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Bean DJ, Monroe J, Liang YM, Borberg E, Senussi Y, Swank Z, Chalise S, Walt D, Weinberg J, Sagar M. Heterotypic immunity from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection but not COVID-19 vaccination associates with lower endemic coronavirus incidence. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eado7588. [PMID: 38865483 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ado7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses from prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 vaccination mitigate disease severity, but they do not fully prevent subsequent infections, especially from genetically divergent strains. We examined the incidence of and immune differences against human endemic coronaviruses (eCoVs) as a proxy for response against future genetically heterologous coronaviruses (CoVs). We assessed differences in symptomatic eCoV and non-CoV respiratory disease incidence among those with known prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or previous COVID-19 vaccination but no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection or neither exposure. Retrospective cohort analyses suggest that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not previous COVID-19 vaccination alone, associates with a lower incidence of subsequent symptomatic eCoV infection. There was no difference in non-CoV incidence, implying that the observed difference was eCoV specific. In a second cohort where both cellular and humoral immunity were measured, those with prior SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure had lower eCoV-directed neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that neutralization is not responsible for the observed decreased eCoV disease. The three groups had similar cellular responses against the eCoV spike protein and nucleocapsid antigens. However, CD8+ T cell responses to the nonstructural eCoV proteins nsp12 and nsp13 were higher in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection as compared with the other groups. This association between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and decreased incidence of eCoV disease may therefore be due to a boost in CD8+ T cell responses against eCoV nsp12 and nsp13, suggesting that incorporation of nonstructural viral antigens in a future pan-CoV vaccine may improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bean
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Janet Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yan Mei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ella Borberg
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yasmeen Senussi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zoe Swank
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sujata Chalise
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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2
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Uludağ M, Incitti R, Gao X, Heeney JL, Gojobori T, Alam I. Global surveillance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102:374-374A. [PMID: 38828061 PMCID: PMC11132165 DOI: 10.2471/blt.22.289528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Uludağ
- Computational Biology Research Center, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberto Incitti
- Computational Biology Research Center, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Biology Research Center, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Biology Research Center, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Intikhab Alam
- Computational Biology Research Center, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Stanley AM, Aksyuk AA, Wilkins D, Green JA, Lan D, Shoemaker K, Tieu HV, Sobieszczyk ME, Falsey AR, Kelly EJ. Seasonal human coronavirus humoral responses in AZD1222 (ChaAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccinated adults reveal limited cross-immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401728. [PMID: 38827749 PMCID: PMC11143795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now widespread; however, the degree of cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and endemic, seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remains unclear. Methods SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV cross-immunity was evaluated in adult participants enrolled in a US sub-study in the phase III, randomized controlled trial (NCT04516746) of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) primary-series vaccination for one-year. Anti-HCoV spike-binding antibodies against HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-NL63 were evaluated in participants following study dosing and, in the AZD1222 group, after a non-study third-dose booster. Timing of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion (assessed via anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels) and incidence of COVID-19 were evaluated in those who received AZD1222 primary-series by baseline anti-HCoV titers. Results We evaluated 2,020/21,634 participants in the AZD1222 group and 1,007/10,816 in the placebo group. At the one-year data cutoff (March 11, 2022) mean duration of follow up was 230.9 (SD: 106.36, range: 1-325) and 94.3 (74.12, 1-321) days for participants in the AZD1222 (n = 1,940) and placebo (n = 962) groups, respectively. We observed little elevation in anti-HCoV humoral titers post study-dosing or post-boosting, nor evidence of waning over time. The occurrence and timing of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and incidence of COVID-19 were not largely impacted by baseline anti-HCoV titers. Conclusion We found limited evidence for cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs following AZD1222 primary series and booster vaccination. Susceptibility to future emergence of novel coronaviruses will likely persist despite a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in global populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Stanley
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Anastasia A. Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Justin A. Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dongmei Lan
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn Shoemaker
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Hong-Van Tieu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ann R. Falsey
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Infectious Disease, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Formerly Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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4
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Zhong Y, Kang AYH, Tay CJX, Li HE, Elyana N, Tan CW, Yap WC, Lim JME, Le Bert N, Chan KR, Ong EZ, Low JG, Shek LP, Tham EH, Ooi EE. Correlates of protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated children. Nat Med 2024; 30:1373-1383. [PMID: 38689059 PMCID: PMC11164684 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The paucity of information on longevity of vaccine-induced immune responses and uncertainty of the correlates of protection hinder the development of evidence-based COVID-19 vaccination policies for new birth cohorts. Here, to address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a cohort study of healthy 5-12-year-olds vaccinated with BNT162b2. We serially measured binding and neutralizing antibody titers (nAbs), spike-specific memory B cell (MBC) and spike-reactive T cell responses over 1 year. We found that children mounted antibody, MBC and T cell responses after two doses of BNT162b2, with higher antibody and T cell responses than adults 6 months after vaccination. A booster (third) dose only improved antibody titers without impacting MBC and T cell responses. Among children with hybrid immunity, nAbs and T cell responses were highest in those infected after two vaccine doses. Binding IgG titers, MBC and T cell responses were predictive, with T cells being the most important predictor of protection against symptomatic infection before hybrid immunity; nAbs only correlated with protection after hybrid immunity. The stable MBC and T cell responses over time suggest sustained protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, even when nAbs wane. Booster vaccinations do not confer additional immunological protection to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Zhong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alicia Y H Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carina J X Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui' En Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurul Elyana
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chee Yap
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey M E Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Zhang X, Wu J, Luo Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Kong R, Chi Y, Sun Y, Chen S, He Q, Zhu F, Zhou Z. CovEpiAb: a comprehensive database and analysis resource for immune epitopes and antibodies of human coronaviruses. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae183. [PMID: 38653491 PMCID: PMC11036340 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have threatened humans repeatedly, especially COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has posed a substantial threat to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 continuously evolves through random mutation, resulting in a significant decrease in the efficacy of existing vaccines and neutralizing antibody drugs. It is critical to assess immune escape caused by viral mutations and develop broad-spectrum vaccines and neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved epitopes. Thus, we constructed CovEpiAb, a comprehensive database and analysis resource of human coronavirus (HCoVs) immune epitopes and antibodies. CovEpiAb contains information on over 60 000 experimentally validated epitopes and over 12 000 antibodies for HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 variants. The database is unique in (1) classifying and annotating cross-reactive epitopes from different viruses and variants; (2) providing molecular and experimental interaction profiles of antibodies, including structure-based binding sites and around 70 000 data on binding affinity and neutralizing activity; (3) providing virological characteristics of current and past circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and in vitro activity of various therapeutics; and (4) offering site-level annotations of key functional features, including antibody binding, immunological epitopes, SARS-CoV-2 mutations and conservation across HCoVs. In addition, we developed an integrated pipeline for epitope prediction named COVEP, which is available from the webpage of CovEpiAb. CovEpiAb is freely accessible at https://pgx.zju.edu.cn/covepiab/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - JingCheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruiying Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Chi
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li D, Mao Q, Li X, Liang Z, He Q. A Cocktail of Lipid Nanoparticle-mRNA Vaccines Broaden Immune Responses against β-Coronaviruses in a Murine Model. Viruses 2024; 16:484. [PMID: 38543849 PMCID: PMC10976147 DOI: 10.3390/v16030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have seriously threatened human life in the 21st century. Emerging and re-emerging β-coronaviruses after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic remain possible highly pathogenic agents that can endanger human health. Thus, pan-β-coronavirus vaccine strategies to combat the upcoming dangers are urgently needed. In this study, four LNP-mRNA vaccines, named O, D, S, and M, targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, Delta, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, respectively, were synthesized and characterized for purity and integrity. All four LNP-mRNAs induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against the corresponding spike protein antigens in mice. Furthermore, LNP-mRNA S and D induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which failed to cross-react with MERS-CoV. Subsequent evaluation of sequential and cocktail immunizations with LNP-mRNA O, D, S, and M effectively elicited broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. A direct comparison of the sequential with cocktail regimens indicated that the cocktail vaccination strategy induced more potent neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against heterotypic viruses as well as broader antibody activity against pan-β-coronaviruses. Overall, these results present a potential pan-β-coronavirus vaccine strategy for improved preparedness prior to future coronavirus threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiuling Li
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qian He
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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7
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Rothoeft T, Maier C, Talarico A, Hoffmann A, Schlegtendal A, Lange B, Petersmann A, Denz R, Timmesfeld N, Toepfner N, Vidal-Blanco E, Pfaender S, Lücke T, Brinkmann F. Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w. [PMID: 38499828 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. METHODS 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3-26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). RESULTS All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. CONCLUSION Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothoeft
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - C Maier
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Talarico
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Hoffmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Schlegtendal
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Petersmann
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Denz
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Timmesfeld
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Vidal-Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Lücke
