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Li Z, Wang W, Li W, Duan H, Xu C, Tian X, Ning F, Zhang D. Co-methylation analyses identify CpGs associated with lipid traits in Chinese discordant monozygotic twins. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:583-593. [PMID: 38142287 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To control genetic background and early life milieu in genome-wide DNA methylation analysis for blood lipids, we recruited Chinese discordant monozygotic twins to explore the relationships between DNA methylations and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). 132 monozygotic (MZ) twins were included with discordant lipid levels and completed data. A linear mixed model was conducted in Epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). Generalized estimating equation model was for gene expression analysis. We conducted Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to build co-methylated interconnected network. Additional Qingdao citizens were recruited for validation. Inference about Causation through Examination of Familial Confounding (ICE FALCON) was used to infer the possible direction of these relationships. A total of 476 top CpGs reached suggestively significant level (P < 10-4), of which, 192 CpGs were significantly associated with TG (FDR < 0.05). They were used to build interconnected network and highlight crucial genes from WGCNA. Finally, four CpGs in GATA4 were validated as risk factors for TC; six CpGs at ITFG2-AS1 were negatively associated with TG; two CpGs in PLXND1 played protective roles in HDL-C. ICE FALCON indicated abnormal TC was regarded as the consequence of DNA methylation in CpGs at GATA4, rather than vice versa. Four CpGs in ITFG2-AS1 were both causes and consequences of modified TG levels. Our results indicated that DNA methylation levels of 12 CpGs in GATA4, ITFG2-AS1, and PLXND1 were relevant to TC, TG, and HDL-C, respectively, which might provide new epigenetic insights into potential clinical treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The College of Public Health of Qingdao University, No. 308 Ning Xia Street, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The College of Public Health of Qingdao University, No. 308 Ning Xia Street, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilong Li
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B, st. tv. Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Haiping Duan
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Xu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocao Tian
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ning
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The College of Public Health of Qingdao University, No. 308 Ning Xia Street, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz S, Boffelli D, Klein OD. Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:250-262. [PMID: 38321203 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labour across the length of the small intestine, with individual nutrients taken up at different proximal:distal positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. By examining the fine-scale longitudinal transcriptional patterns that span the mouse and human small intestine, we instead identified five domains of nutrient absorption that mount distinct responses to dietary changes, and three regional stem cell populations. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, which provides a systematic method to computationally identify intestinal domains in mice. We generated a predictive model of transcriptional control of domain identity and validated the roles of Ppar-δ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism-associated genes. These findings represent a foundational framework for the zonation of absorption across the mammalian small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Viragova
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Weichselbaum
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Asoka Rathnayake
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren Reyes
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub and Center for Cellular Construction 94158, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James M Gardner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz S, Boffelli D, Klein OD. Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558726. [PMID: 37790430 PMCID: PMC10542170 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labor across the length of the small intestine, with individual classes of micronutrients taken up at different positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. By examining fine-scale longitudinal segmentation of the mouse and human small intestines, we identified transcriptional signatures and upstream regulatory factors that define five domains of nutrient absorption, distinct from the three traditional sections. Spatially restricted expression programs were most prominent in nutrient-absorbing enterocytes but initially arose in intestinal stem cells residing in three regional populations. While a core signature was maintained across mice and humans with different diets and environments, domain properties were influenced by dietary changes. We established the functions of Ppar-ẟ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism in distal domains and generated a predictive model of additional transcription factors that direct domain identity. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, representing the first systematic method to computationally identify specific intestinal regions in mice. These findings provide a foundational framework for the identity and control of longitudinal zonation of absorption along the proximal:distal small intestinal axis.
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4
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Ge W, Sun Q, Yang Y, Ding Z, Liu J, Zhang J. Circadian PER1 controls daily fat absorption with the regulation of PER1-PKA on phosphorylation of bile acid synthetase. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100390. [PMID: 37209828 PMCID: PMC10276160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies suggest a correlation between eating time and obesity. Night eating syndrome characterized by a time-delayed eating pattern is positively associated with obesity in humans as well as in experimental animals. Here, we show that oil intake at night significantly makes more fat than that at day in wild-type mice, and circadian Period 1 (Per1) contributes to this day-night difference. Per1-knockout mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity, which is accompanied by a reduction in the size of the bile acid pool, and the oral administration of bile acids restores fat absorption and accumulation. We identify that PER1 directly binds to the major hepatic enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis such as cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase. A biosynthesis rhythm of bile acids is accompanied by the activity and instability of bile acid synthases with PER1/PKA-mediated phosphorylation pathways. Both fasting and high fat stress enhance Per1 expression, increasing the fat absorption and accumulation. Our findings reveal that Per1 is an energy regulator and controls daily fat absorption and accumulation. Circadian Per1 controls daily fat absorption and accumulation, suggesting Per1 is a potential candidate of a key regulator in stress response and the relevant obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Thüring EM, Hartmann C, Schwietzer YA, Ebnet K. TMIGD1: Emerging functions of a tumor supressor and adhesion receptor. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02696-5. [PMID: 37087524 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms depends on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that connect cells to build tissues. The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) constitutes one of the largest families of CAMs. Members of this family regulate such diverse processes like synapse formation, spermatogenesis, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, or epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Through their extracellular domains, they undergo homophilic and heterophilic interactions in cis and trans. Their cytoplasmic domains frequently bind scaffolding proteins to assemble signaling complexes. Transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (TMIGD1) is a IgSF member with two Ig-like domains and a short cytoplasmic tail that contains a PDZ domain-binding motif. Recent observations indicate that TMIGD1 has pleiotropic functions in epithelial cells and has a critical role in suppressing malignant cell behavior. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of TMIGD1, its interaction with cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, the regulation of its expression, and its downregulation in colorectal and renal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Thüring
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ysabel A Schwietzer
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Earley ZM, Lisicka W, Sifakis JJ, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Kowalczyk A, Barlow JT, Shaw DG, Discepolo V, Tan IL, Gona S, Ernest JD, Matzinger P, Barreiro LB, Morgun A, Bendelac A, Ismagilov RF, Shulzhenko N, Riesenfeld SJ, Jabri B. GATA4 controls regionalization of tissue immunity and commensal-driven immunopathology. Immunity 2023; 56:43-57.e10. [PMID: 36630917 PMCID: PMC10262782 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that regionalization of bacterial colonization and immunity along the intestinal tract has an important role in health and disease. Yet, the mechanisms underlying intestinal regionalization and its dysregulation in disease are not well understood. This study found that regional epithelial expression of the transcription factor GATA4 controls bacterial colonization and inflammatory tissue immunity in the proximal small intestine by regulating retinol metabolism and luminal IgA. Furthermore, in mice without jejunal GATA4 expression, the commensal segmented filamentous bacteria promoted pathogenic inflammatory immune responses that disrupted barrier function and increased mortality upon Citrobacter rodentium infection. In celiac disease patients, low GATA4 expression was associated with metabolic alterations, mucosal Actinobacillus, and increased IL-17 immunity. Taken together, these results reveal broad impacts of GATA4-regulated intestinal regionalization on bacterial colonization and tissue immunity, highlighting an elaborate interdependence of intestinal metabolism, immunity, and microbiota in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Earley
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wioletta Lisicka
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph J Sifakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anita Kowalczyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob T Barlow
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dustin G Shaw
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ineke L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University of Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saideep Gona
- Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan D Ernest
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Bideyan L, López Rodríguez M, Priest C, Kennelly JP, Gao Y, Ferrari A, Rajbhandari P, Feng AC, Tevosian SG, Smale ST, Tontonoz P. Hepatic GATA4 regulates cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis in collaboration with LXRs. Genes Dev 2022; 36:1129-1144. [PMID: 36522129 PMCID: PMC9851399 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350145.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GATA4 is a transcription factor known for its crucial role in the development of many tissues, including the liver; however, its role in adult liver metabolism is unknown. Here, using high-throughput sequencing technologies, we identified GATA4 as a transcriptional regulator of metabolism in the liver. GATA4 expression is elevated in response to refeeding, and its occupancy is increased at enhancers of genes linked to fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism. Knocking out GATA4 in the adult liver (Gata4LKO) decreased transcriptional activity at GATA4 binding sites, especially during feeding. Gata4LKO mice have reduced plasma HDL cholesterol and increased liver triglyceride levels. The expression of a panel of GATA4 binding genes involved in hepatic cholesterol export and triglyceride hydrolysis was down-regulated in Gata4LKO mice. We further demonstrate that GATA4 collaborates with LXR nuclear receptors in the liver. GATA4 and LXRs share a number of binding sites, and GATA4 was required for the full transcriptional response to LXR activation. Collectively, these results show that hepatic GATA4 contributes to the transcriptional control of hepatic and systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bideyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maykel López Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - An-Chieh Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sergei G Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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8
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Canesso MCC, Moreira TG, Faria AMC. Compartmentalization of gut immune responses: mucosal niches and lymph node peculiarities. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Retinoic Acid Promotes the In Vitro Growth, Patterning and Improves the Cellular Composition of Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158624. [PMID: 35955755 PMCID: PMC9368900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling human development and as a possible source of tissue for transplantation. HIOs generate all of the main epithelial and mesenchymal cell types found in the developing human intestine and mature into intestinal tissue with crypts and villi following transplantation into immunocompromised mice. However, incomplete in vitro patterning and the presence of contaminating neurons could hinder their use for regenerative medicine in humans. Based on studies in model organisms, we hypothesized that the treatment of HIOs with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) would improve their in vitro growth and patterning. We found that ATRA not only improved the patterning of HIOs, ATRA also increased organoid forming efficiency, improved epithelial growth, enriched intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and reduced neuronal contamination in HIOs. Taken together, our studies demonstrate how the manipulation of a single developmental signaling pathway can be used to improve the survival, patterning and cellular composition of HIOs.
