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Curtis BE, Abdo Z, Graham B, LaVoy A, Evans SJM, Santangelo K, Dean GA. An Aptamer-Based Proteomic Analysis of Plasma from Cats ( Felis catus) with Clinical Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses 2024; 16:141. [PMID: 38257841 PMCID: PMC10819688 DOI: 10.3390/v16010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease manifestation of feline coronavirus (FCoV) and is the most important cause of infectious disease-related deaths in domestic cats. FIP has a variable clinical manifestation but is most often characterized by widespread vasculitis with visceral involvement and/or neurological disease that is typically fatal in the absence of antiviral therapy. Using an aptamer-based proteomics assay, we analyzed the plasma protein profiles of cats who were naturally infected with FIP (n = 19) in comparison to the plasma protein profiles of cats who were clinically healthy and negative for FCoV (n = 17) and cats who were positive for the enteric form of FCoV (n = 9). We identified 442 proteins that were significantly differentiable; in total, 219 increased and 223 decreased in FIP plasma versus clinically healthy cat plasma. Pathway enrichment and associated analyses showed that differentiable proteins were related to immune system processes, including the innate immune response, cytokine signaling, and antigen presentation, as well as apoptosis and vascular integrity. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of previous studies. While these results have the potential to inform diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative investigations, they represent only a first step, and will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (B.E.C.); (A.L.); (S.J.M.E.); (K.S.)
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Müller TR, Penninck DG, Webster CRL, Conrado FO. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings of cats with feline infectious peritonitis: an update. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231216000. [PMID: 38095890 PMCID: PMC10811767 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231216000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the abdominal ultrasonographic findings in cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). METHODS This was a retrospective study performed in an academic veterinary hospital. The diagnosis of FIP was reached on review of history, signalment, clinical presentation, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, peritoneal fluid analysis, cytology and/or histopathology results from abnormal organs, and/or molecular testing (immunohistochemical or FIP coronavirus [FCoV] RT-PCR). Cats with confirmed FIP by molecular testing or with a highly suspicious diagnosis of FIP were included. Abdominal ultrasound examination findings were reviewed. RESULTS In total, 25 cats were included. Common clinical signs/pathology findings included hyperglobulinemia (96%), anorexia/hyporexia (80%) and lethargy (56%). Abdominal ultrasound findings included effusion in 88% and lymphadenopathy in 80%. Hepatic changes were noted in 80%, the most common being hepatomegaly (58%) and a hypoechoic liver (48%). Intestinal changes were noted in 68% of cats, characterized by asymmetric wall thickening and/or loss of wall layering, with 52% being ileocecocolic junction and/or colonic in location. Splenic changes were present in 36% of cats, including splenomegaly, mottled parenchyma and hypoechoic nodules. Renal changes were present in 32%, encompassing a hypoechoic subcapsular rim and/or cortical nodules. Mesenteric and peritoneal abnormalities were seen in 28% and 16% of cats, respectively. Most cats (92%) had two or more locations of abdominal abnormalities on ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present study documents a wider range and distribution of ultrasonographic lesions in cats with FIP than previously reported. The presence of effusion and lymph node, hepatic and/or gastrointestinal tract changes were the most common findings, and most of the cats had a combination of two or more abdominal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Müller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia RL Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Megat Mazhar Khair MH, Selvarajah GT, Omar AR, Mustaffa-Kamal F. Expression of Toll-like receptors 3, 7, 9 and cytokines gene expression in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected CRFK cells and feline peripheral monocytes. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e27. [PMID: 35363438 PMCID: PMC8977543 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in a feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection is not completely understood. Objectives This study examined the expression of TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon (IFN)-β, and interleukin (IL)-10 upon an FIPV infection in Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and feline monocytes. Methods CRFK cells and monocytes from feline coronavirus (FCoV)-seronegative cats and FCoV-seropositive cats were infected with type II FIPV-79-1146. At four, 12, and 24 hours post-infection (hpi), the expression of TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IL-10, and the viral load were measured using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Viral protein production was confirmed using immunofluorescence. Results FIPV-infected CRFK showed the upregulation of TLR9, TNF-α, and IFN-β expression between 4 and 24 hpi. Uninfected monocytes from FCoV-seropositive cats showed lower TLR3 and TLR9 expression but higher TLR7 expression compared to uninfected monocytes from FCoV-seronegative cats. FIPV-infected monocytes from FCoV-seropositive cats downregulated TLR7 and TNF-α expression between 4 and 24 hpi, and 4 and 12 hpi, respectively. IFN-β was upregulated early in FIPV-infected monocytes from FCoV-seropositive cats, with a significant difference observed at 12 hpi compared to FCoV-seronegative cats. The viral load in the CRFK and FIPV-infected monocytes in both cohorts of cats was similar over time. Conclusion TLR7 may be the key TLR involved in evading the innate response against inhibiting TNF-α production. Distinct TLR expression profiles between FCoV-seronegative and FCoV-seropositive cats were observed. The associated TLR that plays a role in the induction of IFN-β needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farina Mustaffa-Kamal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Krentz D, Zenger K, Alberer M, Felten S, Bergmann M, Dorsch R, Matiasek K, Kolberg L, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Spiri AM, Horak J, Weber S, Holicki CM, Groschup MH, Zablotski Y, Lescrinier E, Koletzko B, von Both U, Hartmann K. Curing Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis with an Oral Multi-Component Drug Containing GS-441524. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112228. [PMID: 34835034 PMCID: PMC8621566 DOI: 10.3390/v13112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a common dis-ease in cats, fatal if untreated, and no effective treatment is currently legally available. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and toxicity of the multi-component drug Xraphconn® in vitro and as oral treatment in cats with spontaneous FIP by examining survival rate, development of clinical and laboratory parameters, viral loads, anti-FCoV antibodies, and adverse effects. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance identified GS-441524 as an active component of Xraphconn®. Eighteen cats with FIP were prospectively followed up while being treated orally for 84 days. Values of key parameters on each examination day were compared to values before treatment initiation using linear mixed-effect models. Xraphconn® displayed high virucidal activity in cell culture. All cats recovered with dramatic improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters and massive reduction in viral loads within the first few days of treatment without serious adverse effects. Oral treatment with Xraphconn® containing GS-441524 was highly effective for FIP without causing serious adverse effects. This drug is an excellent option for the oral treatment of FIP and should be trialed as potential effective treatment option for other severe coronavirus-associated diseases across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krentz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katharina Zenger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Department Paediatrics, Division Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (J.H.); (B.K.)
| | - Saskia Weber
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (S.W.); (C.M.H.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Cora M. Holicki
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (S.W.); (C.M.H.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (S.W.); (C.M.H.); (M.H.G.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Department Paediatrics, Division Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (J.H.); (B.K.)
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110893. [PMID: 33121170 PMCID: PMC7692899 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
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The Effect of Natural Feline Coronavirus Infection on the Host Immune Response: A Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Cats with and without Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070524. [PMID: 32610501 PMCID: PMC7400348 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced disease of cats, in which the immune system is known to play a crucial, but complex, role in the pathogenesis. This role is still incompletely understood, with involvement of both host and viral factors. To evaluate differential gene expression and pathway involvement in feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and FIP, we applied next-generation RNA-sequencing of the mesenteric lymph nodes from cats with naturally-acquired FIP, as well as those with systemic FCoV infection without FIP, and those with neither. Viral infection was associated with upregulation of viral defenses regardless of the disease state, but to a greater degree in FIP. FIP was associated with higher pro-inflammatory pathway enrichment, whilst non-FIP FCoV-positive cats showed lower enrichment of humoral immunity pathways, below that of uninfected cats in the case of immunoglobulin production pathways. This host response is presumed to be protective. In FIP, downregulation of T cell-related processes was observed, which did not occur in non-FIP FCoV-positive cats. These results emphasize the importance of the host’s immune balance in determining the outcome of the FCoV infection.
