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Hayashi T, Kanno SI, Watanabe C, Scuteri D, Agatsuma Y, Hara A, Bagetta G, Sakurada T, Sakurada S. Role of Spinal Cholecystokinin Octapeptide, Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ, and Hemokinin-1 in Diabetic Allodynia. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1332. [PMID: 38927539 PMCID: PMC11202074 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A complication of diabetes is neuropathic pain, which is difficult to control with medication. We have confirmed that neuropathic pain due to mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice is mediated by a characteristic neuropeptide in the spinal cord. We evaluated the strength of mechanical allodynia in mice using von Frey filaments. When mice were intravenously injected with streptozotocin, mechanical allodynia appeared 3 days later. Antibodies of representative neuropeptides were intrathecally (i.t.) administered to allodynia-induced mice 7 days after the intravenous administration of streptozotocin, and allodynia was reduced by anti-cholecystokinin octapeptide antibodies, anti-nociceptin/orphanin FQ antibodies, and anti-hemokinin-1 antibodies. In contrast, i.t.-administered anti-substance P antibodies, anti-somatostatin antibodies, and anti-angiotensin II antibodies did not affect streptozotocin-induced diabetic allodynia mice. Mechanical allodynia was attenuated by the i.t. administration of CCK-B receptor antagonists and ORL-1 receptor antagonists. The mRNA level of CCK-B receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic allodynia mice increased in the spinal cord, but not in the dorsal root ganglion. These results indicate that diabetic allodynia is caused by cholecystokinin octapeptide, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and hemokinin-1 released from primary afferent neurons in the spinal cord that transmit pain to the brain via the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hayashi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (T.H.); (Y.A.)
| | - Syu-ichi Kanno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (S.-i.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Chizuko Watanabe
- Division of Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan;
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Yasuyuki Agatsuma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (T.H.); (Y.A.)
| | - Akiyoshi Hara
- Division of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (S.-i.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation & Transfer Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical & Translational Pharmacology, Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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Oikawa I, Kondo S, Hashimoto K, Yoshida A, Hamajima M, Tanimoto H, Furukubo-Tokunaga K, Honjo K. A descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception mediated by an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide system in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP85760. [PMID: 37310871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociception is a neural process that animals have developed to avoid potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. While nociception is triggered in the peripheral nervous system, its modulation by the central nervous system is a critical process in mammals, whose dysfunction has been extensively implicated in chronic pain pathogenesis. The peripheral mechanisms of nociception are largely conserved across the animal kingdom. However, it is unclear whether the brain-mediated modulation is also conserved in non-mammalian species. Here, we show that Drosophila has a descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception from the brain, mediated by the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (DSK), a homolog of cholecystokinin (CCK) that plays an important role in the descending control of nociception in mammals. We found that mutants lacking dsk or its receptors are hypersensitive to noxious heat. Through a combination of genetic, behavioral, histological, and Ca2+ imaging analyses, we subsequently revealed neurons involved in DSK-mediated nociceptive regulation at a single-cell resolution and identified a DSKergic descending neuronal pathway that inhibits nociception. This study provides the first evidence for a descending modulatory mechanism of nociception from the brain in a non-mammalian species that is mediated by the evolutionarily conserved CCK system, raising the possibility that the descending inhibition is an ancient mechanism to regulate nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Oikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kao Hashimoto
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiho Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Megumi Hamajima
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Ken Honjo
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) in chickens: functional analysis and tissue expression. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102273. [PMID: 36436379 PMCID: PMC9706633 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, regulating a range of physiological functions by activating its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R). Compared to those in mammals, the CCK gene and its receptors have already been cloned in various birds, such as chickens. However, knowledge regarding their functionality and tissue expression is limited. In this study, we examined the expression of CCK and its 2 receptors in chicken tissues. In addition, the functionality of the 2 receptors was investigated. Using 3 cell-based luciferase reporter systems and western blots, we demonstrated that chicken (c-) CCK1R could be potently activated by cCCK-8S but not cCCK-4, whereas cCCK2R could be activated by cCCK-8S and cCCK-4 with similar efficiency. Using RNA-sequencing, we revealed that cCCK is abundantly expressed in the testis, ileum, and several brain regions (cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum, hindbrain, and hypothalamus). The abundant expression of CCK in the hypothalamus was further supported by immunofluorescence. In addition, cCCK1R is highly expressed in the pancreas and moderately expressed in various intestinal regions (ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the pituitary gland, whereas cCCK2R expression is primarily restricted to the brain. Our data reveal the differential specificities of CCK receptors for various CCK peptides. In combination with the differential tissue distribution of CCK and its receptors, the present study helps to understanding the physiological functions of CCK/CCKRs in birds.
