 periods each lasting 10 days. RESULTS Total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration were reduced following supplementation with 3 g PL/day. No significant change in LDL cholesterol concentration was found compared with baseline. High PL dose resulted in an increase of LDL cholesterol and unchanged HDL cholesterol compared with moderate PL dose. The LDL/HDL ratio and triglyceride concentration remained constant within the study. Except for increased phosphatidyl ethanolamine concentrations, plasma PL concentrations were not altered during exclusive PL supplementations. A combined high-dose PL and PSt supplementation led to decreased plasma LDL cholesterol concentration, decreased PL excretion, increased plasma sphingomyelin/phosphatidyl choline ratio, and significant changes in plasma fatty acid distribution compared with exclusive high-dose PL supplementation. CONCLUSION Milk PL supplementations influence plasma cholesterol concentrations, but without changes of LDL/HDL ratio. A combined high-dose milk PL and PSt supplementation decreases plasma LDL cholesterol concentration, but it probably enforces absorption of fatty acids or fatty acid-containing hydrolysis products that originated during lipid digestion.
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Hollie NI, Hui DY. Group 1B phospholipase A₂ deficiency protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2005-11. [PMID: 21908646 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive absorption of products of dietary fat digestion leads to type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related disorders. Mice deficient in the group 1B phospholipase A₂ (Pla2g1b), a gut digestive enzyme, are protected against diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes without displaying dietary lipid malabsorption. This study tested the hypothesis that inhibition of Pla2g1b protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Results showed that the Pla2g1b(-/-) mice had decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels compared with Pla2g1b(+/+) mice subsequent to feeding a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (hypercaloric) diet. These differences were evident before differences in body weight gains were observed. Injection of Poloxamer 407 to inhibit lipolysis revealed decreased VLDL production in Pla2g1b(-/-) mice. Supplementation with lysophosphatidylcholine, the product of Pla2g1b hydrolysis, restored VLDL production rates in Pla2g1b(-/-) mice and further elevated VLDL production in Pla2g1b(+/+) mice. The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice also displayed decreased postprandial lipidemia compared with Pla2g1b(+/+) mice. These results show that, in addition to dietary fatty acids, gut-derived lysophospholipids derived from Pla2g1b hydrolysis of dietary and biliary phospholipids also promote hepatic VLDL production. Thus, the inhibition of lysophospholipid absorption via Pla2g1b inactivation may prove beneficial against diet-induced hyperlipidemia in addition to the protection against obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norris I Hollie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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29
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Schuchardt JP, Schneider I, Meyer H, Neubronner J, von Schacky C, Hahn A. Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations--a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:145. [PMID: 21854650 PMCID: PMC3168413 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) depends on their chemical form. Superior bioavailability has been suggested for phospholipid (PL) bound omega-3 FA in krill oil, but identical doses of different chemical forms have not been compared. METHODS In a double-blinded crossover trial, we compared the uptake of three EPA+DHA formulations derived from fish oil (re-esterified triacylglycerides [rTAG], ethyl-esters [EE]) and krill oil (mainly PL). Changes of the FA compositions in plasma PL were used as a proxy for bioavailability. Twelve healthy young men (mean age 31 y) were randomized to 1680 mg EPA+DHA given either as rTAG, EE or krill oil. FA levels in plasma PL were analyzed pre-dose and 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after capsule ingestion. Additionally, the proportion of free EPA and DHA in the applied supplements was analyzed. RESULTS The highest incorporation of EPA+DHA into plasma PL was provoked by krill oil (mean AUC0-72 h: 80.03 ± 34.71%*h), followed by fish oil rTAG (mean AUC0-72 h: 59.78 ± 36.75%*h) and EE (mean AUC0-72 h: 47.53 ± 38.42%*h). Due to high standard deviation values, there were no significant differences for DHA and the sum of EPA+DHA levels between the three treatments. However, a trend (p = 0.057) was observed for the differences in EPA bioavailability. Statistical pair-wise group comparison's revealed a trend (p = 0.086) between rTAG and krill oil. FA analysis of the supplements showed that the krill oil sample contained 22% of the total EPA amount as free EPA and 21% of the total DHA amount as free DHA, while the two fish oil samples did not contain any free FA. CONCLUSION Further studies with a larger sample size carried out over a longer period are needed to substantiate our findings and to determine differences in EPA+DHA bioavailability between three common chemical forms of LC n-3 FA (rTAG, EE and krill oil). The unexpected high content of free EPA and DHA in krill oil, which might have a significant influence on the availability of EPA+DHA from krill oil, should be investigated in more depth and taken into consideration in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inga Schneider
