1
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Epigenetic genes and epilepsy - emerging mechanisms and clinical applications. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:530-543. [PMID: 35859062 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of epilepsies are being attributed to variants in genes with epigenetic functions. The products of these genes include factors that regulate the structure and function of chromatin and the placing, reading and removal of epigenetic marks, as well as other epigenetic processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of the various epigenetic processes, structuring our discussion around five function-based categories: DNA methylation, histone modifications, histone-DNA crosstalk, non-coding RNAs and chromatin remodelling. We provide background information on each category, describing the general mechanism by which each process leads to altered gene expression. We also highlight key clinical and mechanistic aspects, providing examples of genes that strongly associate with epilepsy within each class. We consider the practical applications of these findings, including tissue-based and biofluid-based diagnostics and precision medicine-based treatments. We conclude that variants in epigenetic genes are increasingly found to be causally involved in the epilepsies, with implications for disease mechanisms, treatments and diagnostics.
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2
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Tamura K, Awaya T, Wada T, Fujii T, Yoshida T. Noniron deficiency microcytic anemia, dysmorphic features, and intellectual disability: Diagnostic clues for α-thalassemia/mental retardation associated with chromosome 16 syndrome. Pediatr Neonatol 2022; 63:298-300. [PMID: 35246371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tamura
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Tomonari Awaya
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahito Wada
- Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga Medical Center for Children, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Yoshida
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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3
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Shahbazi Z, Rostami G, Hamid M. New heritable ATRX mutation identified by whole exome sequencing and review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The mutations in the ATRX gene have been shown to cause two types of disorders: inherited mutations lead to alpha thalassemia X-linked mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome and acquired somatic mutations cause alpha thalassemia myelodysplastic syndrome (ATMDS). Here we report a case of ATRX gene mutation without completely features of ATR-X or ATMDS syndromes. Moreover we review previous reports of ATRX gene mutations in both ATR-X syndrome and ATMDS.
Methods
After sample collection and DNA extraction, whole exome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq PE150 apparatus. The results were confirmed using Sanger sequencing for the patients and his relatives. Literature review was performed based on the published data in Web of science, Science direct, Springer link and Pubmed databases.
Results
We identified a hemizygous missense ATRX gene mutation (ATRX, c.2388A > C, p. K796N) as a new disease-causing variant in the patient, heterozygous situation for his mother and his father was hemizygous for wild type allele. The literatures of patients were reviewed regarding the ATR-X syndrome.
Conclusions
According to previous findings, inherited ATRX mutations are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. Therefore a person with a mild α-thalassemia phenotype may also has mutation in ATRX gene. Accordingly, it is critical for geneticist and physicians to increase awareness in molecular diagnosis of α-thalassemia patients.
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4
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Cong Y, Wu J, Wang H, Wu K, Huang C, Yang X. Identification of a Hemizygous Novel Splicing Variant in ATRX Gene: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:834087. [PMID: 35444965 PMCID: PMC9015161 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.834087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-thalassemia/intellectual disability syndrome (ATR-X) (OMIM # 301040) was first described by Wilkie et al. (1). Several studies found that children who presented with significantly consistent clinical phenotypes of hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease and profound mental handicap carried ATRX chromatin remodeler (ATRX, OMIM*300032) gene variants. With the recent development of exome sequencing (ES), ATRX gene variants of severe to profound intellectual disability without alpha-thalassemia have been implicated in intellectual disability-hypotonic facies syndrome, X-linked, 1(MRXHF1, OMIM #309580). These two diseases present similar clinical manifestations and the same pattern of inheritance. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a 3-year-old boy with intellectual disability, language impairment, hypotonia, and mild craniofacial abnormalities (flat nasal bridge, small and triangular nose, anteverted nostrils, and widely spaced incisors) and reviewed MRXHF1 cases. At an early stage, the patient developed global developmental delay (GDD). After 6 months of rehabilitation therapy, the patient's motor ability did not make big progress, as well as his speech or nonverbal communication. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS), Sanger sequencing, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and X-inactivation studies. A novel hemizygous intronic variant in ATRX (c.5786+4A>G; NM_000489.6) was identified, which led to exon 24 skipping. The carrier mother showed extremely skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). These results may contribute to the patient's phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS The novel hemizygous intronic variant in ATRX is the genetic etiology of the boy. Identification of this variant is helpful for parents to take prenatal diagnostic tests. Also, this new case expands the phenotypes of MRXHF1 and the mutational spectrum of the ATRX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cong
- Rehabilitation Department, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Rehabilitation Department, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Rehabilitation Department, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Cui Huang
- B-Ultrasound Room, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Xuejian Yang
- Radiological Department, Yiwu Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yiwu, China
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5
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De Simone G, Quattrocchi A, Mancini B, di Masi A, Nervi C, Ascenzi P. Thalassemias: From gene to therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 84:101028. [PMID: 34649720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thalassemias (α, β, γ, δ, δβ, and εγδβ) are the most common genetic disorders worldwide and constitute a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by the deficient synthesis of one or more hemoglobin (Hb) chain(s). This leads to the accumulation of unstable non-thalassemic Hb chains, which precipitate and cause intramedullary destruction of erythroid precursors and premature lysis of red blood cells (RBC) in the peripheral blood. Non-thalassemic Hbs display high oxygen affinity and no cooperativity. Thalassemias result from many different genetic and molecular defects leading to either severe or clinically silent hematologic phenotypes. Thalassemias α and β are particularly diffused in the regions spanning from the Mediterranean basin through the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Burma, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and the Pacific Islands, whereas δβ-thalassemia is prevalent in some Mediterranean regions including Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Although in the world thalassemia and malaria areas overlap apparently, the RBC protection against malaria parasites is openly debated. Here, we provide an overview of the historical, geographic, genetic, structural, and molecular pathophysiological aspects of thalassemias. Moreover, attention has been paid to molecular and epigenetic pathways regulating globin gene expression and globin switching. Challenges of conventional standard treatments, including RBC transfusions and iron chelation therapy, splenectomy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from normal donors are reported. Finally, the progress made by rapidly evolving fields of gene therapy and gene editing strategies, already in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, and future challenges as novel curative treatments for thalassemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Simone
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Quattrocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra di Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Clara Nervi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy; Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Via della Lungara 10, 00165, Roma, Italy.