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Cawthon CR, de La Serre CB. The critical role of CCK in the regulation of food intake and diet-induced obesity. Peptides 2021; 138:170492. [PMID: 33422646 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 1973, Gibbs, Young, and Smith showed that exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) administration reduces food intake in rats. This initial report has led to thousands of studies investigating the physiological role of CCK in regulating feeding behavior. CCK is released from enteroendocrine I cells present along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. CCK binding to its receptor CCK1R leads to vagal afferent activation providing post-ingestive feedback to the hindbrain. Vagal afferent neurons' (VAN) sensitivity to CCK is modulated by energy status while CCK signaling regulates gene expression of other feeding related signals and receptors expressed by VAN. In addition to its satiation effects, CCK acts all along the GI tract to optimize digestion and nutrient absorption. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is characterized by reduced sensitivity to CCK and every part of the CCK system is negatively affected by chronic intake of energy-dense foods. EEC have recently been shown to adapt to diet, CCK1R is affected by dietary fats consumption, and the VAN phenotypic flexibility is lost in DIO. Altered endocannabinoid tone, changes in gut microbiota composition, and chronic inflammation are currently being explored as potential mechanisms for diet driven loss in CCK signaling. This review discusses our current understanding of how CCK controls food intake in conditions of leanness and how control is lost in chronic energy excess and obesity, potentially perpetuating excessive intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cawthon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Agersnap M, Zhang MD, Harkany T, Hökfelt T, Rehfeld JF. Nonsulfated cholecystokinins in cerebral neurons. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:37-44. [PMID: 27535680 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a widely expressed neuropeptide system originally discovered in the gut. Both cerebral and peripheral neurons as well as endocrine I-cells in the small intestine process proCCK to tyrosyl-O-sulfated and α-carboxyamidated peptides. Recently, we reported that gut endocrine I-cells also synthetize nonsulfated CCK in significant amounts. Accordingly, we have now examined whether porcine and rat cerebral tissues (four cortical regions, hypothalamus and cerebellum) also synthesize nonsulfated CCK. A new, specific radioimmunoassay showed that all brain samples from pigs (n=15) and rats (n=6) contained nonsulfated CCK. The highest concentrations were measured in the neocortex; 4.7±0.25pmol/g (7.4%) in the rat and 4.3±1.88pmol/g (2.3%) in the pig. Chromatography of porcine cortical extracts revealed that 96.4% of the CCK was O-sulfated CCK-8. A higher fraction of the larger peptides (CCK-58 and CCK-33) was nonsulfated in comparison with the shorter forms (CCK-22 and CCK-8), i.e., 8.1% and 4.3% versus 0.9% and 1.5%. Immunohistochemical analysis of the rat brain showed an overall similar distribution pattern in selected regions when comparing the antibody specific for nonsulfated CCK-8 with an antibody recognizing both sulfated and nonsulfated CCK. However, nonsulfated CCK immunoreactivity was stronger than that of sulfated CCK in cell bodies and weaker in nerve terminals. We conclude that only a small fraction of neuronal CCK is nonsulfated. The intracellular distribution of nonsulfated CCK in neurons suggests that they contribute only modestly to the CCK transmitter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Agersnap
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Functional synergy between cholecystokinin receptors CCKAR and CCKBR in mammalian brain development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124295. [PMID: 25875176 PMCID: PMC4398320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in vertebrate brain, mediates its actions via two G-protein coupled receptors, CCKAR and CCKBR, respectively active in peripheral organs and the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that the CCK receptors have a dynamic and largely reciprocal expression in embryonic and postnatal brain. Using compound homozygous mutant mice lacking the activity of both CCK receptors, we uncover their additive, functionally synergistic effects in brain development and demonstrate that CCK receptor loss leads to abnormalities of cortical development, including defects in the formation of the midline and corpus callosum, and cortical interneuron migration. Using comparative transcriptome analysis of embryonic neocortex, we define the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects. Thus we demonstrate a developmental, hitherto unappreciated, role of the two CCK receptors in mammalian neocortical development.