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Henrike Meyer
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane Neubronner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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Inoue M, Adachi M, Shimizu Y, Tsutsumi T, Tokumura A. Comparison of lysophospholipid levels in rat feces with those in a standard chow. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7062-7067. [PMID: 21648420 DOI: 10.1021/jf200986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although lysophospholipids have attracted much attention due to their diverse physiological activities through their specific receptors, little is known about their metabolic fates in mammalian digestive systems after their ingestion as a minor food component. In this study, we analyzed five lysophospholipids in lipid extracts of a standard rat chow and feces of rats fed the chow by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The most abundant lysophospholipid in the rat chow was lysophosphatidylcholine followed by lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) in an increasing order, but their concentrations were very low in rat feces. Among the molecular species of LPS in the chow, only saturated species were detected in the feces in significant amounts. In addition, several molecular species of LPA remained in the feces in variable portions (saturated > monounsaturated > polyunsaturated). These results suggest that a portion of ingested LPA and LPS reach the rat large intestine, affecting physiological colon functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Inoue
- Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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31
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Sato H, Isogai Y, Masuda S, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Kamei D, Hara S, Kobayashi T, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Ishimoto Y, Suzuki N, Yokota Y, Hanasaki K, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Yamamoto K, Murakami M. Physiological roles of group X-secreted phospholipase A2 in reproduction, gastrointestinal phospholipid digestion, and neuronal function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11632-48. [PMID: 21266581 PMCID: PMC3064216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) family has been generally thought to participate in pathologic events such as inflammation and atherosclerosis, relatively high and constitutive expression of group X sPLA(2) (sPLA(2)-X) in restricted sites such as reproductive organs, the gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral neurons raises a question as to the roles played by this enzyme in the physiology of reproduction, digestion, and the nervous system. Herein we used mice with gene disruption or transgenic overexpression of sPLA(2)-X to clarify the homeostatic functions of this enzyme at these locations. Our results suggest that sPLA(2)-X regulates 1) the fertility of spermatozoa, not oocytes, beyond the step of flagellar motility, 2) gastrointestinal phospholipid digestion, perturbation of which is eventually linked to delayed onset of a lean phenotype with reduced adiposity, decreased plasma leptin, and improved muscle insulin tolerance, and 3) neuritogenesis of dorsal root ganglia and the duration of peripheral pain nociception. Thus, besides its inflammatory action proposed previously, sPLA(2)-X participates in physiologic processes including male fertility, gastrointestinal phospholipid digestion linked to adiposity, and neuronal outgrowth and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Yuki Isogai
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610
| | - Seiko Masuda
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Daisuke Kamei
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- the Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- the Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540
| | - Toshiharu Ishii
- the Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- the Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
- the Department of Neutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Kuboki 111, Souja, Okayama 719-1197, and
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- the Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
- CREST and
| | - Yoshikazu Ishimoto
