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Dubernat L, Lefevre A, Marousez L, Tran LC, Van Hul M, de Lamballerie M, Cani PD, Gottrand F, Ley D, Lesage J. Donor human milk treated by high-pressure processing improves the body growth of growth-restricted mice pups. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 79:362-370. [PMID: 38899575 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pasteurized human donor milk (DM) is frequently used for feeding preterm newborns and extrauterine growth-restricted (EUGR) infants. Most human milk banks performed a pasteurization of DM using the standard method of Holder pasteurization (HoP) which consists of heating milk at 62.5°C for 30 min. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing was proposed to be an innovative nonthermal method to pasteurize DM. However, the effect of different modes of DM pasteurization on body growth, intestinal maturation, and microbiota has never been investigated in vivo during the lactation. OBJECTIVES We aimed to study these effects in postnatally growth-restricted (PNGR) mice pups daily supplemented with HoP-DM or HHP-DM. METHODS PNGR was induced by increasing the number of pups per litter (15 pups/mother) at postnatal Day 4 (PND4). From PND8 to PND20, mice pups were supplemented with HoP-DM or HHP-DM. At PND21, the intestinal permeability was measured in vivo, the intestinal mucosal histology, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level were analyzed. RESULTS HHP-DM pups displayed a significantly higher body weight gain than HoP-DM pups during lactation. At PND21, these two types of human milk supplementations did not differentially alter intestinal morphology and permeability, the gene-expression level of several mucosal intestinal markers, gut microbiota, and the caecal SCFAs level. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HHP could be an attractive alternative to HoP and that HHP-DM may ensure a better body growth of preterm and/or EUGR infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dubernat
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Augustin Lefevre
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Marousez
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Léa C Tran
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), Wavre, Belgium
| | | | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), Wavre, Belgium
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Ley
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children's Hospital, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, Lille, France
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Mehri K, Hamidian G, Zavvari Oskuye Z, Nayebirad S, Farajdokht F. The role of apelinergic system in metabolism and reproductive system in normal and pathological conditions: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1193150. [PMID: 37424869 PMCID: PMC10324965 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle changes have made metabolic disorders as one of the major threats to life. Growing evidence demonstrates that obesity and diabetes disrupt the reproductive system by affecting the gonads and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Apelin, an adipocytokine, and its receptor (APJ) are broadly expressed in the hypothalamus nuclei, such as paraventricular and supraoptic, where gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released, and all three lobes of the pituitary, indicating that apelin is involved in the control of reproductive function. Moreover, apelin affects food intake, insulin sensitivity, fluid homeostasis, and glucose and lipid metabolisms. This review outlined the physiological effects of the apelinergic system, the relationship between apelin and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, as well as the effect of apelin on the reproductive system in both gender. The apelin-APJ system can be considered a potential therapeutic target in the management of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Mehri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sepehr Nayebirad
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chae SA, Son JS, de Avila JM, Du M, Zhu MJ. Maternal exercise improves epithelial development of fetal intestine by enhancing apelin signaling and oxidative metabolism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R728-R738. [PMID: 36189989 PMCID: PMC9829469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in pregnancy is currently the leading cause of gestational complications for the mother and fetus worldwide. Maternal obesity (MO), common in western societies, impedes development of intestinal epithelium in the fetuses, which causes disorders in the nutrient absorption and intestine-related immune responses in offspring. Here, using a mouse model of maternal exercise (ME), we found that exercise during pregnancy protects the impairment of fetal intestinal morphometrical formation and epithelial development due to MO. MO decreased villus length and epithelial proliferation markers in E18.5 fetal small intestine, which was increased due to ME. The expression of the epithelial differentiation markers, Lyz1, Muc2, and Tff3, in fetal small intestine was decreased due to MO, but protected by ME. Consistently, the biomarkers related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism were downregulated in MO fetal small intestine but recovered by ME. Apelin injection to dams partially mirrored the beneficial effects of ME. ME and apelin injection activated AMPK, the downstream target of apelin receptor signaling, which might mediate the improvement of fetal epithelial development and oxidative metabolism. These findings suggest that ME, a highly accessible intervention, is effective in improving fetal intestinal epithelium of obese dams. Apelin-AMPK-mitochondrial biogenesis axis provides amenable therapeutic targets to facilitate fetal intestinal development of obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeanene Marie de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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APJ/apelin: a promising target for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2342-2352. [PMID: 35561966 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity is a noticeable retinal abnormality causing common blindness in children. An uncontrolled retinal vasculature in retinopathy of prematurity inflicts vision loss in numerous children despite the accessibility to a wide range of clinical treatments prescribed for retinopathy of prematurity. Apelin/APJ [class A (rhodopsin-like) G-protein-coupled receptor] signaling regulates retinopathy of prematurity augmented with uncontrolled angiogenesis. Antagonists targeting pathological apelin/APJ-signaling-induced angiogenesis could be effective in attenuating retinopathy of prematurity. The therapeutic proficiency of antagonists in diverse modalities: peptides, bioactive molecules and antibodies, targeting apelin peptides or the APJ receptor is discussed in this review. We hypothesize the antagonists could effectively attenuate the retinal vasculature triggered by apelin/APJ signaling activation governing vision impairment in young children.
