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An YQ, Qin ZT, Li DD, Zhao RQ, Bi BS, Wang DW, Ma DJ, Xi Z. The combined formulation of brassinolide and pyraclostrobin increases biomass and seed yield by improving photosynthetic capacity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138563. [PMID: 37063198 PMCID: PMC10090558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global food crisis, applying the phytohormone-brassinosteroids (BRs) in combination with the fungicide-pyraclostrobin (Pyr) was beneficial for plant quality and productivity in several field trials. However, in addition to the benefits of disease control due to the innate fungicidal activity of Pyr, it remains to be understood whether the coapplication of BL+ Pyr exerts additional growth-promoting effects. For this purpose, the effects of BL treatment, Pyr treatment, and BL+ Pyr treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana were compared. The results showed that the yield increased at a rate of 25.6% in the BL+Pyr group and 9.7% in the BL group, but no significant change was observed in the Pyr group. Furthermore, the BL+Pyr treatment increased the fresh weight of both the leaves and the inflorescences. In contrast, the Pyr and BL treatments only increased the fresh weight of leaves and inflorescences, respectively. Additionally, the BL + Pyr treatment increased the Pn, Gs, Tr, Vc, max, Jmax, VTPU, ETR, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSII, Rd, AYE and Rubisco enzyme activity by 26%, 38%, 40%, 16%, 19%, 15%, 9%, 10%, 17%, 179%, 18% and 32%, respectively. While, these paraments did not change significantly by the BL or Pyr treatments. Treatment with BL + Pyr and Pyr, rather than BL, improved the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents by upregulating genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis and downregulating genes related to chlorophyll degradation. Additionally, according to transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis, the BL+ Pyr treatment outperformed the individual BL or Pyr treatments in activating the transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis and increasing sugar accumulation. Our results first validated that the combined usage of BL and Pyr exerted striking synergistic effects on enhancing plant biomass and yield by increasing photosynthetic efficiency. These results might provide new understanding for the agricultural effects by the co-application of BL and Pyr, and it might stimulate the efforts to develop new environment-friendly replacement for Pyr to minimize the ecotoxicology of Pyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi An
- *Correspondence: Ya-Qi An, ; Zhen Xi,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Xi
- *Correspondence: Ya-Qi An, ; Zhen Xi,
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Wang Y, Xia J, Wang Z, Ying Z, Xiong Z, Wang C, Shi R. Combined analysis of multi-omics reveals the potential mechanism of flower color and aroma formation in Macadamia integrifolia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1095644. [PMID: 36816481 PMCID: PMC9931397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1095644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche is a domesticated high-value nut crop. The development of nut flower affects the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of nuts. Therefore, in this experiment, two varieties with different flower color, flowering time, flowering quantity and nut yield (single fruit weight) were selected as the research objects. METHODS Transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and metabolome (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS) analyses were performed to study the regulatory mechanisms of nut flower development, color and aroma. RESULTS The results indicated that plant hormone signal transduction, starch sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were related to nut flower development and flower color formation. In the early stage of flowering, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the IAA signal transduction pathway, while in the later stage, the brassinolide signal pathway is mainly involved. In starch and sugar metabolism, DEGs are mainly involved in regulating and hydrolyzing stored starch into small molecular sugars in flower tissues. In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, DEGs are mainly related to the color and aroma (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) formation of nut flowers. Four color formation metabolites (anthocyanins) in nut flowers were found by LC-MS/MS detection. In addition, the VOCs showed no significant difference between red nut flowers (R) and white nut flowers (W), which was mainly reflected in the aroma formation stage (flowering time). And 12 common differentially accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were detected by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. At the same time, the DEGs, AAT, LOX and PAL genes, were also identified to regulate key metabolite synthesis during nut flower development. These genes were further verified by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION Our results provide insights to clarify the molecular mechanism of color and aroma formation during M. integrifolia flower development that pave the way for nut quality and yield breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zile Wang
- Yunnan Agricultural University College of Plant Protection, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiping Ying