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Company Ltd, 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Company Ltd, 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825
| | - Yasunori Yokota
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Company Ltd, 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825
| | - Kohji Hanasaki
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Company Ltd, 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- the Department of Neutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Kuboki 111, Souja, Okayama 719-1197, and
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
| | - Makoto Murakami
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Tokumura A. Physiological Significance of Lysophospholipids that Act on the Lumen Side of Mammalian Lower Digestive Tracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Kamili A, Wat E, Chung RW, Tandy S, Weir JM, Meikle PJ, Cohn JS. Hepatic accumulation of intestinal cholesterol is decreased and fecal cholesterol excretion is increased in mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with milk phospholipids. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:90. [PMID: 21194424 PMCID: PMC3024280 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk phospholipids (PLs) reduce liver lipid levels when given as a dietary supplement to mice fed a high-fat diet. We have speculated that this might be due to reduced intestinal cholesterol uptake. Methods Mice were given a high-fat diet for 3 or 5 weeks that had no added PL or that were supplemented with 1.2% by wt PL from cow's milk. Two milk PL preparations were investigated: a) a PL-rich dairy milk extract (PLRDME), and b) a commercially-available milk PL concentrate (PC-700). Intestinal cholesterol uptake was assessed by measuring fecal and hepatic radioactivity after intragastric administration of [14C]cholesterol and [3H]sitostanol. Fecal and hepatic lipids were measured enzymatically and by ESI-MS/MS. Results Both PL preparations led to significant decreases in total liver cholesterol and triglyceride (-20% to -60%, P < 0.05). Hepatic accumulation of intragastrically-administered [14C]cholesterol was significantly less (-30% to -60%, P < 0.05) and fecal excretion of [14C]cholesterol and unlabeled cholesterol was significantly higher in PL-supplemented mice (+15% to +30%, P < 0.05). Liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels were positively correlated with hepatic accumulation of intragastrically-administered [14C]cholesterol (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with fecal excretion of [14C]cholesterol (P < 0.05). Increased PL and ceramide levels in the diet of mice supplemented with milk PL were associated with significantly higher levels of fecal PL and ceramide excretion, but reduced levels of hepatic PL and ceramide, specifically, phosphatidylcholine (-21%, P < 0.05) and monohexosylceramide (-33%, P < 0.01). Conclusion These results indicate that milk PL extracts reduce hepatic accumulation of intestinal cholesterol and increase fecal cholesterol excretion when given to mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Kamili
- Nutrition and Metabolism Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Pancreatic acinar cell-specific overexpression of group 1B phospholipase A2 exacerbates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:877-81. [PMID: 20938441 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified significant association between polymorphisms of the Group 1B phospholipase A(2) (PLA2G1B) gene and central obesity in humans. Previous studies have shown that Pla2g1b inactivation decreases post-prandial lysophospholipid absorption, and as a consequence increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and protects against diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. The present study showed that transgenic mice with pancreatic acinar cell-specific overexpression of the human PLA2G1B gene gained significantly more weight and displayed elevated insulin resistance characteristics, such as impaired glucose tolerance, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, when challenged with a high-fat/carbohydrate diet. Pre- and post-prandial plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels were also lower, indicative of decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation, in the hypercaloric diet-fed PLA2G1B transgenic mice. These, along with earlier observations of Pla2g1b-null mice, document that Pla2g1b expression level is an important determinant of susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and diabetes, suggesting that the relationship between PLA2G1B polymorphisms and obesity may be due to differences in PLA2G1B expression levels between these individuals. The ability of pancreas-specific overexpression of PLA2G1B to promote obesity and glucose intolerance suggests that target phospholipase activity in the digestive tract with non-absorbable inhibitors should be considered as a therapeutic option for metabolic disease therapy.