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Wen D, Zang G, Sun D, Yu F, Mei D, Ma C, Cong B. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide restored morphine-induced hippocampal long-term potentiation impairment in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 559:76-81. [PMID: 24309294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), which is a typical brain-gut peptide, exerts a wide range of biological activities on the central nervous system. We have previously reported that CCK-8 significantly alleviated morphine-induced amnesia and reversed spine density decreases in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in morphine-treated animals. Here, we investigated the effects of CCK-8 on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral perforant path (LPP)-granule cell synapse of rat dentate gyrus (DG) in acute saline or morphine-treated rats. Population spikes (PS), which were evoked by stimulation of the LPP, were recorded in the DG region. Acute morphine (30mg/kg, s.c.) treatment significantly attenuated hippocampal LTP and CCK-8 (1μg, i.c.v.) restored the amplitude of PS that was attenuated by morphine injection. Furthermore, microinjection of CCK-8 (0.1 and 1μg, i.c.v.) also significantly augmented hippocampal LTP in saline-treated (1ml/kg, s.c.) rats. Pre-treatment of the CCK2 receptor antagonist L-365,260 (10μg, i.c.v) reversed the effects of CCK-8, but the CCK1 receptor antagonist L-364,718 (10μg, i.c.v) did not. The present results demonstrate that CCK-8 attenuates the effect of morphine on hippocampal LTP through CCK2 receptors and suggest an ameliorative function of CCK-8 on morphine-induced memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - DongLei Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Dong Mei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Wen D, Ma CL, Zhang YJ, Meng YX, Ni ZY, Li SJ, Cong B. Cholecystokinin receptor-1 mediates the inhibitory effects of exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide on cellular morphine dependence. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:63. [PMID: 22682150 PMCID: PMC3407485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), the most potent endogenous anti-opioid peptide, has been shown to regulate the processes of morphine dependence. In our previous study, we found that exogenous CCK-8 attenuated naloxone induced withdrawal symptoms. To investigate the precise effect of exogenous CCK-8 and the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) 1 and/or 2 receptors in morphine dependence, a SH-SY5Y cell model was employed, in which the μ-opioid receptor, CCK1/2 receptors, and endogenous CCK are co-expressed. Results Forty-eight hours after treating SH-SY5Y cells with morphine (10 μM), naloxone (10 μM) induced a cAMP overshoot, indicating that cellular morphine dependence had been induced. The CCK receptor and endogenous CCK were up-regulated after chronic morphine exposure. The CCK2 receptor antagonist (LY-288,513) at 1–10 μM inhibited the naloxone-precipitated cAMP overshoot, but the CCK1 receptor antagonist (L-364,718) did not. Interestingly, CCK-8 (0.1-1 μM), a strong CCK receptor agonist, dose-dependently inhibited the naloxone-precipitated cAMP overshoot in SH-SY5Y cells when co-pretreated with morphine. The L-364,718 significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of exogenous CCK-8 on the cAMP overshoot at 1–10 μM, while the LY-288,513 did not. Therefore, the CCK2 receptor appears to be necessary for low concentrations of endogenous CCK to potentiate morphine dependence in SH-SY5Y cells. An additional inhibitory effect of CCK-8 at higher concentrations appears to involve the CCK1 receptor. Conclusions This study reveals the difference between exogenous CCK-8 and endogenous CCK effects on the development of morphine dependence, and provides the first evidence for the participation of the CCK1 receptor in the inhibitory effects of exogenous CCK-8 on morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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Del