1
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Shao L, Yang M, Sun T, Xia H, Du D, Li X, Jie Z. Role of solute carrier transporters in regulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350385. [PMID: 38073515 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate diverse physiological functions and maintain cellular metabolite homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of SLCs in immune processes. Notably, upon activation, immune cells undergo rapid and robust metabolic reprogramming, largely dependent on SLCs to modulate diverse immunological responses. In this review, we explore the central roles of SLC proteins and their transported substrates in shaping DC functions. We provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies on amino acid transporters, metal ion transporters, and glucose transporters, emphasizing their essential contributions to DC homeostasis under varying pathological conditions. Finally, we propose potential strategies for targeting SLCs in DCs to bolster immunotherapy for a spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxin Yang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haotang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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2
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Chiu TY, Lazar DC, Wang WW, Wozniak JM, Jadhav AM, Li W, Gazaniga N, Theofilopoulos AN, Teijaro JR, Parker CG. Chemoproteomic development of SLC15A4 inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-023-01527-8. [PMID: 38191941 PMCID: PMC11228132 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
SLC15A4 is an endolysosome-resident transporter linked with autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Specifically, SLC15A4 is critical for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7-9 as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) signaling in several immune cell subsets. Notably, SLC15A4 is essential for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus in murine models and is associated with autoimmune conditions in humans. Despite its therapeutic potential, the availability of quality chemical probes targeting SLC15A4 functions is limited. In this study, we used an integrated chemical proteomics approach to develop a suite of chemical tools, including first-in-class functional inhibitors, for SLC15A4. We demonstrate that these inhibitors suppress SLC15A4-mediated endolysosomal TLR and NOD functions in a variety of human and mouse immune cells; we provide evidence of their ability to suppress inflammation in vivo and in clinical settings; and we provide insights into their mechanism of action. Our findings establish SLC15A4 as a druggable target for the treatment of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley W Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Appaso M Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathalia Gazaniga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Dong M, Li P, Luo J, Chen B, Jiang H. Oligopeptide/Histidine Transporter PHT1 and PHT2 - Function, Regulation, and Pathophysiological Implications Specifically in Immunoregulation. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2585-2596. [PMID: 37610621 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The oligopeptide/histidine transporters PHT1 and PHT2, two mammalian solute carrier family 15A proteins, mediate the transmembrane transport of histidine and some di/tripeptides via proton gradient. PHT1 and PHT2 are distributed in a variety of tissues but are preferentially expressed in immune cells and localize to the lysosome-related organelles. Studies have reported the relationships between PHT1/PHT2 and immune diseases. PHT1 and PHT2 participate in the regulation of lysosomal homeostasis and lysosome-associated signaling pathways through their transport and nontransport functions, playing important roles in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize recent research on PHT1 and PHT2, aiming to provide reference for their further biological research and as targets for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlei Dong
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binxin Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Xiang J, Keep RF. Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transport (Slc15) in the Brain: Past and Future Research. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2533-2540. [PMID: 37308743 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review describes the role of the solute carrier (SLC)15 family of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) and particularly Pept2 (Slc15A2) and PhT1 (Slc15A4) in the brain. That family transports endogenous di- and tripeptides and peptidomimetics but also a number of drugs. The review focuses on the pioneering work of David E. Smith in the field in identifying the impact of PepT2 at the choroid plexus (the blood-CSF barrier) as well as PepT2 and PhT1 in brain parenchymal cells. It also discusses recent findings and future directions in relation to brain POTs including cellular and subcellular localization, regulatory pathways, transporter structure, species differences and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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5
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Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA. The resolution of phagosomes. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:45-64. [PMID: 37551912 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental immunobiological process responsible for the removal of harmful particulates. While the number of phagocytic events achieved by a single phagocyte can be remarkable, exceeding hundreds per day, the same phagocytic cells are relatively long-lived. It should therefore be obvious that phagocytic meals must be resolved in order to maintain the responsiveness of the phagocyte and to avoid storage defects. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resolution process, including solute transport pathways and membrane traffic. We describe how products liberated in phagolysosomes support phagocyte metabolism and the immune response. We also speculate on mechanisms involved in the redistribution of phagosomal metabolites back to circulation. Finally, we highlight the pathologies owed to impaired phagosome resolution, which range from storage disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Kobayashi T, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Metabolic control from the endolysosome: lysosome-resident amino acid transporters open novel therapeutic possibilities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243104. [PMID: 37781390 PMCID: PMC10540624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are generally recognized as machinery that transport amino acids from the extracellular environment into the cytoplasm. Although their primary function is the uptake of amino acids to supply the cell with nutrients and energy, endolysosome-resident amino acid (EL-aa) transporters possess several unique functions in accordance with their localization in intracellular vesicular membranes. They play pivotal roles in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis via direct involvement in the amino acid sensing pathway, which regulates the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Additionally, some EL-aa transporters contribute to the maintenance of dynamic homeostasis of endolysosomes, including the regulation of endolysosomal acidity, by carrying amino acids out of endolysosomes. In addition, EL-aa transporters act as a scaffold to gather signaling molecules and multiple enzymes to control cellular metabolism on the endolysosomal membrane. Among EL-aa transporters, solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) is preferentially expressed in immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, and plays a key role in the integration of metabolic and inflammatory signals. In this review, we summarize our recent findings on EL-aa transporter contributions to inflammatory and metabolic signaling in the endolysosomes of immune cells by focusing on the SLC15 family, including SLC15A4 and SLC15A3, and discuss their uniqueness and universality. We also discuss the potential of targeting these EL-aa transporters in immune cells for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases. Because these transporters are highly expressed in immune cells and significantly alter the functions of immune cells, targeting them would provide a great advantage in ensuring a wide safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Division of Human Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Custódio TF, Killer M, Yu D, Puente V, Teufel DP, Pautsch A, Schnapp G, Grundl M, Kosinski J, Löw C. Molecular basis of TASL recruitment by the peptide/histidine transporter 1, PHT1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5696. [PMID: 37709742 PMCID: PMC10502012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PHT1 is a histidine /oligopeptide transporter with an essential role in Toll-like receptor innate immune responses. It can act as a receptor by recruiting the adaptor protein TASL which leads to type I interferon production via IRF5. Persistent stimulation of this signalling pathway is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Understanding how PHT1 recruits TASL at the molecular level, is therefore clinically important for the development of therapeutics against SLE and other autoimmune diseases. Here we present the Cryo-EM structure of PHT1 stabilized in the outward-open conformation. By combining biochemical and structural modeling techniques we propose a model of the PHT1-TASL complex, in which the first 16 N-terminal TASL residues fold into a helical structure that bind in the central cavity of the inward-open conformation of PHT1. This work provides critical insights into the molecular basis of PHT1/TASL mediated type I interferon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F Custódio
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxime Killer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL, and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dingquan Yu
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL, and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginia Puente
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P Teufel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Alexander Pautsch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Marc Grundl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jan Kosinski
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Zhang H, Bernaleau L, Delacrétaz M, Hasanovic E, Drobek A, Eibel H, Rebsamen M. SLC15A4 controls endolysosomal TLR7-9 responses by recruiting the innate immune adaptor TASL. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112916. [PMID: 37527038 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolysosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in immune responses to pathogens, while aberrant activation of these pathways is associated with autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The endolysosomal solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) is required for TLR7/8/9-induced responses and disease development in SLE models. SLC15A4 has been proposed to affect TLR7-9 activation through its transport activity, as well as by assembling an IRF5-activating complex with TASL, but the relative contribution of these functions remains unclear. Here, we show that the essential role of SLC15A4 is to recruit TASL to endolysosomes, while its transport activity is dispensable when TASL is tethered to this compartment. Endolysosomal-localized TASL rescues TLR7-9-induced IRF5 activation as well as interferon β and cytokine production in SLC15A4-deficient cells. SLC15A4 acts as signaling scaffold, and this function is essential to control TLR7-9-mediated inflammatory responses. These findings support targeting the SLC15A4-TASL complex as a potential therapeutic strategy for SLE and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Léa Bernaleau