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McDonough CM, Xu HS, Guo TL. Toxicity of bisphenol analogues on the reproductive, nervous, and immune systems, and their relationships to gut microbiome and metabolism: insights from a multi-species comparison. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:283-300. [PMID: 33949917 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1908224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols are common chemicals found in plastics and epoxy resins. Over the past decades, many studies have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) is a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical that may cause multisystem toxicity. However, the relative safety of BPA analogues is a controversial subject. Herein, we conducted a review of the reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, metabolic toxicity and gut microbiome toxicity of the BPA analogues in various species, including Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, turtles, sheep, rodents, and humans. In addition, the mechanisms of action were discussed with focus on bisphenol S and bisphenol F. It was found that these BPA analogues exert their toxic effects on different organs and systems through various mechanisms including epigenetic modifications and effects on cell signaling pathways, microbiome, and metabolome in different species. More research is needed to study the relative toxicity of the lesser-known BPA analogues compared to BPA, both systemically and organ specifically, and to better define the underlying mechanisms of action, in particular, the potentials of disrupting microbiome and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M McDonough
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah Shibo Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Marousez L, Hanssens S, Butruille L, Petit C, Pourpe C, Besengez C, Rakza T, Storme L, Deruelle P, Lesage J, Eberlé D. Breast milk apelin level increases with maternal obesity and high-fat feeding during lactation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1052-1060. [PMID: 33594258 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence indicates that levels of breast milk (BM) hormones such as leptin can fluctuate with maternal adiposity, suggesting that BM hormones may signal maternal metabolic and nutritional environments to offspring during postnatal development. The hormone apelin is highly abundant in BM but its regulation during lactation is completely unknown. Here, we evaluated whether maternal obesity and overnutrition impacted BM apelin and leptin levels in clinical cohorts and lactating rats. METHODS BM and plasma samples were collected from normal-weight and obese breastfeeding women, and from lactating rats fed a control or a high fat (HF) diet during lactation. Apelin and leptin levels were assayed by ELISA. Mammary gland (MG) apelin expression and its cellular localization in lactating rats was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS BM apelin levels increased with maternal BMI, whereas plasma apelin levels decreased. BM apelin was also positively correlated with maternal insulin and C-peptide levels. In rats, maternal HF feeding exclusively during lactation was sufficient to increase BM apelin levels and decrease its plasma concentration without changing body weight. In contrast, BM leptin levels increased with maternal BMI in humans, but did not change with maternal HF feeding during lactation in rats. Apelin is highly expressed in the rat MG during lactation and was mainly localized to mammary myoepithelial cells. We found that MG apelin gene expression was up-regulated by maternal HF diet and positively correlated with BM apelin content and maternal insulinemia. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that BM apelin levels increase with long- and short-term overnutrition, possibly via maternal hyperinsulinemia and transcriptional upregulation of MG apelin expression in myoepithelial cells. Apelin regulates many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, digestive function, and development. Further studies are needed to unravel the consequences of such changes in offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marousez
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Sandy Hanssens
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Céline Petit
- CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Charlène Pourpe
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | | | - Thameur Rakza
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Eberlé
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
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Hu G, Wang Z, Zhang R, Sun W, Chen X. The Role of Apelin/Apelin Receptor in Energy Metabolism and Water Homeostasis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:632886. [PMID: 33679444 PMCID: PMC7928310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.632886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) is a member of the family A of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is involved in range of physiological and pathological functions, including fluid homeostasis, anxiety, and depression, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. APJ was classically described as a monomeric transmembrane receptor that forms a ternary complex together with its ligand and associated G proteins. More recently, increasing evidence indicates that APJ may interact with other GPCRs to form heterodimers, which may selectively modulate distinct intracellular signal transduction pathways. Besides, the apelin/APJ system plays important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of several organs, including regulation of blood pressure, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, metabolic balance, and cell proliferation, apoptosis, or inflammation. Additionally, the apelin/APJ system is widely expressed in the central nervous system, especially in neurons and oligodendrocytes. This article reviews the role of apelin/APJ in energy metabolism and water homeostasis. Compared with the traditional diuretics, apelin exerts a positive inotropic effect on the heart, while increases water excretion. Therefore, drugs targeting apelin/APJ system undoubtedly provide more therapeutic options for patients with congestive heart failure accompanied with hyponatremia. To provide more precise guidance for the development of clinical drugs, further in-depth studies are warranted on the metabolism and signaling pathways associated with apelin/APJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghui Hu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
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Pioglitazone protects blood vessels through inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway by promoting KLF4 expression in rat models of T2DM. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221480. [PMID: 31829402 PMCID: PMC6928522 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, identified as the endogenous ligand of APJ, exerts various cardiovascular effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of apelin expression in vascular cells is poorly described. Pioglitazone (PIO) and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) exhibit specific biological functions on vascular physiology and pathophysiology by regulating differentiation- and proliferation-related genes. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of PIO and KLF4 in the transcriptional regulation of apelin in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin rat model of diabetes and in PIO-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting assays revealed that the aorta of the Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat models had a high expression of apelin, PIO could decrease the expression of apelin in the PIO-treated rats. In vitro, Western blotting assays and immunofluorescent staining results showed that the basal expression of apelin was decreased but that of KLF4 was increased when VSMCs were stimulated by PIO treatment. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results suggested that KLF4 bound to the GKLF-binding site of the apelin promoter and negatively regulated the transcription activity of apelin in VSMCs under PIO stimulation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and Western blotting assay results showed that the overexpression of KLF4 markedly decreased the basal expression of apelin, but the knockdown of KLF4 restored the PIO-induced expression of apelin. In conclusion, PIO inhibited the expression of apelin in T2DM rat models to prevent diabetic macroangiopathy, and negatively regulated the gene transcription of apelin by promoting transcription of KLF4 in the apelin promoter.
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The effects of curcumin and Lactobacillus acidophilus on certain hormones and insulin resistance in rats with metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:907-914. [PMID: 33553015 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we tried to investigate the effects of curcumin and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics, given individually and in combination, to insulin, adipokines and nitric oxide changes and insulin resistance as experimental treatment of metabolic syndrome. Methods Five groups were formed in the study. Fructose (20%) was administered with drinking water for 8 weeks to develop metabolic syndrome. For treatment, curcumin (100 mg/kg/day) and L. acidophilus (2 × 108 cfu/ml/day) were given individually or in combination for the last four weeks. At the end of the experiment; insulin, resistin, leptin, adipokines, apelin and nitric oxide levels were determined by ELISA test kits. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin and total protein levels were determined by autoanalyzer. Results The levels of apelin, resistin, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the fructose added to drinking water groups whereas curcumin and L. acidophilus probiotics given individually or together groups for treatment started to decrease and the nitric oxide level decreased significantly. Insulin resistance was found to be significantly higher in the group with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance developed. In the curcumin and probiotics given group, it was determined that the insulin resistance score was lowered compared to the group only given fructose. The administration of L. acidophilus probiotic and curcumin in rats with metabolic syndrome caused by fructose improves hormone levels and reduces insulin resistance. Conclusions These results showed that the addition of dietary curcumin as an antioxidant and probiotic could provide a natural alternative for the treatment of metabolic syndrome induced by fructose.