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10
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DeLaForest A, Kohlnhofer BM, Franklin OD, Stavniichuk R, Thompson CA, Pulakanti K, Rao S, Battle MA. GATA4 Controls Epithelial Morphogenesis in the Developing Stomach to Promote Establishment of Glandular Columnar Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1391-1413. [PMID: 34111600 PMCID: PMC8479485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transcription factor GATA4 is broadly expressed in nascent foregut endoderm. As development progresses, GATA4 is lost in the domain giving rise to the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and forestomach (FS), while it is maintained in the domain giving rise to the simple columnar epithelium of the hindstomach (HS). Differential GATA4 expression within these domains coincides with the onset of distinct tissue morphogenetic events, suggesting a role for GATA4 in diversifying foregut endoderm into discrete esophageal/FS and HS epithelial tissues. The goal of this study was to determine how GATA4 regulates differential morphogenesis of the mouse gastric epithelium. METHODS We used a Gata4 conditional knockout mouse line to eliminate GATA4 in the developing HS and a Gata4 conditional knock-in mouse line to express GATA4 in the developing FS. RESULTS We found that GATA4-deficient HS epithelium adopted a FS-like fate, and conversely, that GATA4-expressing FS epithelium adopted a HS-like fate. Underlying structural changes in these epithelia were broad changes in gene expression networks attributable to GATA4 directly activating or repressing expression of HS or FS defining transcripts. Our study implicates GATA4 as having a primary role in suppressing an esophageal/FS transcription factor network during HS development to promote columnar epithelium. Moreover, GATA4-dependent phenotypes in developmental mutants reflected changes in gene expression associated with Barrett's esophagus. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that GATA4 is necessary and sufficient to activate the development of simple columnar epithelium, rather than stratified squamous epithelium, in the embryonic stomach. Moreover, similarities between mutants and Barrett's esophagus suggest that developmental biology can provide insight into human disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann DeLaForest
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bridget M Kohlnhofer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Olivia D Franklin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Roman Stavniichuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cayla A Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kirthi Pulakanti
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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11
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Stavniichuk R, DeLaForest A, Thompson CA, Miller J, Souza RF, Battle MA. GATA4 blocks squamous epithelial cell gene expression in human esophageal squamous cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3206. [PMID: 33547361 PMCID: PMC7864948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA4 promotes columnar epithelial cell fate during gastric development. When ectopically expressed in the developing mouse forestomach, the tissue emerges as columnar-like rather than stratified squamous with gene expression changes that parallel those observed in the pre-malignant squamous to columnar metaplasia known as Barrett's esophagus (BE). GATA4 mRNA up-regulation and gene amplification occur in BE and its associated cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and GATA4 gene amplification correlates with poor patient outcomes. Here, we explored the effect of ectopic expression of GATA4 in mature human esophageal squamous epithelial cells. We found that GATA4 expression in esophageal squamous epithelial cells compromised squamous cell marker gene expression and up-regulated expression of the canonical columnar cell cytokeratin KRT8. We observed GATA4 occupancy in the p63, KRT5, and KRT15 promoters, suggesting that GATA4 directly represses expression of squamous epithelial cell marker genes. Finally, we verified GATA4 protein expression in BE and EAC and found that exposure of esophageal squamous epithelial cells to acid and bile, known BE risk factors, induced GATA4 mRNA expression. We conclude that GATA4 suppresses expression of genes marking the stratified squamous epithelial cell lineage and that this repressive action by GATA4 may have implications in BE and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Stavniichuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ann DeLaForest
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cayla A Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Miller
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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12
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Transcriptional programmes underlying cellular identity and microbial responsiveness in the intestinal epithelium. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:7-23. [PMID: 33024279 PMCID: PMC7997278 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves the unique and critical function of harvesting dietary nutrients, while simultaneously acting as a cellular barrier separating tissues from the luminal environment and gut microbial ecosystem. Two salient features of the intestinal epithelium enable it to perform these complex functions. First, cells within the intestinal epithelium achieve a wide range of specialized identities, including different cell types and distinct anterior-posterior patterning along the intestine. Second, intestinal epithelial cells are sensitive and responsive to the dynamic milieu of dietary nutrients, xenobiotics and microorganisms encountered in the intestinal luminal environment. These diverse identities and responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells are achieved in part through the differential transcription of genes encoded in their shared genome. Here, we review insights from mice and other vertebrate models into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying intestinal epithelial identity and microbial responsiveness, including DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and transcription factors. These studies are revealing that most transcription factors involved in intestinal epithelial identity also respond to changes in the microbiota, raising both opportunities and challenges to discern the underlying integrative transcriptional regulatory networks.
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13
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Verzi MP, Shivdasani RA. Epigenetic regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G189-G196. [PMID: 32628072 PMCID: PMC7500269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00084.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the lifelong need to supply diverse epithelial cells, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) rely on executing accurate transcriptional programs. This review addresses the mechanisms that control those programs. Genes that define cell behaviors and identities are regulated principally through thousands of dispersed enhancers, each individually <1 kb long and positioned from a few to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites, upstream or downstream from coding genes or within introns. Wnt, Notch, and other epithelial control signals feed into these cis-regulatory DNA elements, which are also common loci of polymorphisms and mutations that confer disease risk. Cell-specific gene activity requires promoters to interact with the correct combination of signal-responsive enhancers. We review the current state of knowledge in ISCs regarding active enhancers, the nucleosome modifications that may enable appropriate and hinder inappropriate enhancer-promoter contacts, and the roles of lineage-restricted transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Verzi
- 1Department of Genetics, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey,2Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ramesh A. Shivdasani
- 3Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,4Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,5Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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14
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Rodríguez-Seguel E, Villamayor L, Arroyo N, De Andrés MP, Real FX, Martín F, Cano DA, Rojas A. Loss of GATA4 causes ectopic pancreas in the stomach. J Pathol 2020; 250:362-373. [PMID: 31875961 DOI: 10.1002/path.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic heterotopia is defined as pancreatic tissue outside its normal location in the body and anatomically separated from the pancreas. In this work we have analyzed the stomach glandular epithelium of Gata4 flox/flox ; Pdx1-Cre mice (Gata4KO mice). We found that Gata4KO glandular epithelium displays an atypical morphology similar to the cornified squamous epithelium and exhibits upregulation of forestomach markers. The developing gastric units fail to form properly, and the glandular epithelial cells do not express markers of gastric gland in the absence of GATA4. Of interest, the developing glands of the Gata4KO stomach express pancreatic cell markers. Furthermore, a mass of pancreatic tissue located in the subserosa of the Gata4KO stomach is observed at adult stages. Heterotopic pancreas found in Gata4-deficient mice contains all three pancreatic cell lineages: ductal, acinar, and endocrine. Moreover, Gata4 expression is downregulated in ectopic pancreatic tissue of some human biopsy samples. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodríguez-Seguel
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Noelia Arroyo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco X Real
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Sundaram S, Palaniappan B, Nepal N, Chaffins S, Sundaram U, Arthur S. Mechanism of Dyslipidemia in Obesity-Unique Regulation of Ileal Villus Cell Brush Border Membrane Sodium-Bile Acid Cotransport. Cells 2019; 8:E1197. [PMID: 31623375 PMCID: PMC6830326 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In obesity, increased absorption of dietary fat contributes to altered lipid homeostasis. In turn, dyslipidemia of obesity leads to many of the complications of obesity. Bile acids are necessary for the absorption of dietary fat. In the mammalian intestine, apical sodium-dependent bile acid cotransporter (ASBT; SLC10A2) is exclusively responsible for the reabsorption of bile acids in the terminal ileum. In rat and mice models of obesity and importantly in obese humans, ASBT was increased in ileal villus cells. The mechanism of stimulation of ASBT was secondary to an increase in ASBT expression in villus cell brush border membrane. The stimulation of ASBT was not secondary to the altered Na-extruding capacity of villus cells during obesity. Further, increased Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression in villus cells during obesity likely mediated the increase in ASBT. Moreover, enhanced FXR expression increased the expression of bile-acid-associated proteins (IBABP and OSTα) that are responsible for handling bile acids absorbed via ASBT in villus cells during obesity. Thus, this study demonstrated that in an epidemic condition, obesity, the dyslipidemia that leads to many of the complications of the condition, may, at least in part, be due to deregulation of intestinal bile acid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuga Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
| | - Balasubramanian Palaniappan
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
| | - Niraj Nepal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
| | - Shaun Chaffins
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
| | - Subha Arthur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Appalachian Center for Cellular transport in Obesity Related Disorders, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA.