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Malbon AJ, Fonfara S, Meli ML, Hahn S, Egberink H, Kipar A. Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019; 11:E1144. [PMID: 31835559 PMCID: PMC6949997 DOI: 10.3390/v11121144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. Clinicopathological features include fever, vasculitis, and serositis, with or without effusions; all of which indicate a pro-inflammatory state with cytokine release. As a result, primary immune organs, as well as circulating leukocytes, have thus far been of most interest in previous studies to determine the likely sources of these cytokines. Results have suggested that these tissues alone may not be sufficient to induce the observed inflammation. The current study therefore focussed on the liver and heart, organs with a demonstrated ability to produce cytokines and therefore with huge potential to exacerbate inflammatory processes. The IL-12:IL-10 ratio, a marker of the immune system's inflammatory balance, was skewed towards the pro-inflammatory IL-12 in the liver of cats with FIP. Both organs were found to upregulate mRNA expression of the inflammatory triad of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in FIP. This amplifying step may be one of the missing links in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Marina L Meli
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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9
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Dunbar D, Kwok W, Graham E, Armitage A, Irvine R, Johnston P, McDonald M, Montgomery D, Nicolson L, Robertson E, Weir W, Addie DD. Diagnosis of non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR from mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:910-921. [PMID: 30407137 PMCID: PMC11132236 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18809165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate a feline coronavirus (FCoV) reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) collected in sterile saline for the purpose of diagnosing non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. METHODS First, the ability of the assay to detect viral RNA in MLN FNA preparations compared with MLN biopsy preparations was assessed in matched samples from eight cats. Second, a panel of MLN FNA samples was collected from a series of cats representing non-effusive FIP cases (n = 20), FCoV-seropositive individuals (n = 8) and FCoV-seronegative individuals (n = 18). Disease status of the animals was determined using a combination of gross pathology, histopathology and/or 'FIP profile', consisting of serology, clinical pathology and clinical signs. RESULTS Viral RNA was detected in 18/20 non-effusive FIP cases; it was not detected in two cases that presented with neurological FIP. Samples from 18 seronegative non-FIP control cats and 7/8 samples from seropositive non-FIP control cats contained no detectable viral RNA. Thus, as a method for diagnosing non-effusive FIP, MLN FNA RT-qPCR had an overall sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 96.1%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, RT-qPCR targeting FCoV in MLN FNA can provide important information to support the ante-mortem diagnosis of non-effusive FIP. Importantly, viral RNA can be reliably detected in MLN FNA samples in saline submitted via the national mail service. When applied in combination with biochemistry, haematology and serological tests in cases with a high index of suspicion of disease, the results of this assay may be used to support a diagnosis of non-effusive FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Dunbar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy Kwok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elizabeth Graham
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andy Armitage
- Greenside Veterinary Practice Ltd, Greenside Farm, St Boswells, UK
| | - Richard Irvine
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pamela Johnston
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Lesley Nicolson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - William Weir
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane D Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Ziółkowska N, Paździor-Czapula K, Lewczuk B, Mikulska-Skupień E, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Kwiecińska K, Ziółkowski H. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Immunohistochemical Features of Ocular Inflammation and the Distribution of Viral Antigens in Structures of the Eye. Vet Pathol 2018; 54:933-944. [PMID: 29065819 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817728557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a serious, widely distributed systemic disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV), in which ocular disease is common. However, questions remain about the patterns of ocular inflammation and the distribution of viral antigen in the eyes of cats with FIP. This study characterized the ocular lesions of FIP including the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen by Müller cells in the retina in cases of FIP and to what extent macrophages are involved in ocular inflammation in FIP. Immunohistochemistry for FCoV, CD3, CD79a, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calprotectin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was performed on paraffin sections from 15 naturally occurring cases of FIP and from controls. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was increased in the retina in cases of FIP. Müller cell proliferation was present within lesions of retinal detachment. Macrophages were present in FIP-associated ocular lesions, but they were the most numerous inflammatory cells only within granulomas (2/15 cats, 13%). In cases of severe inflammation of the ciliary body with damage to blood vessel walls and ciliary epithelium (3/15, 20%), some macrophages expressed FCoV antigens, and immunolabeling for calprotectin on consecutive sections suggested that these FCoV-positive macrophages were likely to be recently derived from blood. In cases of severe and massive inflammation of most ocular structures (4/15, 26%), B cells and plasma cells predominated over T cells and macrophages. These results indicate that gliosis can be present in FIP-affected retinas and suggest that breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier can allow FCoV-bearing macrophages to access the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziółkowska
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paździor-Czapula
- 2 Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogdan Lewczuk
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikulska-Skupień
- 3 Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Przybylska-Gornowicz
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecińska
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hubert Ziółkowski
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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11
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Cham TC, Chang YC, Tsai PS, Wu CH, Chen HW, Jeng CR, Pang VF, Chang HW. Determination of the cell tropism of serotype 1 feline infectious peritonitis virus using the spike affinity histochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissues. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 61:318-327. [PMID: 28675506 PMCID: PMC7168434 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike for serotype II feline coronaviruses (FCoV II), the cellular receptor for serotype I FCoV (FCoV I), the most prevalent FCoV serotype, is unknown. To provide a platform for assessing the pattern by which FCoV I attaches to its host receptor(s), HEK293 cell lines that stably express the ectodomains of the spike (S) proteins derived from a FCoV I feline enteric coronavirus strain UU7 (FECV UU7) and a feline infectious peritonitis virus strain UU4 (FIPV UU4) were established. Using the recombinant S proteins as probes to perform S protein affinity histochemistry in paraffin‐embedded tissues, although no tissue or enteric binding of FECV UU7 S protein was detected, it was found that by immunohistochemistry that the tissue distribution of FIPV UU4 S protein‐bound cells correlated with that of FIPV antigen‐positive cells and lesions associated with FIP and that the affinity binding of FIPV UU4 S protein on macrophages was not affected by enzymatic removal of host cell‐surface sialic acid with neuraminidase. These findings suggest that a factor(s) other than sialic acid contribute(s) to the macrophage tropism of FIPV strain UU4. This approach allowed obtaining more information about both virus–host cell interactions and the biological characteristics of the unidentified cellular receptor for FCoV I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-Chuan Cham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shiue Tsai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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12
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Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR. Feline coronavirus: Insights into viral pathogenesis based on the spike protein structure and function. Virology 2018; 517:108-121. [PMID: 29329682 PMCID: PMC7112122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an etiological agent that causes a benign enteric illness and the fatal systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The FCoV spike (S) protein is considered the viral regulator for binding and entry to the cell. This protein is also involved in FCoV tropism and virulence, as well as in the switch from enteric disease to FIP. This regulation is carried out by spike's major functions: receptor binding and virus-cell membrane fusion. In this review, we address important aspects in FCoV genetics, replication and pathogenesis, focusing on the role of S. To better understand this, FCoV S protein models were constructed, based on the human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) S structure. We describe the specific structural characteristics of the FCoV S, in comparison with other coronavirus spikes. We also revise the biochemical events needed for FCoV S activation and its relation to the structural features of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd. VMC C4-133, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, VMC C4-127, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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An innate defense peptide BPIFA1/SPLUNC1 restricts influenza A virus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:71-81. [PMID: 28513596 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium secretes proteins that function in innate defense against infection. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1) is secreted into airways and has a protective role during bacterial infections, but it is not known whether it also has an antiviral role. To determine a role in host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) infection and to find the underlying defense mechanism, we developed transgenic mouse models that are deficient in BPIFA1 and used these, in combination with in vitro three-dimensional mouse tracheal epithelial cell (mTEC) cultures, to investigate its antiviral properties. We show that BPIFA1 has a significant role in mucosal defense against IAV infection. BPIFA1 secretion was highly modulated after IAV infection. Mice deficient in BPIFA1 lost more weight after infection, supported a higher viral load and virus reached the peripheral lung earlier, indicative of a defect in the control of infection. Further analysis using mTEC cultures showed that BPIFA1-deficient cells bound more virus particles, displayed increased nuclear import of IAV ribonucleoprotein complexes, and supported higher levels of viral replication. Our results identify a critical role of BPIFA1 in the initial phase of infection by inhibiting the binding and entry of IAV into airway epithelial cells.