Boca C, Lutz PE, Le Merrer J, Koebel P, Kieffer BL. Cholecystokinin knock-down in the basolateral amygdala has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 218:185-95. [PMID: 22613736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the mammalian brain. This peptide regulates many physiological functions and behaviors, such as cardio-respiratory control, thermoregulation, nociception, feeding, memory processes and motivational responses, and plays a prominent role in emotional responses including anxiety and depression. CCK-expressing brain regions involved in these functions remain unclear and their identification represents an important step towards understanding CCK function in the brain. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is strongly involved in emotional processing and expresses high levels of CCK. In this study we examined the contribution of CCK expressed in this brain region to emotional responses in mice. To knockdown CCK specifically in the BLA, we used stereotaxic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors expressing a CCK-targeted shRNA. This procedure efficiently reduced CCK levels locally. shCCK-treated animals showed reduced levels of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze, and lower despair-like behavior in the forced swim test. Our data demonstrate that CCK expressed in the BLA represents a key brain substrate for anxiogenic and depressant effects of the peptide. The study also suggests that elevated amygdalar CCK could contribute to panic and major depressive disorders that have been associated with CCK dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Del Boca
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Cayrol C, Bertrand C, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Daulhac L, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Ferrand A, Seva C. α V integrin: A new gastrin target in human pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4488-95. [PMID: 22110279 PMCID: PMC3218139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i40.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyse αV integrin expression induced by gastrin in pancreatic cancer models.
METHODS: αV integrin mRNA expression in human pancreatic cancer cells was analysed using a “cancer genes” array and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western blotting and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry were used to examine protein levels in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic tissues, respectively. The role of αV integrin on gastrin-induced cell adhesion was examined using blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies. Adherent cells were quantified by staining with crystal violet.
RESULTS: Using a “cancer genes” array we identified αV integrin as a new gastrin target gene in human pancreatic cancer cells. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was used to confirm αV integrin gene expression. We also demonstrate that Src family kinases and the PI 3-kinase, two signalling pathways specifically activated by the CCK-2 receptor (CCK2R), are involved in gastrin-mediated αV integrin expression. In contrast, inhibition of the ERK pathway was without any effect on αV integrin expression induced by gastrin. Our results also show that gastrin modulates cell adhesion viaαV integrins. Indeed, in vitro adhesion assays performed on fibronectin show that gastrin significantly increases adhesion of pancreatic cancer cells. The use of blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies completely reversed the increase in cell-substrate adhesion induced by gastrin. In addition, we showed in vivo that the targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice, leads to the overexpression of αV integrin. This process may contribute to pancreatic tumour development observed in these transgenic animals.
CONCLUSION: αV integrin is a new gastrin target in pancreatic cancer models and contributes to gastrin effects on cell adhesion.