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Leopoldini M, Russo N, Toscano M. Favored Reaction Mechanism of Calcium-Dependent Phospholipase A2. Insights from Density Functional Exploration. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11584-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Leopoldini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MIUR, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Labonté ED, Pfluger PT, Cash JG, Kuhel DG, Roja JC, Magness DP, Jandacek RJ, Tschöp MH, Hui DY. Postprandial lysophospholipid suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation: the molecular link between group 1B phospholipase A2 and diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2010; 24:2516-24. [PMID: 20215528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Decrease in fat catabolic rate on consuming a high-fat diet contributes to diet-induced obesity. This study used group 1B phospholipase A(2) (Pla2g1b)-deficient mice, which are resistant to hyperglycemia, to test the hypothesis that Pla2g1b and its lipolytic product lysophospholipid suppress hepatic fat utilization and energy metabolism in promoting diet-induced obesity. The metabolic consequences of hypercaloric diet, including body weight gain, energy expenditure, and fatty acid oxidation, were compared between Pla2g1b(+/+) and Pla2g1b(-/-) mice. The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice displayed normal energy balance when fed chow, but were resistant to obesity when challenged with a hypercaloric diet. Obesity resistance in Pla2g1b(-/-) mice is due to their ability to maintain elevated energy expenditure and core body temperature when subjected to hypercaloric diet, which was not observed in Pla2g1b(+/+) mice. The Pla2g1b(-/-) mice also displayed increased postprandial hepatic fat utilization due to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, PPAR-delta, PPAR-gamma, cd36/Fat, and Ucp2, which coincided with reduced postprandial plasma lysophospholipid levels. Lysophospholipids produced by Pla2g1b hydrolysis suppress hepatic fat utilization and down-regulate energy expenditure, thereby preventing metabolically beneficial adaptation to a high-fat diet exposure in promoting diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Labonté
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 E. Galbraith Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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39
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The ultimate measure of reverse cholesterol transport is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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40
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Cohn JS, Kamili A, Wat E, Chung RWS, Tandy S. Dietary phospholipids and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Nutrients 2010; 2:116-27. [PMID: 22254012 PMCID: PMC3257636 DOI: 10.3390/nu2020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments carried out with cultured cells and in experimental animals have consistently shown that phospholipids (PLs) can inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption. Limited evidence from clinical studies suggests that dietary PL supplementation has a similar effect in man. A number of biological mechanisms have been proposed in order to explain how PL in the gut lumen is able to affect cholesterol uptake by the gut mucosa. Further research is however required to establish whether the ability of PLs to inhibit cholesterol absorption is of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Cohn
- Nutrition and Metabolism Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St. Newtown 2042 NSW, Sydney, Australia.
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41
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Hui DY, Cope MJ, Labonté ED, Chang HT, Shao J, Goka E, Abousalham A, Charmot D, Buysse J. The phospholipase A(2) inhibitor methyl indoxam suppresses diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1263-9. [PMID: 19563529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous results have shown that mice lacking in the group 1B phospholipase A(2) (Pla2g1b) are resistant to obesity and diabetes induced by feeding a diabetogenic high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet. This study examined the potential of using the Pla2g1b inhibitor methyl indoxam as therapy to suppress diet-induced obesity and diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57BL/6 mice were fed the diabetogenic diet with or without methyl indoxam supplementation. Body weight gain, fasting plasma glucose levels, glucose tolerance and postprandial lysophospholipid absorption were compared. KEY RESULTS Wild-type C57BL/6 mice fed the diabetogenic diet without Pla2g1b inhibitor showed 31 and 69% body weight gain after 4 and 10 weeks respectively. These animals also showed elevated plasma glucose levels and were glucose intolerant. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice fed the diabetogenic diet with 90 mg.kg(-1) of methyl indoxam gained only 5% body weight after 10 weeks. These animals were also euglycaemic and displayed normal glucose excursion rates in glucose tolerance test. Methyl indoxam suppression of diet-induced body weight gain and glucose intolerance was correlated with the inhibition of Pla2g1b-mediated postprandial lysophospholipid absorption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results show that oral supplementation of a diabetogenic diet with the Pla2g1b inhibitor methyl indoxam effectively suppresses diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. This suggests that Pla2g1b inhibition may be a potentially effective oral therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Our knowledge of the uptake and transport of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins has advanced considerably. Researchers have identified several new mechanisms by which lipids are taken up by enterocytes and packaged as chylomicrons for export into the lymphatic system or clarified the actions of mechanisms previously known to participate in these processes. Fatty acids are taken up by enterocytes involving protein-mediated as well as protein-independent processes. Net cholesterol uptake depends