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Brinkmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Pushpakumara PD, Jeewandara C, Bary F, Madushanka D, Perera L, Aberathna IS, Nimasha T, Jayamali J, Ranasinghe T, Kuruppu H, Danasekara S, Wijewickrama A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Identification of differences in the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody responses in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:268-278. [PMID: 37313783 PMCID: PMC10876109 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As there are limited data on B-cell epitopes for the nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2, we sought to identify the immunodominant regions within the N protein, recognized by patients with varying severity of natural infection with the Wuhan strain (WT), delta, omicron, and in those who received the Sinopharm vaccines, which is an inactivated, whole virus vaccine. Using overlapping peptides representing the N protein, with an in-house ELISA, we mapped the immunodominant regions within the N protein, in seronegative (n = 30), WT infected (n = 30), delta infected (n = 30), omicron infected + vaccinated (n = 20) and Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) vaccinees (n = 30). We then investigated the sensitivity and specificity of these immunodominant regions and analyzed their conservation with other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, seasonal human coronaviruses, and bat Sarbecoviruses. We identified four immunodominant regions aa 29-52, aa 155-178, aa 274-297, and aa 365-388, which were highly conserved within SARS-CoV-2 and the bat coronaviruses. The magnitude of responses to these regions varied based on the infecting SARS-CoV-2 variants, >80% of individuals gave responses above the positive cut-off threshold to many of the four regions, with some differences with individuals who were infected with different VoCs. These regions were found to be 100% specific, as none of the seronegative individuals gave any responses. As these regions were highly specific with high sensitivity, they have a potential to be used to develop diagnostic assays and to be used in development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Darshana Pushpakumara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Farha Bary
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshan Madushanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Lahiru Perera
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka Sepali Aberathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thashmi Nimasha
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeewantha Jayamali
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushali Ranasinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Kuruppu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Saubhagya Danasekara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Halfmann PJ, Loeffler K, Duffy A, Kuroda M, Yang JE, Wright ER, Kawaoka Y, Kane RS. Broad protection against clade 1 sarbecoviruses after a single immunization with cocktail spike-protein-nanoparticle vaccine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1284. [PMID: 38346966 PMCID: PMC10861510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2002 SARS outbreak, the 2019 emergence of COVID-19, and the continuing evolution of immune-evading SARS-CoV-2 variants together highlight the need for a broadly protective vaccine against ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses. While updated variant-matched formulations are a step in the right direction, protection needs to extend beyond SARS-CoV-2 and its variants to include SARS-like viruses. Here, we introduce bivalent and trivalent vaccine formulations using our spike protein nanoparticle platform that completely protect female hamsters against BA.5 and XBB.1 challenges with no detectable virus in the lungs. The trivalent cocktails elicit highly neutralizing responses against all tested Omicron variants and the bat sarbecoviruses SHC014 and WIV1. Finally, our 614D/SHC014/XBB trivalent spike formulation completely protects human ACE2-transgenic female hamsters against challenges with WIV1 and SHC014 with no detectable virus in the lungs. Collectively, these results illustrate that our trivalent protein-nanoparticle cocktail can provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-2-like and SARS-CoV-1-like sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Kathryn Loeffler
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Augustine Duffy
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Jie E Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cryo-EM Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cryo-EM Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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10
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Hu B, Guo H, Si H, Shi Z. Emergence of SARS and COVID-19 and preparedness for the next emerging disease X. Front Med 2024; 18:1-18. [PMID: 38561562 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are two human Coronavirus diseases emerging in this century, posing tremendous threats to public health and causing great loss to lives and economy. In this review, we retrospect the studies tracing the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV, and we sort out current research findings about the potential ancestor of SARS-CoV-2. Updated knowledge about SARS-CoV-2-like viruses found in wildlife, the animal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the interspecies transmission risk of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) are gathered here. Finally, we discuss the strategies of how to be prepared against future outbreaks of emerging or re-emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hua Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haorui Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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11
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Krammer F. The role of vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic: what have we learned? Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:451-468. [PMID: 37436465 PMCID: PMC11136744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged late in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has so far claimed approximately 20 million lives. Vaccines were developed quickly, became available in the end of 2020, and had a tremendous impact on protection from SARS-CoV-2 mortality but with emerging variants the impact on morbidity was diminished. Here I review what we learned from COVID-19 from a vaccinologist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Ulrichs T, Rolland M, Wu J, Nunes MC, El Guerche-Séblain C, Chit A. Changing epidemiology of COVID-19: potential future impact on vaccines and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:510-522. [PMID: 38656834 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge worldwide; however, disease epidemiology has evolved, and COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nonetheless, COVID-19 remains a global threat and uncertainties remain, including definition of the end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity, and understanding true rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission. AREAS COVERED Six international experts convened (April 2023) to interpret changing COVID-19 epidemiology and public health challenges. We report the panel's recommendations and knowledge gaps in COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and future vaccination strategies, informed by peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, health authority assessments, and clinical experience. EXPERT OPINION High population SARS-CoV-2 immunity indicates the likely end to the pandemic's acute phase. Continued emergence of variants/sublineages that can evade the vaccine-induced antibody response are likely, but widespread immunity reduces the risk of disease severity. Continued surveillance is required to capture transition to endemicity, seasonality, and emergence of novel variants/sublineages, to inform future vaccination strategies. COVID-19 vaccination should be integrated into routine vaccination programs throughout life. Co-circulation with other respiratory viruses should be monitored to avoid a combined peak, which could overrun healthcare systems. Effective, combined vaccines and improved education may help overcome vaccine hesitancy/booster fatigue and increase vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ulrichs
- Department of Global Health, Akkon University for Human Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Viral Genomics Section & Systems Serology Core Laboratory, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianhong Wu
- York Emergency Mitigation, Engagement, Response, and Governance Institute, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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O'Neill A, Mantri CK, Tan CW, Saron WAA, Nagaraj SK, Kala MP, Joy CM, Rathore APS, Tripathi S, Wang LF, St John AL. Mucosal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of rodents elicits superior systemic T central memory function and cross-neutralising antibodies against variants of concern. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104924. [PMID: 38113758 PMCID: PMC10772395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines used in humans are highly effective in limiting disease and death caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, yet improved vaccines that provide greater protection at mucosal surfaces, which could reduce break-through infections and subsequent transmission, are still needed. METHODS Here we tested an intranasal (I.N.) vaccination with the receptor binding domain of Spike antigen of SARS-CoV-2 (S-RBD) in combination with the mucosal adjuvant mastoparan-7 compared with the sub-cutaneous (S.C.) route, adjuvanted by either M7 or the gold-standard adjuvant, alum, in mice, for immunological read-outs. The same formulation delivered I.N. or S.C. was tested in hamsters to assess efficacy. FINDINGS I.N. vaccination improved systemic T cell responses compared to an equivalent dose of antigen delivered S.C. and T cell phenotypes induced by I.N. vaccine administration included enhanced polyfunctionality (combined IFN-γ and TNF expression) and greater numbers of T central memory (TCM) cells. These phenotypes were T cell-intrinsic and could be recalled in the lungs and/or brachial LNs upon antigen challenge after adoptive T cell transfer to naïve recipients. Furthermore, mucosal vaccination induced antibody responses that were similarly effective in neutralising the binding of the parental strain of S-RBD to its ACE2 receptor, but showed greater cross-neutralising capacity against multiple variants of concern (VOC), compared to S.C. vaccination. I.N. vaccination provided significant protection from lung pathology compared to unvaccinated animals upon challenge with homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 strains in a hamster model. INTERPRETATION These results highlight the role of nasal vaccine administration in imprinting an immune profile associated with long-term T cell retention and diversified neutralising antibody responses, which could be applied to improve vaccines for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. FUNDING This study was funded by Duke-NUS Medical School, the Singapore Ministry of Education, the National Medical Research Council of Singapore and a DBT-BIRAC Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aled O'Neill
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Wilfried A A Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Santhosh Kambaiah Nagaraj
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Microbiology and Cell Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Monica Palanichamy Kala
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Christy Margarat Joy
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Microbiology and Cell Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Abhay P S Rathore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Microbiology and Cell Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
| | - Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA; SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Wang S, Guirakhoo F, Periasamy S, Ryan V, Wiggins J, Subramani C, Thibodeaux B, Sahni J, Hellerstein M, Kuzmina NA, Bukreyev A, Dodart JC, Rumyantsev A. RBD-Protein/Peptide Vaccine UB-612 Elicits Mucosal and Fc-Mediated Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Cynomolgus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 38250853 PMCID: PMC10818657 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies provide critical protective immunity against COVID-19, and the Fc-mediated effector functions and mucosal antibodies also contribute to the protection. To expand the characterization of humoral immunity stimulated by subunit protein-peptide COVID-19 vaccine UB-612, preclinical studies in non-human primates were undertaken to investigate mucosal secretion and the effector functionality of vaccine-induced antibodies in antibody-dependent monocyte phagocytosis (ADMP) and antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) assays. In cynomolgus macaques, UB-612 induced potent serum-neutralizing, RBD-specific IgG binding, ACE2 binding-inhibition antibodies, and antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions in ADMP and ADNKA assays. Additionally, immunized animals developed mucosal antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL). The level of mucosal or serum ADMP and ADNKA antibodies was found to be UB-612 dose-dependent. Our results highlight that the novel subunit UB-612 vaccine is a potent B-cell immunogen inducing polyfunctional antibody responses contributing to anti-viral immunity and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Wang
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Farshad Guirakhoo
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Valorie Ryan
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Jonathan Wiggins
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Brett Thibodeaux
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Jaya Sahni
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Michael Hellerstein