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16
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Goupille O, Kadri Z, Langelé A, Luccantoni S, Badoual C, Leboulch P, Chrétien S. The integrity of the FOG-2 LXCXE pRb-binding motif is required for small intestine homeostasis. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1074-1089. [PMID: 31012180 DOI: 10.1113/ep087369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do Fog2Rb- / Rb- mice present a defect of small intestine homeostasis? What is the main finding and its importance? The importance of interactions between FOG-2 and pRb in adipose tissue physiology has previously been demonstrated. Here it is shown that this interaction is also intrinsic to small intestine homeostasis and exerts extrinsic control over mouse metabolism. Thus, this association is involved in maintaining small intestine morphology, and regulating crypt proliferation and lineage differentiation. It therefore affects mouse growth and adaptation to a high-fat diet. ABSTRACT GATA transcription factors and their FOG cofactors play a key role in tissue-specific development and differentiation, from worms to humans. We have shown that GATA-1 and FOG-2 contain an LXCXE pRb-binding motif. Interactions between retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and GATA-1 are crucial for erythroid proliferation and differentiation, whereas the LXCXE pRb-binding site of FOG-2 is involved in adipogenesis. Fog2-knock-in mice have defective pRb binding and are resistant to obesity, due to efficient white-into-brown fat conversion. Our aim was to investigate the pathophysiological impact of FOG-2-pRb interaction on the small intestine and mouse growth. Histological analysis of the small intestine revealed architectural changes in Fog2Rb- / Rb- mice, including villus shortening, with crypt expansion and a change in muscularis propria thickness. These differences were more marked in the proximo-distal part of the small intestine and were associated with an increase in crypt cell proliferation and disruption of the goblet and Paneth cell lineage. The small intestine of the mutants was unable to adapt to a high-fat diet, and had significantly lower plasma lipid levels on such a diet. Fog2Rb- / Rb- mice displayed higher levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release, and lower levels of insulin-like growth factor I release on a regular diet. Their intestinal lipid absorption was impaired, resulting in restricted weight gain. In addition to the intrinsic effects of the mutation on adipose tissue, we show here an extrinsic relationship between the intestine and the effect of FOG-2 mutation on mouse metabolism. In conclusion, the interaction of FOG-2 with pRb coordinates the crypt-villus axis and controls small intestine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Goupille
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR E007, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Zahra Kadri
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR E007, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Amandine Langelé
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR E007, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sophie Luccantoni
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Badoual
- Department of Pathology, G. Pompidou European Hospital APHP - Université Paris, Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Leboulch
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR E007, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stany Chrétien
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR E007, Institute of Biology François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France.,INSERM, Paris, France
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17
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Chaytor L, Simcock M, Nakjang S, Heath R, Walker L, Robson C, Jones D, Gaughan L. The Pioneering Role of GATA2 in Androgen Receptor Variant Regulation Is Controlled by Bromodomain and Extraterminal Proteins in Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1264-1278. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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The microbiome and immunodeficiencies: Lessons from rare diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:132-148. [PMID: 30704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are inherited disorders of the immune system, associated with a considerable increase in susceptibility to infections. PIDs can also predispose to malignancy, inflammation and autoimmunity. There is increasing awareness that some aspects of the immune dysregulation in PIDs may be linked to intestinal microbiota. Indeed, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence immune functions and immune homeostasis both locally and systemically. Recent studies have indicated that genetic defects causing PIDs lead to perturbations in the conventional mechanisms underlying homeostasis in the gut, resulting in poor immune surveillance at the intestinal barrier, which associates with altered intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Consistently, a substantial proportion of PID patients presents with clinically challenging IBD-like pathology. Here, we describe the current body of literature reporting on dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in different PIDs and how this can be either the result or cause of immune dysregulation. Further, we report how infections in PIDs enhance pathobionts colonization and speculate how, in turn, pathobionts may be responsible for increased disease susceptibility and secondary infections in these patients. The potential relationship between the microbial composition in the intestine and other sites, such as the oral cavity and skin, is also highlighted. Finally, we provide evidence, in preclinical models of PIDs, for the efficacy of microbiota manipulation to ameliorate disease complications, and suggest that the potential use of dietary intervention to correct dysbiotic flora in PID patients may hold promise.
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19
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Abstract
The adult gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a series of connected organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) that develop via progressive regional specification of a continuous tubular embryonic organ anlage. This chapter focuses on organogenesis of the small intestine. The intestine arises by folding of a flat sheet of endodermal cells into a tube of highly proliferative pseudostratified cells. Dramatic elongation of this tube is driven by rapid epithelial proliferation. Then, epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and physical forces drive a stepwise cascade that results in convolution of the tubular surface into finger-like projections called villi. Concomitant with villus formation, a sharp epithelial transcriptional boundary is defined between stomach and intestine. Finally, flask-like depressions called crypts are established to house the intestinal stem cells needed throughout life for epithelial renewal. New insights into these events are being provided by in vitro organoid systems, which hold promise for future regenerative engineering of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine D Walton
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Martínez-Fresneda L, O'Brien E, Velázquez R, Toledano-Díaz A, Martínez-Cáceres CM, Tesfaye D, Schellander K, García-Vázquez FA, Santiago-Moreno J. Seasonal variation in sperm freezability associated with changes in testicular germinal epithelium in domestic (Ovis aries) and wild (Ovis musimon) sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1545-1557. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine ovine sperm cryoresistance during the rutting season (RS) and its association with sperm head area and seminiferous epithelium proliferation. Small ruminants show fluctuating testosterone levels throughout the year, which could interfere with spermatogenesis and sperm cryopreservation. Ejaculates, testicular biopsies and blood were collected during the middle and at the end of the RS (Middle-RS vs End-RS) during periods of high and low testosterone levels in Merino and Mouflon rams. Fresh and frozen–thawed sperm quality, sperm morphometry, seminiferous tubule morphometry and testicular proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, proliferation marker protein Ki-67 and transcription factor GATA-4) were evaluated. Post-thaw sperm viability was higher in the End-RS group in both Merino (69.9±8.2 vs 41.6±7.3%; P=0.020) and Mouflon rams (40.9±3.3 vs 24.2±5.0%; P=0.008). Mouflons had larger sperm head area at the End-RS (38.3±0.2 vs 34.3±0.1µm2; P=0.029), whereas there was no difference between Merino groups (35.7±0.5 vs 34.8±1.0µm2). Seminiferous tubule morphometry and proliferation markers showed higher levels of germinal epithelium proliferation in the Middle-RS of both species. In conclusion, sperm freezability is affected during the RS in domestic and wild rams, which could be correlated with changes that occur during spermatogenesis, since there is an effect of season on cell proliferation in the testis.
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21
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HNF4A Regulates the Formation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells from Human iPSC-Derived Endoderm by Facilitating Efficient Recruitment of RNA Pol II. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010021. [PMID: 30597922 PMCID: PMC6356828 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular basis of cell differentiation will advance our understanding of organ development and disease. We have previously established a protocol that efficiently produces cells with hepatocyte characteristics from human induced pluripotent stem cells. We previously used this cell differentiation model to identify the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4A) as being essential during the transition of the endoderm to a hepatic fate. Here, we sought to define the molecular mechanisms through which HNF4A controls this process. By combining HNF4A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses at the onset of hepatic progenitor cell formation with transcriptome data collected during early stages of differentiation, we identified genes whose expression is directly dependent upon HNF4A. By examining the dynamic changes that occur at the promoters of these HNF4A targets we reveal that HNF4A is essential for recruitment of RNA polymerase (RNA pol) II to genes that are characteristically expressed as the hepatic progenitors differentiate from the endoderm.