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Slafer GA, Foulkes MJ, Reynolds MP, Murchie EH, Carmo-Silva E, Flavell R, Gwyn J, Sawkins M, Griffiths S. A 'wiring diagram' for sink strength traits impacting wheat yield potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:40-71. [PMID: 36334052 PMCID: PMC9786893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits for improving sink strength is a bottleneck to increasing wheat yield. The interacting processes determining sink strength and yield potential are reviewed and visualized in a set of 'wiring diagrams', covering critical phases of development (and summarizing known underlying genetics). Using this framework, we reviewed and assembled the main traits determining sink strength and identified research gaps and potential hypotheses to be tested for achieving gains in sink strength. In pre-anthesis, grain number could be increased through: (i) enhanced spike growth associated with optimized floret development and/or a reduction in specific stem-internode lengths and (ii) improved fruiting efficiency through an accelerated rate of floret development, improved partitioning between spikes, or optimized spike cytokinin levels. In post-anthesis, grain, sink strength could be augmented through manipulation of grain size potential via ovary size and/or endosperm cell division and expansion. Prospects for improving spike vascular architecture to support all rapidly growing florets, enabling the improved flow of assimilate, are also discussed. Finally, we considered the prospects for enhancing grain weight realization in relation to genetic variation in stay-green traits as well as stem carbohydrate remobilization. The wiring diagrams provide a potential workspace for breeders and crop scientists to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Richard Flavell
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeff Gwyn
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Sawkins
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Morin A, Maurousset L, Vriet C, Lemoine R, Doidy J, Pourtau N. Carbon fluxes and environmental interactions during legume development, with a specific focus on Pisum sativum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13729. [PMID: 35662039 PMCID: PMC9328368 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes are major food crops cultivated worldwide for their seeds with high nutritional content. To answer the growing concern about food safety and protein autonomy, legume cultivation must increase in the coming years. In parallel, current agricultural practices are facing environmental challenges, including global temperature increase and more frequent and severe episodes of drought stress. Crop yield directly relies on carbon allocation and is particularly affected by these global changes. We review the current knowledge on source-sink relationships and carbon resource allocation at all developmental stages, from germination to vegetative growth and seed production in grain legumes, focusing on pea (Pisum sativum). We also discuss how these source-sink relationships and carbon fluxes are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Major agronomic traits, including seed yield and quality, are particularly impacted by drought, temperatures, salinity, waterlogging, or pathogens and can be improved through the promotion of beneficial soil microorganisms or through optimized plant carbon resource allocation. Altogether, our review highlights the need for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating carbon fluxes from source leaves to sink organs, roots, and seeds. These advancements will further improve our understanding of yield stability and stress tolerance and contribute to the selection of climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Morin
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Cécile Vriet
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Joan Doidy
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
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Fichtner F, Barbier FF, Annunziata MG, Feil R, Olas JJ, Mueller-Roeber B, Stitt M, Beveridge CA, Lunn JE. Regulation of shoot branching in arabidopsis by trehalose 6-phosphate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2135-2151. [PMID: 33068448 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is a sucrose signalling metabolite that has been implicated in regulation of shoot branching, but its precise role is not understood. We expressed tagged forms of TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE1 (TPS1) to determine where Tre6P is synthesized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and investigated the impact of localized changes in Tre6P levels, in axillary buds or vascular tissues, on shoot branching in wild-type and branching mutant backgrounds. TPS1 is expressed in axillary buds and the subtending vasculature, as well as in the leaf and stem vasculature. Expression of a heterologous Tre6P phosphatase (TPP) to lower Tre6P in axillary buds strongly delayed bud outgrowth in long days and inhibited branching in short days. TPP expression in the vasculature also delayed lateral bud outgrowth and decreased branching. Increased Tre6P in the vasculature enhanced branching and was accompanied by higher expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and upregulation of sucrose transporters. Increased vascular Tre6P levels enhanced branching in branched1 but not in ft mutant backgrounds. These results provide direct genetic evidence of a local role for Tre6P in regulation of axillary bud outgrowth within the buds themselves, and also connect Tre6P with systemic regulation of shoot branching via FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Francois F Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria G Annunziata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Justyna J Olas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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Berny Mier Y Teran JC, Konzen ER, Palkovic A, Tsai SM, Rao IM, Beebe S, Gepts P. Effect of drought stress on the genetic architecture of photosynthate allocation and remobilization in pods of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a key species for food security. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31039735 PMCID: PMC6492436 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bean is the most important staple grain legume for direct human consumption and nutrition. It complements major sources of carbohydrates, including cereals, root crop, or plantain, as a source of dietary proteins. It is also a significant source of vitamins and minerals like iron and zinc. To fully play its nutritional role, however, its robustness against stresses needs to be strengthened. Foremost among these is drought, which commonly affects its productivity and seed quality. Previous studies have shown that photosynthate remobilization and partitioning is one of the main mechanisms of drought tolerance and overall productivity in common bean. RESULTS In this study, we sought to determine the inheritance of pod harvest index (PHI), a measure of the partitioning of pod biomass to seed biomass, relative to that of grain yield. We evaluated a recombinant inbred population of the cross of ICA Bunsi and SXB405, both from the Mesoamerican gene pool, to determine the effects of intermittent and terminal drought stresses on the genetic architecture of photosynthate allocation and remobilization in pods of common bean. The population was grown for two seasons, under well-watered conditions and terminal and intermittent drought stress in one year, and well-watered conditions and terminal drought stress in the second year. There was a significant effect of the water regime and year on all the traits, at both the phenotypic and QTL levels. We found nine QTLs for pod harvest index, including a major (17% of variation explained), stable QTL on linkage group Pv07. We also found eight QTLs for yield, three of which clustered with PHI QTLs, underscoring the importance of photosynthate remobilization in productivity. We also found evidence for substantial epistasis, explaining a considerable part of the variation for yield and PHI. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the genetic relationship between PHI and yield and confirm the role of PHI in selection of both additive and epistatic effects controlling drought tolerance. These results are a key component to strengthen the robustness of common bean against drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enéas R Konzen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Present Address: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Litoral Norte, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonia Palkovic
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Siu M Tsai
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Idupulapati M Rao
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Polymer Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Il, USA
| | - Stephen Beebe
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Smith MR, Rao IM, Merchant A. Source-Sink Relationships in Crop Plants and Their Influence on Yield Development and Nutritional Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1889. [PMID: 30619435 PMCID: PMC6306447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For seed crops, yield is the cumulative result of both source and sink strength for photoassimilates and nutrients over the course of seed development. Source strength for photoassimilates is dictated by both net photosynthetic rate and the rate of photoassimilate remobilisation from source tissues. This review focuses on the current understanding of how the source-sink relationship in crop plants influences rates of yield development and the resilience of yield and nutritional quality. We present the limitations of current approaches to accurately measure sink strength and emphasize differences in coordination between photosynthesis and yield under varying environmental conditions. We highlight the potential to exploit source-sink dynamics, in order to improve yields and emphasize the importance of resilience in yield and nutritional quality with implications for plant breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent R. Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Merchant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Tan M, Li G, Liu X, Cheng F, Ma J, Zhao C, Zhang D, Han M. Exogenous application of GA 3 inactively regulates axillary bud outgrowth by influencing of branching-inhibitors and bud-regulating hormones in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1547-1563. [PMID: 30116947 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although gibberellin (GA) has been reported to control branching, little is known about how GA mediates signals regulating the outgrowth of axillary buds (ABs). In the current study, the effect of the exogenous application of 5.0 mM GA3 on ABs outgrowth on 1-year-old 'Nagafu No. 2'/T337/M. robusta Rehd. apple trees was investigated and compared to the bud-activating treatments, 5 mM BA or decapitation. Additionally, the expression of genes related to bud-regulating signals and sucrose levels in ABs was examined. Results indicated that GA3 did not promote ABs' outgrowth, nor down-regulate the expression of branching repressors [MdTCP40, MdTCP33, and MdTCP16 (homologs of BRANCHED1 and BRC2)], which were significantly inhibited by the BA and decapitation treatments. MdSBP12 and MdSBP18, the putative transcriptional activators of these genes, which are expressed at lower levels in BA-treated and decapitated buds, were up-regulated in the GA3 treatment in comparison to the BA treatment. Additionally, GA3 did not up-regulate the expression of CK response- and auxin transport-related genes, which were immediately induced by the BA treatment. In addition, GA3 also up-regulated the expression of several Tre6P biosynthesis genes and reduced sucrose levels in ABs. Sucrose levels, however, were still higher than what was observed in BA-treated buds, indicating that sucrose may not be limiting in GA3-controlled AB outgrowth. Although GA3 promoted cell division, it was not sufficient to induce AB outgrowth. Conclusively, some branching-inhibiting genes and bud-regulating hormones are associated with the inability of GA3 to activate AB outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Ferreira DA, Martins MCM, Cheavegatti-Gianotto A, Carneiro MS, Amadeu RR, Aricetti JA, Wolf LD, Hoffmann HP, de Abreu LGF, Caldana C. Metabolite Profiles of Sugarcane Culm Reveal the Relationship Among Metabolism and Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Genetically