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6
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Ray-Gallet D, Almouzni G. The Histone H3 Family and Its Deposition Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1283:17-42. [PMID: 33155135 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8104-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Within the cell nucleus, the organization of the eukaryotic DNA into chromatin uses histones as components of its building block, the nucleosome. This chromatin organization contributes to the regulation of all DNA template-based reactions impacting genome function, stability, and plasticity. Histones and their variants endow chromatin with unique properties and show a distinct distribution into the genome that is regulated by dedicated deposition machineries. The histone variants have important roles during early development, cell differentiation, and chromosome segregation. Recent progress has also shed light on how mutations and transcriptional deregulation of these variants participate in tumorigenesis. In this chapter we introduce the organization of the genome in chromatin with a focus on the basic unit, the nucleosome, which contains histones as the major protein component. Then we review our current knowledge on the histone H3 family and its variants-in particular H3.3 and CenH3CENP-A-focusing on their deposition pathways and their dedicated histone chaperones that are key players in histone dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Ray-Gallet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3664, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3664, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3664, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3664, Paris, France.
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7
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Gugustea R, Tamming RJ, Martin-Kenny N, Bérubé NG, Leung LS. Inactivation of ATRX in forebrain excitatory neurons affects hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Hippocampus 2019; 30:565-581. [PMID: 31713968 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability (ATR-X) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the ATRX gene that encodes a SNF2-type chromatin-remodeling protein. The ATRX protein regulates chromatin structure and gene expression in the developing mouse brain and early inactivation leads to DNA replication stress, extensive cell death, and microcephaly. However, the outcome of Atrx loss of function postnatally in neurons is less well understood. We recently reported that conditional inactivation of Atrx in postnatal forebrain excitatory neurons (ATRX-cKO) causes deficits in long-term hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Thus, we hypothesized that ATRX-cKO mice will display impaired hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity. In the present study, evoked field potentials and current source density analysis were recorded from a multichannel electrode in male, urethane-anesthetized mice. Three major excitatory synapses, the Schaffer collaterals to basal dendrites and proximal apical dendrites, and the temporoammonic path to distal apical dendrites on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells were assessed by their baseline synaptic transmission, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) at 50-ms interpulse interval, and by their long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by theta-frequency burst stimulation. Baseline single-pulse excitatory response at each synapse did not differ between ATRX-cKO and control mice, but baseline PPF was reduced at the CA1 basal dendritic synapse in ATRX-cKO mice. While basal dendritic LTP of the first-pulse excitatory response was not affected in ATRX-cKO mice, proximal and distal apical dendritic LTP were marginally and significantly reduced, respectively. These results suggest that ATRX is required in excitatory neurons of the forebrain to achieve normal hippocampal LTP and PPF at the CA1 apical and basal dendritic synapses, respectively. Such alterations in hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity could explain the long-term spatial memory deficits in ATRX-cKO mice and provide insight into the physiological mechanisms underlying intellectual disability in ATR-X syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Gugustea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee J Tamming
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Martin-Kenny
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathalie G Bérubé
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Stan Leung
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Persistence of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia of a female ATRX mutation carrier. Blood Adv 2019; 3:2627-2631. [PMID: 31501157 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Leukemic blasts of a female carrier of an ATRX germline mutation have persistently skewed inactivation of the X chromosome. Germline mutation in leukemia needs to be interpreted with caution because it is not always pathologic.