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Bayramoğlu O, Akkoyunlu G. Enteric apelin enhances the stress-induced stimulation of colonic motor functions. Stress 2020; 23:201-212. [PMID: 31441348 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1658739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to stress, apelin and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are upregulated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study was designed to investigate the effect of stress on endogenous apelin in colon and its regulatory role on colonic motor functions. Colon transit (CT) was measured in rats exposed to acute restraint stress (ARS). APJ and CRF receptor antagonists F13A and astressin were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ARS loading. Colonic muscle contractions were evaluated by in-vivo motility recording and in-vitro organ bath studies. Detection of apelin or CRF was performed using immunohistochemistry in proximal and distal colon of non-stressed (NS) and ARS-loaded rats. Immunoreactivity of CRF1 with apelin or APJ receptor was detected with double-labeled immunofluorescence in colonic myenteric neurons. Compared with NS rats, ARS accelerated the CT which was attenuated significantly by F13A or astressin. Following ARS, the expression of CRF was increased remarkably in distal colon, while the stress-induced change was not prominent in proximal colon. Apelin-positive cells were detected in myenteric ganglia of distal colon, while no apelin immunoreactivity observed in myenteric neurons of proximal colon. Both apelin and APJ receptor are colocalized with CRF1 in myenteric neurons of distal colon. In the in-vivo colonic motility experiments, apelin-13 exhibited a rapid stimulatory effect. CRF administration increased the motility which was abolished by F13A. Apelin-induced contractions in muscle strips were no longer observed with preadministration of F13A. These results suggest that enteric apelin contributes to the action of CRF on colonic motor functions under stressed conditions.LAY SUMMARYIt has been suggested in rodents that acute stress increases the expression of apelin in gastrointestinal tissues. We have found that under stressed conditions, enteric apelin contributes to the CRF-induced alterations in colonic motor functions through APJ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Bayramoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Kumar S, Hirani T, Patel V, Hirani S, Mohammed I, Shishoo D. Expression of apelin among the individuals of chronic periodontitis, with and without type ii diabetes mellitus: A study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_84_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Knauf C, Abot A, Wemelle E, Cani PD. Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:139-146. [PMID: 31280267 DOI: 10.1159/000500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is of crucial importance for controlling glucose homeostasis. Alteration of this axis promotes the type 2 diabetes (T2D) phenotype (hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance). Recently, a new concept has emerged to demonstrate the crucial role of the enteric nervous system in the control of glycaemia via the hypothalamus. In diabetic patients and mice, modification of enteric neurons activity in the proximal part of the intestine generates a duodenal hyper-contractility that generates an aberrant message from the gut to the brain. In turn, the hypothalamus sends an aberrant efferent message that provokes a state of insulin resistance, which is characteristic of a T2D state. Targeting the enteric nervous system of the duodenum is now recognized as an innovative strategy for treatment of diabetes. By acting in the intestine, bioactive gut molecules that we called "enterosynes" can modulate the function of a specific type of neurons of the enteric nervous system to decrease the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle cells. Here, we focus on the origins of enterosynes (hormones, neurotransmitters, nutrients, microbiota, and immune factors), which could be considered therapeutic factors, and we describe their modes of action on enteric neurons. This unsuspected action of enterosynes is proposed for the treatment of T2D, but it could be applied for other therapeutic solutions that implicate communication between the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France,
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France,
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Wemelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
- UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The regulation of glycemia is under a tight neuronal detection of glucose levels performed by the gut-brain axis and an efficient efferent neuronal message sent to the peripheral organs, as the pancreas to induce insulin and inhibit glucagon secretions. The neuronal detection of glucose levels is performed by the autonomic nervous system including the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve innervating the gastro-intestinal tractus, from the mouth to the anus. A dysregulation of this detection leads to the one of the most important current health issue around the world i.e. diabetes mellitus. Furthemore, the consequences of diabetes mellitus on neuronal homeostasis and activities participate to the aggravation of the disease establishing a viscious circle. Prokaryotic cells as bacteria, reside in our gut. The strong relationship between prokaryotic cells and our eukaryotic cells has been established long ago, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in our body have evolved synbiotically. For the last decades, studies demonstrated the critical role of the gut microbiota on the metabolic control and how its shift can induce diseases such as diabetes. Despite an important increase of knowledge, few is known about 1) how the gut microbiota influences the neuronal detection of glucose and 2) how the diabetes mellitus-induced gut microbiota shift observed participates to the alterations of autonomic nervous system and the gut-brain axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Grasset
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Dyslipidemia', F-31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
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Nyimanu D, Kuc RE, Williams TL, Bednarek M, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin-36-[L28A] and Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] peptides that improve diet induced obesity are G protein biased ligands at the apelin receptor. Peptides 2019; 121:170139. [PMID: 31472173 PMCID: PMC6838674 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin signalling pathways have important cardiovascular and metabolic functions. Recently, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)], were reported to function independent of the apelin receptor in vivo to produce beneficial metabolic effects without modulating blood pressure. We aimed to show that these peptides bound to the apelin receptor and to further characterise their pharmacology in vitro at the human apelin receptor. METHODS [Pyr1]apelin-13 saturation binding experiments and competition binding experiments were performed in rat and human heart homogenates using [125I]apelin-13 (0.1 nM), and/or increasing concentrations of apelin-36, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] (50pM-100μM). Apelin-36 and its analogues apelin-36-[F36A], apelin-36-[L28A], apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)], apelin-36-[A28 A13] and [40kDa-PEG]-apelin-36 were tested in forskolin-induced cAMP inhibition and β-arrestin assays in CHO-K1 cells heterologously expressing the human apelin receptor. Bias signaling was quantified using the operational model for bias. RESULTS In both species, [Pyr1]apelin-13 had comparable subnanomolar affinity and the apelin receptor density was similar. Apelin-36, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] competed for binding of [125I]apelin-13 with nanomolar affinities. Apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP release, with nanomolar potencies but they were less potent compared to apelin-36 at recruiting β-arrestin. Bias analysis suggested that these peptides were G protein biased. Additionally, [40kDa-PEG]-apelin-36 and apelin-36-[F36A] retained nanomolar potencies in both cAMP and β-arrestin assays whilst apelin-36-[A13 A28] exhibited a similar profile to apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] in the β-arrestin assay but was more potent in the cAMP assay. CONCLUSIONS Apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] are G protein biased ligands of the apelin receptor, suggesting that the apelin receptor is an important therapeutic target in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maria Bednarek
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding authors.