Related Sugarcane Commercial Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:857. [PMID: 29988592 PMCID: PMC6027322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic composition is known to exert influence on several important agronomic traits, and metabolomics, which represents the chemical composition in a cell, has long been recognized as a powerful tool for bridging phenotype-genotype interactions. In this work, sixteen truly representative sugarcane Brazilian varieties were selected to explore the metabolic networks in buds and culms, the tissues involved in the vegetative propagation of this species. Due to the fact that bud sprouting is a key trait determining crop establishment in the field, the sprouting potential among the genotypes was evaluated. The use of partial least square discriminant analysis indicated only mild differences on bud outgrowth potential under controlled environmental conditions. However, primary metabolite profiling provided information on the variability of metabolic features even under a narrow genetic background, typical for modern sugarcane cultivars. Metabolite-metabolite correlations within and between tissues revealed more complex patterns for culms in relation to buds, and enabled the recognition of key metabolites (e.g., sucrose, putrescine, glutamate, serine, and myo-inositol) affecting sprouting ability. Finally, those results were associated with the genetic background of each cultivar, showing that metabolites can be potentially used as indicators for the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A. Ferreira
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina C. M. Martins
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cheavegatti-Gianotto
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Monalisa S. Carneiro
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R. Amadeu
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Aricetti
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucia D. Wolf
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hermann P. Hoffmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luis G. F. de Abreu
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group, Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
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10
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Fichtner F, Barbier FF, Feil R, Watanabe M, Annunziata MG, Chabikwa TG, Höfgen R, Stitt M, Beveridge CA, Lunn JE. Trehalose 6-phosphate is involved in triggering axillary bud outgrowth in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:611-623. [PMID: 28869799 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is a signal of sucrose availability in plants, and has been implicated in the regulation of shoot branching by the abnormal branching phenotypes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays) mutants with altered Tre6P metabolism. Decapitation of garden pea (Pisum sativum) plants has been proposed to release the dormancy of axillary buds lower down the stem due to changes in sucrose supply, and we hypothesized that this response is mediated by Tre6P. Decapitation led to a rapid and sustained rise in Tre6P levels in axillary buds, coinciding with the onset of bud outgrowth. This response was suppressed by simultaneous defoliation that restricts the supply of sucrose to axillary buds in decapitated plants. Decapitation also led to a rise in amino acid levels in buds, but a fall in phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate. Supplying sucrose to stem node explants in vitro triggered a concentration-dependent increase in the Tre6P content of the buds that was highly correlated with their rate of outgrowth. These data show that changes in bud Tre6P levels are correlated with initiation of bud outgrowth following decapitation, suggesting that Tre6P is involved in the release of bud dormancy by sucrose. Tre6P might also be linked to a reconfiguration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism to support the subsequent growth of the bud into a new shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Francois F Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences and the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Tinashe G Chabikwa
- School of Biological Sciences and the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rainer Höfgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences and the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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11
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Bunce JA. Variation in Yield Responses to Elevated CO₂ and a Brief High Temperature Treatment in Quinoa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E26. [PMID: 28678208 PMCID: PMC5620582 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in crop responses to global climate change conditions would provide opportunities to adapt crops to future climates. These experiments explored intraspecific variation in response to elevated CO₂ and to high temperature during anthesis in Chenopodium quinoa Wild. Three cultivars of quinoa were grown to maturity at 400 ("ambient") and 600 ("elevated") μmol·mol-1 CO₂ concentrations at 20/14 °C day/night ("control") temperatures, with or without exposure to day/night temperatures of 35/29 °C ("high" temperatures) for seven days during anthesis. At control temperatures, the elevated CO₂ concentration increased the total aboveground dry mass at maturity similarly in all cultivars, but by only about 10%. A large down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated CO₂ occurred during grain filling. In contrast to shoot mass, the increase in seed dry mass at elevated CO₂ ranged from 12% to 44% among cultivars at the control temperature. At ambient CO₂, the week-long high temperature treatment greatly decreased (0.30 × control) or increased (1.70 × control) seed yield, depending on the cultivar. At elevated CO₂, the high temperature treatment increased seed yield moderately in all cultivars. These quinoa cultivars had a wide range of responses to both elevated CO₂ and to high temperatures during anthesis, and much more variation in harvest index responses to elevated CO₂ than other crops that have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bunce