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9
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David “DJ” Weatherall. Am J Hum Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Ferrão J, Silva M, Gonçalves L, Gomes S, Loureiro P, Coelho A, Miranda A, Seuanes F, Reis AB, Pina F, Maia R, Kjöllerström P, Monteiro E, Lacerda JF, Lavinha J, Gonçalves J, Faustino P. Widening the spectrum of deletions and molecular mechanisms underlying alpha-thalassemia. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:1921-1929. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Vivante A, Hwang DY, Kohl S, Chen J, Shril S, Schulz J, van der Ven A, Daouk G, Soliman NA, Kumar AS, Senguttuvan P, Kehinde EO, Tasic V, Hildebrandt F. Exome Sequencing Discerns Syndromes in Patients from Consanguineous Families with Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:69-75. [PMID: 27151922 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of CKD in children, featuring a broad variety of malformations. A monogenic cause can be detected in around 12% of patients. However, the morphologic clinical phenotype of CAKUT frequently does not indicate specific genes to be examined. To determine the likelihood of detecting causative recessive mutations by whole-exome sequencing (WES), we analyzed individuals with CAKUT from 33 different consanguineous families. Using homozygosity mapping and WES, we identified the causative mutations in nine of the 33 families studied (27%). We detected recessive mutations in nine known disease-causing genes: ZBTB24, WFS1, HPSE2, ATRX, ASPH, AGXT, AQP2, CTNS, and PKHD1 Notably, when mutated, these genes cause multiorgan syndromes that may include CAKUT as a feature (syndromic CAKUT) or cause renal diseases that may manifest as phenocopies of CAKUT. None of the above monogenic disease-causing genes were suspected on clinical grounds before this study. Follow-up clinical characterization of those patients allowed us to revise and detect relevant new clinical features in a more appropriate pathogenetic context. Thus, applying WES to the diagnostic approach in CAKUT provides opportunities for an accurate and early etiology-based diagnosis and improved clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Vivante
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Cologne Children's Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Schulz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelie van der Ven
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ghaleb Daouk
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aravind Selvin Kumar
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabha Senguttuvan
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elijah O Kehinde
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia; and
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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12
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 6. Male Undermasculinization. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:279-96. [PMID: 25105706 DOI: 10.2350/14-04-1465-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal male development requires three conditions: (1) adequate differentiation of the fetal testis; (2) synthesis and secretion of testicular hormones; and (3) effective action of these hormones on target organs. This requires the combined action of the inhibitory anti-müllerian hormone (AMH, secreted by Sertoli cells) to block the development of the uterus and fallopian tubes from the müllerian duct, together with the trophic stimulus of testosterone (a Leydig cell product), which leads to virilization of the wolffian ducts. Additionally, the development of external genitalia depends on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by the enzyme 5-α-reductase. Failure of any of these mechanisms leads to deficient virilization or the so-called "male pseudohermaphroditism" syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo #2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo #2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Abstract
More than 100 varieties of α-thalassemia have been identified. Their geographic distribution and the challenges associated with screening, diagnosis, and management suggest that α-thalassemias should have a higher priority on global public health agendas.
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14
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Uwineza A, Caberg JH, Hitayezu J, Hellin AC, Jamar M, Dideberg V, Rusingiza EK, Bours V, Mutesa L. Array-CGH analysis in Rwandan patients presenting development delay/intellectual disability with multiple congenital anomalies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:79. [PMID: 25016475 PMCID: PMC4123504 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Array-CGH is considered as the first-tier investigation used to identify copy number variations. Right now, there is no available data about the genetic etiology of patients with development delay/intellectual disability and congenital malformation in East Africa. Methods Array comparative genomic hybridization was performed in 50 Rwandan patients with development delay/intellectual disability and multiple congenital abnormalities, using the Agilent’s 180 K microarray platform. Results Fourteen patients (28%) had a global development delay whereas 36 (72%) patients presented intellectual disability. All patients presented multiple congenital abnormalities. Clinically significant copy number variations were found in 13 patients (26%). Size of CNVs ranged from 0,9 Mb to 34 Mb. Six patients had CNVs associated with known syndromes, whereas 7 patients presented rare genomic imbalances. Conclusion This study showed that CNVs are present in African population and show the importance to implement genetic testing in East-African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda.
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15
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Thachil J, Owusu-Ofori S, Bates I. Haematological Diseases in the Tropics. MANSON'S TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7167525 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Weatherall DJ. The Role of the Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin, the First “Molecular Diseases,” in the Future of Human Genetics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:1-24. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Weatherall
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
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17
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Maze I, Noh KM, Allis CD. Histone regulation in the CNS: basic principles of epigenetic plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:3-22. [PMID: 22828751 PMCID: PMC3521967 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Postmitotic neurons are subject to a vast array of environmental influences that require the nuclear integration of intracellular signaling events to promote a wide variety of neuroplastic states associated with synaptic function, circuit formation, and behavioral memory. Over the last decade, much attention has been paid to the roles of transcription and chromatin regulation in guiding fundamental aspects of neuronal function. A great deal of this work has centered on neurodevelopmental and adulthood plasticity, with increased focus in the areas of neuropharmacology and molecular psychiatry. Here, we attempt to provide a broad overview of chromatin regulation, as it relates to central nervous system (CNS) function, with specific emphasis on the modes of histone posttranslational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and histone variant exchange. Understanding the functions of chromatin in the context of the CNS will aid in the future development of pharmacological therapeutics aimed at alleviating devastating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maze