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14
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Marriott AC, Dennis M, Kane JA, Gooch KE, Hatch G, Sharpe S, Prevosto C, Leeming G, Zekeng EG, Staples KJ, Hall G, Ryan KA, Bate S, Moyo N, Whittaker CJ, Hallis B, Silman NJ, Lalvani A, Wilkinson TM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Carroll MW. Influenza A Virus Challenge Models in Cynomolgus Macaques Using the Authentic Inhaled Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Routes of Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157887. [PMID: 27311020 PMCID: PMC4911124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates are the animals closest to humans for use in influenza A virus challenge studies, in terms of their phylogenetic relatedness, physiology and immune systems. Previous studies have shown that cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are permissive for infection with H1N1pdm influenza virus. These studies have typically used combined challenge routes, with the majority being intra-tracheal delivery, and high doses of virus (> 107 infectious units). This paper describes the outcome of novel challenge routes (inhaled aerosol, intra-nasal instillation) and low to moderate doses (103 to 106 plaque forming units) of H1N1pdm virus in cynomolgus macaques. Evidence of virus replication and sero-conversion were detected in all four challenge groups, although the disease was sub-clinical. Intra-nasal challenge led to an infection confined to the nasal cavity. A low dose (103 plaque forming units) did not lead to detectable infectious virus shedding, but a 1000-fold higher dose led to virus shedding in all intra-nasal challenged animals. In contrast, aerosol and intra-tracheal challenge routes led to infections throughout the respiratory tract, although shedding from the nasal cavity was less reproducible between animals compared to the high-dose intra-nasal challenge group. Intra-tracheal and aerosol challenges induced a transient lymphopaenia, similar to that observed in influenza-infected humans, and greater virus-specific cellular immune responses in the blood were observed in these groups in comparison to the intra-nasal challenge groups. Activation of lung macrophages and innate immune response genes was detected at days 5 to 7 post-challenge. The kinetics of infection, both virological and immunological, were broadly in line with human influenza A virus infections. These more authentic infection models will be valuable in the determination of anti-influenza efficacy of novel entities against less severe (and thus more common) influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Kane
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hatch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Prevosto
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa-Gayle Zekeng
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bate
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Whittaker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Silman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Department of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Carvalho JP, Lesot MJ, Kaymak U, Vieira S, Bouchon-Meunier B, Yager RR. Evaluating Tests in Medical Diagnosis: Combining Machine Learning with Game-Theoretical Concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMCID: PMC7121901 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40596-4_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Carvalho
- INESC-ID,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Uzay Kaymak
- School of Industrial Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Vieira
- IDMEC,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ronald R. Yager
- Machine Intelligence Institute, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York USA
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16
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Leeming GH, Kipar A, Hughes DJ, Bingle L, Bennett E, Moyo NA, Tripp RA, Bigley AL, Bingle CD, Sample JT, Stewart JP. Gammaherpesvirus infection modulates the temporal and spatial expression of SCGB1A1 (CCSP) and BPIFA1 (SPLUNC1) in the respiratory tract. J Transl Med 2015; 95:610-24. [PMID: 25531566 PMCID: PMC4450743 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of Mus musculus-derived strains of mice is an established model of γ-herpesvirus infection. We have previously developed an alternative system using a natural host, the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), and shown that the MHV-68 M3 chemokine-binding protein contributes significantly to MHV-68 pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate in A. sylvaticus using high-density micro-arrays that M3 influences the expression of genes involved in the host response including Scgb1a1 and Bpifa1 that encode potential innate defense proteins secreted into the respiratory tract. Further analysis of MHV-68-infected animals showed that the levels of both protein and RNA for SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 were decreased at day 7 post infection (p.i.) but increased at day 14 p.i. as compared with M3-deficient and mock-infected animals. The modulation of expression was most pronounced in bronchioles but was also present in the bronchi and trachea. Double staining using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistology demonstrated that much of the BPIFA1 expression occurs in club cells along with SCGB1A1 and that BPIFA1 is stored within granules in these cells. The increase in SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 expression at day 14 p.i. was associated with the differentiation of club cells into mucus-secreting cells. Our data highlight the role of club cells and the potential of SCGB1A1 and BPIFA1 as innate defense mediators during respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail H Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elaine Bennett
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathifa A Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alison L Bigley
- Investigative and Translational Pathology, AstraZeneca, R&D Innovative Medicines, Global Safety Assessment, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffery T Sample
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James P Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK. E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important fatal infectious diseases of cats, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been fully revealed. The present review focuses on the biology of feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and the pathogenesis and pathological features of FIP. Recent studies have revealed functions of many viral proteins, differing receptor specificity for type I and type II FCoV, and genomic differences between feline enteric coronaviruses (FECVs) and FIP viruses (FIPVs). FECV and FIP also exhibit functional differences, since FECVs replicate mainly in intestinal epithelium and are shed in feces, and FIPVs replicate efficiently in monocytes and induce systemic disease. Thus, key events in the pathogenesis of FIP are systemic infection with FIPV, effective and sustainable viral replication in monocytes, and activation of infected monocytes. The host's genetics and immune system also play important roles. It is the activation of monocytes and macrophages that directly leads to the pathologic features of FIP, including vasculitis, body cavity effusions, and fibrinous and granulomatous inflammatory lesions. Advances have been made in the clinical diagnosis of FIP, based on the clinical pathologic findings, serologic testing, and detection of virus using molecular (polymerase chain reaction) or antibody-based methods. Nevertheless, the clinical diagnosis remains challenging in particular in the dry form of FIP, which is partly due to the incomplete understanding of infection biology and pathogenesis in FIP. So, while much progress has been made, many aspects of FIP pathogenesis still remain an enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Pedersen NC, Eckstrand C, Liu H, Leutenegger C, Murphy B. Levels of feline infectious peritonitis virus in blood, effusions, and various tissues and the role of lymphopenia in disease outcome following experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:157-66. [PMID: 25532961 PMCID: PMC7117444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty specific pathogen free cats were experimentally infected with a virulent cat-passaged type I field strain of FIPV. Eighteen cats succumbed within 2-4 weeks to effusive abdominal FIP, one survived for 6 weeks, and one seroconverted without outward signs of disease. A profound drop in the absolute count of blood lymphocytes occurred around 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.) in cats with rapid disease, while the decrease was delayed in the one cat that survived for 6 weeks. The