1
|
Heyns IM, Arora M, Ganugula R, Allamreddy SR, Tiwari S, Shah DK, Basu R, Ravi Kumar MNV. Polyester Nanoparticles with Controlled Topography for Peroral Drug Delivery Using Insulin as a Model Protein. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11863-11875. [PMID: 38622996 PMCID: PMC11145941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated polyester drug delivery systems have tremendous potential for improving the clinical performance of existing pharmaceutical drugs. Despite significant progress made in this area, it remains unclear how and to what extent the polyester nanoparticle surface topography would affect the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo performance of a drug, and if there exists a correlation between in vitro and in vivo, as well as healthy versus pathophysiological states. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of the interactions between ligands and receptors as a function of the linker length, two-carbon (2C) versus four-carbon (4C). The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in healthy models validate the hypothesis that 4C has better reach and binding to the receptors. The results indicate that 4C offered better performance over 2C in vivo in improving the oral bioavailability of insulin (INS) by 1.1-fold (3.5-fold compared to unfunctionalized nanoparticles) in a healthy rat model. Similar observations were made in pathophysiological models; however, the effects were less prominent compared to those in healthy models. Throughout, ligand decorated nanoparticles outperformed unfunctionalized nanoparticles. Finally, a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was developed using the experimental data sets to quantitatively evaluate the effect of P2Ns-GA on oral bioavailability and efficacy of insulin. The study presents a sophisticated oral delivery system for INS or hydrophilic therapeutic cargo, highlighting the significant impact on bioavailability that minor adjustments to the surface chemistry can have.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Marie Heyns
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Raghu Ganugula
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Swetha Reddy Allamreddy
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
| | - Shrusti Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Dhaval K. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - M. N. V. Ravi Kumar
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, SEC 3448, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ganugula R, Arora M, Dwivedi S, Chandrashekar DS, Varambally S, Scott EM, Kumar MNVR. Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Aided by Curcumin-Laden Double-Headed Nanoparticles Combined with Injectable Long-Acting Insulin in a Rodent Model of Diabetes Eye Disease. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6857-6874. [PMID: 36951721 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions that counter emerging targets in diabetes eye diseases are lacking. We hypothesize that a combination therapy targeting inflammation and hyperglycemia can prevent diabetic eye diseases. Here, we report a multipronged approach to prevent diabetic cataracts and retinopathy by combining orally bioavailable curcumin-laden double-headed (two molecules of gambogic acid conjugated to terminal carboxyl groups of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)) nanoparticles and injectable basal insulin. The combination treatment led to a significant delay in the progression of diabetic cataracts and retinopathy, improving liver function and peripheral glucose homeostasis. We found a concurrent reduction in lens aggregate protein, AGEs, and increased mitochondrial ATP production. Importantly, inhibition of Piezo1 protected against hyperglycemia-induced retinal vascular damage suggesting possible involvement of Piezo1 in the regulation of retinal phototransduction. Histologic evaluation of murine small intestines revealed that chronic administration of curcumin-laden double-headed nanoparticles was well tolerated, circumventing the fear of nanoparticle toxicity. These findings establish the potential of anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic combination therapy for the prevention of diabetic cataracts and retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ganugula
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Bioscience and Medicine Initiative, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - M Arora
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Bioscience and Medicine Initiative, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - S Dwivedi
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Bioscience and Medicine Initiative, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - D S Chandrashekar
- Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - S Varambally
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - E M Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - M N V Ravi Kumar
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Bioscience and Medicine Initiative, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, SEC 3448, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Liu X. Imbalance of Drug Transporter-CYP450s Interplay by Diabetes and Its Clinical Significance. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E348. [PMID: 32290519 PMCID: PMC7238081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a drug is dependent upon the coordinate work of influx transporters, enzymes and efflux transporters (i.e., transporter-enzyme interplay). The transporter-enzyme interplay may occur in liver, kidney and intestine. The influx transporters involving drug transport are organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), peptide transporters (PepTs), organic anion transporters (OATs), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and organic cation transporters (OCTs). The efflux transporters are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The enzymes related to drug metabolism are mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that diabetes alters the expression and functions of CYP450s and transporters in a different manner, disordering the transporter-enzyme interplay, in turn affecting the pharmacokinetics of some drugs. We aimed to focus on (1) the imbalance of transporter-CYP450 interplay in the liver, intestine and kidney due to altered expressions of influx transporters (OATPs, OCTs, OATs, PepTs and MCT6), efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP and MRP2) and CYP450s (CYP3As, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2Cs) under diabetic status; (2) the net contributions of these alterations in the expression and functions of transporters and CYP450s to drug disposition, therapeutic efficacy and drug toxicity; (3) application of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model in transporter-enzyme interplay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoogerland JA, Lei Y, Wolters JC, de Boer JF, Bos T, Bleeker A, Mulder NL, van Dijk TH, Kuivenhoven JA, Rajas F, Mithieux G, Haeusler RA, Verkade HJ, Bloks VW, Kuipers F, Oosterveer MH. Glucose-6-Phosphate Regulates Hepatic Bile Acid Synthesis in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 70:2171-2184. [PMID: 31102537 PMCID: PMC6859192 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that, besides facilitating lipid absorption, bile acids act as signaling molecules that modulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Bile acid metabolism, in turn, is controlled by several nutrient-sensitive transcription factors. Altered intrahepatic glucose signaling in type 2 diabetes associates with perturbed bile acid synthesis. We aimed to characterize the regulatory role of the primary intracellular metabolite of glucose, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), on bile acid metabolism. Hepatic gene expression patterns and bile acid composition were analyzed in mice that accumulate G6P in the liver, that is, liver-specific glucose-6-phosphatase knockout (L-G6pc-/- ) mice, and mice treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of the G6P transporter. Hepatic G6P accumulation induces sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) expression, which is mediated by the major glucose-sensitive transcription factor, carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). Activation of the G6P-ChREBP-CYP8B1 axis increases the relative abundance of cholic-acid-derived bile acids and induces physiologically relevant shifts in bile composition. The G6P-ChREBP-dependent change in bile acid hydrophobicity associates with elevated plasma campesterol/cholesterol ratio and reduced fecal neutral sterol loss, compatible with enhanced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Conclusion: We report that G6P, the primary intracellular metabolite of glucose, controls hepatic bile acid synthesis. Our work identifies hepatic G6P-ChREBP-CYP8B1 signaling as a regulatory axis in control of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A. Hoogerland
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Aycha Bleeker
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels L. Mulder
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Kuivenhoven
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213Université Claude Bernard LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213Université Claude Bernard LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Rebecca A. Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNY
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. Bloks