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung-Min Noh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Gibbons RJ. α-Thalassemia, mental retardation, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:2/10/a011759. [PMID: 23028133 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This article describes three rare syndromes in which the presence of α-thalassemia provided an important clue to the molecular basis of the underlying condition. It exemplifies how rare diseases allied with careful clinical observation can lead to important biological principles. Two of the syndromes, ATR-16 and ATR-X, are characterized by α-thalassemia in association with multiple developmental abnormalities including mental retardation. The third condition, ATMDS, is an acquired disorder in which α-thalassemia arises in the context of myelodysplasia. Intriguingly, mutations in the chromatin remodeling factor, ATRX, are common to both ATR-X syndrome and ATMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gibbons
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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Weatherall DJ. Thalassaemia: the long road from the bedside through the laboratory to the community. Transfus Med 2011; 21:218-23. [PMID: 21733004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Weatherall
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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20
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Bérubé NG. ATRX in chromatin assembly and genome architecture during development and disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:435-44. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of genome architecture is essential for a variety of fundamental cellular phenomena that underlie the complex orchestration of mammalian development. The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein ATRX is emerging as a key regulatory component of nucleosomal dynamics and higher order chromatin conformation. Here we provide an overview of the role of ATRX at chromatin and during development, and discuss recent studies exposing a repertoire of ATRX functions at heterochromatin, in gene regulation, and during mitosis and meiosis. Exciting new progress on several fronts suggest that ATRX operates in histone variant deposition and in the modulation of higher order chromatin structure. Not surprisingly, dysfunction or absence of ATRX protein has devastating consequences on embryonic development and leads to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G. Bérubé
- Victoria Research Laboratories 800 Commissioners Road East London, ON, Canada N6C 2V5
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21
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Yun KW, Chae SA, Lee JJ, Yun SW, Yoo BH, Lim IS, Choi ES, Lee MK. The first case of X-linked Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:146-9. [PMID: 21218045 PMCID: PMC3012841 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the ATRX gene leads to X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome and several other X-linked mental retardation syndromes. We report the first case of ATR-X syndrome documented here in Korea. A 32-month-old boy came in with irritability and fever. He showed dysmorphic features, mental retardation and epilepsy, so ATR-X syndrome was considered. Hemoglobin H inclusions in red blood cells supported the diagnosis and genetic studies confirmed it. Mutation analysis for our patient showed a point mutation of thymine to cytosine on the 9th exon in the ATRX gene, indicating that Trp(C), the 220th amino acid, was replaced by Ser(R). Furthermore, we investigated the same mutation in family members, and his mother and two sisters were found to be carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Ahn Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Weon Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Seok Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Sang Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Thalassemia: the long road from the bedside through the laboratory to the community. Nat Med 2010; 16:1112-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nm1010-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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24
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Gibson WT, Harvard C, Qiao Y, Somerville MJ, Lewis MES, Rajcan-Separovic E. Phenotype-genotype characterization of alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome due to isolated monosomy of 16p13.3. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:225-32. [PMID: 18076105 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old Caucasian girl presented with mild dysmorphic features and intellectual disability (ID) affecting multiple spheres. Dysmorphisms included a high forehead with up-slanting palpebral fissures, prominent nasal root and bridge, flattened maxilla, high-arched palate, and anterior frenulum. Structural brain anomalies included reduced periventricular white matter volume and thin corpus callosum. The presence of HbH bodies and her clinical presentation raised suspicion for autosomal alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-16). Whole-genome array analysis at 1 Mb resolution was performed, which revealed a sub-microscopic loss of 16p involving clones RP11-344L6 at 0.1 Mb, RP1-121I4 at 0.2 Mb and RP11-334D3 at 1 Mb. FISH confirmed deletion (del) of the terminal clone (RP1-121I4) on 16pter, which was de novo in origin. The more proximal clone RP11-334D3 (at 1 Mb) showed diminished FISH signal intensity on one of the homologues, suggesting that one breakpoint occurred within this clone. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed a de novo deletion encompassing SOX8 (at 0.97 Mb). ATR-16 is characterized by ID with mild, nonspecific dysmorphic features, and is associated with terminal del16p (MIM No. 141750). Cases of isolated monosomy for 16p are rarely described; such descriptions help to delineate the syndrome in the absence of confounding karyotypic anomalies. We describe detailed molecular cytogenetic and clinical findings relating to a subject with ATR-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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25
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Argentaro A, Yang JC, Chapman L, Kowalczyk MS, Gibbons RJ, Higgs DR, Neuhaus D, Rhodes D. Structural consequences of disease-causing mutations in the ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain of the chromatin-associated protein ATRX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11939-44. [PMID: 17609377 PMCID: PMC1924575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704057104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-associated protein ATRX was originally identified because mutations in the ATRX gene cause a severe form of syndromal X-linked mental retardation associated with alpha-thalassemia. Half of all of the disease-associated missense mutations cluster in a cysteine-rich region in the N terminus of ATRX. This region was named the ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain, based on sequence homology with a family of DNA methyltransferases. Here, we report the solution structure of the ADD domain of ATRX, which consists of an N-terminal GATA-like zinc finger, a plant homeodomain finger, and a long C-terminal alpha-helix that pack together to form a single globular domain. Interestingly, the alpha-helix of the GATA-like finger is exposed and highly basic, suggesting a DNA-binding function for ATRX. The disease-causing mutations fall into two groups: the majority affect buried residues and hence affect the structural integrity of the ADD domain; another group affects a cluster of surface residues, and these are likely to perturb a potential protein interaction site. The effects of individual point mutations on the folding state and stability of the ADD domain correlate well with the levels of mutant ATRX protein in patients, providing insights into the molecular pathophysiology of ATR-X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Argentaro