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Natalia A. Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Jean-Cosme Dodart
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Alexander Rumyantsev
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
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15
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Zang T, Osei Kuffour E, Baharani VA, Canis M, Schmidt F, Da Silva J, Lercher A, Chaudhary P, Hoffmann HH, Gazumyan A, Miranda IC, MacDonald MR, Rice CM, Nussenzweig MC, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Heteromultimeric sarbecovirus receptor binding domain immunogens primarily generate variant-specific neutralizing antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2317367120. [PMID: 38096415 PMCID: PMC10740387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317367120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination will likely be a key component of strategies to curtail or prevent future sarbecovirus pandemics and to reduce the prevalence of infection and disease by future SARS-CoV-2 variants. A "pan-sarbecovirus" vaccine, that provides maximum possible mitigation of human disease, should elicit neutralizing antibodies with maximum possible breadth. By positioning multiple different receptor binding domain (RBD) antigens in close proximity on a single immunogen, it is postulated that cross-reactive B cell receptors might be selectively engaged. Heteromultimeric vaccines could therefore elicit individual antibodies that neutralize a broad range of viral species. Here, we use model systems to investigate the ability of multimeric sarbecovirus RBD immunogens to expand cross-reactive B cells and elicit broadly reactive antibodies. Homomultimeric RBD immunogens generated higher serum neutralizing antibody titers than the equivalent monomeric immunogens, while heteromultimeric RBD immunogens generated neutralizing antibodies recognizing each RBD component. Moreover, RBD heterodimers elicited a greater fraction of cross-reactive germinal center B cells and cross-reactive RBD binding antibodies than did homodimers. However, when serum antibodies from RBD heterodimer-immunized mice were depleted using one RBD component, neutralization activity against the homologous viral pseudotype was removed, but neutralization activity against pseudotypes corresponding to the other RBD component was unaffected. Overall, simply combining divergent RBDs in a single immunogen generates largely separate sets of individual RBD-specific neutralizing serum antibodies that are mostly incapable of neutralizing viruses that diverge from the immunogen components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity Zang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | | | - Viren A. Baharani
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Marie Canis
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Justin Da Silva
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Alexander Lercher
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Pooja Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Ileana C. Miranda
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Margaret R. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | | | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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16
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de La Vega MA, Polychronopoulou E, XIII A, Ding Z, Chen T, Liu Q, Lan J, Nepveu-Traversy ME, Fausther-Bovendo H, Zaidan MF, Wong G, Sharma G, Kobinger GP. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immunity reduces rates of reinfection and hospitalization caused by the Delta or Omicron variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2169198. [PMID: 36655944 PMCID: PMC9980403 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2169198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During a pandemic, effective vaccines are typically in short supply, particularly at onset intervals when the wave is accelerating. We conducted an observational, retrospective analysis of aggregated data from all patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the waves caused by the Delta and Omicron variants, stratified based on their known previous infection and vaccination status, throughout the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) network. Next, the immunity statuses within each medical parameter were compared to naïve individuals for the effective decrease of occurrence. Lastly, we conducted studies using mice and pre-pandemic human samples for IgG responses to viral nucleocapsid compared to spike protein toward showing a functional component supportive of the medical data results in relation to the immunity types. During the Delta and Omicron waves, both infection-induced and hybrid immunities were associated with a trend of equal or greater decrease of occurrence than vaccine-induced immunity in hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths in comparison to those without pre-existing immunity, with hybrid immunity often trending with the greatest decrease. Compared to individuals without pre-existing immunity, those vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly reduced incidence of COVID-19, as well as all subsequent medical parameters. Though vaccination best reduces health risks associated with initial infection toward acquiring immunity, our findings suggest infection-induced immunity is as or more effective than vaccination in reducing the severity of reinfection from the Delta or Omicron variants, which should inform public health response at pandemic onset, particularly when triaging towards the allotment of in-demand vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ara XIII
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixing Liu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Mohammed F. Zaidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA, Gary P. Kobinger Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX77555, USA
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17
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Yousefi M, Lee WS, Chan WOY, He W, Mah MG, Yong CL, Deerain JM, Wang L, Arcinas C, Yan B, Tan D, Sia WR, Gamage AM, Yang J, Hsu ACY, Li S, Linster M, Yang X, Ghosh S, Anderson DE, Smith GJD, Tan CW, Wang LF, Ooi YS. Betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 infections in IGROV-1 cell line require aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2256416. [PMID: 37672505 PMCID: PMC10512916 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2256416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel betacoronaviruses has posed significant financial and human health burdens, necessitating the development of appropriate tools to combat future outbreaks. In this study, we have characterized a human cell line, IGROV-1, as a robust tool to detect, propagate, and titrate betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43. IGROV-1 cells can be used for serological assays, antiviral drug testing, and isolating SARS-CoV-2 variants from patient samples. Using time-course transcriptomics, we confirmed that IGROV-1 cells exhibit a robust innate immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, recapitulating the response previously observed in primary human nasal epithelial cells. We performed genome-wide CRISPR knockout genetic screens in IGROV-1 cells and identified Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a critical host dependency factor for both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43. Using DiMNF, a small molecule inhibitor of AHR, we observed that the drug selectively inhibits HCoV-OC43 infection but not SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptomic analysis in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells revealed that DiMNF blocks HCoV-OC43 infection via basal activation of innate immune responses. Our findings highlight the potential of IGROV-1 cells as a valuable diagnostic and research tool to combat betacoronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Yousefi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Suet Lee
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wharton O. Y. Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei He
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus G. Mah
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cythia Lingli Yong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua M. Deerain
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lijin Wang
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camille Arcinas
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biaoguo Yan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dewei Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akshamal M. Gamage
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shang Li
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E. Anderson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translation Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Chen C, Wang X, Zhang Z. Humoral and cellular immunity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:934-947. [PMID: 37865193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, the virus has rapidly spread worldwide. This has led to an unprecedented global pandemic, marked by millions of COVID-19 cases and a significant number of fatalities. Over a relatively short period, several different vaccine platforms are developed and deployed for use globally to curb the pandemic. However, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 continuously undergoes mutation and/or recombination, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOC). These VOCs can elevate viral transmission and evade the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines, leading to reinfections. Understanding the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 genomic mutation on viral pathogenesis and immune escape is crucial for assessing the threat of new variants to public health. This review focuses on the emergence and pathogenesis of VOC, with particular emphasis on their evasion of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the memory B cell, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell memory induced by different COVID-19 vaccines or infections are discussed, along with how these cells recognize VOC. This review summarizes the current knowledge on adaptive immunology regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Such knowledge may also be applied to vaccine design for other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310001, China.
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19
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, O’Sick WH, Cheedarla S, Baugh TJ, Damhorst GL, Wu H, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan-WT, delta and omicron BA1, BA2 spike trimers. iScience 2023; 26:108256. [PMID: 37965140 PMCID: PMC10641509 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using Wuhan-WT (vaccine strain), delta (B.1.167.2), omicron BA1 and BA2 variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus neutralization activity (PNA) and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta and omicron variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine strain and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. Importantly, this completely automated assay can be performed in 4 h to measure neutralizing antibody titers for 16 samples over 8 serial dilutions or, 128 samples at a single dilution with replicates. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hans P. Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sindhu Potlapalli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaleb Benjamin McLendon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Henry O’Sick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler Jon Baugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory L. Damhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fuad Hudaib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Janetta Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Auld
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarita Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Mattoon
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Joseph M. Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - David H. Wilson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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20
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Wang R, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhu J, Nan X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhou B, Yu J, Lin Z, Li J, Chen P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang YR, Li T, Zhang L. Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2635-2649.e6. [PMID: 37924813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuanyu Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bini Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zichun Lin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjunqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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21
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van Bergen J, Camps MG, Pardieck IN, Veerkamp D, Leung WY, Leijs AA, Myeni SK, Kikkert M, Arens R, Zondag GC, Ossendorp F. Multiantigen pan-sarbecovirus DNA vaccines generate protective T cell immune responses. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172488. [PMID: 37707962 PMCID: PMC10721273 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic coronavirus to cause a major outbreak in humans in recent years, and many more SARS-like coronaviruses with pandemic potential are circulating in several animal species. Vaccines inducing T cell immunity against broadly conserved viral antigens may protect against hospitalization and death caused by outbreaks of such viruses. We report the design and preclinical testing of 2 T cell-based pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, based on conserved regions within viral proteins of sarbecovirus isolates of human and other carrier animals, like bats and pangolins. One vaccine (CoVAX_ORF1ab) encoded antigens derived from nonstructural proteins, and the other (CoVAX_MNS) encoded antigens from structural proteins. Both multiantigen DNA vaccines contained a large set of antigens shared across sarbecoviruses and were rich in predicted and experimentally validated human T cell epitopes. In mice, the multiantigen vaccines generated both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to shared epitopes. Upon encounter of full-length spike antigen, CoVAX_MNS-induced CD4+ T cells were responsible for accelerated CD8+ T cell and IgG Ab responses specific to the incoming spike, irrespective of its sarbecovirus origin. Finally, both vaccines elicited partial protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice. These results support clinical testing of these universal sarbecovirus vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Iris N. Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Veerkamp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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22
