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Singh R, Ha SE, Park HS, Debnath S, Cho H, Baek G, Yu TY, Ro S. Sustained Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutic miR-10a/b in Alleviating Diabetes and Gastrointestinal Dysmotility without Inducing Cancer or Inflammation in Murine Liver and Colon. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2266. [PMID: 38396943 PMCID: PMC10888952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms in diabetes and gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility. Our previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miR-10a-5p mimic and miR-10b-5p mimic (miR-10a/b mimics) in rescuing diabetes and GI dysmotility in murine models of diabetes. In this study, we elucidated the safety profile of a long-term treatment with miR-10a/b mimics in diabetic mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) to induce diabetes and treated by five subcutaneous injections of miR-10a/b mimics for a 5 month period. We examined the long-term effects of the miRNA mimics on diabetes and GI dysmotility, including an assessment of potential risks for cancer and inflammation in the liver and colon using biomarkers. HFHSD-induced diabetic mice subcutaneously injected with miR-10a/b mimics on a monthly basis for 5 consecutive months exhibited a marked reduction in fasting blood glucose levels with restoration of insulin and significant weight loss, improved glucose and insulin intolerance, and restored GI transit time. In addition, the miR-10a/b mimic-treated diabetic mice showed no indication of risk for cancer development or inflammation induction in the liver, colon, and blood for 5 months post-injections. This longitudinal study demonstrates that miR-10a/b mimics, when subcutaneously administered in diabetic mice, effectively alleviate diabetes and GI dysmotility for 5 months with no discernible risk for cancer or inflammation in the liver and colon. The sustained efficacy and favorable safety profiles position miR-10a/b mimics as promising candidates in miRNA-based therapeutics for diabetes and GI dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Han Sung Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Sushmita Debnath
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Hayeong Cho
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Gain Baek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Tae Yang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
- RosVivo Therapeutics, Applied Research Facility, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Sanders KM, Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Ca 2+ dynamics in interstitial cells: foundational mechanisms for the motor patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:329-398. [PMID: 37561138 PMCID: PMC11281822 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract displays multiple motor patterns that move nutrients and wastes through the body. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) provide the forces necessary for GI motility, but interstitial cells, electrically coupled to SMCs, tune SMC excitability, transduce inputs from enteric motor neurons, and generate pacemaker activity that underlies major motor patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. The interstitial cells regulating SMCs are interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α+ cells. Together these cells form the SIP syncytium. ICC and PDGFRα+ cells express signature Ca2+-dependent conductances: ICC express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, that generate inward current, and PDGFRα+ cells express Ca2+-activated K+ channels, encoded by Kcnn3, that generate outward current. The open probabilities of interstitial cell conductances are controlled by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting Ca2+ transients occur spontaneously in a stochastic manner. Ca2+ transients in ICC induce spontaneous transient inward currents and spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs). Neurotransmission increases or decreases Ca2+ transients, and the resulting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses conduct to other cells in the SIP syncytium. In pacemaker ICC, STDs activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx, which initiates a cluster of Ca2+ transients and sustains activation of ANO1 channels and depolarization during slow waves. Regulation of GI motility has traditionally been described as neurogenic and myogenic. Recent advances in understanding Ca2+ handling mechanisms in interstitial cells and how these mechanisms influence motor patterns of the GI tract suggest that the term "myogenic" should be replaced by the term "SIPgenic," as this review discusses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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Sanders KM, Santana LF, Baker SA. Interstitial cells of Cajal - pacemakers of the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37997170 DOI: 10.1113/jp284745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) organs display spontaneous, non-neurogenic electrical, and mechanical rhythmicity that underlies fundamental motility patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. Electrical rhythmicity (aka slow waves) results from pacemaker activity generated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). ICC express a unique set of ionic conductances and Ca2+ handling mechanisms that generate and actively propagate slow waves. GI smooth muscle cells lack these conductances. Slow waves propagate actively within ICC networks and conduct electrotonically to smooth muscle cells via gap junctions. Slow waves depolarize smooth muscle cells and activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (predominantly CaV1.2), causing Ca2+ influx and excitation-contraction coupling. The main conductances responsible for pacemaker activity in ICC are ANO1, a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance, and CaV3.2. The pacemaker cycle, as currently understood, begins with spontaneous, localized Ca2+ release events in ICC that activate spontaneous transient inward currents due to activation of ANO1 channels. Depolarization activates CaV 3.2 channels, causing the upstroke depolarization phase of slow waves. The upstroke is transient and followed by a long-duration plateau phase that can last for several seconds. The plateau phase results from Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release and a temporal cluster of localized Ca2+ transients in ICC that sustains activation of ANO1 channels and clamps membrane potential near the equilibrium potential for Cl- ions. The plateau phase ends, and repolarization occurs, when Ca2+ stores are depleted, Ca2+ release ceases and ANO1 channels deactivate. This review summarizes key mechanisms responsible for electrical rhythmicity in gastrointestinal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Drumm BT, Hannigan KI, Lee JY, Rembetski BE, Baker SA, Koh SD, Cobine CA, Sanders KM. Ca 2+ signalling in interstitial cells of Cajal contributes to generation and maintenance of tone in mouse and monkey lower esophageal sphincters. J Physiol 2022; 600:2613-2636. [PMID: 35229888 DOI: 10.1113/jp282570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) generates contractile tone preventing reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. LES smooth muscle cells (SMCs) display depolarized membrane potentials facilitating activation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) express Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels encoded by Ano1 in mouse and monkey LES. Ca2+ signaling in ICC activates ANO1 currents in ICC. ICC displayed spontaneous Ca2+ transients in mice from multiple firing sites in each cell and no entrainment of Ca2+ firing between sites or between cells. Inhibition of ANO1 channels with a specific antagonist caused hyperpolarization of mouse LES and inhibition of tone in monkey and mouse LES muscles. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for LES tone in which Ca2+ transient activation of ANO1 channels in ICC generates depolarizing inward currents that conduct to SMCs to activate L-type Ca2+ currents, Ca2+ entry and contractile tone. ABSTRACT The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) generates tone and prevents reflux of gastric contents. LES smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are relatively depolarized, facilitating activation of Cav 1.2 channels to sustain contractile tone. We hypothesised that intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM), through activation of Ca2+ -activated-Cl- channels (ANO1), set membrane potentials of SMCs favorable for activation of Cav 1.2 channels. In some gastrointestinal muscles, ANO1 channels in ICC-IM are activated by Ca2+ transients, but no studies have examined Ca2+ dynamics in ICC-IM within the LES. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were used to determine expression of key proteins and genes in ICC-IM and SMCs. These studies revealed that Ano1 and its gene product, ANO1 are expressed in c-Kit+ cells (ICC-IM) in mouse and monkey LES clasp muscles. Ca2+ signaling was imaged in situ, using mice expressing GCaMP6f specifically in ICC (Kit-KI-GCaMP6f). ICC-IM exhibited spontaneous Ca2+ transients from multiple firing sites. Ca2+ transients were abolished by CPA or caffeine but were unaffected by tetracaine or nifedipine. Maintenance of Ca2+ transients depended on Ca2+ influx and store reloading, as Ca2+ transient frequency was reduced in Ca2+ free solution or by Orai antagonist. Spontaneous tone of LES muscles from mouse and monkey was reduced ∼80% either by Ani9, an ANO1 antagonist or by the Cav 1.2 channel antagonist nifedipine. Membrane hyperpolarisation occurred in the presence of Ani9. These data suggest that intracellular Ca2+ activates ANO1 channels in ICC-IM in the LES. Coupling of ICC-IM to SMCs drives depolarization, activation of Cav 1.2 channels, Ca2+ entry and contractile tone. Abstract figure legend Proposed mechanism for generation of contractile tone in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the LES generate spontaneous, stochastic Ca2+ transients via Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Ca2+ transients activate ANO1 Cl- channels causing Cl- efflux (inward current). ANO1 currents have a depolarizing effect on ICC (+++s inside membrane) and this conducts through gap junctions (GJ) to smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Input from thousands of ICC results in depolarized membrane potentials (-40 to -50 mV) which is within the window current range for L-type Ca2+ channels. Activation of these channels causes Ca2+ influx, activation of contractile elements (CE) and development of tonic contraction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.,Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Karen I Hannigan
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Benjamin E Rembetski
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Sanders KM, Baker SA, Drumm BT, Kurahashi M. Ca 2+ Signaling Is the Basis for Pacemaker Activity and Neurotransduction in Interstitial Cells of the GI Tract. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:229-241. [PMID: 36587162 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Years ago gastrointestinal motility was thought to be due to interactions between enteric nerves and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the tunica muscularis. Thus, regulatory mechanisms controlling motility were either myogenic or neurogenic. Now we know that populations of interstitial cells, c-Kit+ (interstitial cells of Cajal or ICC), and PDGFRα+ cells (formerly "fibroblast-like" cells) are electrically coupled to SMCs, forming the SIP syncytium. Pacemaker and neurotransduction functions are provided by interstitial cells through Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activation of Ca2+-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane (PM). ICC express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels encoded by Ano1. When activated, Ano1 channels produce inward current and, therefore, depolarizing or excitatory effects in the SIP syncytium. PDGFRα+ cells express Ca2+-activated K+ channels encoded by Kcnn3. These channels generate outward current when activated and hyperpolarizing or membrane-stabilizing effects in the SIP syncytium. Inputs from enteric and sympathetic neurons regulate Ca2+ transients in ICC and PDGFRα+ cells, and currents activated in these cells conduct to SMCs and regulate contractile behaviors. ICC also serve as pacemakers, generating slow waves that are the electrophysiological basis for gastric peristalsis and intestinal segmentation. Pacemaker types of ICC express voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances that organize Ca2+ transients, and therefore Ano1 channel openings, into clusters that define the amplitude and duration of slow waves. Ca2+ handling mechanisms are at the heart of interstitial cell function, yet little is known about what happens to Ca2+ dynamics in these cells in GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa, Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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Kim HR, Park IS, Park SB, Yang HJ, Jeong DY, Kim SY. Comparison of laxative effects of fermented soybeans ( Cheonggukjang) containing toxins and biogenic amines against loperamide-induced constipation mouse model. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:435-449. [PMID: 35919294 PMCID: PMC9314190 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Rim Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - In-Sun Park
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang 56048, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang 56048, Korea
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Jin B, Ha SE, Wei L, Singh R, Zogg H, Clemmensen B, Heredia DJ, Gould TW, Sanders KM, Ro S. Colonic Motility Is Improved by the Activation of 5-HT 2B Receptors on Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Diabetic Mice. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:608-622.e7. [PMID: 33895170 PMCID: PMC8532042 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Constipation is commonly associated with diabetes. Serotonin (5-HT), produced predominantly by enterochromaffin (EC) cells via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), is a key modulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, the role of serotonergic signaling in constipation associated with diabetes is unknown. METHODS We generated EC cell reporter Tph1-tdTom, EC cell-depleted Tph1-DTA, combined Tph1-tdTom-DTA, and interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-specific Kit-GCaMP6 mice. Male mice and surgically ovariectomized female mice were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet to induce diabetes. The effect of serotonergic signaling on GI motility was studied by examining 5-HT receptor expression in the colon and in vivo GI transit, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), and calcium imaging in mice treated with either a 5-HT2B receptor (HTR2B) antagonist or agonist. RESULTS Colonic transit was delayed in males with diabetes, although colonic Tph1+ cell density and 5-HT levels were increased. Colonic transit was not further reduced in diabetic mice by EC cell depletion. The HTR2B protein, predominantly expressed by colonic ICCs, was markedly decreased in the colonic muscles of males and ovariectomized females with diabetes. Ca2+ activity in colonic ICCs was decreased in diabetic males. Treatment with an HTR2B antagonist impaired CMMCs and colonic motility in healthy males, whereas treatment with an HTR2B agonist improved CMMCs and colonic motility in males with diabetes. Colonic transit in ovariectomized females with diabetes was also improved significantly by the HTR2B agonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS Impaired colonic motility in mice with diabetes was improved by enhancing HTR2B signaling. The HTR2B agonist may provide therapeutic benefits for constipation associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Hannah Zogg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Brooke Clemmensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Dante J Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.