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22
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Tremblay M, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M. GATA transcription factors in development and disease. Development 2018; 145:145/20/dev164384. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The GATA family of transcription factors is of crucial importance during embryonic development, playing complex and widespread roles in cell fate decisions and tissue morphogenesis. GATA proteins are essential for the development of tissues derived from all three germ layers, including the skin, brain, gonads, liver, hematopoietic, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. The crucial activity of GATA factors is underscored by the fact that inactivating mutations in most GATA members lead to embryonic lethality in mouse models and are often associated with developmental diseases in humans. In this Primer, we discuss the unique and redundant functions of GATA proteins in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on their regulation of lineage specification and early organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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23
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Oral consumption of cinnamon enhances the expression of immunity and lipid absorption genes in the small intestinal epithelium and alters the gut microbiota in normal mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Chronic injury and inflammation in the esophagus can cause a change in cellular differentiation known as metaplasia. Most commonly, the differentiation changes manifest as Barrett's esophagus (BE), characterized by the normal stratified squamous epithelium converting into a cuboidal-columnar, glandular morphology. BE cells can phenotypically resemble specific normal cell types of the stomach or intestine, or they can have overlapping phenotypes in disorganized admixtures. The stomach can also undergo metaplasia characterized by aberrant gastric or intestinal differentiation patterns. In both organs, it has been argued that metaplasia may represent a recapitulation of the embryonic or juvenile gastrointestinal tract, as cells access a developmental progenitor genetic program that can help repair damaged tissue. Here, we review the normal development of esophagus and stomach, and describe how BE represents an intermixing of cells resembling gastric pseudopyloric (SPEM) and intestinal metaplasia. We discuss a cellular process recently termed "paligenosis" that governs how mature, differentiated cells can revert to a proliferating progenitor state in metaplasia. We discuss the "Cyclical Hit" theory in which paligenosis might be involved in the increased risk of metaplasia for progression to cancer. However, somatic mutations might occur in proliferative phases and then be warehoused upon redifferentiation. Through years of chronic injury and many rounds of paligenosis and dedifferentiation, eventually a cell with a mutation that prevents dedifferentiation may arise and clonally expand fueling stable metaplasia and potentially thereafter acquiring additional mutations and progressing to dysplasia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Kennelly JP, van der Veen JN, Nelson RC, Leonard KA, Havinga R, Buteau J, Kuipers F, Jacobs RL. Intestinal de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption and metabolic homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1695-1708. [PMID: 30007917 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α (CTα) is required for VLDL secretion. To determine the precise role of de novo PC synthesis in intestinal lipid metabolism, we deleted CTα exclusively in the intestinal epithelium of mice (CTαIKO mice). When fed a chow diet, CTαIKO mice showed normal fat absorption despite a ∼30% decrease in intestinal PC concentrations relative to control mice, suggesting that biliary PC can fully support chylomicron secretion under these conditions. However, when fed a high-fat diet, CTαIKO mice showed impaired passage of FAs and cholesterol from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes. Impaired intestinal lipid uptake in CTαIKO mice was associated with lower plasma triglyceride concentrations, higher plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY, and disruption of intestinal membrane lipid transporters after a high-fat meal relative to control mice. Unexpectedly, biliary bile acid and PC secretion was enhanced in CTαIKO mice due to a shift in expression of bile-acid transporters to the proximal intestine, indicative of accelerated enterohepatic cycling. These data show that intestinal de novo PC synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption during high-fat feeding and that the reacylation of biliary lyso-PC cannot compensate for loss of CTα under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randal C Nelson
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Buteau
- Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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26
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Thompson CA, DeLaForest A, Battle MA. Patterning the gastrointestinal epithelium to confer regional-specific functions. Dev Biol 2018; 435:97-108. [PMID: 29339095 PMCID: PMC6615902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in simplest terms, can be described as an epithelial-lined muscular tube extending along the cephalocaudal axis from the oral cavity to the anus. Although the general architecture of the GI tract organs is conserved from end to end, the presence of different epithelial tissue structures and unique epithelial cell types within each organ enables each to perform the distinct digestive functions required for efficient nutrient assimilation. Spatiotemporal regulation of signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors controls GI epithelial morphogenesis during development to confer essential regional-specific epithelial structures and functions. Here, we discuss the fundamental functions of each GI tract organ and summarize the diversity of epithelial structures present along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Next, we discuss findings, primarily from genetic mouse models, that have defined the roles of key transcription factors during epithelial morphogenesis, including p63, SOX2, SOX15, GATA4, GATA6, HNF4A, and HNF4G. Additionally, we examine how the Hedgehog, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways contribute to defining unique epithelial features along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Lastly, we examine the molecular mechanisms controlling regionalized cytodifferentiation of organ-specific epithelial cell types within the GI tract, concentrating on the stomach and small intestine. The delineation of GI epithelial patterning mechanisms in mice has provided fundamental knowledge to guide the development and refinement of three-dimensional GI organotypic culture models such as those derived from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and those derived directly from human tissue samples. Continued examination of these pathways will undoubtedly provide vital insights into the mechanisms of GI development and disease and may afford new avenues for innovative tissue engineering and personalized medicine approaches to treating GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ann DeLaForest
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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27
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Kasendra M, Tovaglieri A, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Bein A, Chalkiadaki A, Scholl W, Zhang C, Rickner H, Richmond CA, Li H, Breault DT, Ingber DE. Development of a primary human Small Intestine-on-a-Chip using biopsy-derived organoids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2871. [PMID: 29440725 PMCID: PMC5811607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a method for fabricating a primary human Small Intestine-on-a-Chip (Intestine Chip) containing epithelial cells isolated from healthy regions of intestinal biopsies. The primary epithelial cells are expanded as 3D organoids, dissociated, and cultured on a porous membrane within a microfluidic device with human intestinal microvascular endothelium cultured in a parallel microchannel under flow and cyclic deformation. In the Intestine Chip, the epithelium forms villi-like projections lined by polarized epithelial cells that undergo multi-lineage differentiation similar to that of intestinal organoids, however, these cells expose their apical surfaces to an open lumen and interface with endothelium. Transcriptomic analysis also indicates that the Intestine Chip more closely mimics whole human duodenum in vivo when compared to the duodenal organoids used to create the chips. Because fluids flowing through the lumen of the Intestine Chip can be collected continuously, sequential analysis of fluid samples can be used to quantify nutrient digestion, mucus secretion and establishment of intestinal barrier function over a period of multiple days in vitro. The Intestine Chip therefore may be useful as a research tool for applications where normal intestinal function is crucial, including studies of metabolism, nutrition, infection, and drug pharmacokinetics, as well as personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kasendra
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Alessio Tovaglieri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate program, Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amir Bein
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Scholl
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hannah Rickner
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camilla A Richmond
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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28
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Ferrebee CB, Li J, Haywood J, Pachura K, Robinson BS, Hinrichs BH, Jones RM, Rao A, Dawson PA. Organic Solute Transporter α-β Protects Ileal Enterocytes From Bile Acid-Induced Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:499-522. [PMID: 29930976 PMCID: PMC6009794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ileal bile acid absorption is mediated by uptake via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), and export via the basolateral heteromeric organic solute transporter α-β (OSTα-OSTβ). In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of enterocyte bile acid stasis in Ostα-/- mice, including the temporal relationship between intestinal injury and initiation of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. METHODS Ileal tissue morphometry, histology, markers of cell proliferation, gene, and protein expression were analyzed in male and female wild-type and Ostα-/- mice at postnatal days 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30. Ostα-/-Asbt-/- mice were generated and analyzed. Bile acid activation of intestinal Nrf2-activated pathways was investigated in Drosophila. RESULTS As early as day 5, Ostα-/- mice showed significantly increased ileal weight per length, decreased villus height, and increased epithelial cell proliferation. This correlated with premature expression of the Asbt and induction of bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor target genes in neonatal Ostα-/- mice. Expression of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-1 and Nrf2-anti-oxidant responsive genes were increased significantly in neonatal Ostα-/- mice at these postnatal time points. Bile acids also activated Nrf2 in Drosophila enterocytes and enterocyte-specific knockdown of Nrf2 increased sensitivity of flies to bile acid-induced toxicity. Inactivation of the Asbt prevented the changes in ileal morphology and induction of anti-oxidant response genes in Ostα-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Early in postnatal development, loss of Ostα leads to bile acid accumulation, oxidative stress, and a restitution response in ileum. In addition to its essential role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis, Ostα-Ostβ functions to protect the ileal epithelium against bile acid-induced injury. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus: GSE99579.