on the competing activities of NPC1L1, ABCG5, and ABCG8 present in the apical membrane. We have considerably more detailed information about the uptake of products of lipid hydrolysis, the active transport systems by which they reach the endoplasmic reticulum, the mechanisms by which they are resynthesized into neutral lipids and utilized within the endoplasmic reticulum to form lipoproteins, and the mechanisms by which lipoproteins are secreted from the basolateral side of the enterocyte. apoB and MTP are known to be central to the efficient assembly and secretion of lipoproteins. In recent studies, investigators found that cholesterol, phospholipids, and vitamin E can also be secreted from enterocytes as components of high-density apoB-free/apoAI-containing lipoproteins. Several of these advances will probably be investigated further for their potential as targets for the development of drugs that can suppress cholesterol absorption, thereby reducing the risk of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Dept. of Anatomy, 450 Clarkson Ave., State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Petruzzelli M, Groen AK, van Erpecum KJ, Vrins C, van der Velde AE, Portincasa P, Palasciano G, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Lo Sasso G, Morgano A, Moschetta A. Micellar lipid composition profoundly affects LXR-dependent cholesterol transport across CaCo2 cells. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1274-80. [PMID: 19303409 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraluminal phospholipids affect micellar solubilization and absorption of cholesterol. We here study cholesterol transport from taurocholate-phospholipid-cholesterol micelles to CaCo2 cells, and associated effects on ABC-A1 mediated cholesterol efflux. Micellar incorporation of egg-yolk-phosphatidylcholine markedly increased apical retention of the sterol with decreased expression of ABC-A1, an effect that is prevented by synthetic liver X receptor (LXR) or retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists. On the other hand, incorporation of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) increased ABC-A1-HDL-dependent basolateral cholesterol efflux, an effect that is abated when LXR is silenced. Thus, the modulation of cholesterol metabolism via intraluminal phospholipids is related to the activity of the oxysterol nuclear receptor LXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Petruzzelli
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yu BZ, Kaimal R, Bai S, El Sayed KA, Tatulian SA, Apitz RJ, Jain MK, Deng R, Berg OG. Effect of guggulsterone and cembranoids of Commiphora mukul on pancreatic phospholipase A(2): role in hypocholesterolemia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:24-28. [PMID: 19102680 DOI: 10.1021/np8004453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Guggulsterone (7) and cembranoids (8-12) from Commiphora mukul stem bark resin guggul were shown to be specific modulators of two independent sites that are also modulated by bile salts (1-6) to control cholesterol absorption and catabolism. Guggulsterone (7) antagonized the chenodeoxycholic acid (3)-activated nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which regulates cholesterol metabolism in the liver. The cembranoids did not show a noticeable effect on FXR, but lowered the cholate (1)-activated rate of human pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (hPLA2), which controls gastrointestinal absorption of fat and cholesterol. Analysis of the data using a kinetic model has suggested an allosteric mechanism for the rate increase of hPLA2 by cholate and also for the rate-lowering effect by certain bile salts or cembranoids on the cholate-activated hPLA2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The allosteric inhibition of PLA2 by certain bile salts and cembranoids showed some structural specificity. Biophysical studies also showed specific interaction of the bile salts with the interface-bound cholate-activated PLA2. Since cholesterol homeostasis in mammals is regulated by FXR in the liver for metabolism and by PLA2 in the intestine for absorption, modulation of PLA2 and FXR by bile acids and selected guggul components suggests novel possibilities for hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
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45
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Abstract
The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily consists of many different groups of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in a variety of different phospholipids. The products of this reaction, a free fatty acid, and lysophospholipid have many different important physiological roles. There are five main types of PLA(2): the secreted sPLA(2)'s, the cytosolic cPLA(2)'s, the Ca(2+)independent iPLA(2)'s, the PAF acetylhydrolases, and the lysosomal PLA(2)'s. This review focuses on the superfamily of PLA(2) enzymes, and then uses three specific examples of these enzymes to examine the differing biochemistry of the three main types of these enzymes. These three examples are the GIA cobra venom PLA(2), the GIVA cytosolic cPLA(2), and the GVIA Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0601, USA
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46
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Abstract
Introduction The secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family provides a seemingly endless array of potential biological functions that is only beginning to be appreciated. In humans, this family comprises 9 different members that vary in their tissue distribution, hydrolytic activity, and phospholipid substrate specificity. Through their lipase activity, these enzymes trigger various cell-signaling events to regulate cellular functions, directly kill bacteria, or modulate inflammatory responses. In addition, some sPLA2’s are high affinity ligands for cellular receptors. Objective This review merely scratches the surface of some of the actions of sPLA2s in innate immunity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The goal is to provide an overview of recent findings involving sPLA2s and to point to potential pathophysiologic mechanisms that may become targets for therapy.