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15
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Roles of the Hepatic Endocannabinoid and Apelin Systems in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111311. [PMID: 31653030 PMCID: PMC6912778 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the consequence of an unresolved wound healing process in response to chronic liver injury and involves multiple cell types and molecular mechanisms. The hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two signalling pathways with a substantial role in the liver fibrosis pathophysiology-both are upregulated in patients with advanced liver disease. Endogenous cannabinoids are lipid-signalling molecules derived from arachidonic acid involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction, portal hypertension, liver fibrosis, and other processes associated with hepatic disease through their interactions with the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Apelin is a peptide that participates in cardiovascular and renal functions, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hepatic fibrosis through its interaction with the APJ receptor. The endocannabinoid and apelin systems are two of the multiple cell-signalling pathways involved in the transformation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast like cells, the main matrix-producing cells in liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying the control of hepatic stellate cell activity are coincident despite the marked dissimilarities between the endocannabinoid and apelin signalling pathways. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the hepatic endocannabinoid and apelin systems play a significant role in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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17
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Yuzbashian E, Asghari G, Aghayan M, Hedayati M, Zarkesh M, Mirmiran P, Khalaj A. Dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load is associated with apelin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:68. [PMID: 31548844 PMCID: PMC6751847 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apelin, as an adipokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether the quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrates were associated with apelin gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 102 adults who underwent minor abdominal surgery were selected. Approximately 100 mg of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were collected during the surgery to measure apelin gene expression. Anthropometric measurment, blood samples, and dietary intakes were collected before surgery. The dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) were determined. Results The average apelin concentration was 269.6 ± 98.5(pg/mL), and 16.3% of participants were insulin resistant. There was a correlation between insulin (p-value = 0.043), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)(p-value = 0.045) and apelin gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. There was a positive association of apelin gene expression with dietary GI and GL after adjustment for age, sex, and waist circumference in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues(p < 0.05). Apelin gene expression in visceral(p = 0.002) and subcutaneous(p = 0.003) adipose tissues was directly associated with foods with a higher GI. There was no association between total carbohydrate intake and apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Conclusions Dietary GI and GL, not total carbohydrate intake, were positively associated with apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Future studies are warranted to illustrate the chronic and acute effect of carbohydrate quality on apelin homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0389-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yuzbashian
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19816-19573, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aghayan
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- 3Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarkesh
- 3Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19816-19573, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khalaj
- 4Tehran Obesity Treatment Center, Department of Surgery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Rezg R, Abot A, Mornagui B, Knauf C. Bisphenol S exposure affects gene expression related to intestinal glucose absorption and glucose metabolism in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3636-3642. [PMID: 30523531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S, an industrial chemical, has raised concerns for both human and ecosystem health. Yet, health hazards posed by bisphenol S (BPS) exposure remain poorly studied. Compared to all tissues, the intestine and the liver are among the most affected by environmental endocrine disruptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular effect of BPS on gene expression implicated in the control of glucose metabolism in the intestine (apelin and its receptor APJ, SGLT1, GLUT2) and in the liver (glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis key enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α and IL-1β)). BPS at 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg was administered to mice in water drink for 10 weeks. In the duodenum, BPS exposure reduces significantly mRNA expression of sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), apelin, and APJ mRNA. In the liver, BPS exposure increases the expression of G6Pase and PEPCK, but does not affect pro-inflammatory markers. These data suggest that alteration of apelinergic system and glucose transporters expression could contribute to a disruption of intestinal glucose absorption, and that BPS stimulates glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis in the liver. Collectively, we reveal that BPS heightens the risk of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rezg
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology and Valorisation BIOLIVAL, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL, Toulouse, France
| | - Bessem Mornagui
- Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources des zones arides, LR18ES36, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL, Toulouse, France
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Castan-Laurell I, Masri B, Valet P. The apelin/APJ system as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:215-225. [PMID: 30570369 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1561871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apelin, a bioactive peptide, is the endogenous ligand of APJ, a G protein-coupled receptor which is widely expressed in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. The apelin/APJ system is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions and is a therapeutic target in different pathologies; the development of APJ agonists and antagonists has thus increased. Area covered: This review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo metabolic effects of apelin in physiological conditions and in the context of metabolic diseases. Expert opinion: In experimental models, novel APJ agonists are efficient in vivo, to treat metabolic diseases and associated complications. However, more clinical trials are necessary to determine whether molecules that target APJ could become an alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metabolic diseases and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Bernard Masri
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Philippe Valet
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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20