absolute lymphocyte count of the surviving cat remained within normal range. Serum antibodies as measured by indirect immunofluorescence appeared after 2 weeks p.i. and correlated with the onset of disease signs. Viral genomic RNA was either not detectable by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) or detectable only at very low levels in terminal tissues not involved directly in the infection, including hepatic and renal parenchyma, cardiac muscle, lung or popliteal lymph node. High tissue virus loads were measured in severely affected tissues such as the omentum, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. High levels of viral genomic RNA were also detected in whole ascitic fluid, with the cellular fraction containing 10-1000 times more viral RNA than the supernatant. Replicating virus was strongly associated with macrophages by immunohistochemistry. Virus was usually detected at relatively low levels in feces and there was no evidence of enterocyte infection. Viral genomic RNA was not detected at the level of test sensitivity in whole blood, plasma, or the white cell fraction in terminal samples from the 19 cats that succumbed or in the single survivor. These studies reconfirmed the effect of lymphopenia on disease outcome. FIPV genomic RNA was also found to be highly macrophage associated within diseased tissues and effusions as determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry but was not present in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Chrissy Eckstrand
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Murphy
- Department Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Paltrinieri S, Rossi G, Giordano A. Relationship between rate of infection and markers of inflammation/immunity in Holy Birman cats with feline coronavirus. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:263-70. [PMID: 25241387 PMCID: PMC7111858 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether Holy Birman cats (HB) have a peculiar immune profile and a higher rate of infection by feline coronaviruses (FCoV). Leucocyte and lymphocyte subsets, antibody titers, α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), globulin fractions, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-γ in blood and fecal FCoV excretion were determined in HB (n = 75) and in cats from other breeds (n = 94). Significantly higher CD4/CD8 ratio, IFN-γ concentration and IL12/IL4 ratio and significantly lower IL-4 concentration and proportion of shedders were found in HB than in other breeds. No other differences were found. In conclusion, this study did not provide evidence of peculiar immune profiles in HB, except for a prevalent Th1 profile, that may explain why in our caseload the rate of shedders was lower in HB than in other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
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20
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Hemminki O, Immonen R, Närväinen J, Kipar A, Paasonen J, Jokivarsi KT, Yli-Ollila H, Soininen P, Partanen K, Joensuu T, Parvianen S, Pesonen SK, Koski A, Vähä-Koskela M, Cerullo V, Pesonen S, Gröhn OH, Hemminki A. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy identifies oncolytic adenovirus responders. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2878-90. [PMID: 24248808 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, it is not possible to reliably identify patients who will benefit from oncolytic virus treatments. Conventional modalities such as computed tomography (CT), which measure tumor size, are unreliable owing to inflammation-induced tumor swelling. We hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) might be useful in this regard. However, little previous data exist and neither oncolytic adenovirus nor immunocompetent models have been assessed by MRS. Here, we provide evidence that in T2-weighted MRI a hypointense core area, consistent with coagulative necrosis, develops in immunocompetent Syrian hamster carcinomas that respond to oncolytic adenovirus treatment. The same phenomenon was observed in a neuroblastoma patient while he responded to the treatment. With relapse at a later stage, however, the tumor of this patient became moderately hyperintense. We found that MRS of taurine, choline and unsaturated fatty acids can be useful early indicators of response and provide detailed information about tumor growth and degeneration. In hamsters, calprotectin-positive inflammatory cells (heterophils and macrophages) were found in abundance; particularly surrounding necrotic areas in carcinomas and T cells were significantly increased in sarcomas, when these had been treated with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing virus, suggesting a possible link between oncolysis, necrosis (seen as a hypointense core in MRI) and/or immune response. Our study indicates that both MRI and MRS could be useful in the estimation of oncolytic adenovirus efficacy at early time points after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Rossi G, Capitani L, Ceciliani F, Restelli L, Paltrinieri S. Hyposialylated α1-acid glycoprotein inhibits phagocytosis of feline neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:465-71. [PMID: 23726663 PMCID: PMC7126313 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Feline α1-acid glycoprotein (fAGP) modifies both its serum concentration and its glycan moiety during diseases. fAGP is hyposialylated in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but not in clinically healthy cats or in cats with other diseases. This study was aimed to determine whether hyposialylated fAGP influences phagocytosis. A flow cytometric method based on ingestion of fluoresceinated bacteria and adapted to feline blood was used to assess phagocytosis of leukocytes incubated with 'non-pathological' fAGP (purified from sera with normal concentrations of AGP) and 'pathological' fAGP (purified from sera with >1.5mg/mL hyposialylated AGP). The flow cytometric method provided repeatable results for neutrophils (coefficients of variations, CVs <15%) but not for monocytes (CVs>20%) which had also a high individual variability. Compared with saline solution and with non-pathological fAGP, pathological fAGP significantly decreased phagocytosis in neutrophils and monocytes. This study demonstrated that hyposialylated fAGP down-regulates the phagocytic activity of feline neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. Paltrinieri
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 02 50318103; fax: +39 02 50318095.
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22
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Patel JR, Heldens JGM, Bakonyi T, Rusvai M. Important mammalian veterinary viral immunodiseases and their control. Vaccine 2012; 30:1767-81. [PMID: 22261411 PMCID: PMC7130670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper offers an overview of important veterinary viral diseases of mammals stemming from aberrant immune response. Diseases reviewed comprise those due to lentiviruses of equine infectious anaemia, visna/maedi and caprine arthritis encephalitis and feline immunodeficiency. Diseases caused by viruses of feline infectious peritonitis, feline leukaemia, canine distemper and aquatic counterparts, Aleutian disease and malignant catarrhal fever. We also consider prospects of immunoprophylaxis for the diseases and briefly other control measures. It should be realised that the outlook for effective vaccines for many of the diseases is remote. This paper describes the current status of vaccine research and the difficulties encountered during their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Patel
- Jas Biologicals Ltd, 12 Pembroke Avenue, Denny Industrial Estate, Waterbeach, Cambridge CB25 9QR, UK.
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23
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Emerging viruses in the Felidae: shifting paradigms. Viruses 2012; 4:236-57. [PMID: 22470834 PMCID: PMC3315214 DOI: 10.3390/v4020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is afflicted with multiple viruses that serve as powerful models for human disease including cancers, SARS and HIV/AIDS. Cat viruses that cause these diseases have been studied for decades revealing detailed insight concerning transmission, virulence, origins and pathogenesis. Here we review recent genetic advances that have questioned traditional wisdom regarding the origins of virulent Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) diseases, the pathogenic potential of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in wild non-domestic Felidae species, and the restriction of Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) mediated immune impairment to domestic cats rather than other Felidae species. The most recent interpretations indicate important new evolutionary conclusions implicating these deadly infectious agents in domestic and non-domestic felids.