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47
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Lambeau G, Gelb MH. Biochemistry and physiology of mammalian secreted phospholipases A2. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:495-520. [PMID: 18405237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.062405.154007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA2s) are esterases that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester of glycerophospholipids and constitute one of the largest families of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. The mammalian genome contains 10 enzymatically active secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) and two sPLA2-related proteins devoid of lipolytic enzymatic activity. In addition to the well-established functions of one of these enzymes in digestion of dietary phospholipids and another in host defense against bacterial infections, accumulating evidence shows that some of these sPLA2s are involved in arachidonic acid release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, especially during inflammation. More speculative results suggest the involvement of one or more sPLA2s in promoting atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, the mammalian genome encodes several types of sPLA2-binding proteins, and mounting evidence shows that sPLA2s may have functions related to binding to cellular target proteins in a manner independent of their lipolytic enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Li X, Lindquist S, Lowe M, Noppa L, Hernell O. Bile salt-stimulated lipase and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 are the dominating lipases in neonatal fat digestion in mice and rats. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:537-41. [PMID: 17805199 PMCID: PMC3488855 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181559e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During infancy, the basic conditions for digestion of dietary fat differ from later in life. The bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) is an enzyme expressed in the exocrine pancreas and in some species (including human) also in the lactating mammary gland and secreted with the milk. The aim of this study was to compare the ontogeny of four pancreatic lipases [BSSL, pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PL), pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)] in one species that supplies BSSL with milk (the mouse) and one that does not (the rat). We followed expression of the four pancreatic lipases from postnatal d 1 until after weaning in both species. We found that BSSL and PLRP2, two lipases with broad substrate specificity, dominated. It was not until weaning that significant expression of PL and PLA2 were induced. Thus, BSSL and PLRP2 seem to be responsible for fat digestion as long as milk is the main food. Moreover, the early temporal pattern of BSSL expression differed between species. We speculate that the milk-borne BSSL is able to compensate for a slower ontogeny of pancreatic BSSL expression in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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49
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van Erpecum KJ, Petruzzelli M, Groen AK, Moschetta A. Relevance of interactions between sphingomyelin and cholesterol in biliary and intestinal tract. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Yu BZ, Apitz-Castro RJ, Jain MK, Berg OG. Role of 57-72 loop in the allosteric action of bile salts on pancreatic IB phospholipase A(2): regulation of fat and cholesterol homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:2478-90. [PMID: 17603006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and biphasic kinetic effects of bile salts on the pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzed interfacial hydrolysis are characterized. This novel phenomenon is modeled as allosteric action of bile salts with PLA2 at the interface. The results and controls also show that these kinetic effects are not due to surface dilution or solubilization or disruption of the bilayer interface where in the mixed-micelles substrate replenishment becomes the rate-limiting step. The PLA2-catalyzed rate of hydrolysis of zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles depends on the concentration and structure of the bile salt. The sigmoidal rate increase with cholate saturates at 0.06 mole fraction and changes little at the higher mole fractions. Also, with the rate-lowering bile salts (B), such as taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDOC), the initial sigmoidal rate increase at lower mole fraction is followed by nearly complete reversal to the rate at the pre-activation level at higher mole fractions. The rate-lowering effect of TCDOC is not observed with the (62-66)-loop deleted DeltaPLA2, or with the Naja venom PLA2 that is evolutionarily devoid of the loop. The rate increase is modeled with the assumption that the binding of PLA2 to DMPC interface is cooperatively promoted by bile salt followed by allosteric k(cat)(*)-activation of the bound enzyme by the anionic interface. The rate-lowering effect of bile salts is attributed to the formation of a specific catalytically inert E(*)B complex in the interface, which is noticeably different than the 1:1 EB complex in the aqueous phase. The cholate-activated rate of hydrolysis is lowered by hypolidemic ezetimibe and guggul extract which are not interfacial competitive inhibitors of PLA2. We propose that the biphasic modulation of the pancreatic PLA2 activity by bile salts regulates gastrointestinal fat metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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