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Key Words
- ARE, anti-oxidant response element
- Asbt, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Drosophila
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Ibabp, ileal bile acid binding protein
- Ileum
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- Neonate
- Nox, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2
- Ost, organic solute transporter
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
- WT, wild type
- cRNA, complementary RNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B. Ferrebee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jamie Haywood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Pachura
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Rheinallt M. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anuradha Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Sison SL, Patitucci TN, Seminary ER, Villalon E, Lorson CL, Ebert AD. Astrocyte-produced miR-146a as a mediator of motor neuron loss in spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2018. [PMID: 28637335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the leading genetic cause of infant mortality, is caused by the loss of the survival motor neuron-1 (SMN1) gene, which leads to motor neuron loss, muscle atrophy, respiratory distress, and death. Motor neurons exhibit the most profound loss, but the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that motor neuron extrinsic influences, such as those arising from astrocytes, contribute to motor neuron malfunction and loss. Here we investigated both loss-of-function and toxic gain-of-function astrocyte mechanisms that could play a role in SMA pathology. We had previously found that glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is reduced in SMA astrocytes. However, reduced GDNF expression does not play a major role in SMA pathology as viral-mediated GDNF re-expression did not improve astrocyte function or motor neuron loss. In contrast, we found that SMA astrocytes increased microRNA (miR) production and secretion compared to control astrocytes, suggesting potential toxic gain-of-function properties. Specifically, we found that miR-146a was significantly upregulated in SMA induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes and SMNΔ7 mouse spinal cord. Moreover, increased miR-146a was sufficient to induce motor neuron loss in vitro, whereas miR-146a inhibition prevented SMA astrocyte-induced motor neuron loss. Together, these data indicate that altered astrocyte production of miR-146a may be a contributing factor in astrocyte-mediated SMA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226 WI, USA
| | - Teresa N Patitucci
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226 WI, USA
| | - Emily R Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226 WI, USA
| | - Eric Villalon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211 MO, USA
| | - Christian L Lorson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211 MO, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226 WI, USA
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30
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Fisher JB, Pulakanti K, Rao S, Duncan SA. GATA6 is essential for endoderm formation from human pluripotent stem cells. Biol Open 2017; 6:1084-1095. [PMID: 28606935 PMCID: PMC5550920 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocols have been established that direct differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into a variety of cell types, including the endoderm and its derivatives. This model of differentiation has been useful for investigating the molecular mechanisms that guide human developmental processes. Using a directed differentiation protocol combined with shRNA depletion we sought to understand the role of GATA6 in regulating the earliest switch from pluripotency to definitive endoderm. We reveal that GATA6 depletion during endoderm formation results in apoptosis of nascent endoderm cells, concomitant with a loss of endoderm gene expression. We show by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing that GATA6 directly binds to several genes encoding transcription factors that are necessary for endoderm differentiation. Our data support the view that GATA6 is a central regulator of the formation of human definitive endoderm from pluripotent stem cells by directly controlling endoderm gene expression. Summary: Using the differentiation of huESCs as a model for endoderm formation, we reveal that the transcription factor GATA6 regulates the onset of endoderm gene expression and is required for its viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Fisher
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - K Pulakanti
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - S Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - S A Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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31
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Múnera JO, Sundaram N, Rankin SA, Hill D, Watson C, Mahe M, Vallance JE, Shroyer NF, Sinagoga KL, Zarzoso-Lacoste A, Hudson JR, Howell JC, Chatuvedi P, Spence JR, Shannon JM, Zorn AM, Helmrath MA, Wells JM. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Colonic Organoids via Transient Activation of BMP Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:51-64.e6. [PMID: 28648364 PMCID: PMC5531599 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric and small intestinal organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have revolutionized the study of gastrointestinal development and disease. Distal gut tissues such as cecum and colon, however, have proved considerably more challenging to derive in vitro. Here we report the differentiation of human colonic organoids (HCOs) from hPSCs. We found that BMP signaling is required to establish a posterior SATB2+ domain in developing and postnatal intestinal epithelium. Brief activation of BMP signaling is sufficient to activate a posterior HOX code and direct hPSC-derived gut tube cultures into HCOs. In vitro, HCOs express colonic markers and contained colon-specific cell populations. Following transplantation into mice, HCOs undergo morphogenesis and maturation to form tissue that exhibits molecular, cellular, and morphologic properties of human colon. Together these data show BMP-dependent patterning of human hindgut into HCOs, which will be valuable for studying diseases including colitis and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O Múnera
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David Hill
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carey Watson
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maxime Mahe
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jefferson E Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Adrian Zarzoso-Lacoste
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan R Hudson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan C Howell
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Praneet Chatuvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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32
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Thompson CA, Wojta K, Pulakanti K, Rao S, Dawson P, Battle MA. GATA4 Is Sufficient to Establish Jejunal Versus Ileal Identity in the Small Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:422-446. [PMID: 28462382 PMCID: PMC5404030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patterning of the small intestinal epithelium along its cephalocaudal axis establishes three functionally distinct regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Efficient nutrient assimilation and growth depend on the proper spatial patterning of specialized digestive and absorptive functions performed by duodenal, jejunal, and ileal enterocytes. When enterocyte function is disrupted by disease or injury, intestinal failure can occur. One approach to alleviate intestinal failure would be to restore lost enterocyte functions. The molecular mechanisms determining regionally defined enterocyte functions, however, are poorly delineated. We previously showed that GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) is essential to define jejunal enterocytes. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that GATA4 is sufficient to confer jejunal identity within the intestinal epithelium. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we generated a novel Gata4 conditional knock-in mouse line and expressed GATA4 in the ileum, where it is absent. RESULTS We found that GATA4-expressing ileum lost ileal identity. The global gene expression profile of GATA4-expressing ileal epithelium aligned more closely with jejunum and duodenum rather than ileum. Focusing on jejunal vs ileal identity, we defined sets of jejunal and ileal genes likely to be regulated directly by GATA4 to suppress ileal identity and promote jejunal identity. Furthermore, our study implicates GATA4 as a transcriptional repressor of fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15), which encodes an enterokine that has been implicated in an increasing number of human diseases. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study refines our understanding of an important GATA4-dependent molecular mechanism to pattern the intestinal epithelium along its cephalocaudal axis by elaborating on GATA4's function as a crucial dominant molecular determinant of jejunal enterocyte identity. Microarray data from this study have been deposited into NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) and are accessible through GEO series accession number GSE75870.