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu KC, Lin CJ. The regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters by inflammation: Evidences in inflammatory diseases and age-related disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:48-59. [PMID: 30648594 PMCID: PMC9298621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and membrane transporters play important roles in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes that determine the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Inflammation has been shown to regulate the expression and function of these drug-processing proteins. Given that inflammation is a common feature of many diseases, in this review, the general mechanisms for inflammation-mediated regulation of DMEs and transporters are described. Also, evidences regarding the aberrant expression of these drug-processing proteins in several inflammatory diseases and age-related disorders are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen F, Li DY, Zhang B, Sun JY, Sun F, Ji X, Qiu JC, Parker RB, Laizure SC, Xu J. Alterations of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under diabetic conditions: what is the potential clinical significance? Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:369-397. [PMID: 30221555 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1497645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - De-Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jie-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Valanejad L, Ghareeb M, Shiffka S, Nadolny C, Chen Y, Guo L, Verma R, You S, Akhlaghi F, Deng R. Dysregulation of Δ 4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase in diabetic patients: Implications and mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:127-141. [PMID: 29024782 PMCID: PMC5891389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 (AKR1D1) is a Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase required for bile acid synthesis and steroid hormone metabolism. Both bile acids and steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids, play important roles in regulating body metabolism and energy expenditure. Currently, our understanding on AKR1D1 regulation and its roles in metabolic diseases is limited. We found that AKR1D1 expression was markedly repressed in diabetic patients. Consistent with repressed AKR1D1 expression, hepatic bile acids were significantly reduced in diabetic patients. Mechanistic studies showed that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) transcriptionally down-regulated AKR1D1 expression in vitro in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice. Consistently, PPARα signaling was enhanced in diabetic patients. In summary, dysregulation of AKR1D1 disrupted bile acid and steroid hormone homeostasis, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Restoring bile acid and steroid hormone homeostasis by modulating AKR1D1 expression may represent a new approach to develop therapies for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Valanejad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Mwlod Ghareeb
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Stephanie Shiffka
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Christina Nadolny
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Liangran Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Sangmin You
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The roles of bile acids and applications of microencapsulation technology in treating Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ther Deliv 2018; 8:401-409. [PMID: 28530150 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of glycemic control. Recent studies have shown significant inflammation and disturbed bile acid homeostasis, associated with T1DM. Bile acids are endogenously produced as a result of cholesterol catabolism in the liver and solely metabolized by gut microflora. This review investigates their potential oral delivery in T1DM using targeted delivery and encapsulation technologies. A sensitive and selective search was carried out using different search engines and databases. Keywords used included diabetes mellitus, bile acids and inflammation. To conclude, bile acids have a significant impact on diabetes symptoms and, when microencapsulated, may be used as an adjunct therapy to supplement T1DM treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdussalam A, Elshenawy OH, bin Jardan YA, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. The Obesogenic Potency of Various High-Caloric Diet Compositions in Male Rats, and Their Effects on Expression of Liver and Kidney Proteins Involved in Drug Elimination. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1650-1658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
10
|
Redan BW, Buhman KK, Novotny JA, Ferruzzi MG. Altered Transport and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds in Obesity and Diabetes: Implications for Functional Food Development and Assessment. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1090-1104. [PMID: 28140326 PMCID: PMC5105043 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the application of phenolic compounds from the diet or supplements for the prevention of chronic diseases has grown substantially, but the efficacy of such approaches in humans is largely dependent on the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds. Although food and dietary factors have been the focus of intense investigation, the impact of disease states such as obesity or diabetes on their absorption, metabolism, and eventual efficacy is important to consider. These factors must be understood in order to develop effective strategies that leverage bioactive phenolic compounds for the prevention of chronic disease. The goal of this review is to discuss the inducible metabolic systems that may be influenced by disease states and how these effects impact the bioavailability and metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds. Because current studies generally report that obesity and/or diabetes alter the absorption and excretion of these compounds, this review includes a description of the absorption, conjugation, and excretion pathways for phenolic compounds and how they are potentially altered in disease states. A possible mechanism that will be discussed related to the modulation of phenolic bioavailability and metabolism may be linked to increased inflammatory status from increased amounts of adipose tissue or elevated plasma glucose concentrations. Although more studies are needed, the translation of benefits derived from dietary phenolic compounds to individuals with obesity or diabetes may require the consideration of dosing strategies or be accompanied by adjunct therapies to improve the bioavailability of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Redan
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and
| | - Janet A Novotny
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Nutrition Science, and .,Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Han CY, Kim TH, Koo JH, Kim SG. Farnesoid X receptor as a regulator of fuel consumption and mitochondrial function. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1062-74. [PMID: 27515052 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of energy homeostasis is crucial for survival of organism. There exists a close link between energy metabolism and cell survival, which are coordinately regulated by common signaling pathways. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) serves as a ligand-mediated transcription factor to regulate diverse genes involved in bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, controlling cellular and systemic energy metabolism. Another important aspect on FXR biology is related to its beneficial effect on cell survival. FXR exerts antioxidative and cytoprotective effect, which is closely associated with the ability of FXR to regulate mitochondrial function. To maintain complex biological processes under homeostasis, FXR activity needs to be dynamically and tightly controlled by different signaling pathways and modifications. In this review, we discuss the role of FXR in the regulation of energy metabolism and cell survival, with the goal of understanding molecular basis for FXR regulation in physiological and pathological conditions. This information may be of assistance in understanding recent advancements of FXR research and strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeob Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altered Expression of Transporters, its Potential Mechanisms and Influences in the Liver of Rodent Models Associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:199-210. [PMID: 26597190 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is becoming an increasingly prevalent disease that concerns patients and healthcare professionals worldwide. Among many anti-diabetic agents in clinical uses, numerous reports are available on their altered pharmacokinetics because of changes in the expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes under diabetic states. These changes may affect the safety and efficacy of therapeutic agents and/or drug-drug interaction with co-administered agents. Therefore, the changes in transporter expression should be identified, and the underlying mechanisms should be clarified. This review summarizes the progress of recent studies on the alterations in important uptake and efflux transporters in liver of diabetic animals and their regulatory pathways.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhai T, Wang J, Sun L, Chen Y. The effect of streptozotocin and alloxan on the mRNA expression of rat hepatic transporters in vivo. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:767-70. [PMID: 25549789 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of streptozotocin (STZ) and alloxan (ALX) on the hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of four transporters (Mrp2, Mdr1, Oct1, and Oatp1) was studied in the present work. After the healthy male Wistar rats were individually treated by a single intraperitoneal injection of ALX monohydrate (150 mg/kg) or STZ (50 mg/kg), the hepatic mRNA expression levels of Mrp2, Mdr1, Oct1, and Oatp1 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of the Mrp2, Mdr1, Oct1, and Oatp1 in ALX-induced diabetic rats, as well as the hepatic mRNA expression of Mdr1 and Oatp1 in STZ-induced diabetic rats, were significantly decreased as compared with the control. The inhibition of ALX and STZ on hepatic transporter expression suggested that alterations of drug transporters under diabetic condition can be responsible for reduced drug clearance.