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Gavitt TD, Mallory ML, Lee E, Catanzaro NJ, Chen H, Gully K, Scobey T, Korategere P, Brown A, Smith L, Parks R, Barr M, Newman A, Bowman C, Powers JM, Soderblom EJ, Mansouri K, Edwards RJ, Baric RS, Haynes BF, Saunders KO. Vaccine-mediated protection against Merbecovirus and Sarbecovirus challenge in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113248. [PMID: 37858337 PMCID: PMC10842144 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019-underlines the need to develop broadly active vaccines against the Merbecovirus and Sarbecovirus betacoronavirus subgenera. While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines protect against severe COVID-19, they do not protect against other sarbecoviruses or merbecoviruses. Here, we vaccinate mice with a trivalent sortase-conjugate nanoparticle (scNP) vaccine containing the SARS-CoV-2, RsSHC014, and MERS-CoV receptor-binding domains (RBDs), which elicited live-virus neutralizing antibody responses. The trivalent RBD scNP elicited serum neutralizing antibodies against bat zoonotic Wuhan Institute of Virology-1 (WIV-1)-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5, and MERS-CoV live viruses. The monovalent SARS-CoV-2 RBD scNP vaccine only protected against Sarbecovirus challenge, whereas the trivalent RBD scNP vaccine protected against both Merbecovirus and Sarbecovirus challenge in highly pathogenic and lethal mouse models. This study demonstrates proof of concept for a single pan-sarbecovirus/pan-merbecovirus vaccine that protects against three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses spanning two betacoronavirus subgenera.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tyler D Gavitt
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kendra Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pooja Korategere
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alecia Brown
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lena Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Newman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cindy Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Yung CF, Le Bert N, Kam KQ, Saffari SE, Tan CW, Mah YY, Zhang J, Yeoh AYY, Zhu F, Hariharaputran S, Chong CY, Bertoletti A, Wang L. BNT162b2 vaccine induced variant-specific immunity, safety and risk of Omicron breakthrough infection in children aged 5 to 11 years: a cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17337. [PMID: 37833554 PMCID: PMC10575958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little information on BNT162b2 vaccine-induced variant-specific immunogenicity, safety data and dynamics of breakthrough infections in pediatric populations. We addressed these questions using a prospective two dose BNT162b2 (10 mcg) vaccination cohort study of healthy children 5-11 years in Singapore. Follow up included blood samples at scheduled visits, daily vaccination symptom diary and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and spike-specific T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants were performed. The mean age of 127 participants was 8.27 years (SD 1.95) and 51.2% were males. The median sVNT level against original variant after 1 dose and 2 dose vaccination was 61.4% and 95.1% respectively (p < 0.0001). Neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant was the lowest, median 22.4% (IQR 16.5-30.8). However, T cell IFN-γ cytokine response against Omicron variant was high and remained so about 4 months after vaccination. Fever rate increased significantly from 4% (dose 1) to 11.5% (dose 2). The risk of Omicron breakthrough infection decreased by 7.8% for every 1% increase in sVNT inhibition level measured after dose 2 vaccination. BNT162b2 vaccines were safe, induced good T cell responses but poor neutralizing antibodies against Omicron in children. Low neutralizing antibody levels post-vaccination was predictive of subsequent breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Fu Yung
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Qian Kam
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Yan Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aileen Ying-Yan Yeoh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Smrithi Hariharaputran
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linfa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Chen D, Li X, Hao X, Qiu Y, Song Y, Sun H, Liu Y, Du J, Zhang Y, Xiao F, Song C, Yan Y, Song R, Wang X, Zhao X, Jin R. Reduced neutralization and Fc effector function to Omicron subvariants in sera from SARS-CoV-1 survivors after two doses of CoronaVac plus one dose subunit vaccine. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29136. [PMID: 37804496 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron harbors more than 30 mutations of the spike protein and exhibits substantial immune evasion. Although previous study indicated that BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine induces potent cross-clade pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies in survivors of the infection by SARS-CoV-1, the neutralization activity and Fc-mediated effector functions of these cross-reactive antibodies elicited in SARS-CoV-1 survivors to Omicron subvariants still remain largely unknown. In this study, the neutralization activity and Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies boosted by a third dose vaccination were characterized in SARS-CoV-1 convalescents and healthy individuals. Potent cross-clade broadly neutralizing antibodies were observed in SARS-CoV-1 survivors who received a three-dose vaccination regimen consisting of two priming doses of CoronaVac followed by one booster dose of the protein subunit vaccine ZF2001. However, the induced antibodies exhibited both reduced neutralization and impaired Fc effector functions targeting multiple Omicron subvariants. Importantly, the data also support the notion that immune imprints resulted from SARS-CoV-1 infection may exacerbate the impairment of neutralization activity and Fc-mediated effector functions to Omicron subvariants and provided invaluable information to vaccination strategy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaruo Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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26
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Xia CS, Zhan M, Liu Y, Yue ZH, Song Y, Zhang F, Wang H. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in SARS survivors with and without the COVID-19 vaccine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106947. [PMID: 37544384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide. However, it remains unknown whether individuals with prior SARS-CoV-1 infection are protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study assessed protective antibody levels in SARS survivors with and without the COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS We recruited 17 SARS survivors infected with SARS-CoV-1 in 2003, including 8 not vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine and 9 vaccinated with two doses of inactivated whole-virion COVID-19 vaccine (Sinopharm). In addition, 105 healthy adult volunteers without SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections were used as controls. The relative concentrations of three protective antibodies including anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG (nCoV S-IgG), anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain IgG (nCoV RBD-IgG), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nCoV NAbs) were measured to evaluate humoral immunity. RESULTS We found that the positive rates of these antibodies in unvaccinated SARS survivors were 37.5%, 37.5%, and 62.5%, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding positive rates were all 0% in controls before vaccination. In controls, the levels of protective antibodies reached a peak ca. 28 days after the second dose of vaccine and then started to decline. Surprisingly, the levels of these antibodies were maintained at very high levels even 166 days after the second dose of vaccine in SARS survivors. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that there are protective antibodies cross-reacting with SARS-CoV-2 in recovered SARS patients and that SARS survivors can generate a much stronger antibody response induced by the COVID-19 vaccine than can controls. These initial findings show the feasibility of developing novel pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghua Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China; The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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27
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Hu YF, Yuen TTT, Gong HR, Hu B, Hu JC, Lin XS, Rong L, Zhou CL, Chen LL, Wang X, Lei C, Yau T, Hung IFN, To KKW, Yuen KY, Zhang BZ, Chu H, Huang JD. Rational design of a booster vaccine against COVID-19 based on antigenic distance. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1301-1316.e8. [PMID: 37527659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against symptomatic disease, but repeated booster doses using vaccines based on the ancestral strain offer limited additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). To address this, we used antigenic distance to in silico select optimized booster vaccine seed strains effective against both current and future VOCs. Our model suggests that a SARS-CoV-1-based booster vaccine has the potential to cover a broader range of VOCs. Candidate vaccines including the spike protein from ancestral SARS-CoV-2, Delta, Omicron (BA.1), SARS-CoV-1, or MERS-CoV were experimentally evaluated in mice following two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The SARS-CoV-1-based booster vaccine outperformed other candidates in terms of neutralizing antibody breadth and duration, as well as protective activity against Omicron (BA.2) challenge. This study suggests a unique strategy for selecting booster vaccines based on antigenic distance, which may be useful in designing future booster vaccines as new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Fan Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; BayVax Biotech Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua-Rui Gong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingjie Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Chu Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuan-Sheng Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Rong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Coco Luyao Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaobi Lei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Thomas Yau
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Oncology Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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28
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Chia WN, Tan CW, Tan AWK, Young B, Starr TN, Lopez E, Fibriansah G, Barr J, Cheng S, Yeoh AYY, Yap WC, Lim BL, Ng TS, Sia WR, Zhu F, Chen S, Zhang J, Kwek MSS, Greaney AJ, Chen M, Au GG, Paradkar PN, Peiris M, Chung AW, Bloom JD, Lye D, Lok S, Wang LF. Potent pan huACE2-dependent sarbecovirus neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from a BNT162b2-vaccinated SARS survivor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3470. [PMID: 37494438 PMCID: PMC10371021 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern such as Omicron hampered efforts in controlling the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic due to their ability to escape neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or prior infection, highlighting the need to develop broad-spectrum vaccines and therapeutics. Most human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reported to date have not demonstrated true pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing breadth especially against animal sarbecoviruses. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of highly potent mAbs targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of huACE2-dependent sarbecovirus from a SARS-CoV survivor vaccinated with BNT162b2. Among the six mAbs identified, one (E7) showed better huACE2-dependent sarbecovirus neutralizing potency and breadth than any other mAbs reported to date. Mutagenesis and cryo-electron microscopy studies indicate that these mAbs have a unique RBD contact footprint and that E7 binds to a quaternary structure-dependent epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Wai Kit Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby Young
- National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guntur Fibriansah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Barr
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aileen Ying-Yan Yeoh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chee Yap
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beng Lee Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam-Seng Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madeline Sheng Si Kwek
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Chen
- National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gough G. Au
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Prasad N. Paradkar
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Lye