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Shin K, Landsman M, Pelletier S, Alamri BN, Anini Y, Rainey JK. Proapelin is processed extracellularly in a cell line-dependent manner with clear modulation by proprotein convertases. Amino Acids 2018; 51:395-405. [PMID: 30430332 PMCID: PMC7101949 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a peptide hormone that binds to a class A GPCR (the apelin receptor/APJ) to regulate various bodily systems. Upon signal peptide removal, the resulting 55-residue isoform, proapelin/apelin-55, can be further processed to 36-, 17-, or 13-residue isoforms with length-dependent pharmacological properties. Processing was initially proposed to occur intracellularly. However, detection of apelin-55 in extracellular fluids indicates that extracellular processing may also occur. To test for this, apelin-55 was applied exogenously to HEK293A cells overexpressing proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 3 (PCSK3), the only apelin processing enzyme identified thus far, and to differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which endogenously express apelin, PCSK3 and other proprotein convertases. Analysis of culture media constituents from each cell type by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and western blot demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in apelin-55 levels. This decrease was partially, but not fully, attenuated by PCSK inhibitor treatment in both cell lines. Comparison of the resulting apelin-55-derived peptide profile between the two cell lines demonstrated distinct processing patterns, with apelin-36 production apparent in 3T3-L1 adipocytes vs. detection of the prodomain of a shorter isoform (likely the apelin-13 prodomain, observed after additional proteolytic processing) in PCSK3-transfected HEK293A cells. Extracellular processing of apelin, with distinct cell type dependence, provides an alternative mechanism to regulate isoform-mediated physiological effects of apelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Landsman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Pelletier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Bader N Alamri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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22
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Vinel C, Lukjanenko L, Batut A, Deleruyelle S, Pradère JP, Le Gonidec S, Dortignac A, Geoffre N, Pereira O, Karaz S, Lee U, Camus M, Chaoui K, Mouisel E, Bigot A, Mouly V, Vigneau M, Pagano AF, Chopard A, Pillard F, Guyonnet S, Cesari M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Pahor M, Feige JN, Vellas B, Valet P, Dray C. The exerkine apelin reverses age-associated sarcopenia. Nat Med 2018; 24:1360-1371. [PMID: 30061698 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength, lacks early diagnostic tools and new therapeutic strategies to prevent the frailty-to-disability transition often responsible for the medical institutionalization of elderly individuals. Herein we report that production of the endogenous peptide apelin, induced by muscle contraction, is reduced in an age-dependent manner in humans and rodents and is positively associated with the beneficial effects of exercise in older persons. Mice deficient in either apelin or its receptor (APLNR) presented dramatic alterations in muscle function with increasing age. Various strategies that restored apelin signaling during aging further demonstrated that this peptide considerably enhanced muscle function by triggering mitochondriogenesis, autophagy and anti-inflammatory pathways in myofibers as well as enhancing the regenerative capacity by targeting muscle stem cells. Taken together, these findings revealed positive regulatory feedback between physical activity, apelin and muscle function and identified apelin both as a tool for diagnosis of early sarcopenia and as the target of an innovative pharmacological strategy to prevent age-associated muscle weakness and restore physical autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vinel
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Lukjanenko
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Batut
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradère
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nancy Geoffre
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophelie Pereira
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Karaz
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Umji Lee
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Camus
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bigot
- Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 UM76, Univ. Paris 6/U974, UMR7215, CNRS, Pitié-Salpétrière-INSERM, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 UM76, Univ. Paris 6/U974, UMR7215, CNRS, Pitié-Salpétrière-INSERM, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Vigneau
- Institut des Technologies Avancées en Science du Vivant-USR3505 Centre Pierre Potier, Toulouse, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Pillard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopole Toulouse-Purpan UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marco Pahor
- Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopole Toulouse-Purpan UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Sabry RN, El Wakeel MA, El-Kassas GM, Amer AF, El Batal WH, El-Zayat SR, Abou-El-Asrar M. Serum Apelin: A New Marker of Early Atherosclerosis in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:613-617. [PMID: 29731925 PMCID: PMC5927488 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children that may be complicated by micro or macrovascular complications. Measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) allows the early detection of atherosclerotic alterations of blood vessels that may complicate T1DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study is a case-control study. Participants were classified into two groups. The first group included 40 children with T1DM and the second group included 30 matched healthy controls. The studied cases were recruited from Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Hospital, Ain Shams University. Serum apelin, cholesterol, TG, LDL were measured for every case. Also, albumin level was analyzed in urine. Measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was done for all cases. RESULTS: Comparison between T1DM patients and controls revealed that serum apelin, cholesterol, TG, LDL and albuminuria were significantly increased in cases compared to controls. Significant positive correlations were detected between HbA1C, albuminuria and lipid profile with apelin in the diabetic group (p < 0.05). CIMT has significant positive correlation with serum apelin levels (r = 0.36, p = 0.05). Also, this study found positive correlations between CIMT and some variables as LDL, SBP z-score and duration of the illness. CONCLUSION: Increased levels of serum apelin in T1DM patients may be considered as predicting factor for the ongoing development of vascular sequels. This study highlighted the possible validity of apelin assay as an early predictor of atherosclerosis in T1DM children. Evaluating CIMT in these patients is of at most important for early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania N Sabry
- Department of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed F Amer
- Department of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael H El Batal
- Department of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Murza A, Trân K, Bruneau-Cossette L, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Lavigne P, Sarret P, Marsault É. Apelins, ELABELA, and their derivatives: Peptidic regulators of the cardiovascular system and beyond. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Laurent Bruneau-Cossette
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
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25
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Abot A, Cani PD, Knauf C. Impact of Intestinal Peptides on the Enteric Nervous System: Novel Approaches to Control Glucose Metabolism and Food Intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29988396 PMCID: PMC6023997 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is one of the most important sources of bioactive peptides in the body. In addition to their direct actions in the brain and/or peripheral tissues, the intestinal peptides can also have an impact on enteric nervous neurons. By modifying the endogenousproduction of these peptides, one may expect modify the "local" physiology such as glucose absorption, but also could have a "global" action via the gut-brain axis. Due to the various origins of gut peptides (i.e., nutrients, intestinal wall, gut microbiota) and the heterogeneity of enteric neurons population, the potential physiological parameters control by the interaction between the two partners are multiple. In this review, we will exclusively focus on the role of enteric nervous system as a potential target of gut peptides to control glucose metabolism and food intake. Potential therapeutic strategies based on per os administration of gut peptides to treat type 2 diabetes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Abot