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maeva Delacrétaz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ed Hasanovic
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ales Drobek
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuele Rebsamen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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9
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Kalbe C, Metzger K, Gariépy C, Palin MF. Effect of muscle fibre types and carnosine levels on the expression of carnosine-related genes in pig skeletal muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:63-77. [PMID: 37171629 PMCID: PMC10313551 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) content is higher in glycolytic than in oxidative muscle fibres, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this difference remain to be elucidated. A first study to better understand potential mechanisms involved was undertaken (1) to determine whether differences in the expression of carnosine-related enzymes (CARNS1, CNDP2) and transporters (SLC6A6, SLC15A3, SLC15A4, SLC36A1) exist between oxidative and glycolytic myofibres and (2) to study the effect of carnosine on myoblast proliferative growth and on carnosine-related gene expression in cultured myoblasts isolated from glycolytic and oxidative muscles. Immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted to determine the cellular localization of carnosine-related proteins. Laser-capture microdissection and qPCR analyses were performed to measure the expression of carnosine-related genes in different myofibres isolated from the longissimus dorsi muscle of ten crossbred pigs. Myogenic cells originating from glycolytic and oxidative muscles were cultured to assess the effect of carnosine (0, 10, 25 and 50 mM) on their proliferative growth and on carnosine-related gene expression. The mRNA abundance of CNDP2 and of the studied carnosine transporters was higher in oxidative than in glycolytic myofibres. Since carnosine synthase (CARNS1) mRNA abundance was not affected by either the fibre type or the addition of carnosine to myoblasts, its transcriptional regulation would not be the main process by which carnosine content differences are determined in oxidative and glycolytic muscles. The addition of carnosine to myoblasts leading to a dose-dependent increase in SLC15A3 transcripts, however, suggests a role for this transporter in carnosine uptake and/or efflux to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Metzger
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Claude Gariépy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Palin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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10
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Bharadwaj R, Lusi CF, Mashayekh S, Nagar A, Subbarao M, Kane GI, Wodzanowski KA, Brown AR, Okuda K, Monahan A, Paik D, Nandy A, Anonick MV, Goldman WE, Kanneganti TD, Orzalli MH, Grimes CL, Atukorale PU, Silverman N. Methotrexate suppresses psoriatic skin inflammation by inhibiting muropeptide transporter SLC46A2 activity. Immunity 2023; 56:998-1012.e8. [PMID: 37116499 PMCID: PMC10195032 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic innate immune sensing is critical for protecting barrier tissues. NOD1 and NOD2 are cytosolic sensors of small peptidoglycan fragments (muropeptides) derived from the bacterial cell wall. These muropeptides enter cells, especially epithelial cells, through unclear mechanisms. We previously implicated SLC46 transporters in muropeptide transport in Drosophila immunity. Here, we focused on Slc46a2, which was highly expressed in mammalian epidermal keratinocytes, and showed that it was critical for the delivery of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-muropeptides and activation of NOD1 in keratinocytes, whereas the related transporter Slc46a3 was critical for delivering the NOD2 ligand MDP to keratinocytes. In a mouse model, Slc46a2 and Nod1 deficiency strongly suppressed psoriatic inflammation, whereas methotrexate, a commonly used psoriasis therapeutic, inhibited Slc46a2-dependent transport of DAP-muropeptides. Collectively, these studies define SLC46A2 as a transporter of NOD1-activating muropeptides, with critical roles in the skin barrier, and identify this transporter as an important target for anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Christina F Lusi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Abhinit Nagar
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Malireddi Subbarao
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Griffin I Kane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Ashley R Brown
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kendi Okuda
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amanda Monahan
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Donggi Paik
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anubhab Nandy
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - William E Goldman
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Megan H Orzalli
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Prabhani U Atukorale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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11
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Mazzei A, Serino G, Romano A, Piccinno E, Scalavino V, Valentini AM, Armentano R, Schiavone R, Giannelli G, Verri T, Barca A. Identification of SLC15A4/PHT1 Gene Products Upregulation Marking the Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer of Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13170. [PMID: 36361959 PMCID: PMC9658943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC15A4/PHT1 is an endolysosome-resident carrier of oligopeptides and histidine recently come into view as a key path marker of immune/autoimmune/inflammatory pathways in immune cells. Yet, its emerging role in inflammatory processes directly targeting the gastrointestinal epithelial layer, as in the multifactorial pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is poorly investigated. Here, the first identification of SLC15A4/PHT1 gene products in human colonic epithelium of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients is reported, showing protein primarily localized in intracellular vesicle-like compartments. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analyses of colon biopsies revealed overexpression of SLC15A4/PHT1 protein product in the epithelial layer of UC patients. Results were successfully mirrored in vitro, in spontaneously differentiated enterocyte-like monolayers of Caco-2 cells specifically exposed to DSS (dextran sodium sulphate) to mimic IBD inflammatory onsets. SLC15A4/PHT1 expression and cellular localization were characterized confirming its (dys)regulation traits in inflamed vs. healthy epithelia, strongly hinting the hypothesis of SLC15A4/PHT1 increased function associated with epithelial inflammation in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Mazzei
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.M.); (R.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Division of Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Piccinno
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Viviana Scalavino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Valentini
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Roberta Schiavone
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.M.); (R.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, IRCCS Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (A.M.V.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.M.); (R.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.M.); (R.S.); (T.V.)
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12
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López‐Haber C, Netting DJ, Hutchins Z, Ma X, Hamilton KE, Mantegazza AR. The phagosomal solute transporter SLC15A4 promotes inflammasome activity via mTORC1 signaling and autophagy restraint in dendritic cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111161. [PMID: 36031853 PMCID: PMC9574736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the necessary first step to sense foreign microbes or particles and enables activation of innate immune pathways such as inflammasomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how phagosomes modulate inflammasome activity are not fully understood. We show that in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the lysosomal histidine/peptide solute carrier transporter SLC15A4, associated with human inflammatory disorders, is recruited to phagosomes and is required for optimal inflammasome activity after infectious or sterile stimuli. Dextran sodium sulfate-treated SLC15A4-deficient mice exhibit decreased colon inflammation, reduced IL-1β production by intestinal DCs, and increased autophagy. Similarly, SLC15A4-deficient DCs infected with Salmonella typhimurium show reduced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β production. This correlates with peripheral NLRC4 inflammasome assembly and increased autophagy. Overexpression of constitutively active mTORC1 rescues decreased IL-1β levels and caspase1 cleavage, and restores perinuclear inflammasome positioning. Our findings support that SLC15A4 couples phagocytosis with inflammasome perinuclear assembly and inhibition of autophagy through phagosomal content sensing. Our data also reveal the previously unappreciated importance of mTORC1 signaling pathways to promote and sustain inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia López‐Haber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Daniel J Netting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Zachary Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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13
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Skopelitou D, Srivastava A, Miao B, Kumar A, Dymerska D, Paramasivam N, Schlesner M, Lubinski J, Hemminki K, Försti A, Reddy Bandapalli O. Whole exome sequencing identifies novel germline variants of SLC15A4 gene as potentially cancer predisposing in familial colorectal cancer. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:965-979. [PMID: 35562597 PMCID: PMC9250485 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
About 15% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have first-degree relatives affected by the same malignancy. However, for most families the cause of familial aggregation of CRC is unknown. To identify novel high-to-moderate-penetrance germline variants underlying CRC susceptibility, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on four CRC cases and two unaffected members of a Polish family without any mutation in known CRC predisposition genes. After WES, we used our in-house developed Familial Cancer Variant Prioritization Pipeline and identified two novel variants in the solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) gene. The heterozygous missense variant, p. Y444C, was predicted to affect the phylogenetically conserved PTR2/POT domain and to have a deleterious effect on the function of the encoded peptide/histidine transporter. The other variant was located in the upstream region of the same gene (GRCh37.p13, 12_129308531_C_T; 43 bp upstream of transcription start site, ENST00000266771.5) and it was annotated to affect the promoter region of SLC15A4 as well as binding sites of 17 different transcription factors. Our findings of two distinct variants in the same gene may indicate a synergistic up-regulation of SLC15A4 as the underlying genetic cause and implicate this gene for the first time in genetic inheritance of familial CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamanto Skopelitou