- National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheemei Lok
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Halfmann PJ, Loeffler K, Duffy A, Kuroda M, Kawaoka Y, Kane RS. Broad Protection Against Clade 1 Sarbecoviruses After a Single Immunization with Cocktail Spike-Protein-Nanoparticle Vaccine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3088907. [PMID: 37461652 PMCID: PMC10350183 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088907/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The 2002 SARS outbreak, the 2019 emergence of COVID-19, and the continuing evolution of immune-evading SARS-CoV-2 variants together highlight the need for a broadly protective vaccine against ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses. While updated variant-matched formulations such as Pfizer-BioNTech's bivalent vaccine are a step in the right direction, protection needs to extend beyond SARS-CoV-2 and its variants to include SARS-like viruses. Here, we introduce bivalent and trivalent vaccine formulations using our spike protein nanoparticle platform that completely protected hamsters against BA.5 and XBB.1 challenges with no detectable virus in the lungs. The trivalent cocktails elicited highly neutralizing responses against all tested Omicron variants and the bat sarbecoviruses SHC014 and WIV1. Finally, our 614D/SHC014/XBB trivalent spike formulation completely protected human ACE2-transgenic hamsters against challenges with WIV1 and SHC014 with no detectable virus in the lungs. Collectively, these results illustrate that our trivalent protein-nanoparticle cocktail can provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-2-like and SARS-CoV-1-like sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Kathryn Loeffler
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Augustine Duffy
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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30
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Tan CW, Valkenburg SA, Poon LLM, Wang LF. Broad-spectrum pan-genus and pan-family virus vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:902-916. [PMID: 37321173 PMCID: PMC10265776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the development and clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated unprecedented vaccine success in a short time frame, it also revealed a limitation of current vaccines in their inability to provide broad-spectrum or universal protection against emerging variants. Broad-spectrum vaccines, therefore, remain a dream and challenge for vaccinology. This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. On the other hand, efforts in developing broad-spectrum neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been more successful and it is worth considering broad-spectrum antibody-mediated immunization, or "universal antibody vaccine," as an alternative approach for early intervention for future disease X outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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31
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Evans TS, Tan CW, Aung O, Phyu S, Lin H, Coffey LL, Toe AT, Aung P, Aung TH, Aung NT, Weiss CM, Thant KZ, Htun ZT, Murray S, Wang L, Johnson CK, Thu HM. Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses indicates frequent zoonotic spillover in human communities interacting with wildlife. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 131:57-64. [PMID: 36870470 PMCID: PMC9981523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarbecoviruses are a subgenus of Coronaviridae that mostly infect bats with known potential to infect humans (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). Populations in Southeast Asia, where these viruses are most likely to emerge, have been undersurveyed to date. METHODS We surveyed communities engaged in extractive industries and bat guano harvesting from rural areas in Myanmar. Participants were screened for exposure to sarbecoviruses, and their interactions with wildlife were evaluated to determine the factors associated with exposure to sarbecoviruses. RESULTS Of 693 people screened between July 2017 and February 2020, 12.1% were seropositive for sarbecoviruses. Individuals were significantly more likely to have been exposed to sarbecoviruses if their main livelihood involved working in extractive industries (logging, hunting, or harvesting of forest products; odds ratio [OR] = 2.71, P = 0.019) or had been hunting/slaughtering bats (OR = 6.09, P = 0.020). Exposure to a range of bat and pangolin sarbecoviruses was identified. CONCLUSION Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses among high-risk human communities provides epidemiologic and immunologic evidence that zoonotic spillover is occurring. These findings inform risk mitigation efforts needed to decrease disease transmission at the bat-human interface, as well as future surveillance efforts warranted to monitor isolated populations for viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sabai Phyu
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Specialist Hospital Waibargi, University of Medicine (2), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Aung Than Toe
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Pyaephyo Aung
- Nature Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tin Htun Aung
- Nature Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Thu Aung
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Christopher M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA
| | - Linfa Wang
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- Epicenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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32
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Martinez DR, Schafer A, Gavitt TD, Mallory ML, Lee E, Catanzaro NJ, Chen H, Gully K, Scobey T, Korategere P, Brown A, Smith L, Parks R, Barr M, Newman A, Bowman C, Powers JM, Mansouri K, Edwards RJ, Baric RS, Haynes BF, Saunders KO. Vaccine-mediated protection against merbecovirus and sarbecovirus challenge in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.540829. [PMID: 37293083 PMCID: PMC10245799 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.540829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of three distinct highly pathogenic human coronaviruses - SARS-CoV in 2003, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 - underlines the need to develop broadly active vaccines against the Merbecovirus and Sarbecovirus betacoronavirus subgenera. While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly protective against severe COVID-19 disease, they do not protect against other sarbecoviruses or merbecoviruses. Here, we vaccinate mice with a trivalent sortase-conjugate nanoparticle (scNP) vaccine containing the SARS-CoV-2, RsSHC014, and MERS-CoV receptor binding domains (RBDs), which elicited live-virus neutralizing antibody responses and broad protection. Specifically, a monovalent SARS-CoV-2 RBD scNP vaccine only protected against sarbecovirus challenge, whereas the trivalent RBD scNP vaccine protected against both merbecovirus and sarbecovirus challenge in highly pathogenic and lethal mouse models. Moreover, the trivalent RBD scNP elicited serum neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 live viruses. Our findings show that a trivalent RBD nanoparticle vaccine displaying merbecovirus and sarbecovirus immunogens elicits immunity that broadly protects mice against disease. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept for a single pan-betacoronavirus vaccine to protect against three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses spanning two betacoronavirus subgenera.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Alexandra Schafer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tyler D. Gavitt
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kendra Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Pooja Korategere
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alecia Brown
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lena Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rob Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Newman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cindy Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - John M. Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Xu K, Sun H, Wang K, Quan Y, Qiao Z, Hu Y, Li C. The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC-MS. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051002. [PMID: 37243106 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing variant vaccines or multivalent vaccines is a feasible way to address the epidemic as the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) posed an increased risk to global public health. The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was usually used as the main antigen in many types of vaccines to produce neutralizing antibodies against the virus. However, the spike (S) proteins of different variants were only differentiated by a few amino acids, making it difficult to obtain specific antibodies that can distinguish different VOCs, thereby challenging the accurate distinction and quantification of the variants using immunological methods such as ELISA. Here, we established a method based on LC-MS to quantify the S proteins in inactivated monovalent vaccines or trivalent vaccines (prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains). By analyzing the S protein sequences of the prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains, we identified peptides that were different and specific among the three strains and synthesized them as references. The synthetic peptides were isotopically labeled as internal targets. Quantitative analysis was performed by calculating the ratio between the reference and internal target. The verification results have shown that the method we established had good specificity, accuracy, and precision. This method can not only accurately quantify the inactivated monovalent vaccine but also could be applied to each strain in inactivated trivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hence, the LC-MS method established in this study can be applied to the quality control of monovalent and multivalent SARS-CoV-2 variation vaccines. By enabling more accurate quantification, it will help to improve the protection of the vaccine to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huang Sun
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaru Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhizhong Qiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Changgui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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34
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Deliyannis G, Gherardin NA, Wong CY, Grimley SL, Cooney JP, Redmond SJ, Ellenberg P, Davidson KC, Mordant FL, Smith T, Gillard M, Lopez E, McAuley J, Tan CW, Wang JJ, Zeng W, Littlejohn M, Zhou R, Fuk-Woo Chan J, Chen ZW, Hartwig AE, Bowen R, Mackenzie JM, Vincan E, Torresi J, Kedzierska K, Pouton CW, Gordon TP, Wang LF, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK, Lewin SR, Subbarao K, Chung AW, Pellegrini M, Munro T, Nolan T, Rockman S, Jackson DC, Purcell DFJ, Godfrey DI. Broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern mediated by a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain protein vaccine. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104574. [PMID: 37148585 PMCID: PMC10159263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has fuelled the generation of vaccines at an unprecedented pace and scale. However, many challenges remain, including: the emergence of vaccine-resistant mutant viruses, vaccine stability during storage and transport, waning vaccine-induced immunity, and concerns about infrequent adverse events associated with existing vaccines. METHODS We report on a protein subunit vaccine comprising the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, dimerised with an immunoglobulin IgG1 Fc domain. These were tested in conjunction with three different adjuvants: a TLR2 agonist R4-Pam2Cys, an NKT cell agonist glycolipid α-Galactosylceramide, or MF59® squalene oil-in-water adjuvant, using mice, rats and hamsters. We also developed an RBD-human IgG1 Fc vaccine with an RBD sequence of the immuno-evasive beta variant (N501Y, E484K, K417N). These vaccines were also tested as a heterologous third dose booster in mice, following priming with whole spike vaccine. FINDINGS Each formulation of the RBD-Fc vaccines drove strong neutralising antibody (nAb) responses and provided durable and highly protective immunity against lower and upper airway infection in mouse models of COVID-19. The 'beta variant' RBD vaccine, combined with MF59® adjuvant, induced strong protection in mice against the beta strain as well as the ancestral strain. Furthermore, when used as a heterologous third dose booster, the RBD-Fc vaccines combined with MF59® increased titres of nAb against other variants including alpha, delta, delta+, gamma, lambda, mu, and omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. INTERPRETATION These results demonstrated that an RBD-Fc protein subunit/MF59® adjuvanted vaccine can induce high levels of broadly reactive nAbs, including when used as a booster following prior immunisation of mice with whole ancestral-strain spike vaccines. This vaccine platform offers a potential approach to augment some of the currently approved vaccines in the face of emerging variants of concern, and it has now entered a phase I clinical trial. FUNDING This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) (2005846), The Jack Ma Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 1113293) and Singapore National Medical Research Council (MOH-COVID19RF-003). Individual researchers were supported by an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (1117766), NHMRC Investigator Awards (2008913 and 1173871), Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award (ARC DECRA; DE210100705) and philanthropic awards from IFM investors and the A2 Milk Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha L Grimley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James P Cooney