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24
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Drechsler Y, Alcaraz A, Bossong FJ, Collisson EW, Diniz PPVP. Feline coronavirus in multicat environments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 41:1133-69. [PMID: 22041208 PMCID: PMC7111326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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25
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Myrrha LW, Silva FMF, Peternelli EFDO, Junior AS, Resende M, de Almeida MR. The paradox of feline coronavirus pathogenesis: a review. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:109849. [PMID: 22312333 PMCID: PMC3265210 DOI: 10.1155/2011/109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, of the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales. FCoV is an important pathogen of wild and domestic cats and can cause a mild or apparently symptomless enteric infection, especially in kittens. FCoV is also associated with a lethal, systemic disease known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Although the precise cause of FIP pathogenesis remains unclear, some hypotheses have been suggested. In this review we present results from different FCoV studies and attempt to elucidate existing theories on the pathogenesis of FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wanderley Myrrha
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Miquelitto Figueira Silva
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ethel Fernandes de Oliveira Peternelli
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva Junior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício Resende
- Laboratório de Doença das Aves, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627—Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal (LIMA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário, 36570-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
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26
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Hughes DJ, Kipar A, Leeming GH, Bennett E, Howarth D, Cummerson JA, Papoula-Pereira R, Flanagan BF, Sample JT, Stewart JP. Chemokine binding protein M3 of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 modulates the host response to infection in a natural host. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001321. [PMID: 21445235 PMCID: PMC3060169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of Mus musculus-derived strains of mice is an attractive model of γ-herpesvirus infection. Surprisingly, however, ablation of expression of MHV-68 M3, a secreted protein with broad chemokine-binding properties in vitro, has no discernable effect during experimental infection via the respiratory tract. Here we demonstrate that M3 indeed contributes significantly to MHV-68 infection, but only in the context of a natural host, the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Specifically, M3 was essential for two features unique to the wood mouse: virus-dependent inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in the lung and highly organized secondary follicles in the spleen, both predominant sites of latency in these organs. Consequently, lack of M3 resulted in substantially reduced latency in the spleen and lung. In the absence of M3, splenic germinal centers appeared as previously described for MHV-68-infected laboratory strains of mice, further evidence that M3 is not fully functional in the established model host. Finally, analyses of M3's influence on chemokine and cytokine levels within the lungs of infected wood mice were consistent with the known chemokine-binding profile of M3, and revealed additional influences that provide further insight into its role in MHV-68 biology. Infection of inbred strains of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) with the rodent γ-herpesvirus MHV-68 continues to be developed as an attractive experimental model of γ-herpesvirus infection. In this regard, the MHV-68 protein M3 has been shown to selectively bind and inhibit chemokines involved in the antiviral immune response, a property expected to contribute significantly to virus infection and host colonization. However, inactivation of the M3 gene has no discernable consequence on infection in this animal host. Prompted by recent evidence that natural hosts of MHV-68 are members of the genus Apodemus, and that MHV-68 infection in laboratory-bred wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) differs significantly from that which has been described in standard strains of laboratory mice, we addressed whether M3 functions in a host-specific manner. Indeed, we find that M3 is responsible for host-specific differences observed for MHV-68 infection, that its influence on infection within wood mice is consistent with its chemokine-binding properties, and that in its absence, persistent latent infection - a hallmark of herpesvirus infections - is attenuated. This highlights the importance of host selection when investigating specific roles of pathogenesis-related viral genes, and advances our understanding of this model and its potential application to human γ-herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hughes
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anja Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gail H. Leeming
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bennett
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Howarth
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne A. Cummerson
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Papoula-Pereira
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brian F. Flanagan
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffery T. Sample
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James P. Stewart
- School of Infection and Host Defence, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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27
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Rossi G, Cornaro C, Battilani M, Pocacqua V, Paltrinieri S. Production of IFN-γ in feline whole blood after incubation with potential T-cell epitopes of the nucleocapsid protein of feline coronavirus. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:248-56. [PMID: 21376481 PMCID: PMC7117359 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) plays an important role in cell mediated responses against mutated feline coronavirus strains (FCoV) involved in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The aim of this study was to establish a combined in silico and in vitro approach to assess feline leukocyte production of IFN-γ in response to selected peptides of the nucleocapside protein (N) of FCoVs. To this aim, we designed, through a bioinformatic approach, 8 potentially immunogenic peptides from the protein N corresponding to sequences of residues 14, 182, 198 detected only in FCoVs from FIP cats (virulent strains), only in FCoVs from healthy cats (avirulent strains) and both in FIP and in healthy cats (mixed strains). The peptides or a sham solution were incubated with whole blood from 16 cats (7 healthy and 9 with chronic diseases other than FIP) and IFN-γ concentration was measured on plasma using an ELISA system. RT-PCR expression of IFN-γ mRNA was also evaluated after incubation of the peptides or a sham solution with whole blood from 4 clinically healthy cats. The mean plasma concentration of IFN-γ in samples incubated with peptides decreased and the expression of IFN-γmRNA did not change compared with the sham solution, except for some cats with chronic diseases (which probably have a “pre-activated” immune response). These cats responded to “avirulent” or “mixed” peptides by increasing the concentration of IFN-γ and the expression of IFN-γ mRNA. The combined approach employed in this study allowed us to identify potentially immunogenic peptides of FCoV N protein that can modulate the production of IFN-γ especially in cats with a “pre-activated” cell mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Unit of Veterinary General Pathology and Parasitology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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28
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Quinn JP, Kipar A, Hughes DJ, Bennett E, Cox H, McLaughlin L, Zimmer A, Hunt SP, Stewart JP. Altered host response to murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection in mice lacking the tachykinin 1 gene and the receptor for substance P. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:49-53. [PMID: 21106239 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins are implicated in neurogenic inflammation and the neuropeptide substance P in particular has been shown to be a proinflammatory mediator. A role for the tachykinins in host response to viral infection has been previously demonstrated using either TAC1- or NK1 receptor-deficient transgenic mice. However, due to redundancy in the peptide-receptor complexes we wished determine whether a deficiency in TAC1 and NK1(R) in combination exhibited an enhanced phenotype. TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were therefore crossed to generate transgenic mice in both (NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-)). As expected, after infection with the respiratory pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68), TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were more susceptible to infection than wild-type C57BL/6 controls. However, unexpectedly, NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice were more resistant to infection arguing for a lack of feedback inhibition through alternative receptors in these mice. Histopathological examination did not show any great differences in the inflammatory responses between groups of infected animals, except for the presence of focal perivascular B cell accumulations in lungs of all the knockout mice. These were most pronounced in the NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice. These results confirm an important role for TAC1 and NK1(R) in the control of viral infection but reinforce the complex nature of the peptide-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Quinn
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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29
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Lewis KM, O’Brien RT. Abdominal Ultrasonographic Findings Associated With Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Retrospective Review of 16 Cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:152-60. [DOI: 10.5326/0460152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a mutated form of the feline enteric coronavirus (FeCV) that can present with a variety of clinical signs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze abdominal ultrasonographic findings associated with cats with confirmed FIPV infection. Sixteen cases were included in the study from a review of medical records at two academic institutions; inclusion was based either on necropsy lesions (n=13) or a combination of histopathological, cytological, and clinicopathological findings highly suggestive of FIPV infection (n=3). The liver was judged to be normal in echogenicity in 11 (69%) cats, diffusely hypoechoic in three cats, focally hyperechoic in one cat, and focally hypoechoic in one cat. Five cats had a hypoechoic subcapsular rim in one (n=3) or both (n=2) kidneys. Free fluid was present in the peritoneal cavity in seven cats and in the retroperitoneal space in one cat. Abdominal lymphadenopathy was noted in nine cats. The spleen was normal in echogenicity in 14 cats and was hypoechoic in two. One cat had bilateral orchitis with loss of normal testicular architecture. Although none of these ultrasonographic findings are specific for FIPV infection, a combination of these findings should increase the index of suspicion for FIPV infection when considered along with appropriate clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Lewis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
- From the
| | - Robert T. O’Brien
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
- From the
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30
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Kipar A, Meli ML, Baptiste KE, Bowker LJ, Lutz H. Sites of feline coronavirus persistence in healthy cats. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1698-707. [PMID: 20237226 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and primarily infects enterocytes, but subsequently spreads by monocyte-associated viraemia. In some infected cats, virulent virus mutants induce feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease that can develop in association with viraemia. Persistently infected, healthy carriers are believed to be important in the epidemiology of FIP, as they represent a constant source of FCoV, shed either persistently or intermittently in faeces. So far, the sites of virus persistence have not been determined definitely. The purpose of this study was to examine virus distribution and viral load in organs and gut compartments of specified-pathogen-free cats, orally infected with non-virulent type I FCoV, over different time periods and with or without detectable viraemia. The colon was identified as the major site of FCoV persistence and probable source for recurrent shedding, but the virus was shown also to persist in several other organs, mainly in tissue macrophages. These might represent additional sources for recurrent viraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) is an established model of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. The fact that M. musculus is not a host in the wild prompted us to reassess MHV-68 infection in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), a natural host. Here, we report significant differences in MHV-68 infection in the two species: (i) following intranasal inoculation, MHV-68 replicated in the lungs of wood mice to levels approximately 3 log units lower than in BALB/c mice; (ii) in BALB/c mice, virus replication in alveolar epithelial cells was accompanied by a diffuse, T-cell-dominated interstitial pneumonitis, whereas in wood mice it was restricted to focal granulomatous infiltrations; (iii) within wood mice, latently infected lymphocytes were abundant in inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue that was not apparent in BALB/c mice; (iv) splenic latency was established in both species, but well-delineated secondary follicles with germinal centers were present in wood mice, while only poorly delineated follicles were seen in BALB/c mice; and, perhaps as a consequence, (v) production of neutralizing antibody was significantly higher in wood mice. These differences highlight the value of this animal model in the study of MHV-68 pathogenesis.