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aayushi Srivastava
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beiping Miao
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Dagmara Dymerska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Försti
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Obul Reddy Bandapalli
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Rimann I, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Baccala R, Kiosses WB, Teijaro JR, Parker CG, Li X, Beutler B, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. The solute carrier SLC15A4 is required for optimal trafficking of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and ligands to endolysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200544119. [PMID: 35349343 PMCID: PMC9169117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200544119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A function-impairing mutation (feeble) or genomic deletion of SLC15A4 abolishes responses of nucleic acid–sensing endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and significantly reduces disease in mouse models of lupus. Here, we demonstrate disease reduction in homozygous and even heterozygous Slc15a4 feeble mutant BXSB male mice with a Tlr7 gene duplication. In contrast to SLC15A4, a function-impairing mutation of SLC15A3 did not diminish type I interferon (IFN-I) production by TLR-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), indicating divergence of function between these homologous SLC15 family members. Trafficking to endolysosomes and function of SLC15A4 were dependent on the Adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) complex. Importantly, SLC15A4 was required for trafficking and colocalization of nucleic acid–sensing TLRs and their ligands to endolysosomes and the formation of the LAMP2+VAMP3+ hybrid compartment in which IFN-I production is initiated. Collectively, these findings define mechanistic processes by which SLC15A4 controls endosomal TLR function and suggest that pharmacologic intervention to curtail the function of this transporter may be a means to treat lupus and other endosomal TLR-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Rimann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dwight H. Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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15
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Afrasiabi A, Keane JT, Ong LTC, Alinejad-Rokny H, Fewings NL, Booth DR, Parnell GP, Swaminathan S. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses support a switch to lytic phase in Epstein Barr virus infection as an important driver in developing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2021; 127:102781. [PMID: 34952359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms through which Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may contribute to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, we interrogated SLE genetic risk loci for signatures of EBV infection. We first compared the gene expression profile of SLE risk genes across 459 different cell/tissue types. EBV-infected B cells (LCLs) had the strongest representation of highly expressed SLE risk genes. By determining an SLE risk allele effect on gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTL) in LCLs and 16 other immune cell types, we identified 79 SLE risk locus:gene pairs putatively interacting with EBV infection. A total of 10 SLE risk genes from this list (CD40, LYST, JAZF1, IRF5, BLK, IKZF2, IL12RB2, FAM167A, PTPRC and SLC15A) were targeted by the EBV transcription factor, EBNA2, differentially expressed between LCLs and B cells, and the majority were also associated with EBV DNA copy number, and expression level of EBV encoded genes. Our final gene network model based on these genes is suggestive of a nexus involving SLE risk loci and EBV latency III and B cell proliferation signalling pathways. Collectively, our findings provide further evidence to support the interaction between SLE risk loci and EBV infection that is in part mediated by EBNA2. This interplay may increase the tendency towards EBV lytic switching dependent on the presence of SLE risk alleles. These results support further investigation into targeting EBV as a therapeutic strategy for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afrasiabi
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Thomas Keane
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawrence T C Ong
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Health Data Analytics Program Leader, AI-enabled Processes (AIP) Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia; Core Member of UNSW Data Science Hub, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nicole Louise Fewings
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Richmond Booth
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant Peter Parnell
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sanjay Swaminathan
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Satterthwaite AB. TLR7 Signaling in Lupus B Cells: New Insights into Synergizing Factors and Downstream Signals. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:80. [PMID: 34817709 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by nucleic acid-containing antigens that stimulate endosomal TLRs. We review new advances in our understanding of how TLR7 signaling in B cells drives autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Pathogenic B cell responses to TLR7 engagement are shaped by the disease-associated cytokine environment. TLR7, IFNγ, and IL-21 together promote the formation of autoreactive germinal centers and the ABC/DN2 B cell subset. BAFF and type 1 IFNs enhance autoantibody production from transitional B cells in concert with TLR7. TLR7 signaling components STAT1, BANK1, IRF5, SLC15A4, and CXorf21/TASL are associated genetically with SLE and important for lupus development in mice, while role of T-bet is controversial. Proper control of TLR7 trafficking by UNC93B1, syntenin-1, and αvβ3 integrin is critical for preventing autoimmunity. A better understanding of TLR7 signaling has revealed potential new therapeutic approaches for SLE, several of which are being tested in animal models or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatic Diseases Division and Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8884, USA.
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17
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Toyama-Sorimachi N, Kobayashi T. Lysosomal amino acid transporters as key players in inflammatory diseases. Int Immunol 2021; 33:853-858. [PMID: 34508637 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling inflammation can alleviate immune-mediated, lifestyle-related and neurodegenerative diseases. The endolysosome system plays critical roles in inflammatory responses. Endolysosomes function as signal transduction hubs to convert various environmental danger signals into gene expression, enabling metabolic adaptation of immune cells and efficient orchestration of inflammation. Solute carrier family 15 member 3 (SLC15A3) and member 4 (SLC15A4) are endolysosome-resident amino acid transporters that are preferentially expressed in immune cells. These transporters play essential roles in signal transduction through endolysosomes, and the loss of either transporter can alleviate multiple inflammatory diseases because of perturbed endolysosome-dependent signaling events, including inflammatory and metabolic signaling. Here, we summarize the findings leading to a proof-of-concept for anti-inflammatory strategies based on targeting SLC15 transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Bastos PAD, Wheeler R, Boneca IG. Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:5902851. [PMID: 32897324 PMCID: PMC7794044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota, and the plethora of signalling molecules that they generate, are a major driving force that underlies a striking range of inter-individual physioanatomic and behavioural consequences for the host organism. Among the bacterial effectors, one finds peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the bacterial cell surface. In the steady-state, fragments of peptidoglycan are constitutively liberated from bacterial members of the gut microbiota, cross the gut epithelial barrier and enter the host system. The fate of these peptidoglycan fragments, and the outcome for the host, depends on the molecular nature of the peptidoglycan, as well the cellular profile of the recipient tissue, mechanism of cell entry, the expression of specific processing and recognition mechanisms by the cell, and the local immune context. At the target level, physiological processes modulated by peptidoglycan are extremely diverse, ranging from immune activation to small molecule metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we bring together a fragmented body of literature on the kinetics and dynamics of peptidoglycan interactions with the mammalian host, explaining how peptidoglycan functions as a signalling molecule in the host under physiological conditions, how it disseminates within the host, and the cellular responses to peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A D Bastos
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard-Vaillant, Villejuif 94800, France; INSERM UMR 1015, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France
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19
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SLC15A4 mediates M1-prone metabolic shifts in macrophages and guards immune cells from metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100295118. [PMID: 34385317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100295118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid and oligopeptide transporter Solute carrier family 15 member A4 (SLC15A4), which resides in lysosomes and is preferentially expressed in immune cells, plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of lupus and colitis in murine models. Toll-like receptor (TLR)7/9- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1)-mediated inflammatory responses require SLC15A4 function for regulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or transporting L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid, IL-12: interleukin-12 (Tri-DAP), respectively. Here, we further investigated the mechanism of how SLC15A4 directs inflammatory responses. Proximity-dependent biotin identification revealed glycolysis as highly enriched gene ontology terms. Fluxome analyses in macrophages indicated that SLC15A4 loss causes insufficient biotransformation of pyruvate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while increasing glutaminolysis to the cycle. Furthermore, SLC15A4 was required for M1-prone metabolic change and inflammatory IL-12 cytokine productions after TLR9 stimulation. SLC15A4 could be in close proximity to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mTOR, and SLC15A4 deficiency impaired TLR-mediated AMPK activation. Interestingly, SLC15A4-intact but not SLC15A4-deficient macrophages became resistant to fluctuations in environmental nutrient levels by limiting the use of the glutamine source; thus, SLC15A4 was critical for macrophage's respiratory homeostasis. Our findings reveal a mechanism of metabolic regulation in which an amino acid transporter acts as a gatekeeper that protects immune cells' ability to acquire an M1-prone metabolic phenotype in inflammatory tissues by mitigating metabolic stress.