- *Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Chun Yang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lynda Chapman
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Monika S. Kowalczyk
- *Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Gibbons
- *Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas R. Higgs
- *Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David Neuhaus
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniela Rhodes
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and
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26
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Harteveld CL, Kriek M, Bijlsma EK, Erjavec Z, Balak D, Phylipsen M, Voskamp A, di Capua E, White SJ, Giordano PC. Refinement of the genetic cause of ATR-16. Hum Genet 2007; 122:283-92. [PMID: 17598130 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha thalassemia retardation associated with chromosome16 (ATR-16 syndrome) is defined as a contiguous gene syndrome resulting from haploinsufficiency of the alpha-globin gene cluster and genes involved in mental retardation (MR). To date, only few cases have been described which result from pure monosomy for a deletion of 16p. In most of these cases the deletion was identified by densitometric analysis of Southern blot results or by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization analysis, and these alterations have not been mapped in detail. In this study, we have fine mapped deletions causing alpha-thalassemia within 2 Mb from the telomere of 16p by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We have developed a rapid and simple test for high resolution mapping of rearrangements involving the tip of the short arm of chromosome 16 by incorporating 62 MLPA probes spaced approximately 10-200 kb over a region of 2 Mb from the telomere. One deletion of approximately 900 kb without MR was identified in addition to three de novo deletions varying between 1.5 and 2 Mb causing ATR-16 in three patients having mild MR and alpha-thalassemia. Two were found by chance to be ATR-16 because they were included in a study to search for telomeric loss in MR and not by hematological analysis. This would plead for more alertness when a persistent microcytic hypochromic anemia at normal ferritin levels is observed as suggestive for the ATR-16 syndrome. The region on chromosome 16p for which haploinsufficiency leads to the dysmorphic features and MR typical for ATR-16, has been narrowed down to a 800 kb region localized between 0.9 and 1.7 Mb from the telomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis L Harteveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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27
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Muers MR, Sharpe JA, Garrick D, Sloane-Stanley J, Nolan PM, Hacker T, Wood WG, Higgs DR, Gibbons RJ. Defining the cause of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in X-linked mental retardation by use of a mouse model. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:1138-49. [PMID: 17503331 PMCID: PMC1867101 DOI: 10.1086/518369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme skewing of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is rare in the normal female population but is observed frequently in carriers of some X-linked mutations. Recently, it has been shown that various forms of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) have a strong association with skewed XCI in female carriers, but the mechanisms underlying this skewing are unknown. ATR-X syndrome, caused by mutations in a ubiquitously expressed, chromatin-associated protein, provides a clear example of XLMR in which phenotypically normal female carriers virtually all have highly skewed XCI biased against the X chromosome that harbors the mutant allele. Here, we have used a mouse model to understand the processes causing skewed XCI. In female mice heterozygous for a null Atrx allele, we found that XCI is balanced early in embryogenesis but becomes skewed over the course of development, because of selection favoring cells expressing the wild-type Atrx allele. Unexpectedly, selection does not appear to be the result of general cellular-viability defects in Atrx-deficient cells, since it is restricted to specific stages of development and is not ongoing throughout the life of the animal. Instead, there is evidence that selection results from independent tissue-specific effects. This illustrates an important mechanism by which skewed XCI may occur in carriers of XLMR and provides insight into the normal role of ATRX in regulating cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Muers
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- William Reardon
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12.
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29
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Badens C, Lacoste C, Philip N, Martini N, Courrier S, Giuliano F, Verloes A, Munnich A, Leheup B, Burglen L, Odent S, Van Esch H, Levy N. Mutations in PHD-like domain of the ATRX gene correlate with severe psychomotor impairment and severe urogenital abnormalities in patients with ATRX syndrome. Clin Genet 2006; 70:57-62. [PMID: 16813605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ATRX are associated with a wide and clinically heterogeneous spectrum of X-linked mental retardation syndromes. The ATRX protein, involved in chromatin remodelling, belongs to the family of SWI/SNF DNA helicases and contains a plant homeodomain (PHD)-like domain. To date, more than 60 different mutations have been reported in ATRX. One of them is recurrent and accounts for 20% of all the reported mutations, whereas all others are private. Most mutations are clustered in the two major functional domains, the helicase and the PHD-like domain. So far, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established, with exception to the rare truncating mutations located at the C-terminal part of the protein, which are consistently associated with severe urogenital defects. In this study, we report the molecular analysis performed in 16 families positive for ATRX. Our findings indicate that, in addition to the previously described mutation 'hotspot' in the PHD-like domain, two other protein sections emerge as minor 'hotspots' in the helicase region encoded by exons 18-20 and 26-29, respectively, gathering 33% of all described mutations. Additionally, based on the clinical data collected for 22 patients from the 16 families, we observe that mutations in the PHD-like domain produce severe and permanent psychomotor deficiency, usually preventing patients from walking, as well as constant urogenital abnormalities, while mutations in the helicase domain lead to delayed but correct psychomotor acquisitions together with mild or absent urogenital abnormalities. In summary, mutations in the helicase domain are associated with milder phenotypes than mutations in the PHD-like domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badens
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Département de Génétique Médical, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France. catherine.badens ap-hm.fr
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30
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Leahy RT, Philip RK, Gibbons RJ, Fisher C, Suri M, Reardon W. Asplenia in ATR-X syndrome: a second report. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 139:37-9. [PMID: 16222662 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutation at the ATR-X locus is associated with severe mental retardation. Several conditions, initially reported as clinically distinct phenotypes, have now been attributed to ATR-X mutation. Asplenia, in association with severe mental retardation, has been reported and subsequently demonstrated in one family to be due to ATR-X mutation. We now report on a second instance of a patient presenting with mental retardation and asplenia who has been shown to have a mutation at the ATR-X locus.