Collapse
|
14
|
An open-label drug-drug interaction study of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and glyburide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Investig 2013; 33:929-38. [PMID: 24132772 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-013-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate is approved for epilepsy and migraine headache management and has potential antidiabetic activity. Because topiramate and antidiabetic drugs may be co-administered, the potential drug-drug interactions between topiramate and glyburide (glibenclamide), a commonly used sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent, was evaluated at steady state in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This was a single-center, open-label, phase I, drug interaction study of topiramate (150 mg/day) and glyburide (5 mg/day alone and concomitantly) in patients with T2DM. The study consisted of 14-day screening, 48-day open-label treatment, and a 7-day follow-up phase. Serial blood and urine were obtained and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry for topiramate, glyburide, and its active metabolites M1 (4-trans-hydroxy-glyburide) and M2 (3-cis-hydroxy-glyburide) concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by model-independent methods. Changes in fasting plasma glucose from baseline and safety parameters were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS Of 28 enrolled patients, 24 completed the study. Co-administration of topiramate resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the glyburide area under the concentration-time curve (25 %) and maximum plasma concentration (22 %), and reduction in systemic exposure of M1 (13 %) and M2 (15 %). Renal clearance of M1 (13 %) and M2 (12 %) increased during treatment with topiramate. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were unaffected by co-administration of glyburide. Co-administration of topiramate and glyburide was generally tolerable in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSION Glyburide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate. Co-administration of topiramate decreased systemic exposure of glyburide and its active metabolites; combined treatment may require dosing adjustments of glyburide as per clinical judgment and glycemic control.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gandhi A, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Drug disposition in pathophysiological conditions. Curr Drug Metab 2013; 13:1327-44. [PMID: 22746301 DOI: 10.2174/138920012803341302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression and activity of several key drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters are altered in various pathophysiological conditions, leading to altered drug metabolism and disposition. This can have profound impact on the pharmacotherapy of widely used clinically relevant medications in terms of safety and efficacy by causing inter-individual variabilities in drug responses. This review article highlights altered drug disposition in inflammation and infectious diseases, and commonly encountered disorders such as cancer, obesity/diabetes, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Many of the clinically relevant drugs have a narrow therapeutic index. Thus any changes in the disposition of these drugs may lead to reduced efficacy and increased toxicity. The implications of changes in DMEs and transporters on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of clinically-relevant medications are also discussed. Inflammation-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play a major role in down-regulation of DMEs and transporters. Although the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, several studies have shown that inflammation-associated cell-signaling pathway and its interaction with basal transcription factors and nuclear receptors in regulation of DMEs and transporters play a significant role in altered drug metabolism. Altered regulation of DMEs and transporters in a multitude of disease states will contribute towards future development of powerful in vitro and in vivo tools in predicting the drug response and opt for better drug design and development. The goal is to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanistic details underlying the regulation of DMEs and transporters in pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aleksunes LM, Xu J, Lin E, Wen X, Goedken MJ, Slitt AL. Pregnancy represses induction of efflux transporters in livers of type I diabetic mice. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2209-20. [PMID: 23319174 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether down-regulation of transcription factor signaling during pregnancy disrupts the induction of efflux transporters in type I diabetic mice. METHODS Type I diabetes was induced in female C57BL/6 mice with multiple low dose intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ) at least 2 weeks prior to mating with normoglycemic male mice. On gestation day 14, livers were collected from vehicle- and STZ-treated non-pregnant and pregnant mice for quantification of efflux transporter and transcription factor signaling. RESULTS STZ treatment up-regulated expression of Mrp1-5, Mdr1, Abcg5, Abcg8, Bcrp, and Bsep mRNA and/or protein in the livers of non-pregnant mice. Interestingly, little to no change in transporter expression was observed in STZ-treated pregnant mice compared to vehicle- and STZ-treated non-pregnant mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the opposing regulation of hepatobiliary efflux transporters in response to diabetes and pregnancy and points to PPARγ, Nrf2, and FXR as candidate pathways underlying the differential expression of transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4-deficient rats have improved bile secretory function in high fat diet-induced steatosis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:172-8. [PMID: 22918684 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Rodent obesity models have been shown to display impaired bile secretory functions. We have shown that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) attenuates hepatic lipogenesis, and in the present study we investigated whether GLP-1 also improves high fat diet-associated cholestatic injury. METHODS Wild type (WT) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4-deficient rats (DPP4-) with chronic elevated serum levels of active GLP-1 were fed regular chow and a Western diet for 2 months. Primary hepatocytes were used to assess GLP-1 effects on mRNA expression and transcription of genes encoding bile acid synthesis enzymes and transporters. RESULTS DPP4- exhibited attenuated liver injury as expressed by lower serum AST and ALT after 2 months of a Western diet. In addition, DPP4- had better insulin sensitivity, lower serum triglycerides, cholesterol and bile acids. Hepatic expression of cyp7A1, the rate limiting enzyme in conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, was strongly attenuated in DPP4- fed with a Western diet. Moreover, hepatic expression of bile transporter, ABCB11, was increased, facilitating a higher rate of bile secretion. Mechanistically, we showed that GLP-1 directly reduced basal and LXR-induced cyp7A1 mRNA expression and suppressed cyp7A1 transcription in transient transfection assays in primary hepatocytes. However, GLP-1 and its analog exendin 4 also induced mRNA expression of bile acid transporter ABCC3 in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that GLP-1 analogs may serve as a novel therapeutic drug to alleviate obesity-induced liver injury by reducing bile acid synthesis and improving liver bile secretory function.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Functional Alterations of Intestinal P-Glycoprotein under Diabetic Conditions. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:1381-90. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Li C, Sun X, Kuang X, Ruan X. High glucose decreases expression and activity of p-glycoprotein in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium possibly through iNOS induction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31631. [PMID: 22363694 PMCID: PMC3281955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of p-glycoprotein under hyperglycemic conditions has been reported in various barrier tissues including blood-brain barrier, intestine, and kidney, and has been linked to significant clinical complications. However, whether this is also true for the outer blood-retinal barrier constituted by retinal pigment epithelium, or has a role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is not yet clear. In this study, using cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cell line D407, we found that high glucose exposure induced a significant decrease in p-glycoprotein expression both at mRNA and at protein levels, accompanied by an attenuated p-glycoprotein activity determined by intracellular rhodamine 123 retention. In marked contrast, the expressions of both mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitrate oxide synthase (iNOS) increased, and were accompanied by increased extracellular nitrate/nitrite production by Griess reaction. In addition, mRNA levels of nuclear receptors revealed a decreased expression of pregnane X receptor after the exposure of high glucose. However, the subsequent alterations in production of nitrate/nitrite, functional expression of p-glycoprotein, and mRNA levels of pregnane X receptor were partially blocked when pretreated with S,S′-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea•2HBr (PBITU), a selective iNOS inhibitor. Moreover, the effects of PBITU were antagonized with the addition of L-arginine, a substrate for NO synthesis. Our in vitro results suggest for the first time that iNOS induction plays a novel role in decreased p-glycoprotein expression and transport function at the human outer blood-retinal barrier under hyperglycemic conditions and further support the concept of inhibiting iNOS pathway as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Humans
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/cytology
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/drug effects