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20
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Yuizumi N, Harada Y, Kuniya T, Sunabori T, Koike M, Wakabayashi M, Ishihama Y, Suzuki Y, Kawaguchi D, Gotoh Y. Maintenance of neural stem-progenitor cells by the lysosomal biosynthesis regulators TFEB and TFE3 in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:929-944. [PMID: 33609411 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have recently been implicated in regulation of quiescence in adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Whether lysosomes regulate the differentiation of neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) in the embryonic brain has remained unknown, however. We here show that lysosomes are more abundant in rapidly dividing NPCs than in differentiating neurons in the embryonic mouse neocortex and ganglionic eminence. The genes for TFEB and TFE3, master regulators of lysosomal biosynthesis, as well as other lysosome-related genes were also expressed at higher levels in NPCs than in differentiating neurons. Anatomic analysis revealed accumulation of lysosomes at the apical and basal endfeet of NPCs. Knockdown of TFEB and TFE3, or that of the lysosomal transporter Slc15a4, resulted in premature differentiation of neocortical NPCs. Conversely, forced expression of an active form of TFEB (TFEB-AA) suppressed neuronal differentiation of NPCs in association with upregulation of NPC-related genes. These results together point to a previously unappreciated role for TFEB and TFE3, and possibly for lysosomes, in maintenance of the undifferentiated state of embryonic NPCs. We further found that lysosomes are even more abundant in an NPC subpopulation that rarely divides and includes the embryonic origin of adult NSCs than in the majority of NPCs that divide frequently for construction of the embryonic brain, and that overexpression of TFEB-AA also suppressed the cell cycle of neocortical NPCs. Our results thus also implicate lysosomes in establishment of the slowly dividing, embryonic origin of adult NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yuizumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yujin Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kuniya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sunabori
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kobayashi T, Nguyen-Tien D, Ohshima D, Karyu H, Shimabukuro-Demoto S, Yoshida-Sugitani R, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Human SLC15A4 is crucial for TLR-mediated type I interferon production and mitochondrial integrity. Int Immunol 2021; 33:399-406. [PMID: 33560415 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) is an endolysosome-resident amino acid transporter that regulates innate immune responses, and is genetically associated with inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and colitis. SLC15A4-deficient mice showed the amelioration of symptoms of these model diseases, and thus SLC15A4 is a promising therapeutic target of SLE and colitis. For developing a SLC15A4-based therapeutic strategy, understanding human SLC15A4's properties is essential. Here, we characterized human SLC15A4 and demonstrated that human SLC15A4 possessed pH- and temperature-dependent activity for the transportation of dipeptides or tripeptides. Human SLC15A4 localized in LAMP1+ compartments and constitutively associated with Raptor and LAMTORs. We also investigated SLC15A4's role in inflammatory responses using the human plasmacytoid dendritic cell line, CAL-1. Knock down (KD) of the SLC15A4 gene in CAL-1 (SLC15A4-KD CAL-1) impaired Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 or TLR9-triggered type I interferon (IFN-I) production and mTORC1 activity, indicating that human SLC15A4 is critical for TLR7/8/9-mediated inflammatory signaling. We also examined SLC15A4's role in the autophagy response since SLC15A4 loss caused the decrease of mTORC1 activity, which greatly influences autophagy. We found that SLC15A4 was not required for autophagy induction, but was critical for autophagy sustainability. Notably, SLC15A4-KD CAL-1 severely decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in starvation conditions. Our findings revealed that SLC15A4 plays a key role in mitochondrial integrity in human cells, which might benefit immune cells in fulfilling their functions in an inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dat Nguyen-Tien
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Karyu
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Shimabukuro-Demoto
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida-Sugitani
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Neural Circuitry of Learning and Memory, Riken Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Katewa A, Suto E, Hui J, Heredia J, Liang J, Hackney J, Anderson K, Alcantar TM, Bacarro N, Dunlap D, Eastham J, Paler-Martinez A, Rairdan XY, Modrusan Z, Lee WP, Austin CD, Lafkas D, Ghilardi N. The peptide symporter SLC15a4 is essential for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus in murine models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244439. [PMID: 33444326 PMCID: PMC7808665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease representing a serious unmet medical need. The disease is associated with the loss of self-tolerance and exaggerated B cell activation, resulting in autoantibody production and the formation of immune complexes that accumulate in the kidney, causing glomerulonephritis. TLR7, an important mediator of the innate immune response, drives the expression of type-1 interferon (IFN), which leads to expression of type-1 IFN induced genes and aggravates lupus pathology. Because the lysosomal peptide symporter slc15a4 is critically required for type-1 interferon production by pDC, and for certain B cell functions in response to TLR7 and TLR9 signals, we considered it as a potential target for pharmacological intervention in SLE. We deleted the slc15a4 gene in C57BL/6, NZB, and NZW mice and found that pristane-challenged slc15a4-/- mice in the C57BL/6 background and lupus prone slc15a4-/- NZB/W F1 mice were both completely protected from lupus like disease. In the NZB/W F1 model, protection persisted even when disease development was accelerated with an adenovirus encoding IFNα, emphasizing a broad role of slc15a4 in disease initiation. Our results establish a non-redundant function of slc15a4 in regulating both innate and adaptive components of the immune response in SLE pathobiology and suggest that it may be an attractive drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arna Katewa
- Dept. Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Suto
- Dept. Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Hui
- Evercore ISI, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jose Heredia
- Dept. Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jie Liang
- Dept. Molecular Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jason Hackney
- Dept. Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Keith Anderson
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tuija M. Alcantar
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Natasha Bacarro
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Debra Dunlap
- Dept. Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Eastham
- Dept. Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andres Paler-Martinez
- Dept. Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Xin Y. Rairdan
- gRED Animal Resources, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Dept. Microchemistry, Proteomics, & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wyne P. Lee
- Dept. Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Cary D. Austin
- Dept. Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lafkas
- Dept. Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- DiCE Molecules, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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23
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Heinz LX, Lee J, Kapoor U, Kartnig F, Sedlyarov V, Papakostas K, César-Razquin A, Essletzbichler P, Goldmann U, Stefanovic A, Bigenzahn JW, Scorzoni S, Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Müller AC, King FJ, Li J, Girardi E, Mbow ML, Whitehurst CE, Rebsamen M, Superti-Furga G. TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9. Nature 2020; 581:316-322. [PMID: 32433612 PMCID: PMC7610944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of immune responses1–3. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by CXorf21—a gene that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus4,5—interacts with the endolysosomal transporter SLC15A4, an essential but poorly understood component of the endolysosomal TLR machinery also linked to autoimmune disease4,6–9. Loss of this type-I-interferon-inducible protein, which we refer to as ‘TLR adaptor interacting with SLC15A4 on the lysosome’ (TASL), abrogated responses to endolysosomal TLR agonists in both primary and transformed human immune cells. Deletion of SLC15A4 or TASL specifically impaired the activation of the IRF pathway without affecting NF-κB and MAPK signalling, which indicates that ligand recognition and TLR engagement in the endolysosome occurred normally. Extensive mutagenesis of TASL demonstrated that its localization and function relies on the interaction with SLC15A4. TASL contains a conserved pLxIS motif (in which p denotes a hydrophilic residue and x denotes any residue) that mediates the recruitment and activation of IRF5. This finding shows that TASL is an innate immune adaptor for TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 signalling, revealing a clear mechanistic analogy with the IRF3 adaptors STING, MAVS and TRIF10,11. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus12–14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - JangEun Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian César-Razquin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Essletzbichler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Goldmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrijana Stefanovic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefania Scorzoni
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattia D Pizzagalli
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - F James King
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Saikrithi P, Balasubramanian CP, Otta SK, Tomy S. Expression dynamics of solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) and its potential regulatory role in ovarian development of the Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3797-3805. [PMID: 32363413 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier proteins (SLC) are essential membrane transport proteins responsible for transporting lipids, amino acids, sugars, neurotransmitters, and drugs across the biological membranes. Dysfunction of these carrier proteins may lead to an imbalance of biological mechanisms and also in the failure of the transporting pathways of several signaling neurotransmitters. In the present study, a 646 bp of a solute carrier protein (SLC15A4) was cloned and sequenced from the Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and phylogenetic analysis of putative SLC15A4 fragment from P. indicus (PiSLC15A4) was performed using Mega X tool. Tissue distribution analysis was carried out using real-time PCR. The differential expressions of PiSLC15A4 were also analyzed in the ovaries and brain tissues of wild-caught female shrimps at different maturation stages and in the brain tissues of captive females subjected to induce maturation by eyestalk ablation. Significant diversity in SLC15A4 sequence obtained from P. indicus was observed when compared to the other species. Tissue distribution analysis confirmed the ubiquitous expression of PiSLC15A4 in all the tissues examined. The differential expressions of PiSLC15A4 indicated higher expression of the gene in brain tissue of females at the vitellogenic stage, while the expressions in ovaries were significantly higher in the immature stage. The differential expressions of PiSLC15A4 in the brain tissues were substantially higher in eyestalk ablated shrimps compared to the eyestalk intact females. The study suggests a role for SLC15A4 in the endocrine signaling pathways stimulating ovarian maturation in P. indicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saikrithi
- Nutrition, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, R.A. Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - C P Balasubramanian
- Crustacean Culture Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, R.A. Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Subhendu Kumar Otta
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, R.A. Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Sherly Tomy
- Nutrition, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, R.A. Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India.