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Key Words
- Cyp7a1, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1
- E, embryonic day
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- Enterohepatic Signaling
- FXR
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Fabp6, fatty acid binding protein 6
- Fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- Fgf15
- Jejunal Identity
- OSTα/β, organic solute transporter α/β
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SBS, short-bowel syndrome
- Slc, solute carrier
- TSS, transcription start site
- Transcriptional Regulation
- bio-ChIP-seq, biotin-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing
- bp, base pair
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cKI, conditional knock-in
- cKO, conditional knockout
- dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate
- lnl, loxP-flanked PGK-Neo-3xSV40 polyadenylation sequence
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- pA, polyadenylation
- qRT, quantitative reverse-transcription
- xiFABP, Xenopus I-FABP
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A. Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kirthi Pulakanti
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paul Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michele A. Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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33
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Kaestner KH. Insights From the Crypt: Regionalization, Adaptation, and Renewal of the Intestinal Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:297-298. [PMID: 28462369 PMCID: PMC5404098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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34
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Tsai YH, Nattiv R, Dedhia PH, Nagy MS, Chin AM, Thomson M, Klein OD, Spence JR. In vitro patterning of pluripotent stem cell-derived intestine recapitulates in vivo human development. Development 2016; 144:1045-1055. [PMID: 27927684 PMCID: PMC5358103 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intestine plays a central role in digestion, nutrient absorption and metabolism, with individual regions of the intestine having distinct functional roles. Many examples of region-specific gene expression in the adult intestine are known, but how intestinal regional identity is established during development is a largely unresolved issue. Here, we have identified several genes that are expressed in a region-specific manner in the developing human intestine. Using human embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that the duration of exposure to active FGF and WNT signaling controls regional identity. Short-term exposure to FGF4 and CHIR99021 (a GSK3β inhibitor that stabilizes β-catenin) resulted in organoids with gene expression patterns similar to developing human duodenum, whereas longer exposure resulted in organoids similar to ileum. When region-specific organoids were transplanted into immunocompromised mice, duodenum-like organoids and ileum-like organoids retained their regional identity, demonstrating that regional identity of organoids is stable after initial patterning occurs. This work provides insights into the mechanisms that control regional specification of the developing human intestine and provides new tools for basic and translational research. Summary: Human embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids can be patterned into duodenum-like or ileum-like tissue, recapitulating in vivo human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gata4 is critical to maintain gut barrier function and mucosal integrity following epithelial injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36776. [PMID: 27827449 PMCID: PMC5101531 DOI: 10.1038/srep36776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is critical to limit potential harmful consequences from exposure to deleterious luminal contents on the organism. Although this barrier is functionally important along the entire gut, specific regional regulatory mechanisms involved in the maintenance of this barrier are poorly defined. Herein, we identified Gata4 as a crucial regulator of barrier integrity in the mouse proximal intestinal epithelium. Conditional deletion of Gata4 in the intestine led to a drastic increase in claudin-2 expression that was associated with an important increase of gut barrier permeability without causing overt spontaneous inflammation. Administration of indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that causes enteritis, led to rapid and restricted proximal small intestinal injuries in Gata4 mutant mice as opposed to control mice. Comparative analysis of gene transcript profiles from indomethacin-challenged control and Gata4 mutant mice identified defects in epithelial cell survival, inflammatory cell recruitment and tissue repair mechanisms. Altogether, these observations identify Gata4 as a novel crucial regulator of the intestinal epithelial barrier and as a critical epithelial transcription factor implicated in the maintenance of proximal intestinal mucosal integrity after injury.
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Abstract
The GATA family of transcription factors consists of six proteins (GATA1-6) which are
involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. GATA1/2/3 are required
for differentiation of mesoderm and ectoderm-derived tissues, including the haematopoietic
and central nervous system. GATA4/5/6 are implicated in development and differentiation of
endoderm- and mesoderm-derived tissues such as induction of differentiation of embryonic
stem cells, cardiovascular embryogenesis and guidance of epithelial cell differentiation
in the adult.
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Kohlnhofer BM, Thompson CA, Walker EM, Battle MA. GATA4 regulates epithelial cell proliferation to control intestinal growth and development in mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:189-209. [PMID: 27066525 PMCID: PMC4823006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The embryonic small intestinal epithelium is highly proliferative, and although much is known about mechanisms regulating proliferation in the adult intestine, the mechanisms controlling epithelial cell proliferation in the developing intestine are less clear. GATA4, a transcription factor that regulates proliferation in other developing tissues, is first expressed early in the developing gut in midgut endoderm. GATA4 function within midgut endoderm and the early intestinal epithelium has not been investigated. METHODS Using Sonic Hedgehog Cre to eliminate GATA4 in the midgut endoderm of mouse embryos, we determined the impact of loss of GATA4 on intestinal development, including epithelial cell proliferation, between E9.5-E18.5. RESULTS We found that intestinal length and width were decreased in GATA4 mutants compared with controls. GATA4-deficient intestinal epithelium contained fewer cells, and epithelial girth was decreased. We further observed a decreased proportion of proliferating cells at E10.5 and E11.5 in GATA4 mutants. We demonstrated that GATA4 binds to chromatin containing GATA4 consensus binding sites within Cyclin D2 (Ccnd2), Cyclin dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6), and Frizzled 5 (Fzd5). Moreover, Ccnd2, Cdk6, and Fzd5 transcripts were reduced at E11.5 in GATA4 mutant tissue. Villus morphogenesis was delayed, and villus structure was abnormal in GATA4 mutant intestine. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify GATA4 as an essential regulator of early intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. We propose that GATA4 controls proliferation in part by directly regulating transcription of cell cycle mediators. Our data further suggest that GATA4 affects proliferation through transcriptional regulation of Fzd5, perhaps by influencing the response of the epithelium to WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele A. Battle
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Michele A. Battle, PhD, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226. fax: (414) 955-6517.Department of Cell BiologyNeurobiology and AnatomyMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWisconsin 53226
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Lepage D, Bruneau J, Brouillard G, Jones C, Lussier CR, Rémillard A, Lemieux É, Asselin C, Boudreau F. Identification of GATA-4 as a novel transcriptional regulatory component of regenerating islet-derived family members. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1411-22. [PMID: 26477491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are exposed to luminal bacterial threat and require adequate defense mechanisms to ensure host protection and epithelium regeneration against possible deleterious damage. Differentiated intestinal epithelial cells produce antimicrobial and regenerative components that protect against such challenges. Few intestinal specific transcription factors have been identified to control the switching from repression to activation of this class of gene. Herein, we show that gene transcription of some regenerating islet-derived (REG) family members is dependent on the transcription factor GATA-4. Silencing of GATA-4 expression in cultured intestinal epithelial cells identified Reg3β as a target gene using an unbiased approach of gene expression profiling. Co-transfection and RNA interference assays identified complex GATA-4-interactive transcriptional components required for the activation or repression of Reg3β gene activity. Conditional deletion of Gata4 in the mouse intestinal epithelium supported its regulatory role for Reg1, Reg3α, Reg3β and Reg3γ genes. Reg1 dramatic down-modulation of expression in Gata4 conditional null mice was associated with a significant decrease in intestinal epithelial cell migration. Altogether, these results identify a novel and complex role for GATA-4 in the regulation of REG family members gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lepage
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Joannie Bruneau
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Geneviève Brouillard
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Christine Jones
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Carine R Lussier
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Anthony Rémillard
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Étienne Lemieux
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada.
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, Filoteo AG, Westendorf JJ, Cartwright EJ, Neyses L, Strehler EE, Kumar R. Deletion of the intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump, isoform 1, Atp2b1, in mice is associated with decreased bone mineral density and impaired responsiveness to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:152-6. [PMID: 26392310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The physiological importance of the intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump, isoform 1, (Pmca1, Atp2b1), in calcium absorption and homeostasis has not been previously demonstrated in vivo. Since global germ-line deletion of the Pmca1 in mice is associated with embryonic lethality, we selectively deleted the Pmca1 in intestinal absorptive cells. Mice with loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Pmca1 gene (Pmca1(fl/fl)) were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase in the intestine under control of the villin promoter to give mice in which the Pmca1 had been deleted in the intestine (Pmca1(EKO) mice). Pmca1(EKO) mice were born at a reduced frequency and were small at the time of birth when compared to wild-type (Wt) littermates. At two months of age, Pmca1(EKO) mice fed a 0.81% calcium, 0.34% phosphorus, normal vitamin D diet had reduced whole body bone mineral density (P < 0.037), and reduced femoral bone mineral density (P < 0.015). There was a trend towards lower serum calcium and higher serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) concentrations in Pmca1(EKO) mice compared to Wt mice but the changes were not statistically significant. The urinary phosphorus/creatinine ratio was increased in Pmca1(EKO) mice (P < 0.004). Following the administration of 200 ng of 1α,25(OH)2D3 intraperitoneally to Wt mice, active intestinal calcium transport increased ∼2-fold, whereas Pmca1(EKO) mice administered an equal amount of 1α,25(OH)2D3 failed to show an increase in active calcium transport. Deletion of the Pmca1 in the intestine is associated with reduced growth and bone mineralization, and a failure to up-regulate calcium absorption in response to 1α,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Ryan