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence Division, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kathryn C Davidson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence Division, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francesca L Mordant
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tim Smith
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Duke NUS Medical School, Programme for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Jing J Wang
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mason Littlejohn
- Doherty Directorate, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Runhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Airn E Hartwig
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Richard Bowen
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tom P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Duke NUS Medical School, Programme for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, 3010 Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Infectious Diseases & Immune Defence Division, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Trent Munro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Disease, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Rockman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Seqirus, Vaccine Innovation Unit, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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Moore KA, Leighton T, Ostrowsky JT, Anderson CJ, Danila RN, Ulrich AK, Lackritz EM, Mehr AJ, Baric RS, Baylor NW, Gellin BG, Gordon JL, Krammer F, Perlman S, Rees HV, Saville M, Weller CL, Osterholm MT. A research and development (R&D) roadmap for broadly protective coronavirus vaccines: A pandemic preparedness strategy. Vaccine 2023; 41:2101-2112. [PMID: 36870874 PMCID: PMC9941884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Broadly protective coronavirus vaccines are an important tool for protecting against future SARS-CoV-2 variants and could play a critical role in mitigating the impact of future outbreaks or pandemics caused by novel coronaviruses. The Coronavirus Vaccines Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap (CVR) is aimed at promoting the development of such vaccines. The CVR, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation, was generated through a collaborative and iterative process, which was led by the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) at the University of Minnesota and involved 50 international subject matter experts and recognized leaders in the field. This report summarizes the major issues and areas of research outlined in the CVR and identifies high-priority milestones. The CVR covers a 6-year timeframe and is organized into five topic areas: virology, immunology, vaccinology, animal and human infection models, and policy and finance. Included in each topic area are key barriers, gaps, strategic goals, milestones, and additional R&D priorities. The roadmap includes 20 goals and 86 R&D milestones, 26 of which are ranked as high priority. By identifying key issues, and milestones for addressing them, the CVR provides a framework to guide funding and research campaigns that promote the development of broadly protective coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Moore
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, C315 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 263, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Tabitha Leighton
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia T Ostrowsky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cory J Anderson
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Angela K Ulrich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eve M Lackritz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela J Mehr
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Gordon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, and Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | - Helen V Rees
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melanie Saville
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael T Osterholm
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Li S, Wu J, Jiang W, He H, Zhou Y, Wu W, Gao Y, Xie M, Xia A, He J, Zhang Q, Han Y, Wang N, Zhu G, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Mayer CT, Wang K, Wang X, Wang J, Chen Z, Jiang S, Sun L, Xia R, Wang Q. Characterization of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2: Implication for rational design and development of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines and neutralizing antibodies. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28440. [PMID: 36573441 PMCID: PMC9880677 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of various circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) promotes the identification of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Here, to characterize monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive against both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and to search the criterion for bNAbs against all emerging SARS-CoV-2, we isolated several SARS-CoV-1-cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a wildtype SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donor. These antibodies showed broad binding capacity and cross-neutralizing potency against various SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta), but failed to efficiently neutralize Omicron variant and its sublineages. Structural analysis revealed how Omicron sublineages, but not other VOCs, efficiently evade an antibody family cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-1 through their escape mutations. Further evaluation of a series of SARS-CoV-1/2-cross-reactive bNAbs showed a negative correlation between the neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Together, these results suggest the necessity of using cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron as criteria for rational design and development of potent pan-sarbecovirus vaccines and bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Li
- Department of Infectious DiseaseZhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyan He
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Shanghai Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yidan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Minxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Anqi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaying He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Guangqi Zhu
- Department of Infectious DiseaseZhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseZhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Zheen Zhang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseZhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Christian T. Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Junqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Fifth People's HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Fifth People's HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Rong Xia
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shanghai Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination-Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020370. [PMID: 36830907 PMCID: PMC9953148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93-100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6-8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines.
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Lewitus E, Bai H, Rolland M. Design of a pan-betacoronavirus vaccine candidate through a phylogenetically informed approach. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq4149. [PMID: 36652518 PMCID: PMC9848278 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a diverse family of viruses that crossed over into humans at least seven times, precipitating mild to catastrophic outcomes. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic renewed efforts to identify strains with zoonotic potential and to develop pan-coronavirus vaccines. The analysis of 2181 coronavirus genomes (from 102 host species) confirmed the limited sequence conservation across genera (alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gammacoronavirus) and proteins. A phylogenetically informed pan-coronavirus vaccine was not feasible because of high genetic heterogeneity across genera. We focused on betacoronaviruses and identified nonhuman-infecting receptor binding domain (RBD) sequences that were more genetically similar to human coronaviruses than expected given their phylogenetic divergence. These human-like RBDs defined three phylogenetic clusters. A vaccine candidate based on a representative sequence for each cluster covers the diversity estimated to protect against existing and future human-infecting betacoronaviruses. Our findings emphasize the potential value of conceptualizing prophylaxis against zoonoses in terms of genetic, rather than species, diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewitus
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Bai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pushpakumara PD, Jeewandara C, Bary F, Madushanka D, Perera L, Aberathna IS, Nimasha T, Jayamali J, Ranasinghe T, Kuruppu H, Danasekara S, Wijewickrama A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Identification of differences in the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody responses in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.05.23284247. [PMID: 36656781 PMCID: PMC9844014 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.23284247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background As there are limited data on B cell epitopes for the nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2, we sought to identify the immunodominant regions within the N protein, recognized by patients with varying severity of natural infection with the Wuhan strain (WT), delta, omicron and in those who received the Sinopharm vaccines, which is an inactivated, whole virus vaccine. Methods Using overlapping peptides representing the N protein, with an in-house ELISA, we mapped the immunodominant regions within the N protein, in seronegative (n=30), WT infected (n=30), delta infected (n=30), omicron infected+vaccinated (n=20) and Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) vaccinees (n=30). We then investigated the sensitivity and specificity of these immunodominant regions and analysed their conservation with other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, seasonal human coronaviruses and bat Sarbecoviruses. We then investigated the kinetics of responses to these regions in those with varying severity of acute COVID-19. Results We identified four immunodominant regions aa 29-52, aa 155-178, aa 274 to 297 and aa 365 to 388, were highly conserved within SARS-CoV-2 and the bat coronaviruses. The magnitude of responses to these regions varied based on the infecting SARS-CoV-2 variants, with WT infected individuals predominantly recognizing aa155 to 178 regions, delta infected individuals and vaccinated+omicron infected individuals predominantly recognizing regions aa 29 to 52 and aa 274 to 294 regions. Sinopharm vaccinees recognized all four regions, with the magnitude of responses significantly lower than other groups. >80% of individuals gave responses above the positive cut-off threshold to many of the four regions, with some differences with individuals who were infected with different VoCs. These regions were found to be 100% specific, as none of the seronegative individuals gave any responses. Conclusions N-protein specific responses appear to be detectable in over 90% of those who were naturally infected or vaccinated with a whole virus inactivated vaccine, with responses mainly directed against four regions of the protein, which were highly conserved. As these regions were highly specific with high sensitivity, they have a potential to be used to develop diagnostic assays and to be used in development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep D Pushpakumara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Farha Bary
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshan Madushanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Lahiru Perera
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka Sepali Aberathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thashmi Nimasha
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeewantha Jayamali
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushali Ranasinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Kuruppu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Saubhagya Danasekara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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40
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Camacho J, Giménez E, Albert E, Zulaica J, Álvarez‐Rodríguez B, Torres I, Rusu L, Burgos JS, Peiró S, Vanaclocha H, Limón R, Alcaraz MJ, Sánchez‐Payá J, Díez‐Domingo J, Comas I, Gonzáles‐Candelas F, Geller R, Navarro D. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population of the Valencian Community (Spain) after the surge of the Omicron BA.1 variant. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28284. [PMID: 36333837 PMCID: PMC9828341 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the cumulative incidence of and immune status against SARS-CoV-2 infection provide valuable information for shaping public health decision-making. A cross-sectional study on 935 participants, conducted in the Valencian Community (VC), measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2-receptor binding domain-RBD-total antibodies and anti-Nucleocapsid (N)-IgGs via electrochemiluminescence assays. Quantitation of neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) against ancestral and Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants and enumeration of SARS-CoV-2-S specific-IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was performed in 100 and 137 participants, respectively. The weighted cumulative incidence was 51.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 48.7-55.1) and was inversely related to age. Anti-RBD total antibodies were detected in 97% of participants; vaccinated and SARS-CoV-2-experienced (VAC-ex; n = 442) presented higher levels (p < 0.001) than vaccinated/naïve (VAC-n; n = 472) and nonvaccinated/experienced (UNVAC-ex; n = 63) subjects. Antibody levels correlated inversely with time elapsed since last vaccine dose in VAC-n (Rho, -0.52; p < 0.001) but not in VAC-ex (rho -0.02; p = 0.57). Heterologous booster shots resulted in increased anti-RBD antibody levels compared with homologous schedules in VAC-n, but not in VAC-ex. NtAbs against Omicron BA.1 were detected in 94%, 75%, and 50% of VAC-ex, VAC-n and UNVAC-ex groups, respectively. For Omicron BA.2, the figures were 97%, 84%, and 40%, respectively. SARS-CoV-2-S-reactive IFN-γ T cells were detected in 73%, 75%, and 64% of VAC-ex, VAC-n and UNVAC-ex, respectively. Median frequencies for both T-cell subsets were comparable across groups. In summary, by April 2022, around half of the VC population had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and, due to extensive vaccination, displayed hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Camacho