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Yu T, Xie Y, Tang C, Wang Y, Yuan S, Zheng H, Yan W. Dnmt2-null sperm block maternal transmission of a paramutant phenotype†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:603-612. [PMID: 33929014 PMCID: PMC8444667 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Dnmt2-null sperm block the paternal transmission (through sperm) of certain acquired traits, e.g., high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders or white tails due to a Kit paramutation. Here, we report that DNMT2 is also required for the transmission of a Kit paramutant phenotype (white tail tip) through the female germline (i.e., oocytes). Specifically, ablation of Dnmt2 led to aberrant profiles of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and other small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) in sperm, which correlate with altered mRNA transcriptomes in pronuclear zygotes derived from wild-type oocytes carrying the Kit paramutation and a complete blockage of transmission of the paramutant phenotype through oocytes. Together, the present study suggests that both paternal and maternal transmissions of epigenetic phenotypes require intact DNMT2 functions in the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yue Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Shuiqiao Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Huili Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Correspondence: The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson Street, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Tel: 310-781-1399; E-mail:
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Singh R, Ha SE, Wei L, Jin B, Zogg H, Poudrier SM, Jorgensen BG, Park C, Ronkon CF, Bartlett A, Cho S, Morales A, Chung YH, Lee MY, Park JK, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Nguyen L, Sanders KM, Ro S. miR-10b-5p Rescues Diabetes and Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1662-1678.e18. [PMID: 33421511 PMCID: PMC8532043 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and pancreatic β cells require receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) to develop and function properly. Degeneration of ICCs is linked to diabetic gastroparesis. The mechanisms linking diabetes and gastroparesis are unclear, but may involve microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing in KIT+ cells. METHODS We performed miRNA-sequencing analysis from isolated ICCs in diabetic mice and plasma from patients with idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. miR-10b-5p target genes were identified and validated in mouse and human cell lines. For loss-of-function studies, we used KIT+ cell-restricted mir-10b knockout mice and KIT+ cell depletion mice. For gain-of-function studies, a synthetic miR-10b-5p mimic was injected in multiple diabetic mouse models. We compared the efficacy of miR-10b-5p mimic treatment vs antidiabetic and prokinetic medicines. RESULTS miR-10b-5p is highly expressed in ICCs from healthy mice, but drastically depleted in ICCs from diabetic mice. A conditional knockout of mir-10b in KIT+ cells or depletion of KIT+ cells in mice leads to degeneration of β cells and ICCs, resulting in diabetes and gastroparesis. miR-10b-5p targets the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11), which negatively regulates KIT expression. The miR-10b-5p mimic or Klf11 small interfering RNAs injected into mir-10b knockout mice, diet-induced diabetic mice, and TALLYHO polygenic diabetic mice rescue the diabetes and gastroparesis phenotype for an extended period of time. Furthermore, the miR-10b-5p mimic is more effective in improving glucose homoeostasis and gastrointestinal motility compared with common antidiabetic and prokinetic medications. CONCLUSIONS miR-10b-5p is a key regulator in diabetes and gastrointestinal dysmotility via the KLF11-KIT pathway. Restoration of miR-10b-5p may provide therapeutic benefits for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Hannah Zogg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sandra M. Poudrier
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Charles F Ronkon
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Allison Bartlett
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sung Cho
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Addison Morales
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Yu Heon Chung
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA,Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Andrés Gottfried-Blackmore
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada.
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Baker SA, Leigh WA, Del Valle G, De Yturriaga IF, Ward SM, Cobine CA, Drumm BT, Sanders KM. Ca 2+ signaling driving pacemaker activity in submucosal interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine colon. eLife 2021; 10:64099. [PMID: 33399536 PMCID: PMC7806270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate pacemaker activity responsible for phasic contractions in colonic segmentation and peristalsis. ICC along the submucosal border (ICC-SM) contribute to mixing and more complex patterns of colonic motility. We show the complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling in ICC-SM and the relationship between ICC-SM Ca2+ transients and activation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using optogenetic tools. ICC-SM displayed rhythmic firing of Ca2+transients ~ 15 cpm and paced adjacent SMCs. The majority of spontaneous activity occurred in regular Ca2+ transients clusters (CTCs) that propagated through the network. CTCs were organized and dependent upon Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances, L- and T-type Ca2+ channels. Removal of Ca2+ from the external solution abolished CTCs. Ca2+ release mechanisms reduced the duration and amplitude of Ca2+ transients but did not block CTCs. These data reveal how colonic pacemaker ICC-SM exhibit complex Ca2+-firing patterns and drive smooth muscle activity and overall colonic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Wesley A Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Guillermo Del Valle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Inigo F De Yturriaga
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, United States
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11
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Foong D, Zhou J, Zarrouk A, Ho V, O’Connor MD. Understanding the Biology of Human Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Gastrointestinal Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124540. [PMID: 32630607 PMCID: PMC7352366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients worldwide suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders such as gastroparesis. These disorders typically include debilitating symptoms, such as chronic nausea and vomiting. As no cures are currently available, clinical care is limited to symptom management, while the underlying causes of impaired GI motility remain unaddressed. The efficient movement of contents through the GI tract is facilitated by peristalsis. These rhythmic slow waves of GI muscle contraction are mediated by several cell types, including smooth muscle cells, enteric neurons, telocytes, and specialised gut pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). As ICC dysfunction or loss has been implicated in several GI motility disorders, ICC represent a potentially valuable therapeutic target. Due to their availability, murine ICC have been extensively studied at the molecular level using both normal and diseased GI tissue. In contrast, relatively little is known about the biology of human ICC or their involvement in GI disease pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate human gastric tissue as a source of primary human cells with ICC phenotype. Further characterisation of these cells will provide new insights into human GI biology, with the potential for developing novel therapies to address the fundamental causes of GI dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Foong
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
| | - Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
| | - Ali Zarrouk
- Campbelltown Private Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
- Campbelltown Private Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Michael D. O’Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Drumm BT, Rembetski BE, Huynh K, Nizar A, Baker SA, Sanders KM. Excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse colon intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal are due to enhanced Ca 2+ release via M 3 receptor activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10073-10095. [PMID: 32539213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000672r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colonic intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) are associated with cholinergic varicosities, suggesting a role in mediating excitatory neurotransmission. Ca2+ release in ICC-IM activates Ano1, a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance, causing tissue depolarization and increased smooth muscle excitability. We employed Ca2+ imaging of colonic ICC-IM in situ, using mice expressing GCaMP6f in ICC to evaluate ICC-IM responses to excitatory neurotransmission. Expression of muscarinic type 2, 3 (M2 , M3 ), and NK1 receptors were enriched in ICC-IM. NK1 receptor agonists had minimal effects on ICC-IM, whereas neostigmine and carbachol increased Ca2+ transients. These effects were reversed by DAU 5884 (M3 receptor antagonist) but not AF-DX 116 (M2 receptor antagonist). Electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the presence of L-NNA and MRS 2500 enhanced ICC-IM Ca2+ transients. Responses were blocked by atropine or DAU 5884, but not AF-DX 116. ICC-IM responses to EFS were ablated by inhibiting Ca2+ stores with cyclopiazonic acid and reduced by inhibiting Ca2+ influx via Orai channels. Contractions induced by EFS were reduced by an Ano1 channel antagonist, abolished by DAU 5884, and unaffected by AF-DX 116. Colonic ICC-IM receive excitatory inputs from cholinergic neurons via M3 receptor activation. Enhancing ICC-IM Ca2+ release and Ano1 activation contributes to excitatory responses of colonic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Benjamin E Rembetski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kaitlin Huynh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Aqeel Nizar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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13
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Grainger N, Freeman RS, Shonnard CC, Drumm BT, Koh SD, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Identification and classification of interstitial cells in the mouse renal pelvis. J Physiol 2020; 598:3283-3307. [PMID: 32415739 DOI: 10.1113/jp278888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) is a novel biomarker along with smooth myosin heavy chain for the pacemaker cells (previously termed 'atypical' smooth muscle cells) in the murine and cynomolgus monkey pelvis-kidney junction. PDGFRα+ cells present in adventitial and urothelial layers of murine renal pelvis do not express smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC) but are in close apposition to nerve fibres. Most c-Kit+ cells in the renal pelvis are mast cells. Mast cells (CD117+ /CD45+ ) are more abundant in the proximal renal pelvis and pelvis-kidney junction regions whereas c-Kit+ interstitial cells (CD117+ /CD45- ) are found predominantly in the distal renal pelvis and ureteropelvic junction. PDGFRα+ cells are distinct from c-Kit+ interstitial cells. A subset of PDGFRα+ cells express the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel, anoctamin-1, across the entire renal pelvis. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients were observed in c-Kit+ interstitial cells, smMHC+ PDGFRα cells and smMHC- PDGFRα cells using mice expressing genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors. ABSTRACT Rhythmic contractions of the renal pelvis transport urine from the kidneys into the ureter. Specialized pacemaker cells, termed atypical smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), are thought to drive the peristaltic contractions of typical smooth muscle cells (TSMCs) in the renal pelvis. Interstitial cells (ICs) in close proximity to ASMCs and TSMCs have been described, but the role of these cells is poorly understood. The presence and distributions of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α+ (PDGFRα+ ) ICs in the pelvis-kidney junction (PKJ) and distal renal pelvis were evaluated. We found PDGFRα+ ICs in the adventitial layers of the pelvis, the muscle layer of the PKJ and the adventitia of the distal pelvis. PDGFRα+ ICs were distinct from c-Kit+ ICs in the renal pelvis. c-Kit+ ICs are a minor population of ICs in murine renal pelvis. The majority of c-Kit+ cells were mast cells. PDGFRα+ cells in the PKJ co-expressed smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC) and several other smooth muscle gene transcripts, indicating these cells are ASMCs, and PDGFRα is a novel biomarker for ASMCs. PDGFRα+ cells also express Ano1, which encodes a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance that serves as a primary pacemaker conductance in ICs of the GI tract. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients were observed in c-Kit+ ICs, smMHC+ PDGFRα cells and smMHC- PDGFRα cells using genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors. A reporter strain of mice with enhanced green fluorescent protein driven by the endogenous promotor for Pdgfra was shown to be a powerful new tool for isolating and characterizing the phenotype and functions of these cells in the renal pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Grainger