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26
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Mohammed S, Vineetha NS, James S, Aparna JS, Babu Lankadasari M, Maeda T, Ghosh A, Saha S, Li QZ, Spiegel S, Harikumar KB. Regulatory role of SphK1 in TLR7/9-dependent type I interferon response and autoimmunity. FASEB J 2020; 34:4329-4347. [PMID: 31971297 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902847r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express Toll like receptors (TLRs) that modulate the immune response by production of type I interferons. Here, we report that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) which produces the bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), plays a critical role in the pDC functions and interferon production. Although dispensable for the pDC development, SphK1 is essential for the pDC activation and production of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by TLR7/9 ligands. SphK1 interacts with TLRs and specific inhibition or deletion of SphK1 in pDCs mitigates uptake of CpG oligonucleotide ligands by TLR9 ligand. In the pristane-induced murine lupus model, pharmacological inhibition of SphK1 or its genetic deletion markedly decreased the IFN signature, pDC activation, and glomerulonephritis. Moreover, increases in the SphK1 expression and S1P levels were observed in human lupus patients. Taken together, our results indicate a pivotal regulatory role for the SphK1/S1P axis in maintaining the balance between immunosurveillance and immunopathology and suggest that specific SphK1 inhibitors might be a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of type I IFN-linked autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Nalanda S Vineetha
- Department of Nephrology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shirley James
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jayasekharan S Aparna
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Manendra Babu Lankadasari
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Island Medical Research Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology & Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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27
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Wang Y, Li P, Song F, Yang X, Weng Y, Ma Z, Wang L, Jiang H. Substrate Transport Properties of the Human Peptide/Histidine Transporter PHT2 in Transfected MDCK Cells. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3416-3424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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NOD-like receptors: major players (and targets) in the interface between innate immunity and cancer. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181709. [PMID: 30837326 PMCID: PMC6454022 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity comprises several inflammation-related modulatory pathways which receive signals from an array of membrane-bound and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The NLRs (NACHT (NAIP (neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein), C2TA (MHC class 2 transcription activator), HET-E (incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina) and TP1 (telomerase-associated protein) and Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domain containing proteins) relate to a large family of cytosolic innate receptors, involved in detection of intracellular pathogens and endogenous byproducts of tissue injury. These receptors may recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating host responses against pathogen infection and cellular stress. NLR-driven downstream signals trigger a number of signaling circuitries, which may either initiate the formation of inflammasomes and/or activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), stress kinases, interferon response factors (IRFs), inflammatory caspases and autophagy. Disruption of those signals may lead to a number of pro-inflammatory conditions, eventually promoting the onset of human malignancies. In this review, we describe the structures and functions of the most well-defined NLR proteins and highlight their association and biological impact on a diverse number of cancers.
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29
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Kasumi E, Sato N. A ketogenic diet improves the prognosis in a mouse model of peritoneal dissemination without tumor regression. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 64:201-208. [PMID: 31138953 PMCID: PMC6529699 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination describes a state where tumor cells spread to the surface of the peritoneum and become engrafted. Peritoneal dissemination reduces the quality of life and prognosis of cancer patients. Currently, there are few effective therapies or preventative treatments for peritoneal dissemination. The aim of this study was to evaluate a ketogenic diet, characterized by high fat, moderate protein and low carbohydrate content, as a novel therapy in a mouse model of peritoneal dissemination. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with colon 26, a murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line, to induce experimental peritoneal dissemination. After tumor inoculation, mice were fed a regular or ketogenic diet. A longer survival time and better health status score, related to improved behavior, was observed in the ketogenic diet group compared with the regular diet group. In addition, the weight of ascites was significantly smaller and the anemia symptoms, number of red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit, were improved in the ketogenic diet group compared with the regular diet group. However, the tumor weight was not significantly smaller in the ketogenic diet group compared with the regular diet group. These data suggest that a ketogenic diet might be a potential preventive therapy for peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kasumi
- EN Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Laboratories, 4-3-5 Nimaibashi, Hanamaki, Iwate 025-0312, Japan
| | - Norifumi Sato
- EN Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Laboratories, 4-3-5 Nimaibashi, Hanamaki, Iwate 025-0312, Japan
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30
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Velloso FJ, Campos AR, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Proteome profiling of triple negative breast cancer cells overexpressing NOD1 and NOD2 receptors unveils molecular signatures of malignant cell proliferation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:152. [PMID: 30791886 PMCID: PMC6385390 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a malignancy with very poor prognosis, due to its aggressive clinical characteristics and lack of response to receptor-targeted drug therapy. In TNBC, immune-related pathways are typically upregulated and may be associated with a better prognosis of the disease, encouraging the pursuit for immunotherapeutic options. A number of immune-related molecules have already been associated to the onset and progression of breast cancer, including NOD1 and NOD2, innate immune receptors of bacterial-derived components which activate pro-inflammatory and survival pathways. In the context of TNBC, overexpression of either NOD1or NOD2 is shown to reduce cell proliferation and increase clonogenic potential in vitro. To further investigate the pathways linking NOD1 and NOD2 signaling to tumorigenesis in TNBC, we undertook a global proteome profiling of TNBC-derived cells ectopically expressing each one of these NOD receptors. Results We have identified a total of 95 and 58 differentially regulated proteins in NOD1- and NOD2-overexpressing cells, respectively. We used bioinformatics analyses to identify enriched molecular signatures aiming to integrate the differentially regulated proteins into functional networks. These analyses suggest that overexpression of both NOD1 and NOD2 may disrupt immune-related pathways, particularly NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. Moreover, overexpression of either of these receptors may affect several stress response and protein degradation systems, such as autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome complex. Interestingly, the levels of several proteins associated to cellular adhesion and migration were also affected in these NOD-overexpressing cells. Conclusions Our proteomic analyses shed new light on the molecular pathways that may be modulating tumorigenesis via NOD1 and NOD2 signaling in TNBC. Up- and downregulation of several proteins associated to inflammation and stress response pathways may promote activation of protein degradation systems, as well as modulate cell-cycle and cellular adhesion proteins. Altogether, these signals seem to be modulating cellular proliferation and migration via NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Further investigation of altered proteins in these pathways may provide more insights on relevant targets, possibly enabling the immunomodulation of tumorigenesis in the aggressive TNBC phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5523-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Campos
- SBP Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- SBP Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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31
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Kobayashi T, Tsutsui H, Shimabukuro-Demoto S, Yoshida-Sugitani R, Karyu H, Furuyama-Tanaka K, Ohshima D, Kato N, Okamura T, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Lysosome biogenesis regulated by the amino-acid transporter SLC15A4 is critical for functional integrity of mast cells. Int Immunol 2019; 29:551-566. [PMID: 29155995 PMCID: PMC5890901 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells possess specialized lysosomes, so-called secretory granules, which play a key role not only in allergic responses but also in various immune disorders. The molecular mechanisms that control secretory-granule formation are not fully understood. Solute carrier family member 15A4 (SLC15A4) is a lysosome-resident amino-acid/oligopeptide transporter that is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic lineage cells. Here, we demonstrated that SLC15A4 is required for mast-cell secretory-granule homeostasis, and limits mast-cell functions and inflammatory responses by controlling the mTORC1-TFEB signaling axis. In mouse Slc15a4-/- mast cells, diminished mTORC1 activity increased the expression and nuclear translocation of TFEB, a transcription factor, which caused secretory granules to degranulate more potently. This alteration of TFEB function in mast cells strongly affected the FcεRI-mediated responses and IL-33-triggered inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. Our results reveal a close relationship between SLC15A4 and secretory-granule biogenesis that is critical for the functional integrity of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Shimabukuro-Demoto
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida-Sugitani
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Karyu