- Nephrology Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Theodore A Craig
- Nephrology Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Adelaida G Filoteo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Ludwig Neyses
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; University of Luxembourg, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Emanuel E Strehler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Nephrology Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Out C, Patankar JV, Doktorova M, Boesjes M, Bos T, de Boer S, Havinga R, Wolters H, Boverhof R, van Dijk TH, Smoczek A, Bleich A, Sachdev V, Kratky D, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. Gut microbiota inhibit Asbt-dependent intestinal bile acid reabsorption via Gata4. J Hepatol 2015; 63:697-704. [PMID: 26022694 PMCID: PMC5293168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulation of bile acid homeostasis in mammals is a complex process regulated via extensive cross-talk between liver, intestine and intestinal microbiota. Here we studied the effects of gut microbiota on bile acid homeostasis in mice. METHODS Bile acid homeostasis was assessed in four mouse models. Germfree mice, conventionally-raised mice, Asbt-KO mice and intestinal-specific Gata4-iKO mice were treated with antibiotics (bacitracin, neomycin and vancomycin; 100 mg/kg) for five days and subsequently compared with untreated mice. RESULTS Attenuation of the bacterial flora by antibiotics strongly reduced fecal excretion and synthesis of bile acids, but increased the expression of the bile acid synthesis enzyme CYP7A1. Similar effects were seen in germfree mice. Intestinal bile acid absorption was increased and accompanied by increases in plasma bile acid levels, biliary bile acid secretion and enterohepatic cycling of bile acids. In the absence of microbiota, the expression of the intestinal bile salt transporter Asbt was strongly increased in the ileum and was also expressed in more proximal parts of the small intestine. Most of the effects of antibiotic treatment on bile acid homeostasis could be prevented by genetic inactivation of either Asbt or the transcription factor Gata4. CONCLUSIONS Attenuation of gut microbiota alters Gata4-controlled expression of Asbt, increasing absorption and decreasing synthesis of bile acids. Our data support the concept that under physiological conditions microbiota stimulate Gata4, which suppresses Asbt expression, limiting the expression of this transporter to the terminal ileum. Our studies expand current knowledge on the bacterial control of bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Out
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay V. Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcela Doktorova
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanna de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Smoczek
- Zentrales Tierlaboratorium und Institut für Versuchstierkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Zentrales Tierlaboratorium und Institut für Versuchstierkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. Address: Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 50 3613156. (A.K. Groen)
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Wang X, Yamamoto Y, Wilson LH, Zhang T, Howitt BE, Farrow MA, Kern F, Ning G, Hong Y, Khor CC, Chevalier B, Bertrand D, Wu L, Nagarajan N, Sylvester FA, Hyams JS, Devers T, Bronson R, Lacy DB, Ho KY, Crum CP, McKeon F, Xian W. Cloning and variation of ground state intestinal stem cells. Nature 2015; 522:173-8. [PMID: 26040716 PMCID: PMC4853906 DOI: 10.1038/nature14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and other columnar epithelia collectively resist cloning in their elemental states. Here we demonstrate the cloning and propagation of highly clonogenic, “ground state” stem cells of the human intestine and colon. We show that derived stem cell pedigrees sustain limited copy number and sequence variation despite extensive serial passaging and display exquisitely precise, cell-autonomous commitment to epithelial differentiation consistent with their origins along the intestinal tract. This developmentally patterned and epigenetically maintained commitment of stem cells likely enforces the functional specificity of the adult intestinal tract. Using clonally-derived colonic epithelia, we show that toxins A or B of the enteric pathogen C. difficile recapitulate the salient features of pseudomembranous colitis. The stability of the epigenetic commitment programs of these stem cells, coupled with their unlimited replicative expansion and maintained clonogenicity, suggests certain advantages for their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Lane H Wilson
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Melissa A Farrow
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Florian Kern
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Gang Ning
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yue Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- 1] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Benoit Chevalier
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Denis Bertrand
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Lingyan Wu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore
| | - Francisco A Sylvester
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Thomas Devers
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore [3] Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore [4] Multiclonal Therapeutics, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Wa Xian
- 1] The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA [4] Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore [5] Multiclonal Therapeutics, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
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Bhutta HY, Rajpal N, White W, Freudenberg JM, Liu Y, Way J, Rajpal D, Cooper DC, Young A, Tavakkoli A, Chen L. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on bile acid metabolism in normal and obese diabetic rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122273. [PMID: 25798945 PMCID: PMC4370587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to classic functions of facilitating hepatobiliary secretion and intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients, bile acids (BA) are also endocrine factors and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent data indicate that antiobesity bariatric procedures e.g. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), which also remit diabetes, increase plasma BAs in humans, leading to the hypothesis that BAs may play a role in diabetes resolution following surgery. To investigate the effect of RYGB on BA physiology and its relationship with glucose homeostasis, we undertook RYGB and SHAM surgery in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and normoglycemic Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and measured plasma and fecal BA levels, as well as plasma glucose, insulin, Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Peptide YY (PYY), 2 days before and 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery. RYGB decreased body weight and increased plasma GLP-1 in both SD and ZDF rats while decreasing plasma insulin and glucose in ZDF rats starting from the first week. Compared to SHAM groups, both SD-RYGB and ZDF-RYGB groups started to have increases in plasma total BAs in the second week, which might not contribute to early post-surgery metabolic changes. While there was no significant difference in fecal BA excretion between SD-RYGB and SD-SHAM groups, the ZDF-RYGB group had a transient 4.2-fold increase (P<0.001) in 24-hour fecal BA excretion on post-operative day 3 compared to ZDF-SHAM, which paralleled a significant increase in plasma PYY. Ratios of plasma and fecal cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid derived BAs were decreased in RYGB groups. In addition, tissue mRNA expression analysis suggested early intestinal BA reabsorption and potentially reduced hepatic cholic acid production in RYGB groups. In summary, we present novel data on RYGB-mediated changes in BA metabolism to further understand the role of BAs in RYGB-induced metabolic effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Y Bhutta
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neetu Rajpal
- Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wendy White
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Johannes M. Freudenberg
- Quantitative Sciences Division, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yaping Liu
- Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Way
- Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deepak Rajpal
- Quantitative Sciences Division, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Cooper
- Quantitative Sciences Division, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Young
- Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lihong Chen
- Metabolic Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Vela G, Stark P, Socha M, Sauer AK, Hagmeyer S, Grabrucker AM. Zinc in gut-brain interaction in autism and neurological disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:972791. [PMID: 25878905 PMCID: PMC4386645 DOI: 10.1155/2015/972791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of research indicates that abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) system during development might be a common factor in multiple neurological disorders and might be responsible for some of the shared comorbidities seen among these diseases. For example, many patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have symptoms associated with GI disorders. Maternal zinc status may be an important factor given the multifaceted effect of zinc on gut development and morphology in the offspring. Zinc status influences and is influenced by multiple factors and an interdependence of prenatal and early life stress, immune system abnormalities, impaired GI functions, and zinc deficiency can be hypothesized. In line with this, systemic inflammatory events and prenatal stress have been reported to increase the risk for ASD. Thus, here, we will review the current literature on the role of zinc in gut formation, a possible link between gut and brain development in ASD and other neurological disorders with shared comorbidities, and tie in possible effects on the immune system. Based on these data, we present a novel model outlining how alterations in the maternal zinc status might pathologically impact the offspring leading to impairments in brain functions later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Vela
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA
- Autismo ABP, 64639 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Peter Stark
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA