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ryan S Freeman
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Cameron C Shonnard
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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14
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Iino S, Horiguchi K, Horiguchi S. Investigation of Novel c-Kit-expressing Smooth Muscle Cells in Murine Cecum. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2020; 53:11-19. [PMID: 32410749 PMCID: PMC7212203 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal tract musculatures, c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase is specifically expressed in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). ICC are distributed among the smooth muscle cells and are either bipolar or multipolar in shape. Our previous and current study shows that c-Kit-immunopositive smooth muscle cells are present in the murine cecum. Here, we found that c-Kit-expressing smooth muscle cells (named Kit-SM cells) are situated at the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer. These cells showed smooth muscle actin and myosin immunoreactivities and ultrastructural features such as thick and thin filaments and caveolae. Kit-SM cells also expressed TMEM16A and LRIG1, which are known to be expressed in ICC. Although the functional significance of Kit-SM cells has yet to be revealed, these cells can be considered to have proliferation or differentiation potential in the cecal musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Satomi Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences
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15
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Drumm BT, Hwang SJ, Baker SA, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Ca 2+ signalling behaviours of intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine colon. J Physiol 2019; 597:3587-3617. [PMID: 31124144 DOI: 10.1113/jp278036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Colonic intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ transients manifesting as stochastic events from multiple firing sites with propagating Ca2+ waves occasionally observed. Firing of Ca2+ transients in ICC-IM is not coordinated with adjacent ICC-IM in a field of view or even with events from other firing sites within a single cell. Ca2+ transients, through activation of Ano1 channels and generation of inward current, cause net depolarization of colonic muscles. Ca2+ transients in ICC-IM rely on Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via IP3 receptors, spatial amplification from RyRs and ongoing refilling of ER via the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum-Ca2+ -ATPase. ICC-IM are sustained by voltage-independent Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry. Some of the properties of Ca2+ in ICC-IM in the colon are similar to the behaviour of ICC located in the deep muscular plexus region of the small intestine, suggesting there are functional similarities between these classes of ICC. ABSTRACT A component of the SIP syncytium that regulates smooth muscle excitability in the colon is the intramuscular class of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM). All classes of ICC (including ICC-IM) express Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, and rely upon this conductance for physiological functions. Thus, Ca2+ handling in ICC is fundamental to colonic motility. We examined Ca2+ handling mechanisms in ICC-IM of murine proximal colon expressing GCaMP6f in ICC. Several Ca2+ firing sites were detected in each cell. While individual sites displayed rhythmic Ca2+ events, the overall pattern of Ca2+ transients was stochastic. No correlation was found between discrete Ca2+ firing sites in the same cell or in adjacent cells. Ca2+ transients in some cells initiated Ca2+ waves that spread along the cell at ∼100 µm s-1 . Ca2+ transients were caused by release from intracellular stores, but depended strongly on store-operated Ca2+ entry mechanisms. ICC Ca2+ transient firing regulated the resting membrane potential of colonic tissues as a specific Ano1 antagonist hyperpolarized colonic muscles by ∼10 mV. Ca2+ transient firing was independent of membrane potential and not affected by blockade of L- or T-type Ca2+ channels. Mechanisms regulating Ca2+ transients in the proximal colon displayed both similarities to and differences from the intramuscular type of ICC in the small intestine. Similarities and differences in Ca2+ release patterns might determine how ICC respond to neurotransmission in these two regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sung J Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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16
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Breland A, Ha SE, Jorgensen BG, Jin B, Gardner TA, Sanders KM, Ro S. Smooth Muscle Transcriptome Browser: offering genome-wide references and expression profiles of transcripts expressed in intestinal SMC, ICC, and PDGFRα + cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:387. [PMID: 30674925 PMCID: PMC6344548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome data on the quantitative numbers of transcriptional variants expressed in primary cells offer essential clues into specific cellular functions and biological processes. We have previously collected transcriptomes from primary smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and PDGFRα+ cells (fibroblast-like cells) isolated from murine jejunal and colonic smooth muscle and/or mucosal tissues as well as transcriptomes from the associated tissues (jejunal smooth muscle, colonic smooth muscle, and colonic mucosa). In this study, we have built the Smooth Muscle Transcriptome Browser (SMTB), https://med.unr.edu/physio/transcriptome , a web-based, graphical user interface that offers genetic references and expression profiles of all transcripts expressed at both the cellular (SMC, ICC, and PDGFRα+ cells) and tissue level (smooth muscle and mucosal tissue). This browser brings new insights into the cellular and biological functions of the cell types in gastrointestinal smooth muscle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Breland
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Treg A Gardner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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17
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Zhang J, Chen X, Song JL, Qian Y, Yi R, Mu J, Zhao X, Yang Z. Preventive Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC07 on Colitis Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate in Mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU)
- College of Environmental and Quality Inspection, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Dean's Office, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College
| | - Jia-Le Song
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Yu Qian
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
| | - Xin Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU)
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education
| | - Zhennai Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU)
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18
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Sanders KM. Spontaneous Electrical Activity and Rhythmicity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:3-46. [PMID: 31183821 PMCID: PMC7035145 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has multifold tasks of ingesting, processing, and assimilating nutrients and disposing of wastes at appropriate times. These tasks are facilitated by several stereotypical motor patterns that build upon the intrinsic rhythmicity of the smooth muscles that generate phasic contractions in many regions of the gut. Phasic contractions result from a cyclical depolarization/repolarization cycle, known as electrical slow waves, which result from intrinsic pacemaker activity. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and generate and propagate pacemaker activity and slow waves. The mechanism of slow waves is dependent upon specialized conductances expressed by pacemaker ICC. The primary conductances responsible for slow waves in mice are Ano1, Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs), and CaV3.2, T-type, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in ICC appears to be the initiator of pacemaker depolarizations, activation of T-type current provides voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry into ICC, as slow waves propagate through ICC networks, and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and activation of Ano1 in ICC amplifies slow wave depolarizations. Slow waves conduct to coupled SMCs, and depolarization elicited by these events enhances the open-probability of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, promotes Ca2+ entry, and initiates contraction. Phasic contractions timed by the occurrence of slow waves provide the basis for motility patterns such as gastric peristalsis and segmentation. This chapter discusses the properties of ICC and proposed mechanism of electrical rhythmicity in GI muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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19
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Jorgensen BG, Berent RM, Ha SE, Horiguchi K, Sasse KC, Becker LS, Ro S. DNA methylation, through DNMT1, has an essential role in the development of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:474. [PMID: 29700293 PMCID: PMC5920081 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification that can regulate gene expression. Genomic DNA hypomethylation is commonly found in many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Dysregulated gene expression in GI smooth muscle cells (GI-SMCs) can lead to motility disorders. However, the consequences of genomic DNA hypomethylation within GI-SMCs are still elusive. Utilizing a Cre-lox murine model, we have generated SMC-restricted DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) knockout (KO) mice and analyzed the effects of Dnmt1 deficiency. Dnmt1-KO pups are born smaller than their wild-type littermates, have shortened GI tracts, and lose peristaltic movement due to loss of the tunica muscularis in their intestine, causing massive intestinal dilation, and death around postnatal day 21. Within smooth muscle tissue, significant CpG hypomethylation occurs across the genome at promoters, introns, and exons. Additionally, there is a marked loss of differentiated SMC markers (Srf, Myh11, miR-133, miR-143/145), an increase in pro-apoptotic markers (Nr4a1, Gadd45g), loss of cellular connectivity, and an accumulation of coated vesicles within SMC. Interestingly, we observed consistent abnormal expression patterns of enzymes involved in DNA methylation between both Dnmt1-KO mice and diseased human GI tissue. These data demonstrate that DNA hypomethylation in embryonic SMC, via congenital Dnmt1 deficiency, contributes to massive dysregulation of gene expression and is lethal to GI-SMC. These results suggest that Dnmt1 has a necessary role in the embryonic, primary development process of SMC with consistent patterns being found in human GI diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robyn M Berent
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | | | - Laren S Becker
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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20
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Animal models and natural products to investigate in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:833-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Drumm BT, Sung TS, Zheng H, Baker SA, Koh SD, Sanders KM. The effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on Ca 2+ signalling and electrical conductances required for pacemaking in interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse small intestine. Cell Calcium 2018; 72:1-17. [PMID: 29748128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY) are pacemakers that generate and propagate electrical slow waves in gastrointestinal (GI) muscles. Slow waves appear to be generated by the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (Ano1). Conduction of slow waves to smooth muscle cells coordinates rhythmic contractions. Mitochondrial Ca2+ handling is currently thought to be critical for ICC pacemaking. Protonophores, inhibitors of the electron transport chain (FCCP, CCCP or antimycin) or mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchange blockers inhibited slow waves in several GI muscles. Here we utilized Ca2+ imaging of ICC in small intestinal muscles in situ to determine the effects of mitochondrial drugs on Ca2+ transients in ICC. Muscles were obtained from mice expressing a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator (GCaMP3) in ICC. FCCP, CCCP, antimycin, a uniporter blocker, Ru360, and a mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, CGP-37157 inhibited Ca2+ transients in ICC-MY. Effects were not due to depletion of ATP, as oligomycin did not affect Ca2+ transients. Patch-clamp experiments were performed to test the effects of the mitochondrial drugs on key pacemaker conductances, Ano1 and T-type Ca2+ (CaV3.2), in HEK293 cells. Antimycin blocked Ano1 and reduced CaV3.2 currents. CCCP blocked CaV3.2 current but did not affect Ano1 current. Ano1 and Cav3.2 currents were inhibited by CGP-37157. Inhibitory effects of mitochondrial drugs on slow waves and Ca2+ signalling in ICC can be explained by direct antagonism of key pacemaker conductances in ICC that generate and propagate slow waves. A direct obligatory role for mitochondria in pacemaker activity is therefore questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tae S Sung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sang D Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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22