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Badens C, Martini N, Courrier S, DesPortes V, Touraine R, Levy N, Edery P. ATRX syndrome in a girl with a heterozygous mutation in theATRX Zn finger domain and a totally skewed X-inactivation pattern. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2212-5. [PMID: 16955409 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the X-encoded gene ATRX are known to give rise to syndromic mental retardation in male patients whereas female carriers show preferential inactivation of the mutated X chromosome and appear healthy. Here, we describe a 4-year-old girl with typical features of ATRX syndrome, carrying the recurrent R246C mutation of ATRX. We show that her pattern of X-inactivation is totally skewed and that her active X chromosome which harbors the ATRX mutation, was maternally inherited. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ATRX syndrome in a female patient. Since she was born after in vitro fertilization (IVF), we propose a possible link between assisted reproduction technologies (ART) and the unexpected X chromosome methylation pattern that we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Badens
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
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32
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Higgs DR, Garrick D, Anguita E, De Gobbi M, Hughes J, Muers M, Vernimmen D, Lower K, Law M, Argentaro A, Deville MA, Gibbons R. Understanding α-Globin Gene Regulation: Aiming to Improve the Management of Thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1054:92-102. [PMID: 16339655 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1345.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, many advances in our understanding of the general principles controlling gene expression during hematopoiesis have come from studying the synthesis of hemoglobin. Discovering how the alpha- and beta-globin genes are normally regulated and documenting the effects of inherited mutations that cause thalassemia have played a major role in establishing our current understanding of how genes are switched on or off in hematopoietic cells. Previously, nearly all mutations causing thalassemia have been found in or around the globin loci, but rare inherited and acquired trans-acting mutations are being found more often. Such mutations have demonstrated new mechanisms underlying human genetic disease. Furthermore, they are revealing new pathways in the regulation of globin gene expression that, in turn, may open up new avenues for improving the management of patients with common types of thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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Akahoshi K, Ohashi H, Hattori Y, Saitoh S, Fukushima Y, Wada T. A woman with 46,XX,dup(16)(p13.11 p13.3) and the ATR-X phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 132A:414-8. [PMID: 15633166 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a Japanese woman with 46,XX,dup(16)(p13.11p13.3), who closely resembled the phenotype of X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X, MIM # 301040). Although she never had alpha-thalassemia, she showed characteristic clinical features including severe mental retardation, characteristic facies and behavior. ATR-X is caused by mutations of the ATRX gene. Although the function of ATRX protein has remained unclarified, it is thought to be involved in the regulation of several genes. The only target gene identified so far is the alpha-globin gene at 16p13.3. Clinical similarity among patients with ATR-X and dup(16)(p13.11p13) may indicate that some target genes regulated by ATRX reside in the duplicated region between 16p13.11 and 16p13.3, and that these genes are abnormally upregulated in ATR-X differently from the alpha-globin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Akahoshi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Children's Rehabilitation Hospital, Japan.
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34
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Chiurazzi P, Tabolacci E, Neri G. X-linked mental retardation (XLMR): from clinical conditions to cloned genes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41:117-58. [PMID: 15270552 DOI: 10.1080/10408360490443013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is a heterogenous set of conditions responsible for a large proportion of inherited mental retardation. Approximately 200 XLMR conditions and 45 cloned genes are now listed in our catalogue on the Internet at http://xlmr.interfree.it/home.htm. Traditionally, XLMR conditions were subdivided into specific (MRXS) and nonspecific (MRX) forms, depending on their clinical presentation. Now that a growing number of candidate genes have become available for screening XLMR families and patients, this distinction is becoming less useful and similar conditions that had been previously listed as separate can now be grouped together because different mutations in the same gene have been identified. Furthermore, different mutations in the same XLMR gene may account for diseases of increasing severity, but can also cause different phenotypes. As the functions of proteins corresponding to these genes are characterized, biological networks involved in causing mental retardation and conversely in supporting normal intellectual functioning will be discovered. Molecular biologists and neurobiologists will need to cooperate in order to verify the effects of XLMR gene mutations in the context of neuronal circuitry. Eventually, DNA and protein microarray technologies will assist researchers and physicians in reaching a diagnosis even in small families or in individual patients with XLMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Chiurazzi
- Institute of Medical Genetics, A. Gemelli School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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35
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Weatherall D. 2003 William Allan Award address. The Thalassemias: the role of molecular genetics in an evolving global health problem. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:385-92. [PMID: 15053011 PMCID: PMC1182250 DOI: 10.1086/381402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Weatherall
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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36
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Abstract
Abstract
Over the past fifty years, many advances in our understanding of the general principles controlling gene expression during hematopoiesis have come from studying the synthesis of hemoglobin. Discovering how the α and β globin genes are normally regulated and documenting the effects of inherited mutations which cause thalassemia have played a major role in establishing our current understanding of how genes are switched on or off in hematopoietic cells. Previously, nearly all mutations causing thalassemia have been found in or around the globin loci, but rare inherited and acquired trans-acting mutations are being found with increasing frequency. Such mutations have demonstrated new mechanisms underlying human genetic disease. Furthermore, they are revealing new pathways in the regulation of globin gene expression which, in turn, may eventually open up new avenues for improving the management of patients with common types of thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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37
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Abstract