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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12
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Cookson SJ, Yadav UP, Klie S, Morcuende R, Usadel B, Lunn JE, Stitt M. Temporal kinetics of the transcriptional response to carbon depletion and sucrose readdition in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:768-786. [PMID: 26386165 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether the transcriptional response to carbon (C) depletion and sucrose resupply depends on the duration and severity of the C depletion, Arabidopsis seedlings were grown in liquid culture and harvested 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after removing sucrose from the medium and 30 min after resupplying sucrose at each time. Expression profiling revealed early transcriptional inhibition of cell wall synthesis and remodelling of signalling, followed by induction of C recycling and photosynthesis and general inhibition of growth. The temporal sequence differed from the published response to progressive exhaustion of C during a night and extended night in vegetatively growing plants. The response to sucrose readdition was conserved across the C-depletion time course. Intriguingly, the vast majority of rapidly responding transcripts decreased rather than increased. The majority of transcripts that respond rapidly to sucrose and many transcripts that respond during C depletion also decrease after treating seedlings with the transcriptional inhibitor cordycepin A. Comparison with published responses to overexpression of otsA, AKIN10 and bZIP11 revealed that many genes that respond to C depletion, and especially sucrose resupply, respond to one or more of these C-signalling components. Thus, multiple factors contribute to C responsiveness, including many signalling components, transcriptional regulation and transcript turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Cookson
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Umesh Prasad Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klie
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Rosa Morcuende
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, CSIC, Apartado 257, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Björn Usadel
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik und Institut für Biologie I, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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13
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Lauxmann MA, Annunziata MG, Brunoud G, Wahl V, Koczut A, Burgos A, Olas JJ, Maximova E, Abel C, Schlereth A, Soja AM, Bläsing OE, Lunn JE, Vernoux T, Stitt M. Reproductive failure in Arabidopsis thaliana under transient carbohydrate limitation: flowers and very young siliques are jettisoned and the meristem is maintained to allow successful resumption of reproductive growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:745-67. [PMID: 26351840 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of transient carbon depletion on reproductive growth in Arabidopsis was investigated by transferring long-photoperiod-grown plants to continuous darkness and returning them to a light-dark cycle. After 2 days of darkness, carbon reserves were depleted in reproductive sinks, and RNA in situ hybridization of marker transcripts showed that carbon starvation responses had been initiated in the meristem, anthers and ovules. Dark treatments of 2 or more days resulted in a bare-segment phenotype on the floral stem, with 23-27 aborted siliques. These resulted from impaired growth of immature siliques and abortion of mature and immature flowers. Depolarization of PIN1 protein and increased DII-VENUS expression pointed to rapid collapse of auxin gradients in the meristem and inhibition of primordia initiation. After transfer back to a light-dark cycle, flowers appeared and formed viable siliques and seeds. A similar phenotype was seen after transfer to sub-compensation point irradiance or CO2 . It also appeared in a milder form after a moderate decrease in irradiance and developed spontaneously in short photoperiods. We conclude that Arabidopsis inhibits primordia initiation and aborts flowers and very young siliques in C-limited conditions. This curtails demand, safeguarding meristem function and allowing renewal of reproductive growth when carbon becomes available again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Lauxmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Maria G Annunziata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Géraldine Brunoud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69364, France
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Andrzej Koczut
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Asdrubal Burgos
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Justyna J Olas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Eugenia Maximova
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Christin Abel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Aleksandra M Soja
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Oliver E Bläsing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Metanomics GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69364, France
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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14