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Zhou J, O'Connor MD, Ho V. The Potential for Gut Organoid Derived Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Replacement Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102059. [PMID: 28954442 PMCID: PMC5666741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective digestion requires propagation of food along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves coordinated waves of peristalsis produced by enteric neural cell types, including different categories of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Impaired food transport along the gastrointestinal tract, either too fast or too slow, causes a range of gut motility disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Notably, loss of ICC has been shown to affect gut motility. Patients that suffer from gut motility disorders regularly experience diarrhoea and/or constipation, insomnia, anxiety, attention lapses, irritability, dizziness, and headaches that greatly affect both physical and mental health. Limited treatment options are available for these patients, due to the scarcity of human gut tissue for research and transplantation. Recent advances in stem cell technology suggest that large amounts of rudimentary, yet functional, human gut tissue can be generated in vitro for research applications. Intriguingly, these stem cell-derived gut organoids appear to contain functional ICC, although their frequency and functional properties are yet to be fully characterised. By reviewing methods of gut organoid generation, together with what is known of the molecular and functional characteristics of ICC, this article highlights short- and long-term goals that need to be overcome in order to develop ICC-based therapies for gut motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Michael D O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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23
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Ha SE, Lee MY, Kurahashi M, Wei L, Jorgensen BG, Park C, Park PJ, Redelman D, Sasse KC, Becker LS, Sanders KM, Ro S. Transcriptome analysis of PDGFRα+ cells identifies T-type Ca2+ channel CACNA1G as a new pathological marker for PDGFRα+ cell hyperplasia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182265. [PMID: 28806761 PMCID: PMC5555714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα)+ cells are distributed into distinct morphological groups within the serosal, muscular, and submucosal layers as well as the myenteric and deep muscular plexi. PDGFRα+ cells directly interact with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tissue. These three cell types, SMC, ICC, and PDGFRα+ cells (SIP cells), form an electrical syncytium, which dynamically regulates gastrointestinal motility. We have previously reported the transcriptomes of SMC and ICC. To complete the SIP cell transcriptome project, we obtained transcriptome data from jejunal and colonic PDGFRα+ cells. The PDGFRα+ cell transcriptome data were added to the Smooth Muscle Genome Browser that we previously built for the genome-scale gene expression data of ICC and SMC. This browser provides a comprehensive reference for all transcripts expressed in SIP cells. By analyzing the transcriptomes, we have identified a unique set of PDGFRα+ cell signature genes, growth factors, transcription factors, epigenetic enzymes/regulators, receptors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and ion channels/transporters. We demonstrated that the low voltage-dependent T-type Ca2+ channel Cacna1g gene was particularly expressed in PDGFRα+ cells in the intestinal serosal layer in mice. Expression of this gene was significantly induced in the hyperplasic PDGFRα+ cells of obstructed small intestine in mice. This gene was also over-expressed in colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease, and diverticulitis in human patients. Taken together, our data suggest that Cacna1g exclusively expressed in serosal PDGFRα+ cells is a new pathological marker for gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Doug Redelman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kent C. Sasse
- Sasse Surgical Associates, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Laren S. Becker
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
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24
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Hayashi Y, Toyomasu Y, Saravanaperumal SA, Bardsley MR, Smestad JA, Lorincz A, Eisenman ST, Cipriani G, Nelson Holte MH, Al Khazal FJ, Syed SA, Gajdos GB, Choi KM, Stoltz GJ, Miller KE, Kendrick ML, Rubin BP, Gibbons SJ, Bharucha AE, Linden DR, Maher LJ, Farrugia G, Ordog T. Hyperglycemia Increases Interstitial Cells of Cajal via MAPK1 and MAPK3 Signaling to ETV1 and KIT, Leading to Rapid Gastric Emptying. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:521-535.e20. [PMID: 28438610 PMCID: PMC5526732 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Depletion of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is common in diabetic gastroparesis. However, in approximately 20% of patients with diabetes, gastric emptying (GE) is accelerated. GE also occurs faster in obese individuals, and is associated with increased blood levels of glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. To understand the fate of ICCs in hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic states characterized by rapid GE, we studied mice with mutation of the leptin receptor (Leprdb/db), which in our colony had accelerated GE. We also investigated hyperglycemia-induced signaling in the ICC lineage and ICC dependence on glucose oxidative metabolism in mice with disruption of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C gene (Sdhc). METHODS Mice were given breath tests to analyze GE of solids. ICCs were studied by flow cytometry, intracellular electrophysiology, isometric contractility measurement, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and metabolite assays; cells and tissues were manipulated pharmacologically and by RNA interference. Viable cell counts, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined by methyltetrazolium, Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, bromodeoxyuridine, and caspase-Glo 3/7 assays. Sdhc was disrupted in 2 different strains of mice via cre recombinase. RESULTS In obese, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic female Leprdb/db mice, GE was accelerated and gastric ICC and phasic cholinergic responses were increased. Female KitK641E/+ mice, which have genetically induced hyperplasia of ICCs, also had accelerated GE. In isolated cells of the ICC lineage and gastric organotypic cultures, hyperglycemia stimulated proliferation by mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)- and MAPK3-dependent stabilization of ets variant 1-a master transcription factor for ICCs-and consequent up-regulation of v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) receptor tyrosine kinase. Opposite changes occurred in mice with disruption of Sdhc. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia increases ICCs via oxidative metabolism-dependent, MAPK1- and MAPK3-mediated stabilization of ets variant 1 and increased expression of KIT, causing rapid GE. Increases in ICCs might contribute to the acceleration in GE observed in some patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yoshitaka Toyomasu
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Siva Arumugam Saravanaperumal
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R. Bardsley
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John A. Smestad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Lorincz
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Fatimah J. Al Khazal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sabriya A. Syed
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gabriella B. Gajdos
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary J. Stoltz
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katie E. Miller
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Cancer Biology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E. Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David R. Linden
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Louis James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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25
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Mahavadi S, Sriwai W, Manion O, Grider JR, Murthy KS. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress mediates upregulation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway and hypercontractility of gastric smooth muscle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178574. [PMID: 28678840 PMCID: PMC5497948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetes-associated motility disorders are multifactorial and attributed to abnormalities in extrinsic and intrinsic innervation, and a decrease in the number of interstitial cells of Cajal, and nNOS expression and activity. Here we studied the effect of hyperglycemia on smooth muscle function. Using smooth muscles from the fundus of ob/ob mice and of wild type (WT) mice treated with 30 mM glucose (HG), we identified the molecular mechanism by which hyperglycemia upregulates RhoA/Rho kinase pathway and muscle contraction. RhoA expression, Rho kinase activity and muscle contraction were increased, while miR-133a expression was decreased in smooth muscle of ob/ob mice and in smooth muscle treated with HG. Intraperitoneal injections of pre-miR-133a decreased RhoA expression in WT mice and reversed the increase in RhoA expression in ob/ob mice. Intraperitoneal injections of antagomiR-133a increased RhoA expression in WT mice and augmented the increase in RhoA expression in ob/ob mice. The effect of pre-miR-133a or antagomiR-133a in vitro in smooth muscle treated with HG was similar to that obtained in vivo, suggesting that the expression of RhoA is negatively regulated by miR-133a and a decrease in miR-133a expression in diabetes causes an increase in RhoA expression. Oxidative stress (levels of reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide, and expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and NADPH oxidase 4) was increased in smooth muscle of ob/ob mice and in HG-treated smooth muscle. Treatment of ob/ob mice with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in vivo or addition of NAC in vitro to HG-treated smooth muscle reversed the effect of glucose on the expression of miR-133a and RhoA, Rho kinase activity and muscle contraction. NAC treatment also reversed the decrease in gastric emptying in ob/ob mice. We conclude that oxidative stress in diabetes causes a decrease in miR-133a expression leading to an increase in RhoA/Rho kinase pathway and muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wimolpak Sriwai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Olivia Manion
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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26
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Drumm BT, Hennig GW, Battersby MJ, Cunningham EK, Sung TS, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Baker SA. Clustering of Ca 2+ transients in interstitial cells of Cajal defines slow wave duration. J Gen Physiol 2017; 149:703-725. [PMID: 28592421 PMCID: PMC5496507 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical slow waves in the small intestine are generated by pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. Drumm et al. record clusters of Ca2+ transients in these cells that are entrained by voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry and which define the duration of the electrical slow waves. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the myenteric plexus region (ICC-MY) of the small intestine are pacemakers that generate rhythmic depolarizations known as slow waves. Slow waves depend on activation of Ca2+-activated Cl− channels (ANO1) in ICC, propagate actively within networks of ICC-MY, and conduct to smooth muscle cells where they generate action potentials and phasic contractions. Thus, mechanisms of Ca2+ regulation in ICC are fundamental to the motor patterns of the bowel. Here, we characterize the nature of Ca2+ transients in ICC-MY within intact muscles, using mice expressing a genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor, GCaMP3, in ICC. Ca2+ transients in ICC-MY display a complex firing pattern caused by localized Ca2+ release events arising from multiple sites in cell somata and processes. Ca2+ transients are clustered within the time course of slow waves but fire asynchronously during these clusters. The durations of Ca2+ transient clusters (CTCs) correspond to slow wave durations (plateau phase). Simultaneous imaging and intracellular electrical recordings revealed that the upstroke depolarization of slow waves precedes clusters of Ca2+ transients. Summation of CTCs results in relatively uniform Ca2+ responses from one slow wave to another. These Ca2+ transients are caused by Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and depend on ryanodine receptors as well as amplification from IP3 receptors. Reduced extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and T-type Ca2+ channel blockers decreased the number of firing sites and firing probability of Ca2+ transients. In summary, the fundamental electrical events of small intestinal muscles generated by ICC-MY depend on asynchronous firing of Ca2+ transients from multiple intracellular release sites. These events are organized into clusters by Ca2+ influx through T-type Ca2+ channels to sustain activation of ANO1 channels and generate the plateau phase of slow waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Matthew J Battersby