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Furuyama-Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Griffith AD, Zaidi AK, Pietro A, Hadiono M, Yang JS, Davis R, Popkin DL. A requirement for slc15a4 in imiquimod-induced systemic inflammation and psoriasiform inflammation in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14451. [PMID: 30262916 PMCID: PMC6160456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is competing evidence that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), the most potent source of IFN-I, may initiate psoriasis. We targeted pDC function using the slc15a4feeble loss-of-function mouse whose pDC are unresponsive to TLR agonists. slc15a4feeble treated with the topical TLR7-agonist imiquimod (IMQ) demonstrated decreased epidermal thickening 24 hours post-treatment which was more pronounced by day 5 as compared to wildtype mice. These findings were specific to the acute IMQ model and not the protracted IL23 model that drives inflammation downstream of TLR activation. Systemically, slc15a4 was required for IMQ-induced weight loss and cutaneous accumulation of CD4+ and Siglec H+, but not CD11b+ cells. Consistent with this phenotype and the function of slc15a4, induction of IFN-I was virtually absent systemically and via cutaneous gene expression. Induction of other inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) was modestly blunted in slc15a4feeble except for inflammasome-associated genes consistent with slc15a4 being required for TLR7-mediated (but not inflammasome-mediated) inflammation downstream of IMQ. Surprisingly, only IFN-I gene expression was suppressed within IMQ-treated skin. Other genes including conserved psoriasiform trademark gene expression were augmented in slc15a4feeble versus littermate controls. Taken together, we have identified a role for slc15a4 but not canonical psoriasiform genes in the imiquimod model of psoriasiform dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D Griffith
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Asifa K Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ashley Pietro
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Matthew Hadiono
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jessica S Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rachel Davis
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel L Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Song F, Yi Y, Li C, Hu Y, Wang J, Smith DE, Jiang H. Regulation and biological role of the peptide/histidine transporter SLC15A3 in Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophage. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:770. [PMID: 29991810 PMCID: PMC6039463 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The peptide/histidine transporter SLC15A3 is responsible for transporting histidine, certain dipeptide and peptidomimetics from inside the lysosome to cytosol. Previous studies have indicated that SLC15A3 transcripts are mainly expressed in the lymphatic system, however, its regulation and biological role in innate immune responses and inflammatory diseases are as yet unknown. In this study, mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMs), mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 and the human lung epithelial carcinoma cell line A549 were used to investigate the regulation and biological role of SLC15A3 in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Our results showed that SLC15A3 was upregulated by TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 ligands in macrophages at both the mRNA and protein levels via activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa-B), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3). Furthermore, knockdown or overexpression of SLC15A3 influenced the TLR4-triggered expression of proinflammatory cytokines. A reporter gene assay showed that the SLC15A3 promotor contained potential NF-κB binding sites, which were reasonable for regulating SLC15A3 by TLR-activation through NF-κB signaling. Additionally, SLC15A3 expression was increased and positively related to inflammation in mice with bacterial peritonitis. The collective findings suggest that SLC15A3 is regulated by various TLRs, and that it plays an important role in regulating TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifeng Song
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaodong Yi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cui Li
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Jinhai Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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The Solute Carrier Transporter SLC15A3 Participates in Antiviral Innate Immune Responses against Herpes Simplex Virus-1. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5214187. [PMID: 30069489 PMCID: PMC6057324 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5214187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first line defense against viral infections. Novel genes involved in this system are continuing to emerge. SLC15A3, a proton-coupled histidine and di-tripeptide transporter that was previously found in lysosomes, has been reported to inhibit chikungunya viral replication in host cells. In this study, we found that SLC15A3 was significantly induced by DNA virus herpes simplex virus-1(HSV-1) in monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Aside from monocytes, it can also be induced by HSV-1 in 293T, HeLa cells, and HaCaT cells. Overexpression of SLC15A3 in 293T cells inhibits HSV-1 replication and enhances type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses, while silencing SLC15A3 leads to enhanced HSV-1 replication with reduced IFN production. Moreover, we found that SLC15A3 interacted with MAVS and STING and potentiated MAVS- and STING-mediated IFN production. These results demonstrate that SLC15A3 participates in anti-HSV-1 innate immune responses by regulating MAVS- and STING-mediated signaling pathways.
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35
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Joo YB, Lim J, Tsao BP, Nath SK, Kim K, Bae SC. Genetic variants in systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility loci, XKR6 and GLT1D1 are associated with childhood-onset SLE in a Korean cohort. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9962. [PMID: 29967481 PMCID: PMC6028392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact of genetic variants on the age of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) onset was not fully understood. We investigated a cumulative effect of SLE-risk variants on the age of SLE onset and scanned genome-wide SNPs to search for new risk loci of childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). We analyzed 781 Korean single-center SLE subjects who previously genotyped by both Immunochip and genome-wide SNP arrays. Individual genetic risk scores (GRS) from well-validated SLE susceptibility loci were calculated and tested for their association with cSLE (<16 years at onset). Single-variant association tests were performed using a multivariable logistic regression adjusting for population stratification. GRS from SLE susceptibility loci was significantly higher in cSLE than aSLE (p = 1.23 × 10−3). Two SNPs, rs7460469 in XKR6 (p = 1.26 × 10−8, OR = 5.58) and rs7300146 in GLT1D1 p = 1.49 × 10−8, OR = 2.85), showed the most significant associations with cSLE. The model consisting of GRS of SLE and two newly identified loci showed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.71 in a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for prediction of cSLE. In conclusion, cSLE is associated with a high cumulative SLE-risk effect and two novel SNPs rs7460469 and rs7300146, providing the first predictive model for cSLE in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Joo
- Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Lim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kwangwoo Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Hu Y, Song F, Jiang H, Nuñez G, Smith DE. SLC15A2 and SLC15A4 Mediate the Transport of Bacterially Derived Di/Tripeptides To Enhance the Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Dependent Immune Response in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:652-662. [PMID: 29784761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) can transport bacterially derived chemotactic peptides and therefore reside at the critical interface of innate immune responses and regulation. However, there is substantial contention regarding how these bacterial peptides access the cytosol to exert their effects and which POTs are involved in facilitating this process. Thus, the current study proposed to determine the (sub)cellular expression and functional activity of POTs in macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow and to evaluate the effect of specific POT deletion on the production of inflammatory cytokines in wild-type, Pept2 knockout and Pht1 knockout mice. We found that PEPT2 and PHT1 were highly expressed and functionally active in mouse macrophages, but PEPT1 was absent. The fluorescent imaging of muramyl dipeptide-rhodamine clearly demonstrated that PEPT2 was expressed on the plasma membrane of macrophages, whereas PHT1 was expressed on endosomal membranes. Moreover, both transporters could significantly influence the effect of bacterially derived peptide ligands on cytokine stimulation, as shown by the reduced responses in Pept2 knockout and Pht1 knockout mice as compared with wild-type animals. Taken as a whole, our results point to PEPT2 (at plasma membranes) and PHT1 (at endosomal membranes) working in concert to optimize the uptake of bacterial ligands into the cytosol of macrophages, thereby enhancing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This new paradigm offers significant insight into potential drug development strategies along with transporter-targeted therapies for endocrine, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Feifeng Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310058; and
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310058; and
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Takashina T, Koyama T, Nohara S, Hasegawa M, Ishiguro A, Iijima K, Lu J, Shimura M, Okamura T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Ishizaka Y. Identification of a cell-penetrating peptide applicable to a protein-based transcription activator-like effector expression system for cell engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 173:11-21. [PMID: 29734017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming is a promising technology in regenerative medicine, but most studies have been performed by using expression vectors. For future clinical applications, it is necessary to establish a system in which cell engineering can be manipulated without any risk of damaging the genome. Here, we identified a cell-penetrating peptide composed of 10 amino acids (RIFIHFRIGC) with nuclear trafficking activity and found that it was significantly more potent than a Tat-derived peptide or polyarginine peptide (R11). We named the peptide "nuclear trafficking peptide" (NTP) and applied it to a protein-based artificial transcription factor (NTP-ATF), which was composed of a transcription activator-like effector and transcription domain (VP64). An NTP-ATF designed to the proximal promoter region of the microRNA-302/367 cluster efficiently induced endogenous RNA expression at an extremely low concentration (0.25 nM), and repetitive treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with NTP-ATF generated induced pluripotent stem-like cells, which gave chimeric mice. Together with the observation that recombinant NTP-ATF protein did not induce any apparent cytotoxicity, we propose that NTP-ATF is a promising system for cellular reprogramming applicable to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Takashina
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koyama
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nohara
- Nagoya Research Laboratory, Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd., 25-5 Kaechi, Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu, Aichi, 452-0067, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Hasegawa