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32
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Brown MA, Troyer JL, Pecon-Slattery J, Roelke ME, O'Brien SJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:1445-52. [PMID: 19788813 PMCID: PMC2819880 DOI: 10.3201/eid1509.081573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus sequence analyses demonstrate distinctive circulating strains in natural populations. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is endemic in feral cat populations and cat colonies, frequently preceding outbreaks of fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV exhibits 2 biotypes: the pathogenic disease and a benign infection with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Uncertainty remains regarding whether genetically distinctive avirulent and virulent forms coexist or whether an avirulent form mutates in vivo, causing FIP. To resolve these alternative hypotheses, we isolated viral sequences from FCoV-infected clinically healthy and sick cats (8 FIP cases and 48 FECV-asymptomatic animals); 735 sequences from 4 gene segments were generated and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Viral sequences from healthy cats were distinct from sick cats on the basis of genetic distances observed in the membrane and nonstructural protein 7b genes. These data demonstrate distinctive circulating virulent and avirulent strains in natural populations. In addition, 5 membrane protein amino acid residues with functional potential differentiated healthy cats from cats with FIP. These findings may have potential as diagnostic markers for virulent FIP-associated FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Brown
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Roelke ME, Brown MA, Troyer JL, Winterbach H, Winterbach C, Hemson G, Smith D, Johnson RC, Pecon-Slattery J, Roca AL, Alexander KA, Klein L, Martelli P, Krishnasamy K, O'Brien SJ. Pathological manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in wild African lions. Virology 2009; 390:1-12. [PMID: 19464039 PMCID: PMC2771374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes AIDS in the domestic cat (Felis catus) but has not been explicitly associated with AIDS pathology in any of the eight free-ranging species of Felidae that are endemic with circulating FIV strains. African lion (Panthera leo) populations are infected with lion-specific FIV strains (FIVple), yet there remains uncertainty about the degree to which FIV infection impacts their health. Reported CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in FIVple-infected lions and anecdotal reports of lion morbidity associated with FIV seroprevalence emphasize the concern as to whether FIVple is innocuous or pathogenic. Here we monitored clinical, biochemical, histological and serological parameters among FIVple-positive (N=47) as compared to FIVple-negative (N=17) lions anesthetized and sampled on multiple occasions between 1999 and 2006 in Botswana. Relative to uninfected lions, FIVple-infected lions displayed a significant elevation in the prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions: lymphadenopathy, gingivitis, tongue papillomas, dehydration, and poor coat condition, as well as displaying abnormal red blood cell parameters, depressed serum albumin, and elevated liver enzymes and gamma globulin. Spleen and lymph node biopsies from free-ranging FIVple-infected lions (N=9) revealed evidence of lymphoid depletion, the hallmark pathology documented in immunodeficiency virus infections of humans (HIV-1), macaques, and domestic cats. We conclude that over time FIVple infections in free-ranging lions can lead to adverse clinical, immunological, and pathological outcomes in some individuals that parallel sequelae caused by lentivirus infection in humans (HIV), Asian macaques (SIV) and domestic cats (FIVfca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody E Roelke
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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35
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Review of companion animal viral diseases and immunoprophylaxis. Vaccine 2008; 27:491-504. [PMID: 19041354 PMCID: PMC7130499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review important established, newly emergent and potential viral diseases of cats, dogs and rabbits. Topics covered include virus epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, existing and prospective immunoprophylaxis against the viruses. For some feline viruses, notably the immunodeficiency virus, leukaemia virus and peritonitis virus, available vaccines are poorly efficacious but there are good prospects for this. A further challenge for the industry is likely to be due to viruses jumping species and the emergence of more virulent variants of established viruses resulting from mutations as has been the case for the canine parvovirus, coronaviruses and feline calicivirus.
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36
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Lin CN, Su BL, Huang HP, Lee JJ, Hsieh MW, Chueh LL. Field strain feline coronaviruses with small deletions in ORF7b associated with both enteric infection and feline infectious peritonitis. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 11:413-9. [PMID: 19013091 PMCID: PMC7129072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) varies greatly from causing subclinical or mild enteric infections to fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The open reading frame (ORF) 7b of FCoV has been speculated to play a determining role in virulence as deletions were found to be associated with avirulent viruses. To further clarify the correlation between this gene and FIP, clinical samples from 20 cats that had succumbed to wet-type FIP and 20 clinically healthy FCoV-infected cats were analysed. The ORF7b from the peritoneal/pleural effusions of FIP cats and from the rectal swabs of healthy cats was amplified. Of the 40 FCoVs analysed, 32 were found to have an intact 7b gene whereas eight showed deletions of either three or 12 nucleotides. Surprisingly, among the eight viruses with deletions, three were from FIP diseased cats. These results show that deletions in the ORF7b gene are not constrained to low pathogenicity/enteric biotypes but also associated with pathogenicity/FIP biotypes of FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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37
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Dewerchin HL, Cornelissen E, Van Hamme E, Smits K, Verhasselt B, Nauwynck HJ. Surface-expressed viral proteins in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected monocytes are internalized through a clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathway. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2731-2740. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a feline coronavirus, frequently leads to death in spite of a strong humoral immune response. In previous work, we reported that infected monocytes, thein vivotarget cells of FIPV, express viral proteins in their plasma membranes. These proteins are quickly internalized upon binding of antibodies. As the cell surface is cleared from viral proteins, internalization might offer protection against antibody-dependent cell lysis. Here, the internalization and subsequent trafficking of the antigen–antibody complexes were characterized using biochemical, cell biological and genetic approaches. Internalization occurred through a clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathway that did not require dynamin, rafts, actin or rho-GTPases. These findings indicate that the viral antigen–antibody complexes were not internalized through any of the previously described pathways. Further characterization showed that this internalization process was independent from phosphatases and tyrosine kinases but did depend on serine/threonine kinases. After internalization, the viral antigen–antibody complexes passed through the early endosomes, where they resided only briefly, and accumulated in the late endosomes. Between 30 and 60 min after antibody addition, the complexes left the late endosomes but were not degraded in the lysosomes. This study reveals what is probably a new internalization pathway into primary monocytes, confirming once more the complexity of endocytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Els Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Hamme
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kaatje Smits
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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Bray DP, Bennett M, Stockley P, Hurst JL, Kipar A. Composition and function of haemolymphatic tissues in the European common shrew. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3413. [PMID: 18923707 PMCID: PMC2561066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of wild animals responding to their native parasites are essential if we are to understand how the immune system functions in the natural environment. While immune defence may bring increased survival, this may come at a resource cost to other physiological traits, including reproduction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that wild common shrews (Sorex araneus), which produce large numbers of offspring during the one breeding season of their short life span, forgo investment in immunity and immune system maintenance, as increased longevity is unlikely to bring further opportunities for mating. In particular, we predicted that adult shrews, with shorter expected lifespans, would not respond as effectively as young animals to infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined haemolymphatic tissues from wild-caught common shrews using light and transmission electron microscopy, applied in conjunction with immunohistology. We compared composition and function of these tissues in shrews of different ages, and the extent and type of inflammatory reactions observed in response to natural parasitic infections. All ages seemed able to mount systemic, specific immune responses, but adult shrews showed some signs of lymphatic tissue exhaustion: lymphatic follicles in adults (n = 21) were both smaller than those in sub-adults (n = 18; Wald = 11.1, p<0.05) and exhibited greater levels of depletion (Wald = 13.3, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Contrary to our expectations, shrews respond effectively to their natural parasites, and show little indication of immunosenescence as adults. The pancreas of Aselli, a unique lymphoid organ, may aid in providing efficient immune responses through the storage of large numbers of plasma cells. This may allow older animals to react effectively to previously encountered parasites, but infection by novel agents, and eventual depletion of plasma cell reserves, could both still be factors in the near-synchronous mortality of adult shrews observed shortly after breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Bray
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Stockley
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jane L. Hurst
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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39
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Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection. Vet J 2008; 180:396-8. [PMID: 18406642 PMCID: PMC7110850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify and compare interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with its concentration in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form of FCoV. Clinically normal FCoV-infected cats living in catteries with a high prevalence of FIP had the highest serum IFN-gamma concentrations. The serum concentration of IFN-gamma was not significantly different in cats with FIP compared with clinically normal FCoV-infected animals living in catteries with a low prevalence of the disease. Moreover, the concentration of IFN-gamma was significantly higher in the effusions than in the serum of cats with FIP, probably due to IFN-gamma production within lesions. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a strong, 'systemic' cell mediated immune response in clinically normal, FCoV-infected cats and that a similar process, albeit at a tissue level, is involved in the pathogenesis of FIP.