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Erin K Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
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27
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Tian J, Li M, Zhao J, Li J, Liu G, Zhen Z, Cao Y, Gregersen H, Tong X. Research on the traditional Chinese medicine treating gastrointestinal motility in diabetic rats by improving biomechanical remodeling and neuroendocrine regulation. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:2219-2230. [PMID: 28559973 PMCID: PMC5446505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that TWA, a Chinese herbal medicine, could significantly improve the symptoms of patients with diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction. However, the specific mechanism of regulating intestinal peristalsis has not been found. This study aimed to discover TWA's therapeutic mechanism for regulating intestinal motility. The intestinal propulsion rate of diabetic rats was significantly increased after treatment with TWA for 8 weeks. Aiming at the mechanical structure, biomechanical testing indicated that TWA can significantly decrease the no-load intestinal wall thickness, cross-sectional area, and angular spread in a zero-stress state. Notably, intestinal stress-strain curve shifted to the right, which indicated TWA can inhibit intestinal hyperplasia and hardening and improve biomechanical remodeling. Further study of the mechanism revealed that TWA significantly inhibited the expression of AGE in the villi, crypt, and muscle and RAGE in crypt and upregulated the expression of nerve regulator (PSD95, C-kit and SCF). Radioimmunoassay showed TWA treatment decreased levels of serum somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Moreover, associations were found between the intestinal propulsion rate with the morphologic and biomechanical remodeling parameters, changes of nerve factors, and endocrine hormones. Morphologic and biomechanical remodeling of the intestinal wall are the pathologic basis of gastrointestinal dysfunction. TWA can benefit intestinal motility by improving biomechanical and morphologic remodeling and by regulating expression of neuroendocrine factors. The results showed that the effect of TWA was dose-dependent, the higher the dose, the greater is the improvement. Thus, traditional Chinese medicine might be a valuable tool for treating diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Junling Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100069, China
| | - Guifang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Zhong Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029, China
| | - Hans Gregersen
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044, China
- GIOME, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong and Prince of Wales HospitalShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
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28
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Lee MY, Ha SE, Park C, Park PJ, Fuchs R, Wei L, Jorgensen BG, Redelman D, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Ro S. Transcriptome of interstitial cells of Cajal reveals unique and selective gene signatures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176031. [PMID: 28426719 PMCID: PMC5398589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-scale data can reveal essential clues into understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms behind specific cellular functions and biological processes. Transcriptomics is a continually growing field of research utilized in biomarker discovery. The transcriptomic profile of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which serve as slow-wave electrical pacemakers for gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle, has yet to be uncovered. Using copGFP-labeled ICC mice and flow cytometry, we isolated ICC populations from the murine small intestine and colon and obtained their transcriptomes. In analyzing the transcriptome, we identified a unique set of ICC-restricted markers including transcription factors, epigenetic enzymes/regulators, growth factors, receptors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and ion channels/transporters. This analysis provides new and unique insights into the cellular and biological functions of ICC in GI physiology. Additionally, we constructed an interactive ICC genome browser (http://med.unr.edu/physio/transcriptome) based on the UCSC genome database. To our knowledge, this is the first online resource that provides a comprehensive library of all known genetic transcripts expressed in primary ICC. Our genome browser offers a new perspective into the alternative expression of genes in ICC and provides a valuable reference for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Doug Redelman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Sanders KM, Kito Y, Hwang SJ, Ward SM. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function by Interstitial Cells. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:316-26. [PMID: 27488743 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells in visceral smooth muscles and provide important regulatory functions. In gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, there are two distinct classes of interstitial cells, c-Kit(+) interstitial cells of Cajal and PDGFRα(+) cells, that regulate motility patterns. Loss of these cells may contribute to symptoms in GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Yoshihiko Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Japan
| | - Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
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30
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Canovas S, Ivanova E, Romar R, García-Martínez S, Soriano-Úbeda C, García-Vázquez FA, Saadeh H, Andrews S, Kelsey G, Coy P. DNA methylation and gene expression changes derived from assisted reproductive technologies can be decreased by reproductive fluids. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28134613 PMCID: PMC5340525 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of children born since the origin of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) exceeds 5 million. The majority seem healthy, but a higher frequency of defects has been reported among ART-conceived infants, suggesting an epigenetic cost. We report the first whole-genome DNA methylation datasets from single pig blastocysts showing differences between in vivo and in vitro produced embryos. Blastocysts were produced in vitro either without (C-IVF) or in the presence of natural reproductive fluids (Natur-IVF). Natur-IVF embryos were of higher quality than C-IVF in terms of cell number and hatching ability. RNA-Seq and DNA methylation analyses showed that Natur-IVF embryos have expression and methylation patterns closer to in vivo blastocysts. Genes involved in reprogramming, imprinting and development were affected by culture, with fewer aberrations in Natur-IVF embryos. Methylation analysis detected methylated changes in C-IVF, but not in Natur-IVF, at genes whose methylation could be critical, such as IGF2R and NNAT. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23670.001 Infertility has become more common in many countries, particularly those where many people delay having children until later in life. To help individuals experiencing infertility conceive a child, scientists have developed treatments called assisted reproductive technologies (or ARTs for short). So far, more than 5 million children have been born with the help of these treatments. Most of the children seem healthy; however, birth defects are more common in ART-conceived babies than those conceived without treatment. The cause of these birth defects is not known, though scientists suspect it may have something to do with techniques used in ART. One possible culprit is the liquid that is used in the laboratory to help the parents’ sperm and egg come together for fertilization. This same liquid is also used to bathe the developing embryo for the first few days after fertilization before it is implanted into its mother’s womb. Some scientists wonder whether adding the fluids normally found in the reproductive tract of their mother to this liquid could reduce defects in children conceived via ART. Now, Canovas et al. have shown that fertilizing and growing pig embryos in liquids supplemented with fluid from the wombs of female pigs results in embryos that are closer to naturally conceived pig embryos than in non-supplemented liquids. In the experiments, naturally conceived embryos were compared to ART embryos exposed to the usual liquids and with ART embryos grown in liquids with fluid collected from the pig’s reproductive tract added. Cutting edge technologies were used to sequence the entire genomes of all of the embryos and compare which genes were active in each case. Canovas et al. also looked at chemical markers on the DNA – called epigenetic changes – that turn on or off the expression of genes without changing the DNA code itself. The analysis showed that ART-conceived embryos grown in the usual liquid had different patterns of gene expression and epigenetic changes compared to naturally conceived embryos. Gene expression and epigenetic changes in the ART embryos grown with the pig reproductive fluid was more similar to the naturally conceived embryos. These findings suggest that abnormal gene expression in the ART-liquid exposed embryos may lead to birth defects, and that using natural reproductive fluids may be safer. To confirm this, scientists will have to implant embryos conceived in these three different conditions into mother pigs and assess the health and gene expression patterns of the resulting piglets. If successful, these new insights might one day lead to improvements in ART techniques used to treat infertility in people. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23670.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Canovas
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Romar
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Soledad García-Martínez
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Soriano-Úbeda
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A García-Vázquez
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
| | - Heba Saadeh
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Coy
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain
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Zhu MH, Sung TS, Kurahashi M, O'Kane LE, O'Driscoll K, Koh SD, Sanders KM. Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) maintains the chloride gradient to sustain pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1037-G1046. [PMID: 27742704 PMCID: PMC5206290 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00277.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate electrical slow waves by coordinated openings of ANO1 channels, a Ca2+-activated Cl- (CaCC) conductance. Efflux of Cl- during slow waves must be significant, as there is high current density during slow-wave currents and slow waves are of sufficient magnitude to depolarize the syncytium of smooth muscle cells and PDGFRα+ cells to which they are electrically coupled. We investigated how the driving force for Cl- current is maintained in ICC. We found robust expression of Slc12a2 (which encodes an Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1) and immunohistochemical confirmation that NKCC1 is expressed in ICC. With the use of the gramicidin permeabilized-patch technique, which is reported to not disturb [Cl-]i, the reversal potential for spontaneous transient inward currents (ESTICs) was -10.5 mV. This value corresponds to the peak of slow waves when they are recorded directly from ICC in situ. Inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide shifted ESTICs to more negative potentials within a few minutes and reduced pacemaker activity. Bumetanide had no direct effects on ANO1 or CaV3.2 channels expressed in HEK293 cells or L-type Ca2+ currents. Reducing extracellular Cl- to 10 mM shifted ESTICs to positive potentials as predicted by the Nernst equation. The relatively rapid shift in ESTICs when NKCC1 was blocked suggests that significant changes in the transmembrane Cl- gradient occur during the slow-wave cycle, possibly within microdomains formed between endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane in ICC. Recovery of Cl- via NKCC1 might have additional consequences on shaping the waveforms of slow waves via Na+ entry into microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lauren E. O'Kane
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Kate O'Driscoll
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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32