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Joao Zulaica
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)University of Valencia‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | | | - Ignacio Torres
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Luciana Rusu
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)University of Valencia‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Javier S. Burgos
- General Directorate of Research and Healthcare Supervision, Department of HealthValencia GovernmentValenciaSpain
| | - Salvador Peiró
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)ValenciaSpain
| | - Hermelinda Vanaclocha
- General Directorate of Public Health, Department of HealthValencia GovernmentValenciaSpain
| | - Ramón Limón
- General Directorate of Healthcare. Department of HealthValencian GovernmentValenciaSpain
| | - María Jesús Alcaraz
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - José Sánchez‐Payá
- Preventive Medicine Service, Alicante General and University HospitalAlicanteSpain,Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
| | - Javier Díez‐Domingo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)ValenciaSpain
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Biomedicine Institute of Valencia, Spanish Research Council (CSIC)ValenciaSpain,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Spain; Joint Research Unit “Infection and Public Health” FISABIO‐University of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Fernando Gonzáles‐Candelas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)University of Valencia‐CSICValenciaSpain,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Spain; Joint Research Unit “Infection and Public Health” FISABIO‐University of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)University of Valencia‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain,Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
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Wong LSY, Loo EXL, Huang CH, Yap GC, Tay MJY, Chua RXY, Kang AYH, Lu L, Lee BW, Shek LPC, Zhang J, Chia WN, Wang LF, Tham EH, Tambyah PA. Early seasonal coronavirus seroconversion did not produce cross-protective SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. J Infect 2023; 86:e10-e12. [PMID: 36067868 PMCID: PMC9443925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Su Yin Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System,Corresponding author at: Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | - Chiung-Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Gaik Chin Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Michelle Jia Yu Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Regena Xin Yi Chua
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Alicia Yi Hui Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Liangjian Lu
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- National University Hospital, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Rapid Rollout and Initial Uptake of a Booster COVID-19 Vaccine Among Israel Defense Forces Soldiers. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2023; 44:1-14. [PMID: 35972594 PMCID: PMC9379899 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-022-00702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The surge of breakthrough COVID-19 among fully vaccinated individuals has raised the prospects of booster dose administration. In Israel, concerns of waning immunity and dominance of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant resulted in approval of a third-dose (booster) vaccination for the entire eligible population starting on August 29, 2021. This study aims to evaluate vaccine uptake for booster doses among a population of previously vaccinated individuals during a rapid rollout and to analyze socio-demographic characteristics associated with vaccine uptake. A cross-sectional study among Israel Defense Forces soldiers with high access to booster doses of BNT162b2. Subjects eligible for booster doses were voluntarily vaccinated at three vaccine sites constructed within soldiers' bases. We analyzed associations between subjects' socio-demographic characteristics and booster vaccine uptake at the culmination of vaccine rollout using logistic regression models. 1157 soldiers from an IDF brigade were eligible for third dose vaccination (received second dose > 5-months before rollout), with 978 (84.5%) receiving a third, booster dose during the study's timeframe. Subjects' median age was 20.5 (IQR 19.7-21.5) and 791 (68.4%) were male. Notable socio-demographic characteristics associated with increased vaccine uptake in a multivariable model included increased age (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.31), high socio-economic status (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.25-3.59) and female sex (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.26-2.74). Below-average cognitive function score was associated with decreased vaccine uptake (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.95). This study demonstrates that real-world vaccine hesitancy remains a major obstacle, even among a population previously acceptant to COVID-19 vaccines. Decreased uptake for vaccines may be associated with socio-demographic variables in-spite of high-access vaccine rollouts. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy among previously vaccinated individuals, along with the benefits of population-wide booster administration should be further investigated.
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Xu J, Liu M, Niu X, Hanson J, Jung K, Ru P, Tu H, Jones DM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ, Wang Q. The Cold-Adapted, Temperature-Sensitive SARS-CoV-2 Strain TS11 Is Attenuated in Syrian Hamsters and a Candidate Attenuated Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 15:95. [PMID: 36680135 PMCID: PMC9867033 DOI: 10.3390/v15010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) replicate in the respiratory/oral mucosa, mimic natural infection, and can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses to the full repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 structural/nonstructural proteins. Generally, LAVs produce broader and more durable protection than current COVID-19 vaccines. We generated a temperature-sensitive (TS) SARS-CoV-2 mutant TS11 via cold-adaptation of the WA1 strain in Vero E6 cells. TS11 replicated at >4 Log10-higher titers at 32 °C than at 39 °C. TS11 has multiple mutations, including those in nsp3, a 12-amino acid-deletion spanning the furin cleavage site of the S protein and a 371-nucleotide-deletion spanning the ORF7b-ORF8 genes. We tested the pathogenicity and protective efficacy of TS11 against challenge with a heterologous virulent SARS-CoV-2 D614G strain 14B in Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were randomly assigned to mock immunization-challenge (Mock-C) and TS11 immunization-challenge (TS11-C) groups. Like the mock group, TS11-vaccinated hamsters did not show any clinical signs and continuously gained body weight. TS11 replicated well in the nasal cavity but poorly in the lungs and caused only mild lesions in the lungs. After challenge, hamsters in the Mock-C group lost weight. In contrast, the animals in the TS11-C group continued gaining weight. The virus titers in the nasal turbinates and lungs of the TS11-C group were significantly lower than those in the Mock-C group, confirming the protective effects of TS11 immunization of hamsters. Histopathological examination demonstrated that animals in the Mock-C group had severe pulmonary lesions and large amounts of viral antigens in the lungs post-challenge; however, the TS11-C group had minimal pathological changes and few viral antigen-positive cells. In summary, the TS11 mutant was attenuated and induced protection against disease after a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mingde Liu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Peng Ru
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huolin Tu
- James Molecular Laboratory at Polaris, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
| | - Daniel M. Jones
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Molecular Laboratory at Polaris, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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44
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Broadly neutralizing and protective nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 and diverse sarbecoviruses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7957. [PMID: 36575191 PMCID: PMC9792944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern (VOCs) continue spreading worldwide, development of antibodies and vaccines to confer broad and protective activity is a global priority. Here, we report on the identification of a special group of nanobodies from immunized alpaca with potency against diverse VOCs including Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5, SARS-CoV-1, and major sarbecoviruses. Crystal structure analysis of one representative nanobody, 3-2A2-4, discovers a highly conserved epitope located between the cryptic and the outer face of the receptor binding domain (RBD), distinctive from the receptor ACE2 binding site. Cryo-EM and biochemical evaluation reveal that 3-2A2-4 interferes structural alteration of RBD required for ACE2 binding. Passive delivery of 3-2A2-4 protects K18-hACE2 mice from infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron. Identification of these unique nanobodies will inform the development of next generation antibody therapies and design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
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45
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Muik A, Lui BG, Bacher M, Wallisch AK, Toker A, Couto CIC, Güler A, Mampilli V, Schmitt GJ, Mottl J, Ziegenhals T, Fesser S, Reinholz J, Wernig F, Schraut KG, Hefesha H, Cai H, Yang Q, Walzer KC, Grosser J, Strauss S, Finlayson A, Krüger K, Ozhelvaci O, Grikscheit K, Kohmer N, Ciesek S, Swanson KA, Vogel AB, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. Exposure to BA.4/5 S protein drives neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 in vaccine-experienced humans and mice. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eade9888. [PMID: 36378074 PMCID: PMC9765452 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages show pronounced viral escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 variant infection owing to over 30-amino acid alterations within the spike (S) glycoprotein. Breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals with Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 is associated with distinct patterns of cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). In continuation of our previous work, we characterized the effect of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 S glycoprotein exposure on the neutralizing antibody response upon breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals and upon variant-adapted booster vaccination in mice. We found that immune sera from triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals with subsequent breakthrough infection during the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave showed cross-neutralizing activity against previous Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5 itself. Administration of a prototypic BA.4/BA.5-adapted mRNA booster vaccine to mice after SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain-based primary immunization is associated with broader cross-neutralizing activity than a BA.1-adapted booster. Whereas the Omicron BA.1-adapted mRNA vaccine in a bivalent format (wild-type + BA.1) broadens cross-neutralizing activity relative to the BA.1 monovalent booster, cross-neutralization of BA.2 and descendants is more effective in mice boosted with a bivalent wild-type + BA.4/BA.5 vaccine. In naïve mice, primary immunization with the bivalent wild-type + Omicron BA.4/BA.5 vaccine induces strong cross-neutralizing activity against Omicron VOCs and previous variants. These findings suggest that, when administered as boosters, mono- and bivalent Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted vaccines enhance neutralization breadth and that the bivalent version also has the potential to confer protection to individuals with no preexisting immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maren Bacher
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Aras Toker
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Cai
- Pfizer, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, NY 10960, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Pfizer, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, NY 10960, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,DZIF – German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Özlem Türeci
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,HI-TRON – Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz by DKFZ, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON gGmbH – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Corresponding author.