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/enzymology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, and Anesthesiology, First Municipal People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xielan Kuang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangcai Ruan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, and Anesthesiology, First Municipal People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Freark de Boer J, Annema W, Schreurs M, van der Veen JN, van der Giet M, Nijstad N, Kuipers F, Tietge UJF. Type I diabetes mellitus decreases in vivo macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport despite increased biliary sterol secretion in mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:348-357. [PMID: 22180634 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying pathophysiology is still incompletely understood. We investigated whether experimental T1DM impacts HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). C57BL/6J mice with alloxan-induced T1DM had higher plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05), particularly within HDL, and increased hepatic cholesterol content (P < 0.001). T1DM resulted in increased bile flow (2.1-fold; P < 0.05) and biliary secretion of bile acids (BA, 10.5-fold; P < 0.001), phospholipids (4.5-fold; P < 0.001), and cholesterol (5.5-fold; P < 0.05). Hepatic cholesterol synthesis was unaltered, whereas BA synthesis was increased in T1DM (P < 0.001). Mass fecal BA output was significantly higher in T1DM mice (1.5-fold; P < 0.05), fecal neutral sterol excretion did not change due to increased intestinal cholesterol absorption (2.1-fold; P < 0.05). Overall in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT, using [(3)H]cholesterol-loaded primary mouse macrophage foam cells, was 20% lower in T1DM (P < 0.05), mainly due to reduced tracer excretion within BA (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments revealed unchanged cholesterol efflux toward T1DM HDL, whereas scavenger receptor class BI-mediated selective uptake from T1DM HDL was lower in vitro and in vivo (HDL kinetic experiments) (P < 0.05), conceivably due to increased glycation of HDL-associated proteins (+65%, P < 0.01). In summary, despite higher mass biliary sterol secretion T1DM impairs macrophage-to-feces RCT, mainly by decreasing hepatic selective uptake, a mechanism conceivably contributing to increased cardiovascular disease in T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Schreurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Medizinische Klinik IV-Nephrology, Charite-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Nijstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nawa A, Fujita-Hamabe W, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. [Nitric oxide synthase-mediated alteration of intestinal P-glycoprotein under hyperglycemic stress]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:487-92. [PMID: 21467785 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), one of the important drug-efflux pumps, is known to be affected by pathological conditions such as inflammation or infection. Recently, it is reported that high glucose or hyperglycemia can alter P-gp expression levels at the blood-brain barrier or in kidney, although the details are still unknown. Here, we analyzed the alteration of intestinal P-gp expression and function in the development of diabetes and elucidated the mechanisms. Type 1 diabetes was induced in male ddY mice by an i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (230 mg/kg). We analyzed ileal P-gp expression and drug efflux activity using western blot analysis and an in situ closed loop method, respectively. Additionally, we analyzed ileal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity using colorimetric method. A significant reduction of P-gp expression level in ileum was found on day 9 after STZ administration. In contrast, a remarkable decrease in drug efflux activity was observed on days 3 and 9. Interestingly, NOS activity in ilea was significantly increased on day 9. The decrease of P-gp expression levels observed on day 9 was completely suppressed by L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a broad range NOS inhibitor, or aminoguanidine, a specific inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor. In addition, P-gp expression level in ileum was significantly decreased by administration of NOR5, a NO donor. These results indicate the possibility that NO, produced by iNOS in the ileum, is involved in the alteration of ileal P-gp expression and function under STZ-induced diabetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Steiner C, Othman A, Saely CH, Rein P, Drexel H, von Eckardstein A, Rentsch KM. Bile acid metabolites in serum: intraindividual variation and associations with coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25006. [PMID: 22110577 PMCID: PMC3215718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. In longitudinal and case-control-studies, we investigated the diurnal variation of serum concentrations of the 15 major BAs as well as the biosynthetic precursor 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and their associations, respectively, with coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), and non-diabetic metabolic syndrome (MetS). In hourly taken blood samples of four healthy probands, the intraindividual 24 h variation of C4, conjugated and unconjugated BAs ranged from 42% to 72%, from 23% to 91%, and from 49% to 90%, respectively. Conjugated BA concentrations mainly increased following food intake. Serum levels of C4 and unconjugated BAs changed with daytime with maxima varying interindividually between 20h00 and 1h00 and between 3h00 and 8h00, respectively. Comparisons of data from 75 CAD patients with 75 CAD-free controls revealed no statistically significant association of CAD with BAs or C4. Comparisons of data from 50 controls free of T2DM or MetS, 50 MetS patients, and 50 T2DM patients revealed significantly increased fasting serum levels of C4 in patients with MetS and T2DM. Multiple regression analysis revealed body mass index (BMI) and plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) as independent determinants of C4 levels. Upon multivariate and principle component analyses the association of C4 with T2DM and/or MetS was not independent of or superior to the canonical MetS components. In conclusion, despite large intra- and interindividual variation, serum levels of C4,are significantly increased in patients with MetS and T2DM but confounded with BMI and TG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Steiner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph H. Saely
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Philipp Rein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Katharina M. Rentsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Teodoro JS, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Hepatic FXR: key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:458-66. [PMID: 21862343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor whose activation leads to alterations in pathways involved in energy metabolism. For example, it serves as a bile acid receptor in tissues such as the liver, and as an energy metabolism regulator in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. However, the effects of FXR activation are not exclusive to the tissue where it is present, because receptor crosstalk affects tissues throughout the body. It has been demonstrated that FXR regulates the metabolism of not just bile acids, but also of fats and hydrocarbon metabolites. FXR is currently under study as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases of excess, such as diabetes. Here we review the effects of FXR activation in the response of an organism to excess energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Soeiro Teodoro
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, MitoLab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu X, Jing XY, Jin S, Li Y, Liu L, Yu YL, Liu XD, Xie L. Insulin suppresses the expression and function of breast cancer resistance protein in primary cultures of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:487-93. [PMID: 21602604 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of insulin in the regulation of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) function and expression using primary cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) as an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The prazosin uptake assay and western blot analysis were used to assess the function and expression of BCRP, respectively. It was noted that the uptake of prazosin by rBMECs was time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent. The BCRP inhibitors novobiocin and imatinib mesylate significantly increased the uptake of prazosin by the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells were also incubated with sera from diabetic rats for 72 h, serving as a diabetic in vitro model. We found that the uptake of prazosin by rBMECs incubated in the diabetic rat sera was 39.8% of that in normal rat sera, and insulin treatment reversed this decrease. Further results showed that insulin down-regulated the function and expression of BCRP in rBMECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with an antibody against the insulin receptor abolished the down-regulation of BCRP function and expression that was induced by insulin. These results indicate that insulin suppressed the function and expression of BCRPs in rBMEC primary cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tissue-specific alterations in expression and function of P-glycoprotein in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:956-66. [PMID: 21685928 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of expression and function of P-glycoprotein (P-GP) in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, liver, intestinal mucosa and kidney of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetic rats were prepared via a single dose of streptozocin (65 mg/kg, ip). Abcb1/P-GP mRNA and protein expression levels in tissues were evaluated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) analysis and Western blot, respectively. P-GP function was investigated via measuring tissue-to-plasma concentration ratios and body fluid excretion percentages of rhodamine 123. RESULTS In 5- and 8-week diabetic rats, Abcb1a mRNA levels were significantly decreased in cerebral cortices and intestinal mucosa, but dramatically increased in hippocampus and kidney. In liver, the level was increased in 5-week diabetic rats, and decreased in 8-week diabetic rats. Abcb1b mRNA levels were increased in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and kidney, but reduced in liver and intestinal mucosa in the diabetic rats. Western blot results were in accordance with the alterations of Abcb1a mRNA levels in most tissues examined. P-GP activity was markedly decreased in most tissues of diabetic rats, except kidney tissues. CONCLUSION Alterations in the expression and function of Abcb1/P-GP under diabetic conditions are tissue specific, Abcb1 specific and diabetic duration-dependent.