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Wei X, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Si J. CCK-8S inhibited the NMDA-activated current of cultured hippocampal neuron under normal and ethanol exposure conditions. Neurosci Lett 2009; 449:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ballaz SJ, Akil H, Watson SJ. The CCK-system underpins novelty-seeking behavior in the rat: gene expression and pharmacological analyses. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:245-53. [PMID: 18410964 PMCID: PMC2706500 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptor CCK-2R have been shown to promote emotional responsivity and behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants in the rat. An animal model has been developed based on locomotor response to a novel inescapable environment. Animals exhibiting consistent differences in locomotor response to novelty have been termed as high and low responder rats (HR and LR, respectively). This paradigm is deemed to model sensation-seeking, a personality trait closely associated with substance abuse. The present study provides genetic and pharmacological evidence that the CCK-ergic system modulates this behavior. Distinctive patterns of CCK-related gene expression in HR and LR animals occurred beyond the mesolimbic pathways. CCK gene expression was higher in hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, but lower in the ventral tegmental area of HR relative to LR rats. Levels of CCK-2R mRNA were more elevated in LR animals in some areas of the forebrain such as the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. Additionally, CCK-2R blockade with the antagonist LY225.910 (0.5 mg/kg) removed phenotype differences in sustained exploration of novel stimuli (i.e., a novel-object) in HR and LR rats exposed to an enriched open-field test series. Finally, CCK-2R blockade also altered M(2) and 5-HT(7) receptor gene expression in the mediodorsal thalamus (a strategic structure for corticothalamic trafficking) in a phenotype-dependent manner. Taken together, the findings reported here suggest that distinct CCK-ergic function may contribute to promoting individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Ballaz
- iMed UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Yang YM, Chung JM, Rhim H. Cholecystokinin-8S-Induced Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Acutely Isolated Periaqueductal Gray Neurons of the Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:297-302. [PMID: 17268069 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many behavior studies indicate that cholecystokinin (CCK) is related to nociception and anxiety/panic actions in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). We previously reported that a sulfated form of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8S) produced excitatory effects at both pre- and postsynaptic loci in PAG neurons using slice preparations and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Here, we further examined the detailed mechanism of CCK-8S in acutely isolated PAG neurons of the rat using fura-2-based imaging of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Application of 1 microM CCK-8S produced an increase of [Ca2+]i, and its effect did not desensitize. This CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by the CCK2 receptor antagonist L-365260 but not by the CCK1 receptor antagonist L-364718. In addition, the effect of CCK-8S was eliminated by removing extracellular Ca2+, but not by an addition of the intracellular Ca2+ reuptake inhibitor thapsigargin. When simultaneous recordings of [Ca2+]i imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp were performed, CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase was significantly reduced at a membrane holding potential of -60 mV while CCK-8S-induced inward current was still observed. Current-voltage plots revealed that CCK-8S-induced inward current reversed near the equilibrium potential for K+ ions with a decreased membrane conductance. However, CCK-8S produced a significant inhibition on high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents. These results suggest that CCK-8S can excite PAG neurons by inhibiting K+ channels, and CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase occurs secondary to depolarization. The evidence presented here expands our understanding of cellular mechanisms for CCK-mediated anti-analgesic and anxiogenic actions in the PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea
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Yang YM, Chung JM, Rhim H. Cellular action of cholecystokinin-8S-mediated excitatory effects in the rat periaqueductal gray. Life Sci 2006; 79:1702-11. [PMID: 16797032 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the major neurotransmitters modulating satiety, nociception, and anxiety behavior. Although many behavioral studies showing anti-analgesic and anxiogenic actions of CCK have been reported, less is known about its cellular action in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, we examined the action of CCK in rat dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons using slice preparations and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Application of CCK-8S produced an inward current accompanied by increased spontaneous synaptic activities. The CCK-8S-induced inward current (I(CCK)) was recovered after washout and reproduced by multiple exposures. Current-voltage plots revealed that I(CCK) reversed near the equilibrium potential for K(+) ions with a decreased membrane conductance. When several K(+) channel blockers were used, application of CdCl(2), TEA, or apamin significantly reduced I(CCK). I(CCK) was also significantly reduced by the CCK(2) receptor antagonist, L-365,260, while it was not affected by the CCK(1) receptor antagonist, L-364,718. Furthermore, we examined the effects of CCK-8S on miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in order to determine the mechanism of CCK-mediated increase on synaptic activities. We found that CCK-8S increased the frequency of mEPSCs, but had no effect on mEPSC amplitude. This presynaptic effect persisted in the presence of CdCl(2) or Ca(2+)-free bath solution, but was completely abolished by pre-treatment with BAPTA-AM, thapsigargin or L-365,260. Taken together, our results indicate that CCK can excite PAG neurons at both pre- and postsynaptic loci via the activation of CCK(2) receptors. These effects may be important for the effects of CCK on behavior and autonomic function that are mediated via PAG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1 Hawholgok-dong Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Chen H, Kent S, Morris MJ. Is the CCK2 receptor essential for normal regulation of body weight and adiposity? Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:1427-33. [PMID: 16965546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal satiety signal released from the duodenum to terminate feeding, via CCK1 receptors. CCK2 receptors are considered to be involved in anxiety. CCK2 receptor knockout mice have increased body weight and food intake. Little is known regarding the effects of CCK2 receptor deficiency on adipose distribution and hypothalamic feeding regulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), a powerful stimulator of feeding. Adult (10 week) CCK2 receptor knockout and wild-type mice were anaesthetized and killed by decapitation. Brain sections, organs and fat tissue were dissected. Plasma leptin, insulin and brain NPY content were measured by radioimmunoassay. Female CCK2 receptor knockout mice weighed more than control mice (22.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 19.9 +/- 0.4 g, P < 0.05), with this difference being less marked in male mice (26.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 25.6 +/- 0.6 g). Fat masses in all locations sampled were significantly smaller in CCK2 receptor knockout mice of both genders (P < 0.05), resulting in lower plasma leptin and insulin levels. NPY concentrations were significantly increased in arcuate nucleus and anterior hypothalamus in both male and female CCK2 receptor knockout mice, and total hypothalamic NPY content was increased by 7 and 9% in males and females, respectively (P < 0.05). CCK2 receptor deletion was associated with increased body weight and hypothalamic NPY content, but reduced fat masses and plasma leptin and insulin. Increased NPY might contribute to increased food intake in CCK2 receptor knockout mice. Further work needs to focus on the metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Kania BF, Kania K, Romanowicz K, Tomaszewska D, Sutiak V, Wronska-Fortuna D. Centrally administered PD 140.548 N-methyl-d-glucamine prevents the autonomic responses to duodenal pain in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:109-18. [PMID: 16375934 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) released in the CNS inhibits the analgesic action of exogenous opioids and may antagonize analgesia resulting from the activation of an endogenous pain inhibitory system. The aim of this study was to analyse the central action of PD 140.548 N-methyl-D-glucamine--a peptide antagonist of a specific peripheral type CCK receptor--on animal behaviour, catecholamines (CA) and cortisol concentration, as well as clinical symptoms of visceral pain induced by duodenal distension (DD). A 5 min distension of the duodenum wall, using a 10 cm long balloon filled with 40 and/or 80 ml of water (DD 40 and/or DD 80) at animal body temperature, produced a significant increase in plasma CA and cortisol levels, an increase in the heart rate, hyperventilation and other clinical symptoms (inhibition of rumen motility, bleating, teeth grinding, prostration, urination, defecation) that may be related to pain, proportionally to the degree of intestinal distension. Intracerebroventricular administration of PD 140.548 at the dose of 1 or/and 2 mg in toto 10 min before applying DD 40 completely blocked the increase in blood plasma cortisol, epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentration. It is suggested that the central inhibitory action of CCK antagonist on the cortisol and catecholamine release produced by visceral pain is due to the inhibition of peripheral CCK1 type receptors in the central centrifugal descending pain facilitatory system in sheep perhaps via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Kania
- Experimental and Clinical Physio-Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Ochmański W. Neuroendocrinology of gastric H+ and duodenal HCO3- secretion: the role of brain-gut axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 499:15-27. [PMID: 15363947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric H+ and duodenal HCO3- secretions are precisely regulated by neuro-hormonal mechanisms at central and peripheral levels to match the rate of these secretions with the type of stimulation of sensory receptors in the head area (sight, smell, taste, etc.) and in the gastro-intestinal system. Two-way communication pathways operate between the brain and the gut, each comprising afferent fibers signaling sensory information from the gut to the brain and efferent fibers transmitting signals in opposite direction. Short intramural and long extramural reflexes are triggered as well as various gut hormones are released by feeding that "cooperate" with the "brain-gut axis" in the alteration of exocrine and endocrine gastro-duodenal secretion, motility and blood circulation. The malfunction of gastric or duodenal secretory mechanisms may lead to disturbances of gastric H+-pepsin or duodenal mucus-HCO3- secretion and to gastro-duodenal disorders and diseases. This review presents recent advances in pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastro-duodenal secretory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Konturek