- Nagoya Research Laboratory, Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd., 25-5 Kaechi, Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu, Aichi, 452-0067, Japan
| | - Akira Ishiguro
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Mari Shimura
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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Viennois E, Pujada A, Zen J, Merlin D. Function, Regulation, and Pathophysiological Relevance of the POT Superfamily, Specifically PepT1 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:731-760. [PMID: 29687900 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian members of the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family are integral membrane proteins that mediate the cellular uptake of di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs and couple substrate translocation to the movement of H+ , with the transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient providing the driving force. Peptide transporters are responsible for the (re)absorption of dietary and/or bacterial di- and tripeptides in the intestine and kidney and maintaining homeostasis of neuropeptides in the brain. These proteins additionally contribute to absorption of a number of pharmacologically important compounds. In this overview article, we have provided updated information on the structure, function, expression, localization, and activities of PepT1 (SLC15A1), PepT2 (SLC15A2), PhT1 (SLC15A4), and PhT2 (SLC15A3). Peptide transporters, in particular, PepT1 are discussed as drug-delivery systems in addition to their implications in health and disease. Particular emphasis has been placed on the involvement of PepT1 in the physiopathology of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically, its role in inflammatory bowel diseases. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:731-760, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adani Pujada
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jane Zen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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39
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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40
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Li P, Weng Y, Kamada N, Jiang H, Smith DE. Expression and regulation of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters in colonic tissue and immune cells of mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:163-173. [PMID: 29305856 PMCID: PMC5801143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have implicated proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) in the initiation and/or progression of inflammatory bowel disease and immune cell signaling. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to delineate the expression of POTs in mouse colonic tissues and immune cells, and characterize the potential role of these transporters in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) signaling. Using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, we found that DSS down regulated Pht1 gene expression and up regulated Pht2 gene expression in colonic tissue and immune cells. In contrast, PEPT1 protein was absent from the colonic tissue and immune cells of normal and DSS-treated mice. NOD ligands, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and l-Ala-γ-d-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid (tri-DAP), were shown to be substrates of PHT2 in MDCK-hPHT219,20AA cells. Subsequent studies revealed that the immune response of lamina propia mononuclear cells may be regulated by PHT1 and PHT2, and that PHT2 facilitated the NOD-dependent immune response in RAW264.7 macrophages. These results clarified the expression of POTs in mouse colonic segments, cells and subtypes, and the role of increased Pht2 expression during chemically-induced colitis in facilitating NOD-dependent immune response. The findings further suggest that intestinal PHT2 may serve as a therapeutic target for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yayun Weng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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41
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Wang XX, Li YB, Feng MR, Smith DE. Semi-Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of L-Histidine Disposition and Brain Uptake in Wildtype and Pht1 Null Mice. Pharm Res 2018; 35:19. [PMID: 29305823 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to quantitate the disposition kinetics of L-histidine, a peptide-histidine transporter 1 (PHT1) substrate, in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma of wildtype (WT) and Pht1 knockout (KO) mice. METHODS L-[14C]Hisidine (L-His) was administrated to WT and KO mice via tail vein injection, after which plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma samples were collected. A PK model was developed using non-linear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM). The disposition of L-His between the plasma, brain, and CSF was described by a combination of PHT1-mediated uptake, CSF bulk flow and first-order micro-rate constants. RESULTS The PK profile of L-His was best described by a four-compartment model. A more rapid uptake of L-His in brain parenchyma was observed in WT mice due to PHT1-mediated uptake, a process characterized by a Michaelis-Menten component (Vmax = 0.051 nmoL/min and Km = 34.94 μM). CONCLUSIONS A semi-mechanistic population PK model was successfully developed, for the first time, to quantitatively characterize the disposition kinetics of L-His in brain under in vivo conditions. This model may prove a useful tool in predicting the uptake of L-His, and possibly other PHT1 peptide/mimetic substrates, for drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Yang-Bing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Meihua R Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA.
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Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the innate immune system has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for innate immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional innate immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the innate immune system to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, immune homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - David M Underhill
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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43
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Song F, Hu Y, Wang Y, Smith DE, Jiang H. Functional Characterization of Human Peptide/Histidine Transporter 1 in Stably Transfected MDCK Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:385-393. [PMID: 29224352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter PHT1 (SLC15A4), which facilitates cross-membrane transport of histidine and small peptides from inside the endosomes or lysosomes to cytosol, plays an important role in intracellular peptides homeostasis and innate immune responses. However, it remains a challenge to elucidate functional properties of the PHT1 transporter because of its subcellular localization. The purpose of this study was to resort hPHT1 protein from the subcellular to outer cell membrane of MDCK cells stably transfected with human PHT1 mutants, and to characterize its functional activity in these cells. Using this model, the functional activity of hPHT1 was evaluated by cellular uptake studies with d3-l-histidine, GlySar, and the bacterial peptidoglycan products MDP and Tri-DAP. We found that the disruption of two dileucine motifs was indispensable for hPHT1 transporter being preferentially targeting to plasma membranes. hPHT1 showed high affinity for d3-l-histidine and low affinity for GlySar, with Km values of 16.3 ± 1.9 μM and 1.60 ± 0.30 mM, respectively. Moreover, the bacterial peptidoglycan components MDP and Tri-DAP were shown conclusively to be hPHT1 substrates. The uptake of MDP by hPHT1 was inhibited by di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs, but not by glycine and acyclovir. The functional activity of hPHT1 was also pH-dependent, with an optimal cellular uptake in buffer pH 6.5. Taken together, we established a novel cell model to evaluate the function of hPHT1 in vitro, and confirmed that MDP and Tri-DAP were substrates of hPHT1. Our findings suggest that PHT1 may serve as a potential target for reducing the immune responses and for drug treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifeng Song
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Zhejiang 310058, China
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WATANABE T, ASANO N, KUDO M, STROBER W. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 and gastrointestinal disorders. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:578-599. [PMID: 29021509 PMCID: PMC5743859 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) is an intracellular sensor that detects small peptides derived from the cell wall component of intestinal microflora. NOD1 is expressed in both non-hematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells such as antigen-presenting cells. Detection of its ligand by NOD1 leads to innate immune responses through activation of nuclear factor kappa B and type I interferon as well as induction of autophagy. Innate immune responses through NOD1 activation play an indispensable role both in host defense against microbial infection and in the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Of particular importance, NOD1-mediated innate immune responses are associated with mucosal host defenses against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach and with the development of pancreatitis. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NOD1 activation leads to the development of H. pylori-related gastric diseases and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro WATANABE
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Watanabe, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Naoki ASANO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi KUDO
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Warren STROBER
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
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The Novel Membrane-Bound Proteins MFSD1 and MFSD3 are Putative SLC Transporters Affected by Altered Nutrient Intake. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:199-214. [PMID: 27981419 PMCID: PMC5321710 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound solute carriers (SLCs) are essential as they maintain several physiological functions, such as nutrient uptake, ion transport and waste removal. The SLC family comprise about 400 transporters, and we have identified two new putative family members, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1 (MFSD1) and 3 (MFSD3). They cluster phylogenetically with SLCs of MFS type, and both proteins are conserved in chordates, while MFSD1 is also found in fruit fly. Based on homology modelling, we predict 12 transmembrane regions, a common feature for MFS transporters. The genes are expressed in abundance in mice, with specific protein staining along the plasma membrane in neurons. Depriving mouse embryonic primary cortex cells of amino acids resulted in upregulation of Mfsd1, whereas Mfsd3 is unaltered. Furthermore, in vivo, Mfsd1 and Mfsd3 are downregulated in anterior brain sections in mice subjected to starvation, while upregulated specifically in brainstem. Mfsd3 is also attenuated in cerebellum after starvation. In mice raised on high-fat diet, Mfsd1 was specifically downregulated in brainstem and hypothalamus, while Mfsd3 was reduced consistently throughout the brain.