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Shokrollahi N, Shahbazzadeh D, Pooshang-Bagheri K, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Behdani M. A Model to Study the Phenotypic Changes of Insect Cell Transfection by Copepod Super Green Fluorescent Protein (cop-GFP) in Baculovirus Expression System. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:182-6. [PMID: 26518237 PMCID: PMC4949983 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Baculovirus expression system is one of the most attractive and powerful eukaryotic expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins. The presence of a biomarker is required to monitor transfection efficiency or protein expression levels in insect cells. Methods: The aim of this study was to construct a baculovirus expression vector encoding a copepod super green fluorescent protein (copGFP). In this light, the resultant vector was constructed and used for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Results: Expression of the copGFP protein in insect cells was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy and Western-blot analysis. Conclusion: The application of copGFP control bacmid can be considered as an appropriate control for insect cell transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shokrollahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Pooshang-Bagheri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Kaji N, Horiguchi K, Iino S, Nakayama S, Ohwada T, Otani Y, Firman, Murata T, Sanders KM, Ozaki H, Hori M. Nitric oxide-induced oxidative stress impairs pacemaker function of murine interstitial cells of Cajal during inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:838-848. [PMID: 27468647 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pacemaker function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is impaired during intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study is to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of ICC dysfunction during inflammatory condition by using intestinal cell clusters. Cell clusters were prepared from smooth muscle layer of murine jejunum and treated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (IFN-γ+LPS) for 24h to induce inflammation. Pacemaker function of ICC was monitored by measuring cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillation in the presence of nifedipine. Treatment with IFN-γ+LPS impaired the pacemaker activity of ICC with increasing mRNA level of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in cell clusters; however, treatment with these cytokines individually had little effect on pacemaker activity of ICC. Treatment with IFN-γ+LPS also induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in smooth muscle cells and resident macrophages, but not in ICC. Pretreatment with NOS inhibitor, L-NAME or iNOS inhibitor, 1400W ameliorated IFN-γ+LPS-induced pacemaker dysfunction of ICC. Pretreatment with guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ did not, but antioxidant, apocynin, to suppress NO-induced oxidative stress, significantly suppressed the impairment of ICC function induced by IFN-γ+LPS. Treatment with IFN-γ+LPS also decreased c-Kit-positive ICC, which was prevented by pretreatment with L-NAME. However, apoptotic ICC were not detected in IFN-γ+LPS-treated clusters, suggesting IFN-γ+LPS stimulation just changed the phenotype of ICC but not induced cell death. Moreover, ultrastructure of ICC was not disturbed by IFN-γ+LPS. In conclusion, ICC dysfunction during inflammation is induced by NO-induced oxidative stress rather than NO/cGMP signaling. NO-induced oxidative stress might be the main factor to induce phenotypic changes of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Firman
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557-0357, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Baker SA, Drumm BT, Saur D, Hennig GW, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Spontaneous Ca(2+) transients in interstitial cells of Cajal located within the deep muscular plexus of the murine small intestine. J Physiol 2016; 594:3317-38. [PMID: 26824875 DOI: 10.1113/jp271699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Interstitial cells of Cajal at the level of the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) in the small intestine generate spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that consist of localized Ca(2+) events and limited propagating Ca(2+) waves. Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP display variable characteristics: from discrete, highly localized Ca(2+) transients to regionalized Ca(2+) waves with variable rates of occurrence, amplitude, duration and spatial spread. Ca(2+) transients fired stochastically, with no cellular or multicellular rhythmic activity being observed. No correlation was found between the firing sites in adjacent cells. Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP are suppressed by the ongoing release of inhibitory neurotransmitter(s). Functional intracellular Ca(2+) stores are essential for spontaneous Ca(2+) transients, and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA) pump is necessary for maintenance of spontaneity. Ca(2+) release mechanisms involve both ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol triphosphate receptors (InsP3 Rs). Release from these channels is interdependent. ICC express transcripts of multiple RyRs and InsP3 Rs, with Itpr1 and Ryr2 subtypes displaying the highest expression. ABSTRACT Interstitial cells of Cajal in the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine (ICC-DMP) are closely associated with varicosities of enteric motor neurons and generate responses contributing to neural regulation of intestinal motility. Responses of ICC-DMP are mediated by activation of Ca(2+) -activated Cl(-) channels; thus, Ca(2+) signalling is central to the behaviours of these cells. Confocal imaging was used to characterize the nature and mechanisms of Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP within intact jejunal muscles expressing a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator (GCaMP3) selectively in ICC. ICC-DMP displayed spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that ranged from discrete, localized events to waves that propagated over variable distances. The occurrence of Ca(2+) transients was highly variable, and it was determined that firing was stochastic in nature. Ca(2+) transients were tabulated in multiple cells within fields of view, and no correlation was found between the events in adjacent cells. TTX (1 μm) significantly increased the occurrence of Ca(2+) transients, suggesting that ICC-DMP contributes to the tonic inhibition conveyed by ongoing activity of inhibitory motor neurons. Ca(2+) transients were minimally affected after 12 min in Ca(2+) free solution, indicating these events do not depend immediately upon Ca(2+) influx. However, inhibitors of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA) pump and blockers of inositol triphosphate receptor (InsP3 R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels blocked ICC Ca(2+) transients. These data suggest an interdependence between RyR and InsP3 R in the generation of Ca(2+) transients. Itpr1 and Ryr2 were the dominant transcripts expressed by ICC. These findings provide the first high-resolution recording of the subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics that control the behaviour of ICC-DMP in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, München, Germany
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Hwang SJ, Basma N, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Effects of new-generation inhibitors of the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 on slow waves in the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1339-49. [PMID: 26774021 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-throughput screening of compound libraries using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors has identified several second-generation. low MW inhibitors of the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 (CaCC/Ano1). Here we have (i) examined the effects of these Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity; (ii) compared the effects of these inhibitors with those of the more classical CaCC inhibitor, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylalanine) benzoate (NPPB); (ii) examined the mode of action of these compounds on the waveform of pacemaker activity; and (iii) compared differences in the sensitivity between gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity to the Ano1 inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using intracellular microelectrode recordings of gastric and intestinal muscle preparations from C57BL/6 mice, the dose-dependent effects of Ano1 inhibitors were examined on spontaneous electrical slow waves. KEY RESULTS The efficacy of second-generation Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity differed significantly. Antral slow waves were more sensitive to these inhibitors than intestinal slow waves. CaCCinh -A01 and benzbromarone were the most potent at inhibiting slow waves in both muscle preparations and more potent than NPPB. Dichlorophene and hexachlorophene were equally potent at inhibiting slow waves. Surprisingly, slow waves were relatively insensitive to T16Ainh -A01 in both preparations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have identified several second-generation Ano1 inhibitors, blocking gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity. Different sensitivities to Ano1 inhibitors between stomach and intestine suggest the possibility of different splice variants in these two organs or the involvement of other conductances in the generation and propagation of pacemaker activity in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Naseer Basma
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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36
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Loss of serum response factor induces microRNA-mediated apoptosis in intestinal smooth muscle cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2011. [PMID: 26633717 PMCID: PMC4720888 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor known to mediate phenotypic plasticity in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Despite the critical role of this protein in mediating intestinal injury response, little is known about the mechanism through which SRF alters SMC behavior. Here, we provide compelling evidence for the involvement of SRF-dependent microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of SMC apoptosis. We generated SMC-restricted Srf inducible knockout (KO) mice and observed both severe degeneration of SMCs and a significant decrease in the expression of apoptosis-associated miRNAs. The absence of these miRNAs was associated with overexpression of apoptotic proteins, and we observed a high level of SMC death and myopathy in the intestinal muscle layers. These data provide a compelling new model that implicates SMC degeneration via anti-apoptotic miRNA deficiency caused by lack of SRF in gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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37
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Park C, Lee MY, Park PJ, Ha SE, Berent RM, Fuchs R, Miano JM, Becker LS, Sanders KM, Ro S. Serum Response Factor Is Essential for Prenatal Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Development and Maintenance of Differentiated Phenotype. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:589-602. [PMID: 26424044 PMCID: PMC4622142 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) characteristically express serum response factor (SRF), which regulates their development. The role of SRF in SMC plasticity in the pathophysiological conditions of gastrointestinal (GI) tract is less characterized. Methods We generated SMC-specific Srf knockout mice and characterized the prenatally lethal phenotype using ultrasound biomicroscopy and histological analysis. We used small bowel partial obstruction surgeries and primary cell culture using cell-specific enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mouse lines to study phenotypic and molecular changes of SMCs by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally we examined SRF change in human rectal prolapse tissue by immunofluorescence. Results Congenital SMC-specific Srf knockout mice died before birth and displayed severe GI and cardiac defects. Partial obstruction resulted in an overall increase in SRF protein expression. However, individual SMCs appeared to gradually lose SRF in the hypertrophic muscle. Cells expressing low levels of SRF also expressed low levels of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRαlow) and Ki67. SMCs grown in culture recaptured the phenotypic switch from differentiated SMCs to proliferative PDGFRαlow cells. The immediate and dramatic reduction of Srf and Myh11 mRNA expression confirmed the phenotypic change. Human rectal prolapse tissue also demonstrated significant loss of SRF expression. Conclusions SRF expression in SMCs is essential for prenatal development of the GI tract and heart. Following partial obstruction, SMCs down-regulate SRF to transition into proliferative PDGFRαlow cells that may represent a phenotype responsible for their plasticity. These findings demonstrate that SRF also plays a critical role in the remodeling process following GI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Paul J Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Robyn M Berent