Syndromes of disordered 'chromatin remodeling' are unique in medicine because they arise from a general deregulation of DNA transcription caused by mutations in genes encoding enzymes which mediate changes in chromatin structure. Chromatin is the packaged form of DNA in the eukaryotic cell. It consists almost entirely of repeating units, called nucleosomes, in which short segments of DNA are wrapped tightly around a disk-like structure comprising two subunits of each of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Histone proteins are covalently modified by a number of different adducts (i.e. acetylation and phosphorylation) that regulate the tightness of the DNA-histone interactions. Mutations in genes encoding enzymes that mediate chromatin structure can result in a loss of proper regulation of chromatin structure, which in turn can result in deregulation of gene transcription and inappropriate protein expression. In this review we present examples of representative genetic diseases that arise as a consequence of disordered chromatin remodeling. These include: alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, X-linked (ATR-X); Rett syndrome (RS); immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome (ICF); Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS); and Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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De Vries BBA, Winter R, Schinzel A, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C. Telomeres: a diagnosis at the end of the chromosomes. J Med Genet 2003; 40:385-98. [PMID: 12807958 PMCID: PMC1735506 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.6.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, subtelomeric rearrangements have been identified as a major cause of mental retardation and/or malformation syndromes. So far, over 2500 subjects with mental retardation have been tested and reported of whom approximately 5% appeared to have a subtelomeric rearrangement. In this review, the clinical aspects of each known (submicroscopic) subtelomeric deletion will be presented and the various methods available for detecting subtelomeric abnormalities will be discussed. Not only will the patients and their families benefit from a good collection and report of the various telomeric abnormalities and their clinical phenotype, but it will also give more insight into the aetiology of mental retardation and malformation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B A De Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, UMC, St Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Since the identification of the ATRX gene (synonyms XNP, XH2) in 1995, it has been shown to be the disease gene for numerous forms of syndromal X-linked mental retardation [X-linked alpha thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, Juberg-Marsidi syndrome, Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome, X-linked mental retardation with spastic paraplegia]. An attempt is made in this article to review the clinical spectrum associated with ATRX mutations and to analyse the evidence for any genotype/phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gibbons
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Holinski-Feder E, Reyniers E, Uhrig S, Golla A, Wauters J, Kroisel P, Bossuyt P, Rost I, Jedele K, Zierler H, Schwab S, Wildenauer D, Speicher MR, Willems PJ, Meitinger T, Kooy RF. Familial mental retardation syndrome ATR-16 due to an inherited cryptic subtelomeric translocation, t(3;16)(q29;p13.3). Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:16-25. [PMID: 10631133 PMCID: PMC1288322 DOI: 10.1086/302703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/1999] [Accepted: 10/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for genetic causes of mental retardation, we have studied a five-generation family that includes 10 individuals in generations IV and V who are affected with mild-to-moderate mental retardation and mild, nonspecific dysmorphic features. The disease is inherited in a seemingly autosomal dominant fashion with reduced penetrance. The pedigree is unusual because of (1) its size and (2) the fact that individuals with the disease appear only in the last two generations, which is suggestive of anticipation. Standard clinical and laboratory screening protocols and extended cytogenetic analysis, including the use of high-resolution karyotyping and multiplex FISH (M-FISH), could not reveal the cause of the mental retardation. Therefore, a whole-genome scan was performed, by linkage analysis, with microsatellite markers. The phenotype was linked to chromosome 16p13.3, and, unexpectedly, a deletion of a part of 16pter was demonstrated in patients, similar to the deletion observed in patients with ATR-16 syndrome. Subsequent FISH analysis demonstrated that patients inherited a duplication of terminal 3q in addition to the deletion of 16p. FISH analysis of obligate carriers revealed that a balanced translocation between the terminal parts of 16p and 3q segregated in this family. This case reinforces the role of cryptic (cytogenetically invisible) subtelomeric translocations in mental retardation, which is estimated by others to be implicated in 5%-10% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Holinski-Feder
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Edwin Reyniers
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Sabine Uhrig
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Astrid Golla
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Jan Wauters
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Peter Kroisel
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Paul Bossuyt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Imma Rost
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Kerry Jedele
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Hannelore Zierler
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Sieglinde Schwab
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Dieter Wildenauer
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Michael R. Speicher
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Patrick J. Willems
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, University of Munich, Munich; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Department of Human Genetics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
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Weatherall D. From genotype to phenotype: genetics and medical practice in the new millennium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:1995-2010. [PMID: 10670020 PMCID: PMC1692700 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The completion of the human genome project will provide a vast amount of information about human genetic diversity. One of the major challenges for the medical sciences will be to relate genotype to phenotype. Over recent years considerable progress has been made in relating the molecular pathology of monogenic diseases to the associated clinical phenotypes. Studies of the inherited disorders of haemoglobin, notably the thalassaemias, have shown how even in these, the simplest of monogenic diseases, there is remarkable complexity with respect to their phenotypic expression. Although studies of other monogenic diseases are less far advanced, it is clear that the same level of complexity will exist. This information provides some indication of the difficulties that will be met when trying to define the genes that are involved in common multigenic disorders and, in particular, in trying to relate disease phenotypes to the complex interactions between many genes and multiple environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weatherall
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G Neri
- Istituto di Genetica Medica Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia A. Gemelli Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma, Italy.