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL), INSERM, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Paris, France
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL), INSERM, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Toulouse, France
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL), INSERM, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Claude Knauf,
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26
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Protective Role of Apelin Against Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Tubular Injury in Rats. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:1499-1509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Fournel A, Drougard A, Duparc T, Marlin A, Brierley SM, Castro J, Le-Gonidec S, Masri B, Colom A, Lucas A, Rousset P, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Valet P, Cani PD, Knauf C. Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain. Gut 2017; 66:258-269. [PMID: 26565000 PMCID: PMC5284480 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut-brain axis is considered as a major regulatory checkpoint in the control of glucose homeostasis. The detection of nutrients and/or hormones in the duodenum informs the hypothalamus of the host's nutritional state. This process may occur via hypothalamic neurons modulating central release of nitric oxide (NO), which in turn controls glucose entry into tissues. The enteric nervous system (ENS) modulates intestinal contractions in response to various stimuli, but the importance of this interaction in the control of glucose homeostasis via the brain is unknown. We studied whether apelin, a bioactive peptide present in the gut, regulates ENS-evoked contractions, thereby identifying a new physiological partner in the control of glucose utilisation via the hypothalamus. DESIGN We measured the effect of apelin on electrical and mechanical duodenal responses via telemetry probes and isotonic sensors in normal and obese/diabetic mice. Changes in hypothalamic NO release, in response to duodenal contraction modulated by apelin, were evaluated in real time with specific amperometric probes. Glucose utilisation in tissues was measured with orally administrated radiolabeled glucose. RESULTS In normal and obese/diabetic mice, glucose utilisation is improved by the decrease of ENS/contraction activities in response to apelin, which generates an increase in hypothalamic NO release. As a consequence, glucose entry is significantly increased in the muscle. CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a novel mode of communication between the intestine and the hypothalamus that controls glucose utilisation. Moreover, our data identified oral apelin administration as a novel potential target to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audren Fournel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Drougard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaut Duparc
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alysson Marlin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Le-Gonidec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Masri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - André Colom
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Perrine Rousset
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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29
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Zhang G, Hasek LY, Lee BH, Hamaker BR. Gut feedback mechanisms and food intake: a physiological approach to slow carbohydrate bioavailability. Food Funct 2016; 6:1072-89. [PMID: 25686469 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00803k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycemic carbohydrates in foods are an important macronutrient providing the biological fuel of glucose for a variety of physiological processes. A classification of glycemic carbohydrates into rapidly digestible carbohydrate (RDC) and slowly digestible carbohydrate (SDC) has been used to specify their nutritional quality related to glucose homeostasis that is essential to normal functioning of the brain and critical to life. Although there have been many studies and reviews on slowly digestible starch (SDS) and SDC, the mechanisms of their slow digestion and absorption were mostly investigated from the material side without considering the physiological processes of their in vivo digestion, absorption, and most importantly interactions with other food components and the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, the physiological processes modulating the bioavailability of carbohydrates, specifically the rate and extent of their digestion and absorption as well as the related locations, in a whole food context, will be discussed by focusing on the activities of the gastrointestinal tract including glycolytic enzymes and glucose release, sugar sensing, gut hormones, and neurohormonal negative feedback mechanisms. It is hoped that a deep understanding of these physiological processes will facilitate the development of innovative dietary approaches to achieve desired carbohydrate or glucose bioavailability for improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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30
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Fève B, Bastard C, Fellahi S, Bastard JP, Capeau J. New adipokines. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:49-56. [PMID: 26852251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now widely recognized as "an organ" able to synthesize and secrete hundred factors collectively called adipokines. These secreted molecules exert pleiotropic actions, notably on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, reproduction, or angiogenesis. Over the past two decades, a considerable amount of work was performed on the two "star" adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, particularly because of their involvement in energy metabolism. The present review is focused on the three most recently discovered adipokines that are clearly emerging as important actors in metabolism: apelin, fibroblast growth factor-21, and neuroregulin-4. Moreover, given a number of clinical and experimental data, these three adipokines represent promising targets in the context of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fève
- UMR_S 938 CDR-Saint-Antoine, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Universities UPMC Paris 6, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; University Hospital ICAN Institute, 75013 Paris, France; Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Claire Bastard
- Service de chirurgie digestive et viscérale, Centre hospitalier Sud Francilien, 91000 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Soraya Fellahi
- UMR_S 938 CDR-Saint-Antoine, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Universities UPMC Paris 6, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; University Hospital ICAN Institute, 75013 Paris, France; Biochemistry Department, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bastard
- UMR_S 938 CDR-Saint-Antoine, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Universities UPMC Paris 6, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; University Hospital ICAN Institute, 75013 Paris, France; Biochemistry Department, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- UMR_S 938 CDR-Saint-Antoine, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Universities UPMC Paris 6, 27, rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; University Hospital ICAN Institute, 75013 Paris, France; Biochemistry Department, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris, France
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31