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laren S Becker
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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38
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Lee MY, Park C, Berent RM, Park PJ, Fuchs R, Syn H, Chin A, Townsend J, Benson CC, Redelman D, Shen TW, Park JK, Miano JM, Sanders KM, Ro S. Smooth Muscle Cell Genome Browser: Enabling the Identification of Novel Serum Response Factor Target Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133751. [PMID: 26241044 PMCID: PMC4524680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale expression data on the absolute numbers of gene isoforms offers essential clues in cellular functions and biological processes. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) perform a unique contractile function through expression of specific genes controlled by serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor that binds to DNA sites known as the CArG boxes. To identify SRF-regulated genes specifically expressed in SMCs, we isolated SMC populations from mouse small intestine and colon, obtained their transcriptomes, and constructed an interactive SMC genome and CArGome browser. To our knowledge, this is the first online resource that provides a comprehensive library of all genetic transcripts expressed in primary SMCs. The browser also serves as the first genome-wide map of SRF binding sites. The browser analysis revealed novel SMC-specific transcriptional variants and SRF target genes, which provided new and unique insights into the cellular and biological functions of the cells in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. The SRF target genes in SMCs, which were discovered in silico, were confirmed by proteomic analysis of SMC-specific Srf knockout mice. Our genome browser offers a new perspective into the alternative expression of genes in the context of SRF binding sites in SMCs and provides a valuable reference for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Robyn M. Berent
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Hannah Syn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Albert Chin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jared Townsend
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Craig C. Benson
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Doug Redelman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Tsai-wei Shen
- LC Sciences, 2575 West Bellfort Street Suite 270, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jong Kun Park
- Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hayashi Y, Bardsley MR, Toyomasu Y, Milosavljevic S, Gajdos GB, Choi KM, Reid-Lombardo KM, Kendrick ML, Bingener-Casey J, Tang CM, Sicklick JK, Gibbons SJ, Farrugia G, Taguchi T, Gupta A, Rubin BP, Fletcher JA, Ramachandran A, Ordog T. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-α Regulates Proliferation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells With Mutations in KIT by Stabilizing ETV1. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:420-32.e16. [PMID: 25865047 PMCID: PMC4516576 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In gastrointestinal muscles, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) is predominantly expressed by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA) polypeptide is expressed by so-called fibroblast-like cells. KIT and PDGFRA have been reported to be coexpressed in ICC precursors and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), which originate from the ICC lineage. PDGFRA signaling has been proposed to stimulate growth of GISTs that express mutant KIT, but the effects and mechanisms of selective blockade of PDGFRA are unclear. We investigated whether inhibiting PDGFRA could reduce proliferation of GIST cells with mutant KIT via effects on the KIT-dependent transcription factor ETV1. METHODS We studied 53 gastric, small intestinal, rectal, or abdominal GISTs collected immediately after surgery or archived as fixed blocks at the Mayo Clinic and University of California, San Diego. In human GIST cells carrying imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant mutations in KIT, PDGFRA was reduced by RNA interference (knockdown) or inhibited with crenolanib besylate (a selective inhibitor of PDGFRA and PDGFRB). Mouse ICC precursors were retrovirally transduced to overexpress wild-type Kit. Cell proliferation was analyzed by methyltetrazolium, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, and Ki-67 immunofluorescence assays; we also analyzed growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Gastric ICC and ICC precursors, and their PDGFRA(+) subsets, were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in wild-type, Kit(+/copGFP), Pdgfra(+/eGFP), and NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Immunoblots were used to quantify protein expression and phosphorylation. RESULTS KIT and PDGFRA were coexpressed in 3%-5% of mouse ICC, 35%-44% of ICC precursors, and most human GIST samples and cell lines. PDGFRA knockdown or inhibition with crenolanib efficiently reduced proliferation of imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant KIT(+)ETV1(+)PDGFRA(+) GIST cells (50% maximal inhibitory concentration = 5-32 nM), but not of cells lacking KIT, ETV1, or PDGFRA (50% maximal inhibitory concentration >230 nM). Crenolanib inhibited phosphorylation of PDGFRA and PDGFRB, but not KIT. However, Kit overexpression sensitized mouse ICC precursors to crenolanib. ETV1 knockdown reduced KIT expression and GIST proliferation. Crenolanib down-regulated ETV1 by inhibiting extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent stabilization of ETV1 protein and also reduced expression of KIT and PDGFRA. CONCLUSIONS In KIT-mutant GIST, inhibition of PDGFRA disrupts a KIT-ERK-ETV1-KIT signaling loop by inhibiting ERK activation. The PDGFRA inhibitor crenolanib might be used to treat patients with imatinib-resistant, KIT-mutant GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R. Bardsley
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yoshitaka Toyomasu
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Srdjan Milosavljevic
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gabriella B. Gajdos
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Division of Human Health and Medical Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Anu Gupta
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Zhu J, Wu Y, Guo Y, Tang Q, Lu T, Cai W, Huang H. Choline Alleviates Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Duodenal Motility Disorder in Infant Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:995-1005. [PMID: 25904588 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115583674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) has been found to influence duodenal motility in animals. Choline is an essential nutrient, and its deficiency is related to PN-associated organ diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the role of choline supplementation in an infant rat model of PN-associated duodenal motility disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed chow and water (controls), PN solution (PN), or PN plus intravenous choline (600 mg/kg) (PN + choline). Rats underwent jugular vein cannulation for infusion of PN solution or 0.9% saline (controls) for 7 days. Duodenal oxidative stress status, concentrations of plasma choline, phosphocholine, and betaine and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assayed. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of c-Kit proto-oncogene protein (c-Kit) and membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) together with the electrophysiological features of slow waves in the duodenum were also evaluated. RESULTS Rats on PN showed increased reactive oxygen species; decreased total antioxidant capacity in the duodenum; reduced plasma choline, phosphocholine, and betaine; and enhanced serum TNF-α concentrations, which were reversed by choline intervention. In addition, PN reduced mRNA and protein expression of mSCF and c-Kit, which were inversed under choline administration. Moreover, choline attenuated depolarized resting membrane potential and declined the frequency and amplitude of slow waves in duodenal smooth muscles of infant rats induced by PN, respectively. CONCLUSION The addition of choline to PN may alleviate the progression of duodenal motor disorder through protecting smooth muscle cells from injury, promoting mSCF/c-Kit signaling, and attenuating impairment of interstitial cells of Cajal in the duodenum during PN feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggao Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingya Tang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
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Yuan S, Oliver D, Schuster A, Zheng H, Yan W. Breeding scheme and maternal small RNAs affect the efficiency of transgenerational inheritance of a paramutation in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9266. [PMID: 25783852 PMCID: PMC4363887 DOI: 10.1038/srep09266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramutations result from interactions between two alleles at a single locus, whereby one induces a heritable change in the other. Although common in plants, paramutations are rarely studied in animals. Here, we report a new paramutation mouse model, in which the paramutant allele was induced by an insertional mutation and displayed the "white-tail-tip" (WTT) phenotype. The paramutation phenotype could be transmitted across multiple generations, and the breeding scheme (intercrossing vs. outcrossing) drastically affected the transmission efficiency. Paternal (i.e., sperm-borne) RNAs isolated from paramutant mice could induce the paramutation phenotype, which, however, failed to be transmitted to subsequent generations. Maternal miRNAs and piRNAs appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the efficiency of germline transmission of the paramutation. This paramutation mouse model represents an important tool for dissecting the underlying mechanism, which should be applicable to the phenomenon of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance (ETI) in general. Mechanistic insights of ETI will help us understand how organisms establish new heritable epigenetic states during development, or in times of environmental or nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqiao Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Daniel Oliver
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Andrew Schuster
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Huili Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Molkentin JD. Letter by Molkentin regarding article, "The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: the pitfalls of Cre Knock-Ins in the c-Kit Locus". Circ Res 2014; 115:e21-3. [PMID: 25258403 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, OH
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Cobine CA, Sotherton AG, Peri LE, Sanders KM, Ward SM, Keef KD. Nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in the mouse internal anal sphincter is accomplished by multiple pathways and postjunctional effector cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1057-72. [PMID: 25301187 PMCID: PMC4254957 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00331.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effector cells and second messengers participating in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission (NMT) were investigated in the mouse internal anal sphincter (IAS). Protein expression of guanylate cyclase (GCα, GCβ) and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) were examined in cryostat sections with dual-labeling immunohistochemical techniques in PDGFRα(+) cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Gene expression levels were determined with quantitative PCR of dispersed cells from Pdgfrα(egfp/+), Kit(copGFP/+), and smMHC(Cre-egfp) mice sorted with FACS. The relative gene and protein expression levels of GCα and GCβ were PDGFRα(+) cells > ICC ≫ SMC. In contrast, cGKI gene expression sequence was SMC = ICC > PDGFRα(+) cells whereas cGKI protein expression sequence was neurons > SMC ≫ ICC = PDGFRα(+) cells. The functional role of cGKI was investigated in cGKI(-/-) mice. Relaxation with 8-bromo (8-Br)-cGMP was greatly reduced in cGKI(-/-) mice whereas responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were partially reduced and forskolin responses were unchanged. A nitrergic relaxation occurred with nerve stimulation (NS, 5 Hz, 60 s) in cGKI(+/+) and cGKI(-/-) mice although there was a small reduction in the cGKI(-/-) mouse. N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) abolished responses during the first 20-30 s of NS in both animals. The GC inhibitor ODQ greatly reduced or abolished SNP and nitrergic NS responses in both animals. These data confirm an essential role for GC in NO-induced relaxation in the IAS. However, the expression of GC and cGKI by all three cell types suggests that each may participate in coordinating muscular responses to NO. The persistence of nitrergic NMT in the cGKI(-/-) mouse suggests the presence of a significant GC-dependent, cGKI-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Cobine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - A. G. Sotherton