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Liu F, Zhao Q, Mano N, Ahmed Z, Nitschke F, Cai Y, Chapman KD, Steup M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. Modification of starch metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increases plant biomass and triples oilseed production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:976-985. [PMID: 26285603 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a novel means to achieve substantially increased vegetative biomass and oilseed production in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Endogenous isoforms of starch branching enzyme (SBE) were substituted by either one of the endosperm-expressed maize (Zea mays L.) branching isozymes, ZmSBEI or ZmSBEIIb. Transformants were compared with the starch-free background and with the wild-type plants. Each of the maize-derived SBEs restored starch biosynthesis but both morphology and structure of starch particles were altered. Altered starch metabolism in the transformants is associated with enhanced biomass formation and more-than-trebled oilseed production while maintaining seed oil quality. Enhanced oilseed production is primarily due to an increased number of siliques per plant whereas oil content and seed number per silique are essentially unchanged or even modestly decreased. Introduction of cereal starch branching isozymes into oilseed plants represents a potentially useful strategy to increase biomass and oilseed production in related crops and manipulate the structure and properties of leaf starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Noel Mano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yinqqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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15
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Savage JA, Haines DF, Holbrook NM. The making of giant pumpkins: how selective breeding changed the phloem of Cucurbita maxima from source to sink. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1543-1554. [PMID: 25546629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of breeding programmes focused on increasing fruit size, relatively little is known about the anatomical and physiological changes required to increase reproductive allocation. To address this gap in knowledge, we compared fruit/ovary anatomy, vascular structure and phloem transport of two varieties of giant pumpkins, and their smaller fruited progenitor under controlled environmental conditions. We also modelled carbon transport into the fruit of competitively grown plants using data collected in the field. There was no evidence that changes in leaf area or photosynthetic capacity impacted fruit size. Instead, giant varieties differed in their ovary morphology and contained more phloem on a cross-sectional area basis in their petioles and pedicels than the ancestral variety. These results suggest that sink activity is important in determining fruit size and that giant pumpkins have an enhanced capacity to transport carbon. The strong connection observed between carbon fixation, phloem structure and fruit growth in field-grown plants indicates that breeding for large fruit has led to changes throughout the carbon transport system that could have important implications for how we think about phloem transport velocity and carbon allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Dustin F Haines
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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16
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Li T, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Quantifying the source-sink balance and carbohydrate content in three tomato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:416. [PMID: 26097485 PMCID: PMC4456573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Supplementary lighting is frequently applied in the winter season for crop production in greenhouses. The effect of supplementary lighting on plant growth depends on the balance between assimilate production in source leaves and the overall capacity of the plants to use assimilates. This study aims at quantifying the source-sink balance and carbohydrate content of three tomato cultivars differing in fruit size, and to investigate to what extent the source/sink ratio correlates with the potential fruit size. Cultivars Komeet (large size), Capricia (medium size), and Sunstream (small size, cherry tomato) were grown from 16 August to 21 November, at similar crop management as in commercial practice. Supplementary lighting (High Pressure Sodium lamps, photosynthetic active radiation at 1 m below lamps was 162 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1); maximum 10 h per day depending on solar irradiance level) was applied from 19 September onward. Source strength was estimated from total plant growth rate using periodic destructive plant harvests in combination with the crop growth model TOMSIM. Sink strength was estimated from potential fruit growth rate which was determined from non-destructively measuring the fruit growth rate at non-limiting assimilate supply, growing only one fruit on each truss. Carbohydrate content in leaves and stems were periodically determined. During the early growth stage, 'Komeet' and 'Capricia' showed sink limitation and 'Sunstream' was close to sink limitation. During this stage reproductive organs had hardly formed or were still small and natural irradiance was high (early September) compared to winter months. Subsequently, during the fully fruiting stage all three cultivars were strongly source-limited as indicated by the low source/sink ratio (average source/sink ratio from 50 days after planting onward was 0.17, 0.22, and 0.33 for 'Komeet,' 'Capricia,' and 'Sunstream,' respectively). This was further confirmed by the fact that pruning half of the fruits hardly influenced net leaf photosynthesis rates. Carbohydrate content in leaves and stems increased linearly with the source/sink ratio. We conclude that during the early growth stage under high irradiance, tomato plants are sink-limited and that the level of sink limitation differs between cultivars but it is not correlated with their potential fruit size. During the fully fruiting stage tomato plants are source-limited and the extent of source limitation of a cultivar is positively correlated with its potential fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, BeijingChina
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
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