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40
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O'Brien CR, Krockenberger MB, Martin P, Wigney DI, Malik R. Long-term outcome of therapy for 59 cats and 11 dogs with cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:384-92. [PMID: 17092323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the outcome of therapy in cats and dogs with naturally occurring cryptococcosis. Design Retrospective study of 59 cats and 11 dogs at the University Veterinary Centre Sydney from 1986 to 2004. METHOD Following detailed analysis of case notes potential associations between patient characteristics, cryptococcal species, retroviral status (cats), disease severity and type of therapy were examined in relation to duration and success of therapy. Treatment protocols based on amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole were compared. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of feline patients were successfully treated. For cats, the presence of central nervous system disease was the only factor found to influence outcome. Cats with neurological involvement, disseminated disease or refractory disease treated with amphotericin B containing protocols did as well, on average, as cats with less severe disease treated with azole monotherapy. Amphotericin B was thus an effective agent for treating severe cases of cryptococcosis. The median cumulative dose of amphotericin B for cats cured at the first attempt was 16 mg/kg (range 7 to 23 mg/kg). The median duration of treatment required to effect a cure at first attempt was significantly shorter for fluconazole (4 months; range 1 to 8 months) than for itraconazole (9 months; range 3 to 24 months; P = 0. 0191; Mann Whitney U test). The success rate for treatment of canine cases was 55%. No factor appeared to influence disease outcome in dogs. Large cumulative doses of amphotericin B could be administered via the subcutaneous route in both species and generally with minimal nephrotoxicity. Recrudescence occurred in a significant proportion of animals, in some cases despite a reduction of serum latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test to zero. CONCLUSION Although the prognosis of cryptococcosis should be described as guarded, a majority of the canine and especially feline patients can be expected to be cured, although treatment is protracted and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney NSW 2006.
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41
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Takano T, Hohdatsu T, Hashida Y, Kaneko Y, Tanabe M, Koyama H. A "possible" involvement of TNF-alpha in apoptosis induction in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 2006; 119:121-31. [PMID: 17046178 PMCID: PMC7117258 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cats show a decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, and a particularly marked decrease in T cells including CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In this study, we showed that lymphopenia observed in FIP cats was due to apoptosis, and that the ascitic fluid, plasma, and culture supernatant of peritoneal exudate cells (adherent cells with macrophage morphology, or PEC) from FIP cats readily induced apoptosis in specific pathogen-free cat peripheral blood mononuclear cells, particularly CD8+ cells. In addition, TNF-alpha released from macrophages and TNF-receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were closely involved in this apoptosis induction. In particular, in CD8+ cells cultured in the presence of the PEC culture supernatant, the expression levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 mRNA were increased, indicating that CD8+ cells are more susceptible to apoptosis induction by TNF-alpha than other lymphocyte subsets, particularly B cells (CD21+ cells). The results of this study suggest that TNF-alpha, produced by virus-infected macrophages, is responsible for induction of apoptosis in uninfected T cells, primarily CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/immunology
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling/veterinary
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lymphocyte Count/veterinary
- Macrophages
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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42
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Peña L, Garcia P, Jiménez MA, Benito A, Pérez Alenza MD, Sánchez B. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in lymphoid tissues of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29:114-26. [PMID: 16624407 PMCID: PMC7136978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most threatened wild feline in the world. Little is known about the diseases and pathology that affect this animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological status of the peripheral lymphoid tissues and thymus of Iberian lynxes necropsied between 1998 and 2003. Seventeen animals including females (n=8) and males (n=9), age range of 10 months to 16 years, with different causes of death were histopathologically and immunohistochemically (anti-CD3, CD79, MAC387, CD68) studied. Feline immunosuppressive virus laboratorial tests were negative. Five individuals presented neoplasia and/or tuberculosis. All animals presented some degree of both B and T cells depletion in peripheral lymphoid tissues and follicular hyalinosis in the center of depleted follicles. A viral origin of the lymphoid depletion is postulated although other causes (inbreeding, stress, toxic) are not ruled out. The loss of the effectiveness of the immune system increases the vulnerability of the critically endangered Iberian lynx to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peña
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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43
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Kipar A, Meli ML, Failing K, Euler T, Gomes-Keller MA, Schwartz D, Lutz H, Reinacher M. Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 112:141-55. [PMID: 16621029 PMCID: PMC7112699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural and experimental feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection leads to systemic viral spread via monocyte-associated viraemia and induces systemic proliferation of monocytes/macrophages. In the majority of naturally infected animals, FCoV infection remains subclinical and is associated with generalised B and T cell hyperplasia, but no other pathological findings. A minority of cats, however, develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic granulomatous disease. This is generally accompanied by B and T cell depletion. The obvious functional differences of lymphatic tissues in FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP suggest that they contribute to the outcome of FCoV infection. This study attempted to evaluate the functional changes in haemolymphatic tissues after natural FCoV infection, with special emphasis on the magnitude, phenotype and function of the monocyte/macrophage population. The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Compared to cats with FIP, FCoV-infected cats without FIP exhibited significantly higher IL-10 levels in the spleen and significantly lower levels of IL-6, G- and M-CSF in mesenteric lymph nodes. In cats with FIP, however, IL-12 p40 levels were significantly lower in lymphatic tissues in comparison to both SPF cats and FCoV-infected cats without FIP. In comparison to SPF cats, FIP cats had significantly higher IL-1β levels and lower TNF levels in mesenteric lymph nodes and lower M-CSF levels in the spleen. Findings indicate that FCoV-infected cats which do not develop FIP are able to mount an effective FCoV-specific immune response and can avoid excessive macrophage activation and FIP, possibly by upregulation of IL-10 production. Development of FIP, however, might be due to a lack of IL-12 which inhibits an effective cellular immune response and allows for monocyte/macrophage activation and the development of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kipar
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first identified in 2003, is caused by a novel coronavirus: the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Many features of the infection indicate that an excessive, but perhaps 'normal', immune response contributes to SARS. Several coronaviruses cause diseases that result in considerable morbidity and mortality in animals. Some of these diseases are also immune mediated and provide insights into the pathogenesis of SARS. Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) causes a fatal, immune-mediated disease of felines. Macrophage infection, lymphocyte depletion and antibody-dependent disease enhancement are hallmarks of this disease. Infection with the murine coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM results in immune-mediated demyelination. Similar to SARS, macrophage activation is a key component in the pathogenic process. Another strain of MHV, MHV-3, causes a fatal, fulminant hepatitis. MHV-3 infection of macrophages, with subsequent activation and induction of expression of a novel procoagulant, fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), is required for severe disease. Chickens that are infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) develop respiratory and renal disease. An excessive innate immune response contributes to the pathogenic process in these animals. To develop effective therapies for SARS will require understanding of the contributions of direct injury by virus and of the host immune response to pathogenesis. This requires further studies of the interactions of SARS-CoV with its target cells and necessitates the development of an animal model that reproduces the pulmonary infection that is observed in infected humans.