Collapse
|
26
|
Quezada C, Alarcón S, Cárcamo JG, Yáñez A, Casanello P, Sobrevia L, San Martín R. Increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in kidney glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Chem 2011; 392:529-37. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the podocytopathy, mes-angial expansion and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The major cell defence mechanism against oxidative stress is reduced glutathione (GSH). Some ABC transporters have been shown to extrude GSH, oxidised glutathione or their conjugates out of the cell, thus implying a role for these transporters in GSH homeostasis. We found a remarkable expression of mRNA for multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP/ABCC) 1, 3, 4 and 5 in rat glomeruli. Three weeks after induction of diabetes in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats, we observed a decline in reduced GSH levels and an increase in the expression and activity of MRP1 (ABCC1). These lower GSH levels were improved by ex vivo treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of MRP1 activity (MK571). We conclude that increased activity of MRP1 in diabetic glomeruli is correlated with an inadequate adaptive response to oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
27
|
Effects of streptozotocin dosing on the disease state of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Modica S, Gadaleta RM, Moschetta A. Deciphering the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR paradigm. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2010; 8:e005. [PMID: 21383957 PMCID: PMC3049226 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.08005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Originally called retinoid X receptor interacting protein 14 (RIP14), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was renamed after the ability of its rat form to bind supra-physiological concentrations of farnesol. In 1999 FXR was de-orphanized since primary bile acids were identified as natural ligands. Strongly expressed in the liver and intestine, FXR has been shown to be the master transcriptional regulator of several entero-hepatic metabolic pathways with relevance to the pathophysiology of conditions such as cholestasis, fatty liver disease, cholesterol gallstone disease, intestinal inflammation and tumors. Furthermore, given the importance of FXR in the gut-liver axis feedbacks regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis, FXR modulation appears to have great input in diseases such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Exciting results from several cellular and animal models have provided the impetus to develop synthetic FXR ligands as novel pharmacological agents. Fourteen years from its discovery, FXR has gone from bench to bedside; a novel nuclear receptor ligand is going into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Annaba F, Ma K, Kumar P, Dudeja AK, Kineman RD, Shneider BL, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Ileal apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter ASBT is upregulated in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by low doses of streptozotocin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G898-906. [PMID: 20651004 PMCID: PMC2957331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00139.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased intestinal bile acid absorption and expansion of the bile acid pool has been implicated in the hypercholesterolemia associated with diabetes mellitus. However, the molecular basis of the increase in bile acid absorption in diabetes mellitus is not fully understood. The ileal apical Na(+)-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of the majority of bile acids. Current studies were designed to investigate the modulation of ASBT function and expression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rats and to examine the effect of insulin on rat ASBT promoter by insulin. Diabetes mellitus was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of low doses of STZ (20 mg/kg body wt) on five consecutive days. Human insulin (10 U/day) was given to a group of diabetic rats for 3 days before euthanasia. RNA and protein were extracted from mucosa isolated from the small intestine and ASBT expression was assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Our data showed that ASBT mRNA and protein expression were significantly elevated in diabetic rats. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats reversed the increase in ASBT protein expression to control levels. Consistently, ileal Na(+)-dependent [(3)H]taurocholic uptake in isolated intestinal epithelial cells was significantly increased in diabetic rats. In vitro studies utilizing intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells demonstrated that ASBT expression and promoter activity were significantly decreased by insulin. These studies demonstrated that insulin directly influences ASBT expression and promoter activity and that ASBT function and expression are increased in rats with STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. The increase in ASBT expression may contribute to disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis associated with diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Annaba
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition,
| | - Ke Ma
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition,
| | | | | | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- 2Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and ,3Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Benjamin L. Shneider
- 4Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, ,3Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hasegawa Y, Kishimoto S, Shibatani N, Inotsume N, Takeuchi Y, Fukushima S. Effects of insulin on CYP3A activity and nicardipine disposition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.07.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
31
|
Yu KH, Maeng HJ, Chung SJ. Functional Implications of Transporters Under Nitrosative Stress Conditions. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Hasegawa Y, Kishimoto S, Shibatani N, Inotsume N, Takeuchi Y, Fukushima S. The disposition of pravastatin in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 expression in the liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:153-6. [PMID: 20045956 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of diabetes and hyperlipidemia promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is important for diabetic patients to control blood fat. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), like pravastatin, are frequently administered to diabetic patients for this purpose. Although the alterations of metabolic enzymes and transporters in the diabetic liver maybe change the disposition of pravastatin, the effect has not been fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated the disposition of pravastatin and the mRNA expression of transporters in the liver. Pravastatin (5 mg.kg(-1) body weight) was administered intravenously to diabetic rats, and the pravastatin concentrations in the plasma, urine, and bile were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Changes in the mRNA expressions of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) in the liver were also estimated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that the plasma pravastatin concentration was lower in the diabetic rat because the transportation of pravastatin into hepatocytes was promoted along with increased expression of OATP2. The biliary excretion ratio of pravastatin was significantly lower in the diabetic rat because the pravastatin transportation into bile was reduced along with the decreased expression of MRP2. To clarify these phenomena, the analysis of mRNA expression using real-time PCR and the measurement of the amount and the activity of proteins are necessary in future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hasegawa Y, Kishimoto S, Takahashi H, Inotsume N, Takeuchi Y, Fukushima S. Altered expression of nuclear receptors affects the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in a rat model of cholestasis. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:2046-52. [PMID: 19952426 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolism is altered in some clinical conditions owing to the changes in the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters. Therefore, we think that investigating the altered expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters is of particular significance to studies on drug disposition in some clinical conditions. We also believe that a simultaneous in vivo investigation of all factors affecting nuclear receptors and regulated genes is important to understand the relationship between nuclear receptors and their target genes. In this study, we induced cholestasis in rats by bile duct ligation (BDL), and investigated the changes in the mRNA expression of metabolic enzymes, transporters, and nuclear receptors and the protein levels of nuclear receptors in the nucleus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. In the liver of the rats subjected to BDL, the mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450, conjugation enzymes, and transporters were concomitantly altered. The altered mRNA and protein levels of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in the nucleus were consistent with the changes in the plasma concentrations of total and conjugated bilirubin and fatty acid, respectively. The mRNA expression of CAR and PPARalpha was linearly associated with the expression of the corresponding target genes. These results suggested that the increase in the levels of bilirubin and fatty acid on the BDL groups altered the mRNA and protein levels of CAR and PPARalpha, respectively in the nucleus, and this in turn altered the mRNA expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters as a hepatoprotective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hasegawa Y, Kishimoto S, Shibatani N, Nomura H, Ishii Y, Onishi M, Inotsume N, Takeuchi Y, Fukushima S. The pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronide conjugate in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the expression of MRP2, MRP3 and UGT2B1 in the liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:310-4. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.03.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes.