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - L. E. Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - K. M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - S. M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - K. D. Keef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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Tan YY, Ji ZL, Zhao G, Jiang JR, Wang D, Wang JM. Decreased SCF/c-kit signaling pathway contributes to loss of interstitial cells of Cajal in gallstone disease. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4099-4106. [PMID: 25550919 PMCID: PMC4276177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystolithiasis is a common disease, and gallbladder dysmotility is considered as a pivotal pathogenesis. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) serve as pacemakers and mediators of neuromuscular transmission for gastrointestinal motility. Reduction of ICCs has been reported in gallstone diseases. However, there are no reasonable mechanisms for the cholecystolithiasis-associated loss of ICCs in humans. Stem cell factor (SCF) and its ligand c-kit are essential for normal development and survival of ICCs. To date, little is known about the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway in gallstone diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway in the loss of ICCs in cholecystolithiasis. Data from 18 patients with gallstones and 14 individuals without gallstones were compared. The gallbladder contractility was assessed by measuring the gallbladder ejection fraction (GEF) ultrasonographically. Tissues samples were obtained during surgery, changes of ICC quantities were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the mRNA and protein expression of SCF and c-kit were detected by Real-Time PCR and Western-blot analysis. Compared with the controls, the GEF was significantly reduced in the gallstone group, and decreased number of ICCs was present obviously in the gallstone group. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of SCF and c-kit were significantly attenuated in the gallstone group. These data indicate that gallbladder motility may be affected by reduction of ICCs in gallstone disease. Additionally, the decreased of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway play an important role in the loss of ICCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, College of Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, College of Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, College of Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Rui Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, College of Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, College of Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Sanders KM, Ward SM, Koh SD. Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:859-907. [PMID: 24987007 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscles are complex tissues containing a variety of cells in addition to muscle cells. Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin interact with and form electrical connectivity with smooth muscle cells in many organs, and these cells provide important regulatory functions. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα(+) cells have been described, in detail, and represent distinct classes of cells with unique ultrastructure, molecular phenotypes, and functions. Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled to ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells, forming an integrated unit called the SIP syncytium. SIP cells express a variety of receptors and ion channels, and conductance changes in any type of SIP cell affect the excitability and responses of the syncytium. SIP cells are known to provide pacemaker activity, propagation pathways for slow waves, transduction of inputs from motor neurons, and mechanosensitivity. Loss of interstitial cells has been associated with motor disorders of the gut. Interstitial cells are also found in a variety of other smooth muscles; however, in most cases, the physiological and pathophysiological roles for these cells have not been clearly defined. This review describes structural, functional, and molecular features of interstitial cells and discusses their contributions in determining the behaviors of smooth muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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McCann CJ, Hwang SJ, Hennig GW, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Bone Marrow Derived Kit-positive Cells Colonize the Gut but Fail to Restore Pacemaker Function in Intestines Lacking Interstitial Cells of Cajal. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:326-37. [PMID: 24847840 PMCID: PMC4102151 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Several motility disorders are associated with disruption of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which provide important functions, such as pacemaker activity, mediation of neural inputs and responses to stretch in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Restoration of ICC networks may be therapeutic for GI motor disorders. Recent reports have suggested that Kit+ cells can be restored to the GI tract via bone marrow (BM) transplantation. We tested whether BM derived cells can lead to generation of functional activity in intestines naturally lacking ICC. Methods BM cells from Kit+/copGFP mice, in which ICC are labeled with a green fluorescent protein, were transplanted into W/WV intestines, lacking ICC. After 12 weeks the presence of ICC was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and functional analysis of electrical behavior and contractile properties. Results After 12 weeks copGFP+ BM derived cells were found within the myenteric region of intestines from W/WV mice, typically populated by ICC. Kit+ cells failed to develop interconnections typical of ICC in the myenteric plexus. The presence of Kit+ cells was verified with Western analysis. BM cells failed to populate the region of the deep muscular plexus where normal ICC density, associated with the deep muscular plexus, is found in W/WV mice. Engraftment of Kit+-BM cells resulted in the development of unitary potentials in transplanted muscles, but slow wave activity failed to develop. Motility analysis showed that intestinal movements in transplanted animals were abnormal and similar to untransplanted W/WV intestines. Conclusions BM derived Kit+ cells colonized the gut after BM transplantation, however these cells failed to develop the morphology and function of mature ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J McCann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; University College London Institute of Child Health, Birth Defects Research Center, Neural Development Unit, London, UK
| | - Sung-Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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van Berlo JH, Kanisicak O, Maillet M, Vagnozzi RJ, Karch J, Lin SCJ, Middleton RC, Marbán E, Molkentin JD. c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart. Nature 2014; 509:337-41. [PMID: 24805242 PMCID: PMC4127035 DOI: 10.1038/nature13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
If and how the heart regenerates after an injury event is highly debated. c-kit-expressing cardiac progenitor cells have been reported as the primary source for generation of new myocardium after injury. Here we generated two genetic approaches in mice to examine if endogenous c-kit+ cells contribute differentiated cardiomyocytes to the heart during development, with aging or after injury in adulthood. A cDNA encoding either Cre recombinase or a tamoxifen inducible MerCreMer chimeric protein was targeted to the Kit locus in mice and then bred with reporter lines to permanently mark cell lineage. Endogenous c-kit+ cells did produce new cardiomyocytes within the heart, although at a percentage of ≈0.03% or less, and if a preponderance towards cellular fusion is considered, the percentage falls below ≈0.008%. In contrast, c-kit+ cells amply generated cardiac endothelial cells. Thus, endogenous c-kit+ cells can generate cardiomyocytes within the heart, although likely at a functionally insignificant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop H van Berlo
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2] Department of Medicine, division of Cardiology, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [3]
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2]
| | - Marjorie Maillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Suh-Chin J Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Ryan C Middleton
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Abstract
The colon serves as the habitat for trillions of microbes, which it must maintain, regulate, and sequester. This is managed by what is termed the mucosal barrier. The mucosal barrier separates the gut flora from the host tissues; regulates the absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins; and facilitates host-flora interactions. Colonic homeostasis depends on a complex interaction between the microflora and the mucosal epithelium, immune system, vasculature, stroma, and nervous system. Disruptions in the colonic microenvironment such as changes in microbial composition, epithelial cell function/proliferation/differentiation, mucus production/makeup, immune function, diet, motility, or blood flow may have substantial local and systemic consequences. Understanding the complex activities of the colon in health and disease is important in drug development, as xenobiotics can impact all segments of the colon. Direct and indirect effects of pharmaceuticals on intestinal function can produce adverse findings in laboratory animals and humans and can negatively impact drug development. This review will discuss normal colon homeostasis with examples, where applicable, of xenobiotics that disrupt normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Sellers
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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McCann CJ, Hwang SJ, Bayguinov Y, Colletti EJ, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Establishment of pacemaker activity in tissues allotransplanted with interstitial cells of Cajal. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e418-28. [PMID: 23638836 PMCID: PMC3704156 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss or disruption of Kit(+) -interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) capable of generating pacemaker activity has been implicated in the development of numerous gastrointestinal motility disorders. We sought to develop a model where ICC could be allotransplanted into intestines naturally devoid of these cells. METHODS Enzymatically dispersed cells from the intestinal tunica muscularis of Kit(+/copGFP) and Kit(V558Δ) /+ gain-of-function mice were allotransplanted into myenteric plexus regions of W/W(V) mutant intestines that lack ICC at the level of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY) and pacemaker activity. Immunohistochemical analysis fate mapped the development of ICC-MY networks and intracellular microelectrode recordings provided evidence for the development of functional pacemaker activity. KEY RESULTS Kit(+) -ICC developed into distinct networks at the level of the myenteric plexus in organotypic cultures over 28 days and displayed robust rhythmic pacemaker activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study demonstrates the feasibility of allotransplantation of ICC into the myenteric region of the small intestine and the establishment of functional pacemaker activity into tissues normally devoid of ICC-MY and slow waves, thus providing a possible basis for the therapeutic treatment of patients where ICC networks have been disrupted due to a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. McCann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. J. Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - Y. Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - E. J. Colletti
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - K. M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
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Sanders KM, Koh SD, Ro S, Ward SM. Regulation of gastrointestinal motility--insights from smooth muscle biology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:633-45. [PMID: 22965426 PMCID: PMC4793911 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility results from coordinated contractions of the tunica muscularis, the muscular layers of the alimentary canal. Throughout most of the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscles are organized into two layers of circularly or longitudinally oriented muscle bundles. Smooth muscle cells form electrical and mechanical junctions between cells that facilitate coordination of contractions. Excitation-contraction coupling occurs by Ca(2+) entry via ion channels in the plasma membrane, leading to a rise in intracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase; subsequent phosphorylation of myosin initiates cross-bridge cycling. Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin to relax muscles, and a process known as Ca(2+) sensitization regulates the activity of the phosphatase. Gastrointestinal smooth muscles are 'autonomous' and generate spontaneous electrical activity (slow waves) that does not depend upon input from nerves. Intrinsic pacemaker activity comes from interstitial cells of Cajal, which are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells. Patterns of contractile activity in gastrointestinal muscles are determined by inputs from enteric motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells. Here we provide an overview of the cells and mechanisms that generate smooth muscle contractile behaviour and gastrointestinal motility.
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