At the end of 2002, the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were reported, and in the following year, SARS resulted in considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide. SARS is caused by a novel species of coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and is the most severe coronavirus-mediated human disease that has been described so far. On the basis of similarities with other coronavirus infections, SARS might, in part, be immune mediated. As discussed in this Review, studies of animals that are infected with other coronaviruses indicate that excessive and sometimes dysregulated responses by macrophages and other pro-inflammatory cells might be particularly important in the pathogenesis of disease that is caused by infection with these viruses. It is hoped that lessons from such studies will help us to understand more about the pathogenesis of SARS in humans and to prevent or control outbreaks of SARS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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45
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Kipar A, Baptiste K, Barth A, Reinacher M. Natural FCoV infection: cats with FIP exhibit significantly higher viral loads than healthy infected cats. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 8:69-72. [PMID: 16213766 PMCID: PMC7129897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection has been shown to not only induce intestinal infection with viral shedding, but also systemic infection which either remains without clinical signs or leads to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). As systemic infection is not the key event in the development of FIP, the question arises as to whether a potential difference in viral load might be of importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA loads in haemolymphatic tissues of healthy, long-term FCoV-infected cats and cats with FIP. In cats that died from FIP, viral loads were significantly higher, indicating a higher rate of viral replication or a reduced capacity for viral clearance in cats developing and/or suffering from FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kipar
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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46
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Kipar A, May H, Menger S, Weber M, Leukert W, Reinacher M. Morphologic features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:321-30. [PMID: 15872378 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, coronavirus (CoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterized by granulomas in organs and granulomatous vasculitis. This study describes the morphologic features of granulomatous vasculitis in FIP as well as its development in the course of monocyte-associated feline CoV (FCoV) viremia in five naturally infected Domestic Shorthair cats with FIP. Monocyte-associated FCoV viremia was demonstrated by immunohistology, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron micropscopy. Granulomatous phlebitis at different stages of development was observed. Vasculitic processes ranged from attachment and emigration of FCoV-infected monocytes to vascular/perivascular granulomatous infiltrates with destruction of the vascular basal lamina. Monocytes as well as perivascular macrophages were activated because they were strongly positive for CD18 and expressed cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In addition, general activation of endothelial cells, represented by major histocompatibility complex II upregulation, was observed in all cases. These results confirm FIP as a monocyte-triggered systemic disease and demonstrate the central role of activated monocytes in FIP vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
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47
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Abstract
The article discusses feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), an important disease frequently seen in veterinary practice. FIP causes many problems to the veterinarian as it can be difficult to definitively diagnose the disease, as there is no effective treatment, and as prophylactic interventions are not very successful. Although intense research has created a lot of new knowledge about this disease in the last years, there are still many unanswered questions. The objective of this article is to review recent knowledge and to increase understanding of the complex pathogenesis of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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48
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de Groot-Mijnes JDF, van Dun JM, van der Most RG, de Groot RJ. Natural history of a recurrent feline coronavirus infection and the role of cellular immunity in survival and disease. J Virol 2005; 79:1036-44. [PMID: 15613332 PMCID: PMC538555 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1036-1044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the natural history, viral dynamics, and immunobiology of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a highly lethal coronavirus infection. A severe recurrent infection developed, typified by viral persistence and acute lymphopenia, with waves of enhanced viral replication coinciding with fever, weight loss, and depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our combined observations suggest a model for FIP pathogenesis in which virus-induced T-cell depletion and the antiviral T-cell response are opposing forces and in which the efficacy of early T-cell responses critically determines the outcome of the infection. Rising amounts of viral RNA in the blood, consistently seen in animals with end-stage FIP, indicate that progression to fatal disease is the direct consequence of a loss of immune control, resulting in unchecked viral replication. The pathogenic phenomena described here likely bear relevance to other severe coronavirus infections, in particular severe acute respiratory syndrome, for which multiphasic disease progression and acute T-cell lymphopenia have also been reported. Experimental FIP presents a relevant, safe, and well-defined model to study coronavirus-mediated immunosuppression and should provide an attractive and convenient system for in vivo testing of anticoronaviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda D F de Groot-Mijnes
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Meli M, Kipar A, Müller C, Jenal K, Gönczi E, Borel N, Gunn-Moore D, Chalmers S, Lin F, Reinacher M, Lutz H. High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:69-81. [PMID: 15123151 PMCID: PMC7128724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Specified pathogen-free cats were naturally infected with FCoV or experimentally infected with FCoV type I. Seroconversion was determined and the course of infection was monitored by measuring the FCoV loads in faeces, whole blood, plasma and/or monocytes. Tissue samples collected at necropsy were examined for viral load and histopathological changes. Experimentally infected animals started shedding virus as soon as 2 days after infection. They generally displayed the highest viral loads in colon, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Seroconversion occurred 3-4 weeks post infection. Naturally infected cats were positive for FCoV antibodies and monocyte-associated FCoV viraemia prior to death. At necropsy, most animals tested positive for viral shedding and FCoV RNA was found in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow. Both experimentally and naturally infected cats remained clinically healthy. Pathological findings were restricted to generalized lymphatic hyperplasia. These findings demonstrate the presence of systemic FCoV infection with high viral loads in the absence of clinical and pathological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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50
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Paltrinieri S, Ponti W, Comazzi S, Giordano A, Poli G. Shifts in circulating lymphocyte subsets in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): pathogenic role and diagnostic relevance. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 96:141-8. [PMID: 14592727 PMCID: PMC7119655 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2002] [Revised: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) are usually lymphopenic and have lymphoid depletion evident in spleen and lymph nodes. In particular, the number of CD4+ lymphocytes in tissues decreases during the evolution of FIP lesions. This decrease is most likely due to increased lymphocyte apoptotic rate. In contrast, cats infected with the Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) develop a follicular hyperplasia in the peripheral lymph nodes. The current study was devised to evaluate the possible pathogenic role of shifts in circulating lymphocyte subsets in FIP. Peripheral blood from cats with FIP was evaluated and compared with peripheral blood from clinically healthy cats living in both FCoV-free and FCoV-endemic catteries. Blood from cats with diseases other than FIP was also examined in order to define the diagnostic relevance of the changes. Lymphocyte subsets were analysed by flow cytometry, using a whole blood indirect immunofluorescence technique and mAbs specific for feline CD5, CD4, CD8, CD21. The results of the current study suggest that cats recently infected with FCoV that do not develop the disease have a transient increase in T cells; cats from groups with high prevalence of FIP have a moderate but persistent decrease in T cell subsets; cats with FIP have a very severe decrease in all the subsets of lymphocytes. Moreover, during FIP many lymphocytes do not express any membrane antigen, most likely due to early apoptosis. Cats with diseases other than FIP also had decreased number of lymphocytes: as a consequence, the diagnostic relevance of these findings is very low. Nevertheless, the lack of flow cytometric changes had a high negative predictive value (NPV), thus allowing to exclude FIP from the list of possible diagnoses in cats with normal cytograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale Veterinaria e Parassitologia, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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