Methods
Morphine (15 mg/kg) was administered intravenously, and the concentrations of morphine and M3G in the plasma, urine and bile were measured by HPLC. Changes in the expression of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP2 and MRP3) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 (UGT2B1) mRNA in the liver were also estimated by reverse-transcriptase PCR.
Key findings
Plasma morphine concentrations were lower in the STZ-diabetic rats than controls although the elimination half-life of morphine was similar in the two groups (47.9 ± 10.7 min and 47.2 ± 8.6 min, respectively). The concentration of M3G in plasma was higher in STZ-diabetic than control rats, and the biliary excretion of M3G was lower in the STZ-diabetic rats (7.4 ± 2.3% vs 13.3 ± 2.0%). The urinary excretion of M3G was similar in the two groups (10.1 ± 6.8% vs 10.9 ± 4.9%). The expression of MRP3 and UGT2B1 mRNA was increased in STZ-diabetic rats, whereas expression of MRP2 mRNA was decreased.
Conclusions
In STZ-diabetic rats, the distribution volume of morphine increased, the glucuronidation rate and M3G transportation into the blood were enhanced, and the excretion of M3G was decreased, leading to an increase in the plasma M3G concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Cooperative Research Center of Life Science, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Cooperative Research Center of Life Science, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibatani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nomura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishii
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mika Onishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuo Inotsume
- Division of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Cooperative Research Center of Life Science, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Herrema H, Meissner M, van Dijk TH, Brufau G, Boverhof R, Oosterveer MH, Reijngoud DJ, Müller M, Stellaard F, Groen AK, Kuipers F. Bile salt sequestration induces hepatic de novo lipogenesis through farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor alpha-controlled metabolic pathways in mice. Hepatology 2010; 51:806-16. [PMID: 19998408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels and dyslipidemia. Bile salt sequestration has been found to improve both plasma glycemic control and cholesterol profiles in diabetic patients. Yet bile salt sequestration is also known to affect triglyceride (TG) metabolism, possibly through signaling pathways involving farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha). We quantitatively assessed kinetic parameters of bile salt metabolism in lean C57Bl/6J and in obese, diabetic db/db mice upon bile salt sequestration using colesevelam HCl (2% wt/wt in diet) and related these to quantitative changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. As expected, bile salt sequestration reduced intestinal bile salt reabsorption. Importantly, bile salt pool size and biliary bile salt secretion remained unchanged upon sequestrant treatment due to compensation by de novo bile salt synthesis in both models. Nevertheless, lean and db/db mice showed increased, mainly periportally confined, hepatic TG contents, increased expression of lipogenic genes, and increased fractional contributions of newly synthesized fatty acids. Lipogenic gene expression was not induced in sequestrant-treated Fxr(-/-) and Lxralpha(-/-) mice compared with wild-type littermates, in line with reports indicating a regulatory role of FXR and LXRalpha in bile salt-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Bile salt sequestration by colesevelam induces the lipogenic pathway in an FXR- and LXRalpha-dependent manner without affecting the total pool size of bile salts in mice. We speculate that a shift from intestinal reabsorption to de novo synthesis as source of bile salts upon bile salt sequestration affects zonation of metabolic processes within the liver acinus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Herrema
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nawa A, Fujita Hamabe W, Tokuyama S. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated decrease of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression under streptozotocin-induced diabetic conditions. Life Sci 2010; 86:402-9. [PMID: 20097209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS P-glycoprotein (P-gp), one of the important drug-efflux pumps, is known to be affected by pathological conditions such as inflammation or infection. Recently, it is reported that high glucose or hyperglycemia can alternate P-gp expression levels at the blood-brain barrier or in the kidney, although the details are still unknown. Here, we analyzed the alteration of intestinal P-gp expression and function in the development of diabetes and elucidated the mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced in male ddY mice by an i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (230 mg/kg). We analyzed ileal P-gp expression and function using Western blot analysis and an in situ closed loop method, respectively. KEY FINDINGS A significant reduction of P-gp expression level in ileum was found 9 days after STZ administration. In contrast, a remarkable decrease in P-gp function was observed on the 3rd and 9th days. Interestingly, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in ilea was significantly increased on the 9th day. The decrease of P-gp expression levels observed on the 9th day was completely suppressed by L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a broad range NOS inhibitor, or aminoguanidine, a specific inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate the possibility that nitric oxide (NO), produced by iNOS in the ileum, is involved in the reduction of ileal P-gp expression under STZ-induced diabetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee JH, Yang SH, Oh JM, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozocin: comparison with those in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1-23. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (DMIA) or streptozocin (DMIS), changes in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes in the liver, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and testis have been reported based on Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and various enzyme activities. Changes in phase II enzyme activities have been reported also. Hence, in this review, changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and metabolized via CYPs or phase II isozymes in rats with DMIA or DMIS, as reported in various literature, have been explained. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized in the kidney, and that were excreted mainly via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were reviewed also. For drugs mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, the changes in the total area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of metabolites, AUCmetabolite/AUCparent drug ratios, or the time-averaged nonrenal and total body clearances (CLNR and CL, respectively) of parent drugs as reported in the literature have been compared.
Key findings
After intravenous administration of drugs that were mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, their hepatic clearances were found to be dependent on the in-vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint) for the disappearance of the parent drug (or in the formation of the metabolite), the free fractions of the drugs in the plasma, or the hepatic blood flow rate depending on their hepatic extraction ratios. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized via the kidney in DMIA or DMIS rats were dependent on the drugs. However, the biliary or renal CL values of drugs that were mainly excreted via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were faster.