- Department of Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gastric acid facilitates the digestion of protein and the absorption of iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. It also protects against bacterial overgrowth and enteric infection, including prion disease. When homeostatic mechanisms malfunction, the volume and concentration of acid may overwhelm mucosal defense mechanisms, leading to duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. This article reviews recent knowledge contributing to understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion at the central, peripheral, and intracellular levels. RECENT FINDINGS The vagus nerve contains afferent fibers that transmit sensory information from the stomach to the nucleus of the solitary tract. Input from the nucleus of the solitary tract is relayed to vagal efferent neurons that originate from two brain stem nuclei: the nucleus ambiguus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The latter is also influenced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons that act centrally to stimulate acid secretion. The main peripheral stimulants of acid secretion are the hormone gastrin and the paracrine amine histamine. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion directly and, more importantly, indirectly by releasing histamine from fundic enterochromaffin-like cells. Gastrin also exerts trophic effects on various tissues, including the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The main inhibitor of acid secretion is somatostatin. Somatostatin, acting via ssTR2 receptors, exerts a tonic paracrine inhibitory influence on the secretion of gastrin, histamine, and acid secretion. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, amylin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide all stimulate somatostatin secretion and thus inhibit acid secretion. HK-ATPase, the proton pump of the parietal cell, is stored within cytoplasmic tubulovesicles during the resting state, but during stimulation, it is shuttled to the canalicular membrane by a poorly understood mechanism that probably involves soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins. The proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, is unique in that it binds cysteine 822, located deep within the membrane domain of the alpha-subunit. The difficulty that reducing agents, such as glutathione, have in reaching cysteine 822 may be responsible for the longer half-time for acid recovery observed with pantoprazole. Hypergastrinemia, induced by proton pump inhibitors, enhances expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and hence prostaglandins within parietal cells, a feedback pathway that may protect the stomach against acid-induced damage. SUMMARY In the past year, significant advances have been made in understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion. Ultimately, these advances should lead to improved therapies to prevent and treat acid-related disorders. Gastric acid secretion must be precisely controlled at a variety of levels to prevent disease caused by hyperchlorhydria and hypochlorhydria. The mechanisms include neural (central and peripheral), hormonal, paracrine, and intracellular pathways that operate in concert to switch acid secretion on during ingestion of a meal and off during the interdigestive period. A better understanding of the physiology of acid secretion in health and disease should eventually lead to improved therapies to prevent and treat acid-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Virginia and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
Fear is an adaptive component of the acute "stress" response to potentially-dangerous (external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when disproportional in intensity, chronic and/or irreversible, or not associated with any genuine risk, it may be symptomatic of a debilitating anxious state: for example, social phobia, panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder. In view of the importance of guaranteeing an appropriate emotional response to aversive events, it is not surprising that a diversity of mechanisms are involved in the induction and inhibition of anxious states. Apart from conventional neurotransmitters, such as monoamines, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, many other modulators have been implicated, including: adenosine, cannabinoids, numerous neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, cytokines and several cellular mediators. Accordingly, though benzodiazepines (which reinforce transmission at GABA(A) receptors), serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor agonists and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are currently the principle drugs employed in the management of anxiety disorders, there is considerable scope for the development of alternative therapies. In addition to cellular, anatomical and neurochemical strategies, behavioral models are indispensable for the characterization of anxious states and their modulation. Amongst diverse paradigms, conflict procedures--in which subjects experience opposing impulses of desire and fear--are of especial conceptual and therapeutic pertinence. For example, in the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT), the ability of drugs to release punishment-suppressed drinking behavior is evaluated. In reviewing the neurobiology of anxious states, the present article focuses in particular upon: the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research. In view of the recent proliferation of mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis, modulation and, potentially, treatment of anxiety disorders, this is an opportune moment to survey their functional and pathophysiological significance, and to assess their influence upon performance in the VCT and other models of potential anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Centre de Rescherches de Croissy, Institut de Recherches (IDR) Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
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