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Carpenter NJ, Qu Y, Curtis M, Patil SR. X-linked mental retardation syndrome with characteristic "coarse" facial appearance, brachydactyly, and short stature maps to proximal Xq. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:230-5. [PMID: 10398234 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<230::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a three-generation family in which X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is associated with minor facial anomalies and brachydactyly. Two brothers and four nephews have "coarse" facial appearance, brachydactyly with widening of the distal phalanges, short stature, and moderate mental retardation. The three obligate carrier women have normal intelligence and normal physical findings. The results of linkage analysis carried out in 1988 using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were suggestive of linkage to DXYS1 and DXS101 in proximal Xq (Zmax = 1.63 at straight thetamax = 0.0) [Carpenter et al., 1988: Am J Med Genet 43:A139]. The family was restudied with 16 microsatellite loci from Xp11.4 through Xq24. Linkage analysis demonstrated significant linkage to DXS1003, ALAS2, AR, DXS986, DXS990, DXS454, DXS1106, DXS1105, and DXS1220 from Xp11.3 to Xq23 (Zmax = 2.53 at straight thetamax = 0.0). Recombinations detected between MAOB and DXS1055 and between DXS1220 and DXS1001 place the disease locus between Xp11.3 and Xq23. Among the genes known to map to this region is the XNP gene for the alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X). This fact, along with the phenotypic similarity between our patients and ATR-X males, led us to consider XNP as a candidate gene for this family. X-inactivation studies provided further evidence for the involvement of XNP by showing completely skewed X-inactivation patterns in the three obligate carrier females, a pattern characteristic of carriers of XNP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Carpenter
- H.A. Chapman Institute of Medical Genetics, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135, USA
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Gendrot C, Ronce N, Raynaud M, Ayrault AD, Dourlens J, Castelnau P, Muh JP, Chelly J, Moraine C. X-linked nonspecific mental retardation (MRX16) mapping to distal Xq28: Linkage study and neuropsychological data in a large family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990423)83:5<411::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Flint J, Harding RM, Boyce AJ, Clegg JB. The population genetics of the haemoglobinopathies. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1998; 11:1-51. [PMID: 10872472 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(98)80069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The haemoglobinopathies are the commonest single-gene disorders known, almost certainly because of the protection they provide against malaria, as attested by a number of observations. The geographical distributions of malaria and haemoglobinopathies largely overlap, and microepidemiological surveys confirm the close relationship between them. For two of the commonest disorders, haemoglobin S and alpha(+)-thalassaemia, there is also good clinical evidence for protection against malaria morbidity. However, not all the evidence appears to support this view. In some parts of the world malaria and haemoglobinopathies are not, and never have been, coexistent. It is also difficult to explain why the majority of haemoglobinopathies appear to be recent mutations and are regionally specific. Here we argue that these apparent inconsistencies in the malaria hypothesis are the result of processes such as genetic drift and migration and of demographic changes that have occurred during the past 10,000 years. When these factors are taken into account, selection by malaria remains the force responsible for the prevalence of the haemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flint
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Kurosawa K, Asoh M, Akatsuka A, Matsuo T, Ochiai Y, Maekawa K. A Japanese patient with X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome: an additional case report. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1996; 41:329-32. [PMID: 8996969 DOI: 10.1007/bf01913176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X) is characterized by severe mental retardation, wide range of minor abnormalities, and association with an unusual form of alpha-thalassemia. Fifty patients in Caucasian origin have been reported. This is the second report of the syndrome demonstrated in Oriental patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kurosawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Kita Medical Rehabilitation Center for The Handicapped, Japan
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48
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Abstract
The chromosome-16 and the X-chromosome forms of alpha-thalassemia--ATR-16 and ATR-X--exemplify 2 important causes of syndromal mental retardation. ATR-16 is a contiguous gene syndrome which arises from loss of DNA from the tip of chromosome 16p13.3 by truncation, interstitial deletion, or unbalanced translocation. It provided the first example of a chromosome translocation that could be detected by molecular analysis but not conventional cytogenetics. It also provided the first example of a telomeric truncation giving rise to a complex genetic syndrome. In contrast ATR-X appears to be due to mutations in a trans-acting factor that regulates gene expression. Mutations in transcription factors have recently been identified in a number of genetic diseases (for example, Denys-Drash syndrome, WT1 [19]; pituitary dwarfism, PIT1 [16]; Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, CBP [20]. Not only is this mechanism proving to be an important cause of complex syndromes but it is providing new perspectives on certain developmental pathways. XH2 may not be a classical transcription factor but it is certainly involved in the regulation of gene expression, exerting its effects on several different genes. It seems likely that other mutations in this class of regulatory proteins will be found in patients with complex disorders including mental retardation. In broader terms the 2 mechanisms described here may prove to be responsible for a significant proportion of mental retardation. However, without a feature such as alpha-thalassemia to pinpoint the area of genome or pathways involved it may prove difficult to identify other, similarly affected genes underlying other forms of mental retardation. As the human genome project and rapid genome analysis evolve this problem should become less of an obstacle. In the meantime, it is very worthwhile to continue looking for unusual clinical associations that may point to critical genes underlying human genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gibbons
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Weatherall D. The molecular basis for phenotypic variability of the common thalassaemias. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1995; 1:15-20. [PMID: 9415132 DOI: 10.1016/1357-4310(95)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The thalassaemias, the commonest monogenic diseases in humans, and the first to be analysed at the molecular level, show remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity. As much of this variability can be ascribed to acquired pathology resulting from complications of the profound anaemia that accompanies these diseases, it is often difficult to define the precise relationships between different mutations and their clinical manifestations. Some progress has been made, however. In this article, what has been learnt about genotype/phenotype relationships for the two common forms of thalassaemia is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weatherall
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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50
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Gibbons RJ, Picketts DJ, Villard L, Higgs DR. Mutations in a putative global transcriptional regulator cause X-linked mental retardation with alpha-thalassemia (ATR-X syndrome). Cell 1995; 80:837-45. [PMID: 7697714 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ATR-X syndrome is an X-linked disorder comprising severe psychomotor retardation, characteristic facial features, genital abnormalities, and alpha-thalassemia. We have shown that ATR-X results from diverse mutations of XH2, a member of a subgroup of the helicase superfamily that includes proteins involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including DNA recombination and repair (RAD16, RAD54, and ERCC6) and regulation of transcription (SW12/SNF2, MOT1, and brahma). The complex ATR-X phenotype suggests that XH2, when mutated, down-regulates expression of several genes, including the alpha-globin genes, indicating that it could be a global transcriptional regulator. In addition to its role in the ATR-X syndrome, XH2 may be a good candidate for other forms of X-linked mental retardation mapping to Xq13.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gibbons
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England
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