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Cone AS, Zhou Y, McNamara RP, Eason AB, Arias GF, Landis JT, Shifflett KW, Chambers MG, Yuan R, Willcox S, Griffith JD, Dittmer DP. CD81 fusion alters SARS-CoV-2 Spike trafficking. mBio 2024:e0192224. [PMID: 39140770 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01922-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic caused the biggest public health crises in recent history. Many expect future coronavirus introductions into the human population. Hence, it is essential to understand the basic biology of these viruses. In natural infection, the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein is co-expressed with all other viral proteins, which modify cellular compartments to maximize virion assembly. By comparison, most of S is degraded when the protein is expressed in isolation, as in current molecular vaccines. To probe the maturation pathway of S, we redirected its maturation by fusing S to the tetraspanin protein CD81. CD81 is a defining constituent of extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes. EVs are generated in large numbers by all cells, extruded into blood and lymph, and transfer cargo between cells and systemically (estimated 1012 EVs per mL plasma). EVs, like platelets, can be transfused between unrelated donors. When fusing the proline-stabilized form of strain Delta S into the flexible, large extracellular loop of CD81 rather than being degraded in the lysosome, S was extruded into EVs. CD81-S fusion containing EVs were produced in large numbers and could be isolated to high purity. Purified CD81::S EVs bound ACE2, and S displayed on individual EV was observed by cryogenic electron microscopy (EM). The CD81::S-fusion EVs were non-toxic and elicited an anti-S trimer and anti-RBD antibody response in mice. This report shows a design path to maximize viral glycoprotein assembly and release without relying on the co-expression of potentially pathogenic nonstructural viral proteins. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic caused the biggest public health crises in recent history. To understand the maturation pathway of S, we fused S to the tetraspanin protein CD81. The resulting molecule is secreted in extracellular vesicles and induces antibodies in mice. This may be a general design path for viral glycoprotein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaura S Cone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriel F Arias
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin T Landis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle W Shifflett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meredith G Chambers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Runjie Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Smaranda Willcox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Susa KJ, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Tetraspanins: structure, dynamics, and principles of partner-protein recognition. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:509-522. [PMID: 37783654 PMCID: PMC10980598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a large, highly conserved family of four-pass transmembrane (TM) proteins that play critical roles in a variety of essential cellular functions, including cell migration, protein trafficking, maintenance of membrane integrity, and regulation of signal transduction. Tetraspanins carry out these biological functions primarily by interacting with partner proteins. Here, we summarize significant advances that have revealed fundamental principles underpinning structure-function relationships in tetraspanins. We first review the structural features of tetraspanin ectodomains and full-length apoproteins, and then discuss how recent structural studies of tetraspanin complexes have revealed plasticity in partner-protein recognition that enables tetraspanins to bind to remarkably different protein families, viral proteins, and antibody fragments. Finally, we discuss major questions and challenges that remain in studying tetraspanin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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3
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Poddar S, Roy R, Kar P. The conformational dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus E2 glycoprotein with the increasing number of N-glycosylation unraveled by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38393644 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2319679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), responsible for causing hepatitis and a significant contributor to liver disorders, presents a challenge for treatment due to its high genetic variability. Despite efforts, there is still no effective medication available for this virus. One of the promising targets for drug development involves targeting glycoprotein E2. However, our understanding of the dynamic behavior of E2 and its associated glycans remains limited. In this study, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of E2 with varying degrees of glycosylation using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We also explored glycan's interactions with the protein and among themselves. An overall increase in correlation between the vital protein regions was observed with an increase in glycan number. The protein dynamics is followed by the analysis of glycan dynamics, where the flexibility of the individual glycans was analyzed in their free and bound state, which revealed a decrease in their fluctuation in some cases. Furthermore, we generated the free energy landscape of individual N-glycan linkages in both free and bound states and observed both increases and decreases in flexibility, which can be attributed to the formation and breakage of hydrogen bonds with amino acids. Finally, we found that for a high glycosylation system, glycans interact with glycoprotein and form hydrogen bonds among themselves. Moreover, the hydrogen bond profiles of a given glycan can vary when influenced by other glycans. In summary, our study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of the core region of HCV E2 glycoprotein and its associated glycans.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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4