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Fan Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Zheng H, Song Y, Zhang N, Shen C, Fan X, Ren F, Shen J, Ren G, Yang J. Treatment with metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor elevates apelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4679-83. [PMID: 26316706 PMCID: PMC4544807 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the effects of metformin monotherapy or combined treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (vildagliptin) on apelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Twenty-five patients with poor glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin >6.5% [48 mmol/mol]) taking 1,000 mg of metformin daily and 25 healthy controls matched for age and body mass index were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric parameters, glycemic and lipid profile, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index), and apelin levels were measured at baseline and at 12-week and 24-week visits. RESULTS At baseline, apelin levels were higher in the T2DM patients than in the controls (1.93±1.81 ng/mL versus 6.09±4.90 ng/mL; P<0.05). After 12 weeks, when vildagliptin was added, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased, and apelin levels increased further (from 6.09±4.90 ng/mL to 24.23±12.59 ng/mL; P<0.05). Follow-up at 24 weeks showed no further improvement in the glycemic profile and no further increase in apelin levels. CONCLUSION Both metformin and vildagliptin favorably changed glycemic indices and apelin levels. For patients inadequately controlled on a low dose of metformin, addition of vildagliptin may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengdong Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Benoit B, Bruno J, Kayal F, Estienne M, Debard C, Ducroc R, Plaisancié P. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Differently Modulate Colonic Goblet Cells In Vitro and in Rat Pups. J Nutr 2015; 145:1754-62. [PMID: 26108543 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.211441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-fat diets induce intestinal barrier alterations and promote intestinal diseases. Little is known about the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on mucin 2 (MUC2) production by goblet cells, which are crucial for intestinal protection. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of LCFAs on the differentiation of colonic goblet cells, MUC2 expression, and colonic barrier function. METHODS Upon reaching confluence, human colonic mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells were stimulated (21 d) with a saturated LCFA (palmitic or stearic acid), a monounsaturated LCFA (oleic acid), or a polyunsaturated LCFA (linoleic, γ-linolenic, α-linolenic, or eicosapentaenoic acid). In addition, rat pups underwent oral administration of oil (palm, rapeseed, or sunflower oil) or water (10 μL/g body weight, postnatal days 10-15). Subsequently, colon goblet cells were studied by Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry and colonic transmucosal electrical resistance was measured by using Ussing chambers. RESULTS In vitro, palmitic acid enhanced MUC2 production (140% of control) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α expression, whereas oleic, linoleic, γ-linolenic, α-linolenic, and eicosapentaenoic acids reduced MUC2 expression (at least -50% of control). All unsaturated LCFAs decreased the expression of human atonal homolog 1, a transcription factor controlling goblet cell differentiation (at least -31% vs. control). In vivo, rats fed palm oil had higher palmitic acid concentrations (3-fold) in their colonic contents and increased mucus granule surfaces in their goblet cells (>2-fold) than did all other groups. Palm oil also increased colonic transmucosal electrical resistance (245% of control), yet had no effect on occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression. In contrast, sunflower and rapeseed oils decreased goblet cell number when compared with control (at least -10%) and palm oil (at least -14%) groups. CONCLUSIONS Palm oil in rat pups and palmitic acid in HT29-MTX cells increase the production of MUC2 and strengthen the intestinal barrier. In contrast, unsaturated LCFAs decrease MUC2 expression. These data should be taken into account in the context of preventive or therapeutic nutritional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Benoit
- Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérémie Bruno
- Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fanny Kayal
- Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Monique Estienne
- National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyrille Debard
- National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France; French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Oullins, France; and
| | - Robert Ducroc
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research U773, Bichat Beaujon Biomedical Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Plaisancié
- National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France;
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Chaves-Almagro C, Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Knauf C, Valet P, Masri B. Apelin receptors: From signaling to antidiabetic strategy. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:149-59. [PMID: 26007641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis and energy metabolism regulation. On the other hand, this couple ligand-receptor is also involved in the development and progression of different pathologies including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela/Toddler, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. Whereas nothing is yet known regarding Elabela/Toddler functions in adulthood, apelin has been extensively described as a beneficial adipokine regarding to glucose and lipid metabolism and is endowed with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence supporting apelin signaling as a novel promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes). In this review, we provide an overview of the pharmacological properties of APJ and its endogenous ligands. We also report the activity of peptidic and non-peptidic agonists and antagonists targeting APJ described in the literature. Finally, we highlight the important role of this signaling pathway in the control of energy metabolism at the peripheral level and in the central nervous system in both physiological conditions and during obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaves-Almagro
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - I Castan-Laurell
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Dray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Knauf
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P Valet
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - B Masri
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Fanjul C, Barrenetxe J, Lostao MP, Ducroc R. Modulation of intestinal L-glutamate transport by luminal leptin. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:311-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Bertrand C, Valet P, Castan-Laurell I. Apelin and energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 25914650 PMCID: PMC4392293 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of adipokines identified over the past years has allowed considering the white adipose tissue as a secretory organ closely integrated into overall physiological and metabolic control. Apelin, a ubiquitously expressed peptide was known to exert different physiological effects mainly on the cardiovascular system and the regulation of fluid homeostasis prior to its characterization as an adipokine. This has broadened its range of action and apelin now appears clearly as a new player in energy metabolism in addition to leptin and adiponectin. Apelin has been shown to act on glucose and lipid metabolism but also to modulate insulin secretion. Moreover, different studies in both animals and humans have shown that plasma apelin concentrations are usually increased during obesity and type 2 diabetes. This mini-review will focus on the various systemic apelin effects on energy metabolism by addressing its mechanisms of action. The advances concerning the role of apelin in metabolic diseases in relation with the recent reports on apelin concentrations in obese and/or diabetic subjects will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bertrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048 Toulouse, France ; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048 Toulouse, France ; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048 Toulouse, France ; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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Masri B, Dray C, Knauf C, Valet P, Castan-Laurell I. [The APJ receptor: a new therapeutic approach in diabetic treatment]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:275-81. [PMID: 25855281 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The APJ receptor cloned in 1993 found its ligand in 1998 with the discovery of apelin. The presence of APJ in the central nervous system (more particularly in the hypothalamus) and in various tissues (heart, blood vessels, stomach, etc.) makes it a potential pharmacological target. Interest in APJ has allowed the development of peptidic molecules able to stimulate and/or inhibit the receptor and, more recently, to discover another endogenous ligand: apela. Among the functions regulated by the APJ/apelin system, the control of energy metabolism appears today in the forefront. A better understanding of the pharmacology of APJ receptor should allow innovative therapeutic approaches in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Masri