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Wang XX, Hu Y, Keep RF, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Smith DE. A novel role for PHT1 in the disposition of l-histidine in brain: In vitro slice and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in wildtype and Pht1 null mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 124:94-102. [PMID: 27845049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PHT1 (SLC15A4) is responsible for translocating l-histidine (l-His), di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs across biological membranes. Previous studies have indicated that PHT1 is located in brain parenchyma, however, its role and significance in brain along with effect on the biodistribution of substrates is unknown. In this study, adult gender-matched Pht1-competent (wildtype) and Pht1-deficient (null) mice were used to investigate the effect of PHT1 on l-His brain disposition via in vitro slice and in vivo pharmacokinetic approaches. We also evaluated the serum clinical chemistry and expression levels of select transporters and enzymes in the two genotypes. No significant differences were observed between genotypes in serum chemistry, body weight, viability and fertility. PCR analyses indicated that Pept2 had a compensatory up-regulation in Pht1 null mice (about 2-fold) as compared to wildtype animals, which was consistent in different brain regions and confirmed by immunoblots. The uptake of l-His was reduced in brain slices by 50% during PHT1 ablation. The l-amino acid transporters accounted for 30% of the uptake, and passive (other) pathways for 20% of the uptake. During the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, plasma concentration-time profiles of l-His were comparable between the two genotypes after intravenous administration. Still, biodistribution studies revealed that, when sampled 5min after dosing, l-His values were 28-48% lower in Pht1 null mice, as compared to wildtype animals, in brain parenchyma but not cerebrospinal fluid. These findings suggest that PHT1 may play an important role in histidine transport in brain, and resultant effects on histidine/histamine homeostasis and neuropeptide regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Di- and tripeptide transport in vertebrates: the contribution of teleost fish models. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:395-462. [PMID: 27803975 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solute Carrier 15 (SLC15) family, alias H+-coupled oligopeptide cotransporter family, is a group of membrane transporters known for their role in the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides (di/tripeptides) and peptide-like molecules. Of its members, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) chiefly mediates intestinal absorption of luminal di/tripeptides from dietary protein digestion, while SLC15A2 (PEPT2) mainly allows renal tubular reabsorption of di/tripeptides from ultrafiltration, SLC15A3 (PHT2) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) possibly interact with di/tripeptides and histidine in certain immune cells, and SLC15A5 has unknown function. Our understanding of this family in vertebrates has steadily increased, also due to the surge of genomic-to-functional information from 'non-conventional' animal models, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture fish species. Here, we review the literature on the SLC15 transporters in teleost fish with emphasis on SLC15A1 (PEPT1), one of the solute carriers better studied amongst teleost fish because of its relevance in animal nutrition. We report on the operativity of the transporter, the molecular diversity, and multiplicity of structural-functional solutions of the teleost fish orthologs with respect to higher vertebrates, its relevance at the intersection of the alimentary and osmoregulative functions of the gut, its response under various physiological states and dietary solicitations, and its possible involvement in examples of total body plasticity, such as growth and compensatory growth. By a comparative approach, we also review the few studies in teleost fish on SLC15A2 (PEPT2), SLC15A4 (PHT1), and SLC15A3 (PHT2). By representing the contribution of teleost fish to the knowledge of the physiology of di/tripeptide transport and transporters, we aim to fill the gap between higher and lower vertebrates.
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Lee CL, Huang CJ, Yang SH, Chang CC, Huang CC, Chien CC, Yang RN. Discovery of genes from feces correlated with colorectal cancer progression. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3378-3384. [PMID: 27900008 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered to develop slowly via a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations. Markers of CRC may serve to provide the basis for decision-making, and may assist in cancer prevention, detection and prognostic prediction. DNA and messenger (m)RNA molecules that are present in human feces faithfully represent CRC manifestations. In the present study, exogenous mouse cells verified the feasibility of total fecal RNA as a marker of CRC. Furthermore, five significant genes encoding solute carrier family 15, member 4 (SLC15A4), cluster of differentiation (CD)44, 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (OXCT1), placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) and growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2), which are differentially expressed in the feces of CRC patients, were verified in different CRC cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The present study demonstrated that the mRNA level of SLC15A4 was increased in the majority of CRC cell lines evaluated (SW1116, LS123, Caco-2 and T84). An increased level of CD44 mRNA was only detected in an early-stage CRC cell line, SW1116, whereas OXCT1 was expressed at higher levels in the metastatic CRC cell line CC-M3. In addition, two genes, PLAC8 and GAS2, were highly expressed in the recurrent CRC cell line SW620. Genes identified in the feces of CRC patients differed according to their clinical characteristics, and this differential expression was also detected in the corresponding CRC cell lines. In conclusion, feces represent a good marker of CRC and can be interpreted through the appropriate CRC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Long Lee
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of General Surgery, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruey-Neng Yang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Zhang M, Chen F, Zhang D, Zhai Z, Hao F. Association Study Between SLC15A4 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Han Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:451-8. [PMID: 27362648 PMCID: PMC4991581 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The gene SLC15A4 (solute carrier family 15 [oligopeptide transporter], member 4) has been reported as contributing to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a case–control replication study to investigate further the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC15A4 gene and systemic SLE in a Han Chinese population. Methods: In Han Chinese SLE patients and healthy individuals (n = 355, 375, respectively), 18 SNPs in the SLC15A4 gene were genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Analyses of allele frequencies and genotypes using codominant, dominant, and recessive models were conducted, as well as a linkage disequilibrium analysis. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Allele frequencies of five of the analyzed SNPs were significantly associated with SLE. Under a codominant model the genotype frequencies of rs3765108 AG and rs7308691 AT were significantly higher in the SLE group than the control group (p = 0.019, 0.049, respectively). Under a dominant model the rs1385374 (TT+CT) SNP carried a higher risk of SLE than (CC) (p = 0.042). One SLC15A4 haplotype (TA), which consists of 2 SNPs (rs959989 and rs983492), was associated with SLE (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Our study determined that five SNPs (rs959989, rs1385374, rs983492, rs12298615, and rs10847697) are associated with SLE. Thus, SLC15A4 may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE in Han Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwang Zhang
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Fangru Chen
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College , Guilin, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhai
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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Perland E, Lekholm E, Eriksson MM, Bagchi S, Arapi V, Fredriksson R. The Putative SLC Transporters Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 Are Abundantly Expressed in the Mouse Brain and Have a Potential Role in Energy Homeostasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156912. [PMID: 27272503 PMCID: PMC4896477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane bound transporters responsible for the movement of soluble molecules such as amino acids, ions, nucleotides, neurotransmitters and oligopeptides over cellular membranes. At present, there are 395 SLCs identified in humans, where about 40% are still uncharacterized with unknown expression and/or function(s). Here we have studied two uncharacterized atypical SLCs that belong to the Major Facilitator Superfamily Pfam clan, Major facilitator superfamily domain 5 (MFSD5) and Major facilitator superfamily domain 11 (MFSD11). We provide fundamental information about the histology in mice as well as data supporting their disposition to regulate expression levels to keep the energy homeostasis. Results In mice subjected to starvation or high-fat diet, the mRNA expression of Mfsd5 was significantly down-regulated (P<0.001) in food regulatory brain areas whereas Mfsd11 was significantly up-regulated in mice subjected to either starvation (P<0.01) or high-fat diet (P<0.001). qRT-PCR analysis on wild type tissues demonstrated that both Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 have a wide central and peripheral mRNA distribution, and immunohistochemistry was utilized to display the abundant protein expression in the mouse embryo and the adult mouse brain. Both proteins are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but not in astrocytes. Conclusions Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 are both affected by altered energy homeostasis, suggesting plausible involvement in the energy regulation. Moreover, the first histological mapping of MFSD5 and MFSD11 shows ubiquitous expression in the periphery and the central nervous system of mice, where the proteins are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory mouse brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Perland
- Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M. Eriksson
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonchita Bagchi
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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