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46
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Hauser BM, Feldman J, Sangesland M, Ronsard L, St Denis KJ, Sheehan ML, Cao Y, Boucau J, Windsor IW, Cheng AH, Vu ML, Cardoso MR, Kannegieter T, Balazs AB, Lingwood D, Garcia-Beltran WF, Schmidt AG. Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 epitope targeted across donors informs immunogen design. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100834. [PMID: 36423634 PMCID: PMC9663748 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the antigenically distinct and highly transmissible Omicron variant highlights the possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune escape due to viral evolution. This continued evolution, along with the possible introduction of new sarbecoviruses from zoonotic reservoirs, may evade host immunity elicited by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Identifying cross-reactive antibodies and defining their epitope(s) can provide templates for rational immunogen design strategies for next-generation vaccines. Here, we characterize the receptor-binding-domain-directed, cross-reactive humoral repertoire across 10 human vaccinated donors. We identify cross-reactive antibodies from diverse gene rearrangements targeting two conserved receptor-binding domain epitopes. An engineered immunogen enriches antibody responses to one of these conserved epitopes in mice with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity; elicited responses neutralize SARS-CoV-2, variants, and related sarbecoviruses. These data show how immune focusing to a conserved epitope targeted by human cross-reactive antibodies may guide pan-sarbecovirus vaccine development, providing a template for identifying such epitopes and translating to immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maegan L Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ian W Windsor
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agnes H Cheng
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mya L Vu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ty Kannegieter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Cao Y, Jian F, Zhang Z, Yisimayi A, Hao X, Bao L, Yuan F, Yu Y, Du S, Wang J, Xiao T, Song W, Zhang Y, Liu P, An R, Wang P, Wang Y, Yang S, Niu X, Zhang Y, Gu Q, Shao F, Hu Y, Yin W, Zheng A, Wang Y, Qin C, Jin R, Xiao J, Xie XS. Rational identification of potent and broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody cocktails from SARS convalescents. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111845. [PMID: 36493787 PMCID: PMC9712074 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages have escaped most receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeting therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which proves that previous NAb drug screening strategies are deficient against the fast-evolving SARS-CoV-2. Better broad NAb drug candidate selection methods are needed. Here, we describe a rational approach for identifying RBD-targeting broad SARS-CoV-2 NAb cocktails. Based on high-throughput epitope determination, we propose that broad NAb drugs should target non-immunodominant RBD epitopes to avoid herd-immunity-directed escape mutations. Also, their interacting antigen residues should focus on sarbecovirus conserved sites and associate with critical viral functions, making the antibody-escaping mutations less likely to appear. Following these criteria, a featured non-competing antibody cocktail, SA55+SA58, is identified from a large collection of broad sarbecovirus NAbs isolated from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated SARS convalescents. SA55+SA58 potently neutralizes ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses, including circulating Omicron variants, and could serve as broad SARS-CoV-2 prophylactics to offer long-term protection, especially for individuals who are immunocompromised or with high-risk comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Cao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Fanchong Jian
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ayijiang Yisimayi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Shuo Du
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tianhe Xiao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Song
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pulan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Niu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Fei Shao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Sinovac Biotech, Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Aihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China,Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China,Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China,Corresponding author
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48
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Poh XY, Tan CW, Lee IR, Chavatte JM, Fong SW, Prince T, Hartley C, Yeoh AYY, Rao S, Chia PY, Ong SWX, Lee TH, Sadarangani SP, Lin RJH, Lim C, Teo J, Lim DRX, Chia W, Hiscox JA, Ng LFP, Ren EC, Lin RTP, Renia L, Lye DC, Wang LF, Young BE. Antibody Response of Heterologous vs Homologous Messenger RNA Vaccine Boosters Against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant: Interim Results from the PRIBIVAC Study, a Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:2088-2096. [PMID: 35543372 PMCID: PMC9129205 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waning antibody levels post-vaccination and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) capable of evading protective immunity have raised the need for booster vaccinations. However, which combination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines offers the strongest immune response against the Omicron variant is unknown. METHODS This randomized, participant-blinded, controlled trial assessed the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of different COVID-19 vaccine booster combinations. A total of 100 BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to either homologous (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + BNT162b2; "BBB") or heterologous messenger RNA (mRNA) (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + mRNA-1273; "BBM") booster vaccine. The primary end point was the level of neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wild-type and VOCs at day 28. RESULTS A total of 51 participants were allocated to BBB and 49 to BBM; 50 and 48, respectively, were analyzed for safety and immunogenicity outcomes. At day 28 post-boost, mean SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers were lower with BBB (22 382 IU/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 18 210 to 27 517) vs BBM (29 751 IU/mL; 95% CI, 25 281 to 35 011; P = .034) as was the median level of neutralizing antibodies: BBB 99.0% (interquartile range [IQR], 97.9% to 99.3%) vs BBM 99.3% (IQR, 98.8% to 99.5%; P = .021). On subgroup analysis, significant higher mean spike antibody titer, median surrogate neutralizing antibody level against all VOCs, and live Omicron neutralization titer were observed only in older adults receiving BBM. Both vaccines were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous mRNA-1273 booster vaccination compared with homologous BNT123b2 induced a stronger neutralizing response against the Omicron variant in older individuals. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT05142319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ying Poh
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - I Russel Lee
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Marc Chavatte
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Wai Fong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tessa Prince
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Y Y Yeoh
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suma Rao
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po Ying Chia
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean W X Ong
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tau Hong Lee
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sapna P Sadarangani
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ray J H Lin
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarissa Lim
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jefanie Teo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel R X Lim
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanni Chia
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Chee Ren
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E Young
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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49
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Ng RWY, Boon SS, Chen Z, Ho WCS, Fung KSC, Wong BKC, Yeung ACM, Wong MCS, Chan PKS. Cross-Clade Memory Immunity in Adults Following SARS-CoV-1 Infection in 2003. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2247723. [PMID: 36538327 PMCID: PMC9856533 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Knowledge of the longevity and breath of immune response to coronavirus infection is crucial for the development of next-generation vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES To determine the profile of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among persons infected with the closely related virus, SARS-CoV-1, in 2003 (SARS03 survivors) and to characterize their antibody response soon after the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study examined SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among SARS03 survivors compared with sex- and age-matched infection-naive controls. Participants received the COVID-19 vaccines between March 1 and September 30, 2021. INTERVENTIONS One of the 2 COVID-19 vaccines (inactivated [CoronaVac] or messenger RNA [BNT162b2]) available in Hong Kong. Two doses were given according to the recommended schedule. The vaccine type administered was known to both participants and observers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured prevaccination, 7 days after the first dose, and 14 days after the second dose. RESULTS Eighteen SARS03 adult survivors (15 women and 3 men; median age, 46.5 [IQR, 40.0-54.3] years) underwent prevaccination serologic examination. The vast majority retained a detectable level of antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 (16 of 18 [88.9%] with nucleocapsid protein antibodies and 17 of 18 [94.4%] with receptor-binding domain of spike protein antibodies); a substantial proportion (11 of 18 [61.1%]) had detectable cross-neutralizing antibodies. Twelve SARS03 adult survivors (10 women and 2 men) underwent postvaccination serologic examination. At 7 days after the first dose of vaccine, SARS03 survivors mounted significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared with controls (median inhibition: 89.5% [IQR, 77.1%-93.7%] vs 13.9% [IQR, 11.8%-16.1%] for BNT162b2; 64.9% [IQR, 60.8%-69.5%] vs 13.4% [IQR, 9.5%-16.8%] for CoronaVac; P < .001 for both). At 14 days after the second dose, SARS03 survivors generated a broader antibody response with significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern compared with controls (eg, median inhibition against Omicron variant, 52.1% [IQR, 35.8%-66.0%] vs 14.7% [IQR, 2.5%-20.7%]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this prospective cohort study suggest that infection with SARS-CoV-1 was associated with detectable levels of antibodies that cross-react and cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to a distinct clade under the same subgenus Sarbecovirus. These findings support the development of broadly protective vaccines to cover sarbecoviruses that caused 2 devastating zoonotic outbreaks in humans over the last 2 decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita W. Y. Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Siaw S. Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wendy C. S. Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Apple C. M. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Martin C. S. Wong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faulty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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50
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Liang H, Zheng P, Wang Q, Deng Y, Liang D, Yi H, Cheng Y, Zhao X, Ma J, Yang Y, Hu P, Zheng P, Zhang Y, Huang S, Lin X, Ke C, Niu X, Sun B, Chen L. Broad and durable antibody response after vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with a history of 2003 SARS-CoV infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1500-1507. [PMID: 35615992 PMCID: PMC9176697 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2076613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vaccinees who were infected with SARS-CoV in 2003, we observed greater antibody responses against spike and nucleoprotein of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV after a single dosage of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. After receiving the second vaccination, antibodies against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Beta, Delta, and recently emerged Omicron are significantly higher in SARS-CoV experienced vaccinees than in SARS-CoV naïve vaccinees. Neutralizing activities measured by authentic viruses and pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Beta, and Delta are greater in SARS-CoV experienced vaccinees. In contrast, only weak neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 and variants were detected in SARS-CoV naïve vaccinees. By 6 months after the second vaccination, neutralizing activities were maintained at a relatively higher level in SARS-CoV experienced vaccinees but were undetectable in SARS-CoV naïve vaccinees. These findings suggested a great possibility of developing a universal vaccine by heterologous vaccination using spike antigens from different SARS-related coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Hu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingqian Zheng
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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