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, université Paul Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, université Paul Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, université Paul Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, université Paul Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, université Paul Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Röder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H. The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89977. [PMID: 24587162 PMCID: PMC3935955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by SGLT1 whereas GLUT2 is considered to provide basolateral exit. Recently, it was proposed that GLUT2 can be recruited into the apical membrane after a high luminal glucose bolus allowing bulk absorption of glucose by facilitated diffusion. Moreover, SGLT1 and GLUT2 are suggested to play an important role in intestinal glucose sensing and incretin secretion. In mice that lack either SGLT1 or GLUT2 we re-assessed the role of these transporters in intestinal glucose uptake after radiotracer glucose gavage and performed Western blot analysis for transporter abundance in apical membrane fractions in a comparative approach. Moreover, we examined the contribution of these transporters to glucose-induced changes in plasma GIP, GLP-1 and insulin levels. In mice lacking SGLT1, tissue retention of tracer glucose was drastically reduced throughout the entire small intestine whereas GLUT2-deficient animals exhibited higher tracer contents in tissue samples than wild type animals. Deletion of SGLT1 resulted also in reduced blood glucose elevations and abolished GIP and GLP-1 secretion in response to glucose. In mice lacking GLUT2, glucose-induced insulin but not incretin secretion was impaired. Western blot analysis revealed unchanged protein levels of SGLT1 after glucose gavage. GLUT2 detected in apical membrane fractions mainly resulted from contamination with basolateral membranes but did not change in density after glucose administration. SGLT1 is unequivocally the prime intestinal glucose transporter even at high luminal glucose concentrations. Moreover, SGLT1 mediates glucose-induced incretin secretion. Our studies do not provide evidence for GLUT2 playing any role in either apical glucose influx or incretin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia V. Röder
- ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Kerstin E. Geillinger
- ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Tamara S. Zietek
- ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- ZIEL Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Snoussi C, Ducroc R, Hamdaoui MH, Dhaouadi K, Abaidi H, Cluzeaud F, Nazaret C, Le Gall M, Bado A. Green tea decoction improves glucose tolerance and reduces weight gain of rats fed normal and high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:557-64. [PMID: 24656388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Green tea containing polyphenols exerts antidiabetic and antiobesity effects, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this study, we first analyzed and compared polyphenol compounds [epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC)] in decoction of green tea leaves versus usual green tea extracts. Second, the effects of acute (30 min) or chronic (6 weeks) oral administration of green tea decoction (GTD) on intestinal glucose absorption were studied in vitro in Ussing chamber, ex vivo using isolated jejunal loops and in vivo through glucose tolerance tests. Finally, we explore in rat model fed normal or high-fat diet the effects of GTD on body weight, blood parameters and on the relative expression of glucose transporters SGLT-1, GLUT2 and GLUT4. GTD cooked for 15 min contained the highest amounts of phenolic compounds. In fasted rats, acute administration of GTD inhibited SGLT-1 activity, increased GLUT2 activity and improved glucose tolerance. Similarly to GTD, acute administration of synthetic phenolic compounds (2/3 EGCG+1/3 EGC) inhibited SGLT-1 activity. Chronic administration of GTD in rat fed high-fat diet reduced body weight gain, circulating triglycerides and cholesterol and improved glucose tolerance. GTD-treated rats for 6 weeks display significantly reduced SGLT-1 and increased GLUT2 mRNA levels in the jejunum mucosa. Moreover, adipose tissue GLUT4 mRNA levels were increased. These results indicate that GTD, a traditional beverage rich in EGCG and EGC reduces intestinal SGLT-1/GLUT2 ratio, a hallmark of regulation of glucose absorption in enterocyte, and enhances adipose GLUT4 providing new insights in its possible role in the control of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahira Snoussi
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Research Unit on the Antioxidant compounds, Oxidative stress, Trace elements and Metabolic diseases, ESSTST, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Robert Ducroc
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hédi Hamdaoui
- Research Unit on the Antioxidant compounds, Oxidative stress, Trace elements and Metabolic diseases, ESSTST, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Houda Abaidi
- Research Unit on the Antioxidant compounds, Oxidative stress, Trace elements and Metabolic diseases, ESSTST, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francoise Cluzeaud
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Nazaret
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - André Bado
- Inserm UMRS1149, UFR de Médecine Paris 7, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Wattez JS, Ravallec R, Cudennec B, Knauf C, Dhulster P, Valet P, Breton C, Vieau D, Lesage J. Apelin stimulates both cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 secretions in vitro and in vivo in rodents. Peptides 2013; 48:134-6. [PMID: 23954476 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an enteric peptide that exerts several digestive functions such as stimulation of cell proliferation and cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion. We investigated using murine enteroendocrine cell line (STC-1) and rats if apelin-13 stimulates both CCK and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretions. We demonstrated that, in vitro and in vivo, apelin-13 increases the release of these two hormones in a dose-dependent manner. Present data suggest that apelin may modulate digestive functions, food intake behavior and glucose homoeostasis via apelin-induced release of enteric CCK but also through a new incretin-releasing activity on enteric GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Wattez
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Equipe dénutritions maternelles périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Bâtiment SN4, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Lv SY, Yang YJ, Chen Q. Regulation of feeding behavior, gastrointestinal function and fluid homeostasis by apelin. Peptides 2013; 44:87-92. [PMID: 23557907 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apelin was first identified and characterized from bovine stomach extracts as an endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. Apelin/APJ system is abundantly present in peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Apelin plays a broad role in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Recently, many reports have showed the effects of apelin on feeding behavior, however the results are inconsistent, due to different administration routes, animal species, forms of apelin, etc. Apelin has been involved in stimulating gastric cell proliferation, cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, histamine release, gastric acid and bicarbonate secretion, and regulation of gastrointestinal motility. In addition, apelin produced regulatory effects on drinking behavior, diuresis, arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and glucocorticoids secretion. This article reviews the role of apelin on feeding behavior, gastrointestinal function and fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yu Lv
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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