Summary
Pharmacokinetic studies of drugs in patients with type I diabetes mellitus were scarce. Moreover, similar and different results for drug pharmacokinetics were obtained between diabetic rats and patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Thus, present experimental rat data should be extrapolated carefully in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo H Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Gastroenterology and Metabolism Products Division, Pharmaceutical Safety Bureau, Korea Food & Drug Administration, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si H Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung M Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung G Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Anger G, Magomedova L, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of Acute Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on ABC Transporter Expression in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1943-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
39
|
Scoggan KA, Gruber H, Chen Q, Plouffe LJ, Lefebvre JM, Wang B, Bertinato J, L'Abbé MR, Hayward S, Ratnayake WN. Increased incorporation of dietary plant sterols and cholesterol correlates with decreased expression of hepatic and intestinal Abcg5 and Abcg8 in diabetic BB rats. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F, Staels B. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:147-91. [PMID: 19126757 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1151] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome has taken epidemic proportions in the past decades, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome can be defined as a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure, and hypercoagulability. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptor transcription factors. FXR is activated by bile acids, and FXR-deficient (FXR(-/-)) mice display elevated serum levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, demonstrating a critical role of FXR in lipid metabolism. In an opposite manner, activation of FXR by bile acids (BAs) or nonsteroidal synthetic FXR agonists lowers plasma triglycerides by a mechanism that may involve the repression of hepatic SREBP-1c expression and/or the modulation of glucose-induced lipogenic genes. A cross-talk between BA and glucose metabolism was recently identified, implicating both FXR-dependent and FXR-independent pathways. The first indication for a potential role of FXR in diabetes came from the observation that hepatic FXR expression is reduced in animal models of diabetes. While FXR(-/-) mice display both impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity, activation of FXR improves hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in vivo in diabetic mice. Finally, a recent report also indicates that BA may regulate energy expenditure in a FXR-independent manner in mice, via activation of the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of FXR activity and BA metabolism may open new attractive pharmacological approaches for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao X, Peter A, Fritsche J, Elcnerova M, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Xu G, Lehmann R. Changes of the plasma metabolome during an oral glucose tolerance test: is there more than glucose to look at? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E384-93. [PMID: 19066319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90748.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) is a common tool to provoke a metabolic challenge for scientific purposes, as well as for diagnostic reasons, to monitor the kinetics of glucose and insulin. Here, we aimed to follow the variety of physiological changes of the whole metabolic pattern in plasma during an oGTT in healthy subjects in a nontargeted reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometric metabolomics approach. We detected 11,500 metabolite ion masses/individual. Applying multivariate data analysis, four major groups of metabolites have been detected as the most discriminating oGTT biomarkers: free fatty acids (FFA), acylcarnitines, bile acids, and lysophosphatidylcholines. We found in detail 1) a strong decrease of all saturated and monounsaturated FFA studied during the oGTT; 2) a significant faster decline of palmitoleate (C16:1) and oleate (C18:1) FFA levels than their saturated counterparts; 3) a strong relative increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid pattern at 120 min; and 4) a clear decrease in plasma C10:0, C12:0, and C14:1 acylcarnitine levels. These data reflect the switch from beta-oxidation to glycolysis and fat storage during the oGTT. Moreover, the bile acids glycocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, and glycodeoxycholic acid were highly discriminative, showing a biphasic kinetic with a maximum of a 4.5- to 6-fold increase at 30 min after glucose ingestion, a significant decrease over the next 60 min followed by an increase until the end of the oGTT. Lysophosphatidylcholines were also increased significantly. The findings of our metabolomics study reveal detailed insights in the complex physiological regulation of the metabolism during an oGTT offering novel perspectives of this widely used procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Increase in P-glycoprotein accompanied by activation of protein kinase Cα and NF-κB p65 in the livers of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Liu H, Liu X, Jia L, Liu Y, Yang H, Wang G, Xie L. Insulin therapy restores impaired function and expression of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier of experimental diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1649-58. [PMID: 18299117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate effects of insulin on function and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-GP) in the blood-brain barrier of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Brain-to-plasma concentration ratio of vincristine (VCR) in rats was used as an indicator of in vivo function of P-GP. Western blot and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction were used to determine protein levels of P-GP and its mdr1a/mdr1b mRNA levels, respectively, in cerebral cortex of rats. In vitro effects of insulin on function and expression of P-GP in primarily cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) were evaluated using rhodamine 123 (Rho123) uptakes and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that 3- and 5-week insulin treatment alleviated the impaired efflux function, expression and mdr1a/mdr1b mRNA levels of P-GP in cerebral cortex of diabetic rats. The 3- and 5-week insulin treatments also significantly enhanced P-GP levels and mdr1a/mdr1b mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex of normal rats. Addition of insulin to the insulin-deficient diabetic rat serum normalized the impaired function and expression of P-GP in rBMECs cultured in diabetic rat serum. When incubated with normal culture medium containing different levels of insulin, the rBMECs exhibited the enhanced P-GP levels and the reduced Rho123 uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. So we may conclude that appropriate level of insulin plays an important role in maintaining the normal function of BBB through regulating the function and expression of P-GP in the diabetic and normal rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheng Q, Aleksunes LM, Manautou JE, Cherrington NJ, Scheffer GL, Yamasaki H, Slitt AL. Drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression in a mouse model of diabetes and obesity. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:77-91. [PMID: 18189363 DOI: 10.1021/mp700114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes pose a serious human health risk. Obese or diabetic patients usually take prescription drugs that require hepatic and renal metabolism and transport, and these patients sometimes display different pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Therefore, mRNA and protein expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters was measured in livers and kidneys of adult wild-type and ob/ob mice, which model obesity and diabetes. mRNA expression of numerous DMEs increased by at least 2-fold in livers of male ob/ob mice, including Cyp4a14, Cyp2b10, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and sulfotransferase 2a1/2. In general, expression of uptake transporters was decreased in livers of ob/ob mice, namely organic anion-transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp). In particular, Oatp1a1 mRNA and protein expression in livers of ob/ob mice was diminished to <5% and <15% of that in wild-types, respectively. Generally, the mRNA and protein expression of efflux transporters multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps) was increased in livers of ob/ob mice, particularly with Mrp4 expression being elevated by at least 6-fold and Mrp2 expression at least 3-fold in livers of ob/ob mice. In kidney, Nqo1, Mrp3, 4, Oatp1a1, and organic anion transporter 2 (Oat2) showed significant alterations with mRNA expression levels in ob/ob mice, being increased for Nqo1 and Mrp4 and decreased for Mrp3, Oatp1a1, and Oat2. In summary, the expression of a number of DMEs and transporters was significantly altered in livers and kidneys of ob/ob mice. Since expression of some DMEs and transporters is regulated similarly between mouse and human, the data from this study suggest that transporter expression in liver and kidney may be changed in patients presenting with obesity and/or type II diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqiong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Maeng HJ, Kim MH, Jin HE, Shin SM, Tsuruo T, Kim SG, Kim DD, Shim CK, Chung SJ. Functional induction of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: evidence for the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB, a nitrosative stress-sensitive transcription factor, in the regulation. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1996-2005. [PMID: 17664251 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the transport kinetics of cyclosporin A, a well known substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the expression of the transporter in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The in vivo transport clearance of cyclosporin A was significantly reduced in diabetic rats compared with that in the control. The decreased transport was associated with the increased level of mRNA and the protein for P-glycoprotein in the rat brain. The functional activity of the efflux transporter in mouse brain capillary endothelial (MBEC4) cells, an in vitro model of the BBB, was also stimulated when slow nitric oxide (NO)-releasing donors were present, whereas the stimulation was absent in the case of rapid NO-releasing donors (e.g., S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine and diethylenetriamine). The stimulatory effect was highest for sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the functional induction associated with the increased mRNA and protein level of the transporter. The pretreatment of the cell with SNP along with ascorbate, methylene blue, or superoxide dismutase attenuated the induction of function and expression for P-glycoprotein, suggesting that the reaction product between superoxide and NO is involved in the induction of function and expression. The level of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and DNA binding activity of nuclear extracts to the NF-kappaB consensus oligonucleotide was increased in MBEC4 cells pretreated with SNP. Taken together, these observations suggest that nitrosative stress leads to the up-regulation of the message for the efflux transporter and, ultimately, to the enhanced function, probably via a NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitrites/blood