| | | | - Ann Katrin Sauer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Hagmeyer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Walker EM, Thompson CA, Kohlnhofer BM, Faber ML, Battle MA. Characterization of the developing small intestine in the absence of either GATA4 or GATA6. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:902. [PMID: 25495347 PMCID: PMC4307969 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of adult mice lacking either GATA4 or GATA6 in the small intestine demonstrate roles for these factors in small intestinal biology. Deletion of Gata4 in the adult mouse intestine revealed an essential role for GATA4 in jejunal function. Deletion of Gata6 in the adult mouse ileum alters epithelial cell types and ileal enterocyte gene expression. The effect of deletion of Gata4 or Gata6 alone during embryonic small intestinal development, however, has not been examined. We recently demonstrated that loss of both factors in double conditional knockout embryos causes severe defects in jejunal development. Therefore, the goal of this study is to provide phenotypic analysis of the small intestine of single Gata4 and Gata6 conditional knockout embryos. Results Villin-Cre was used to delete Gata4 or Gata6 in the developing intestinal epithelium. Elimination of either GATA4 or GATA6 in the jejunum, where these factors are co-expressed, caused changes in enterocyte and enteroendocrine cell gene expression. Ectopic expression of markers of the ileal-specific bile acid metabolism pathway was induced in GATA4-deficient jejunum but not in GATA6-deficient jejunum. A subtle increase in goblet cells was also identified in jejunum of both mutants. In GATA6-deficient embryonic ileum, villus length was altered, and enterocyte gene expression was perturbed including ectopic expression of the colon marker Car1. Goblet cells were increased, and enteroendocrine cells were decreased. Conclusions Overall, we show that aspects of the phenotypes observed in the small intestine of adult Gata4 and Gata6 conditional knockout mice emerge during development. The effect of eliminating GATA6 from the developing ileum was greater than that of eliminating either GATA4 or GATA6 from the developing jejunum likely reflecting functional redundancy between these factors in the jejunum. Although GATA4 and GATA6 functions overlap, our data also suggest unique functions for GATA4 and GATA6 within the developing intestine. GATA4 likely operates independently of GATA6 within the jejunum to regulate jejunal versus ileal enterocyte identity and consequently jejunal physiology. GATA6 likely regulates enteroendocrine cell differentiation cell autonomously whereas GATA4 affects this population indirectly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-902) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Güemes M, Garcia AJ, Rigueur D, Runke S, Wang W, Zhao G, Mayorga VH, Atti E, Tetradis S, Péault B, Lyons K, Miranda-Carboni GA, Krum SA. GATA4 is essential for bone mineralization via ERα and TGFβ/BMP pathways. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2676-87. [PMID: 24932701 PMCID: PMC4501475 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass, leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures. GATA4 is a zinc-finger transcription factor that is important in several tissues, such as the heart and intestines, and has recently been shown to be a pioneer factor for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in osteoblast-like cells. Herein, we demonstrate that GATA4 is necessary for estrogen-mediated transcription and estrogen-independent mineralization in vitro. In vivo deletion of GATA4, driven by Cre-recombinase in osteoblasts, results in perinatal lethality, decreased trabecular bone properties, and abnormal bone development. Microarray analysis revealed GATA4 suppression of TGFβ signaling, necessary for osteoblast progenitor maintenance, and concomitant activation of BMP signaling, necessary for mineralization. Indeed, pSMAD1/5/8 signaling, downstream of BMP signaling, is decreased in the trabecular region of conditional knockout femurs, and pSMAD2/3, downstream of TGFβ signaling, is increased in the same region. Together, these experiments demonstrate the necessity of GATA4 in osteoblasts. Understanding the role of GATA4 to regulate the tissue specificity of estrogen-mediated osteoblast gene regulation and estrogen-independent bone differentiation may help to develop therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Güemes
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Walker EM, Thompson CA, Battle MA. GATA4 and GATA6 regulate intestinal epithelial cytodifferentiation during development. Dev Biol 2014; 392:283-94. [PMID: 24929016 PMCID: PMC4149467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium performs vital roles in organ function by absorbing nutrients and providing a protective barrier. The zinc-finger containing transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 regulate enterocyte gene expression and control regional epithelial cell identity in the adult intestinal epithelium. Although GATA4 and GATA6 are expressed in the developing intestine, loss of either factor alone during the period of epithelial morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation fails to disrupt these processes. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that GATA4 and GATA6 function redundantly to control these aspects of intestinal development. We used Villin-Cre, which deletes specifically in the intestinal epithelium during the period of villus development and epithelial cytodifferentiation, to generate Gata4Gata6 double conditional knockout embryos. Mice lacking GATA4 and GATA6 in the intestinal epithelium died within 24h of birth. At E18.5, intestinal villus architecture and epithelial cell populations were altered. Enterocytes were lost, and goblet cells were increased. Proliferation was also increased in GATA4-GATA6 deficient intestinal epithelium. Although villus morphology appeared normal at E16.5, the first time at which both Gata4 and Gata6 were efficiently reduced, changes in expression of markers of enterocytes, goblet cells, and proliferative cells were detected. Moreover, goblet cell number was increased at E16.5. Expression of the Notch ligand Dll1 and the Notch target Olfm4 were reduced in mutant tissue indicating decreased Notch signaling. Finally, we found that GATA4 occupies chromatin near the Dll1 transcription start site suggesting direct regulation of Dll1 by GATA4. We demonstrate that GATA4 and GATA6 play an essential role in maintaining proper intestinal epithelial structure and in regulating intestinal epithelial cytodifferentiation. Our data highlight a novel role for GATA factors in fine tuning Notch signaling during intestinal epithelial development to repress goblet cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cayla A Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Aronson BE, Rabello Aronson S, Berkhout RP, Chavoushi SF, He A, Pu WT, Verzi MP, Krasinski SD. GATA4 represses an ileal program of gene expression in the proximal small intestine by inhibiting the acetylation of histone H3, lysine 27. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1273-82. [PMID: 24878542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GATA4 is expressed in the proximal 85% of small intestine where it promotes a proximal intestinal ('jejunal') identity while repressing a distal intestinal ('ileal') identity, but its molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GATA4 promotes a jejunal versus ileal identity in mouse intestine by directly activating and repressing specific subsets of absorptive enterocyte genes by modulating the acetylation of histone H3, lysine 27 (H3K27), a mark of active chromatin, at sites of GATA4 occupancy. Global analysis of mouse jejunal epithelium showed a statistically significant association of GATA4 occupancy with GATA4-regulated genes. Occupancy was equally distributed between down- and up-regulated targets, and occupancy sites showed a dichotomy of unique motif over-representation at down- versus up-regulated genes. H3K27ac enrichment at GATA4-binding loci that mapped to down-regulated genes (activation targets) was elevated, changed little upon conditional Gata4 deletion, and was similar to control ileum, whereas H3K27ac enrichment at GATA4-binding loci that mapped to up-regulated genes (repression targets) was depleted, increased upon conditional Gata4 deletion, and approached H3K27ac enrichment in wild-type control ileum. These data support the hypothesis that GATA4 both activates and represses intestinal genes, and show that GATA4 represses an ileal program of gene expression in the proximal small intestine by inhibiting the acetylation of H3K27.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Aronson
- Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Rabello Aronson
- Center for Complex Network Research (CCNR), Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R P Berkhout
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S F Chavoushi
- Utrecht University and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - A He
- Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W T Pu
- Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P Verzi
- Division of the Life Sciences, Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - S D Krasinski
- Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Aronson BE, Stapleton KA, Krasinski SD. Role of GATA factors in development, differentiation, and homeostasis of the small intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G474-90. [PMID: 24436352 PMCID: PMC3949026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium develops from embryonic endoderm into a highly specialized layer of cells perfectly suited for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The development, differentiation, and regeneration of the small intestinal epithelium require complex gene regulatory networks involving multiple context-specific transcription factors. The evolutionarily conserved GATA family of transcription factors, well known for its role in hematopoiesis, is essential for the development of endoderm during embryogenesis and the renewal of the differentiated epithelium in the mature gut. We review the role of GATA factors in the evolution and development of endoderm and summarize our current understanding of the function of GATA factors in the mature small intestine. We offer perspective on the application of epigenetics approaches to define the mechanisms underlying context-specific GATA gene regulation during intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz E. Aronson
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,2Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Kelly A. Stapleton
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Stephen D. Krasinski
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,3Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Aronson BE, Stapleton KA, Vissers LATM, Stokhuijzen E, Bruijnzeel H, Krasinski SD. Spdef deletion rescues the crypt cell proliferation defect in conditional Gata6 null mouse small intestine. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:3. [PMID: 24472151 PMCID: PMC3917371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-15-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GATA transcription factors are essential for self-renewal of the small intestinal epithelium. Gata4 is expressed in the proximal 85% of small intestine while Gata6 is expressed throughout the length of small intestine. Deletion of intestinal Gata4 and Gata6 results in an altered proliferation/differentiation phenotype, and an up-regulation of SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef), a transcription factor recently shown to act as a tumor suppressor. The goal of this study is to determine to what extent SPDEF mediates the downstream functions of GATA4/GATA6 in the small intestine. The hypothesis to be tested is that intestinal GATA4/GATA6 functions through SPDEF by repressing Spdef gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we defined the functions most likely regulated by the overlapping GATA6/SPDEF target gene set in mouse intestine, delineated the relationship between GATA6 chromatin occupancy and Spdef gene regulation in Caco-2 cells, and determined the extent to which prevention of Spdef up-regulation by Spdef knockout rescues the GATA6 phenotype in conditional Gata6 knockout mouse ileum. Results Using publicly available profiling data, we found that 83% of GATA6-regulated genes are also regulated by SPDEF, and that proliferation/cancer is the function most likely to be modulated by this overlapping gene set. In human Caco-2 cells, GATA6 knockdown results in an up-regulation of Spdef gene expression, modeling our mouse Gata6 knockout data. GATA6 occupies a genetic locus located 40 kb upstream of the Spdef transcription start site, consistent with direct regulation of Spdef gene expression by GATA6. Prevention of Spdef up-regulation in conditional Gata6 knockout mouse ileum by the additional deletion of Spdef rescued the crypt cell proliferation defect, but had little effect on altered lineage differentiation or absorptive enterocytes gene expression. Conclusion SPDEF is a key, immediate downstream effecter of the crypt cell proliferation function of GATA4/GATA6 in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen D Krasinski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Patankar JV, Sachdev V, Obrowsky S, Levak-Frank S, Kratky D. Intestinal GATA4 deficiency induces proximal fibroblast growth factor 15 expression and represses hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1147-9. [PMID: 23850878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay V Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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