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Superoxides/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joo Maeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Bile acids promote bile formation and facilitate dietary lipid absorption. Animal and human studies showing disturbed bile acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus suggest a link between bile acids and glucose control. Bile acids are activating ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor with an established role in bile acid and lipid metabolism. Evidence suggests a role for FXR also in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Animal and human studies employing bile acid sequestrants (bile acid binding agents), which interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and effectively reduce plasma cholesterol, support a link between bile acid and glucose metabolism. In lipid-lowering trials, bile acid sequestrants, such as colesevelam hydrochloride, colestyramine (cholestyramine) and colestilan (colestimide), have also been shown to lower plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels, suggesting the utility of these agents as a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes. In this article, we review the relationship between bile acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, and present data demonstrating the utility of bile acid sequestrants in the management of diabetes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lally S, Owens D, Tomkin GH. Genes that affect cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol absorption, and chylomicron assembly: the relationship between the liver and intestine in control and streptozotosin diabetic rats. Metabolism 2007; 56:430-8. [PMID: 17292734 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are abnormal in diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1), adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) proteins G5 and G8, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase in the fasting and fed states in nondiabetic Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet and to examine the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of these proteins in the liver and intestine of diabetic and control animals using streptozotosin diabetic cholesterol-fed rats. Chylomicron and VLDL concentrations were significantly lower after a 12-hour fast in fasted compared with fed rats (P < .02). There was no change with fasting in mRNA expression of any of the genes in the intestine, but MTP level was significantly lower in the liver after the 12-hour fast (P < .01). There was a positive correlation between intestinal NPC1L1 mRNA and chylomicron cholesterol (P < .01) and between hepatic NPC1L1 mRNA and VLDL cholesterol (P < .01). The diabetic rats had significantly higher chylomicron and VLDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 levels compared with control rats (P < .0001). They had significantly increased NPC1L1 and MTP mRNA in both liver and intestine (P < .05 and P < .0005, respectively), and ABCG5 and ABCG8 mRNA were significantly reduced (P < .05). HMGCoA reductase mRNA was increased in diabetic animals (P < .01). In conclusion, fasting intestinal gene expression reflects the fed state. In diabetes, intestinal and hepatic gene expression correlates with abnormalities in chylomicron and VLDL cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lally
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Trinity College, Dublin 18, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu H, Zhang D, Xu X, Liu X, Wang G, Xie L, Pang X, Liu L. Attenuated function and expression of P-glycoprotein at blood-brain barrier and increased brain distribution of phenobarbital in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 561:226-32. [PMID: 17349620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether diabetes mellitus modulated the function and expression of P-glycoprotein and the distribution of phenobarbital in the brain of 3-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. P-glycoprotein function in blood-brain barrier was assessed by measuring the brain-to-plasma concentration ratios of rodamine123, a well-known P-glycoprotein substrate, in non-diabetic mice and diabetic mice. P-glycoprotein expression in the brain cortex was evaluated with western blot. Whether diabetes mellitus changed the distribution of phenobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.v.) in brain of mice was measured, and whether the changed distribution caused the difference of phenobarbital (80 and 100 mg/kg) -induced loss of the righting reflex in non-diabetic and diabetic mice were also investigated. The results showed that the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio value of rodamine123 in diabetic mice was significantly higher than that of non-diabetic mice, western blot suggested that the protein level of P-glycoprotein in the brain of 3-week diabetic mice was significantly lower than that of non-diabetic mice, and insulin treatment restored the impairment of P-glycoprotein. The exposure of phenobarbital in brain of diabetic mice was 1.30-fold of that of non-diabetic mice, while in plasma the fold was 1.09. The increased distribution of phenobarbital in the brain of diabetic mice significantly increased the duration of phenobarbital-induced loss of the righting reflex and reduced the latency time of loss of the righting reflex. All the results suggested that the function and expression of P-glycoprotein might be impaired and the brain distribution of phenobarbital was increased in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HaiYan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang J, Olin M, Rozell B, Björkhem I, Einarsson C, Eggertsen G, Gåfvels M. Differential hepatocellular zonation pattern of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) in the mouse. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 127:253-61. [PMID: 17237956 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of primary bile acids is confined to the hepatocytes. This study aimed to evaluate the expression pattern within the liver architecture of the rate-limiting enzyme of the neutral pathway, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1), the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of cholic acid. Specific Cyp8b1 and Cyp7a1 peptide antiserums were used for immunohistochemical staining of livers from wild type and Cyp8b1 null mice, the latter instead expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as a replacement reporter gene. Cyp8b1 was mainly expressed in the hepatocytes in a zonal pattern surrounding the central vein while the areas surrounding the portal zones showed much lower levels. The zonation was maintained in cholic acid-depleted mice using beta-Gal as a reporter protein. Cyp7a1 expression in wild type mice also showed a zonal distribution pattern, although less distinct, with a maximal expression within a 1-2 cell thick layer of hepatocytes surrounding the central vein. In Cyp8b1 null mice, a more intense staining was obtained, in accordance with the higher expression level of Cyp7a1, although the overall expression pattern was maintained. Our results in mice indicate possible differences in the regulation of the cellular zonation of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1. Also, cholic acid affects the set-point of Cyp7a1 expression but not its zonal distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (H3), Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu H, Xu X, Yang Z, Deng Y, Liu X, Xie L. Impaired function and expression of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Res 2006; 1123:245-52. [PMID: 17074306 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on P-glycoprotein (P-GP) function and expression in rat blood-brain barrier (BBB). P-GP function in BBB was assessed by measuring the brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp values) of rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and vincristine (VCR), two well-known P-GP substrates, in control rats and 5-week streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Evans blue (EB) dye was used as a BBB integrity indicator for examining the extravasation from the blood into the brain. P-GP expression in the brain cortex was evaluated with Western blot. The uptakes of Rho123 and VCR by cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) incubated in diabetic and control rat serum for 72 h were also used to examine P-GP function, respectively. It was found that the Kp value of Rho123 (0.022+/-0.005 vs. 0.016+/-0.002 ml/g brain, p=0.033) and VCR (0.072+/-0.028 vs. 0.023+/-0.006 ml/g brain, p=0.006) in diabetic rats was significantly higher than that in control rats. The uptakes of Rho123 and VCR by cultured rBMECs incubated in the diabetic rat serum were higher than that in the control rat serum, respectively. No significant difference of the EB concentration in the brain cortex was found between the diabetic rats and control rats. Electron microscope examination of the brain cortex did not show a clear damage to the endothelial cells of microvessel in diabetic rats. In addition, the protein level of P-GP in the brains of the diabetic rats examined was significantly lower than that of control rats. These results suggested that the function and expression of P-GP might be impaired in the BBB of STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|