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Bunz M, Eisele M, Hu D, Ritter M, Kammerloher J, Lampl S, Schindler M. CD81 suppresses NF-κB signaling and is downregulated in hepatitis C virus expressing cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1338606. [PMID: 38357447 PMCID: PMC10864554 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1338606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD81 is one of the main entry receptors for Hepatitis C virus, which is a major causative agent to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we identify CD81 as one of few surface proteins that are downregulated in HCV expressing hepatoma cells, discovering a functional role of CD81 beyond mediating HCV entry. CD81 was downregulated at the mRNA level in hepatoma cells that replicate HCV. Kinetics of HCV expression were increased in CD81-knockout cells and accompanied by enhanced cellular growth. Furthermore, loss of CD81 compensated for inhibition of pro-survival TBK1-signaling in HCV expressing cells. Analysis of functional phenotypes that could be associated with pro-survival signaling revealed that CD81 is a negative regulator of NF-κB. Interaction of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 was increased in cells lacking CD81. Similarly, we witnessed an overall increase in the total levels of phosphorylated and cellular p65 upon CD81-knockout in hepatoma cells. Finally, translocation of p65 in CD81-negative hepatoma cells was markedly induced upon stimulation with TNFα or PMA. Altogether, CD81 emerges as a regulator of pro-survival NF-κB signaling. Considering the important and established role of NF-κB for HCV replication and tumorigenesis, the downregulation of CD81 by HCV and the associated increase in NF-κB signaling might be relevant for viral persistence and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bunz
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Eisele
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ritter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kammerloher
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Lampl
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Carriquí-Madroñal B, Sheldon J, Duven M, Stegmann C, Cirksena K, Wyler E, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Vondran FWR, Gerold G. The matrix metalloproteinase ADAM10 supports hepatitis C virus entry and cell-to-cell spread via its sheddase activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011759. [PMID: 37967063 PMCID: PMC10650992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exploits the four entry factors CD81, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI, also known as SCARB1), occludin, and claudin-1 as well as the co-factor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to infect human hepatocytes. Here, we report that the disintegrin and matrix metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) associates with CD81, SR-BI, and EGFR and acts as HCV host factor. Pharmacological inhibition, siRNA-mediated silencing and genetic ablation of ADAM10 reduced HCV infection. ADAM10 was dispensable for HCV replication but supported HCV entry and cell-to-cell spread. Substrates of the ADAM10 sheddase including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and E-cadherin, which activate EGFR family members, rescued HCV infection of ADAM10 knockout cells. ADAM10 did not influence infection with other enveloped RNA viruses such as alphaviruses and a common cold coronavirus. Collectively, our study reveals a critical role for the sheddase ADAM10 as a HCV host factor, contributing to EGFR family member transactivation and as a consequence to HCV uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carriquí-Madroñal
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julie Sheldon
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mara Duven
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Karsten Cirksena
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Zapatero-Belinchón
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Regenerative Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Wang Y, Jiang M, Zheng X, He Y, Ma X, Li J, Pu K. Application of exosome engineering modification in targeted delivery of therapeutic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115691. [PMID: 37481135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of premature death in humans. Scientists have developed several therapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. However, drug delivery faces many problems. First, traditional drugs do not target tumors and are prone to causing significant toxic side effects. Second, suitable drug carriers are essential for improving drug delivery to tumors or circulating cancer cells. Exosomes are natural extracellular vesicles with low immunogenicity and prolonged blood circulation in vivo. These characteristics render exosomes ideal drug carriers. This review highlights the properties of exosomes and mechanisms of exosome biogenesis. It also summarizes the engineering modification methods for enhancing exosome yield, targeting, and drug-loading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuewen Zheng
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiran He
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jiong Li
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kefeng Pu
- Nano-Bio-Chem Centre and Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
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7
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Hu L, Jiang J, Tang Y, Mei L, Wu L, Li L, Chen H, Long F, Xiao J, Peng T. A Pseudovirus-Based Entry Assay to Evaluate Neutralizing Activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1548. [PMID: 37515234 PMCID: PMC10386507 DOI: 10.3390/v15071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause life-threatening pneumonia and bronchiolitis, posing a significant threat to human health worldwide, especially to children and the elderly. Currently, there is no specific treatment for RSV infection. The most effective measures for preventing RSV infection are vaccines and prophylactic medications. However, not all population groups are eligible for the approved vaccines or antibody-based preventive medications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines and prophylactic drugs available for people of all ages. High-throughput assays that evaluate the efficacy of viral entry inhibitors or vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies in blocking RSV entry are crucial for evaluating vaccine and prophylactic drug candidates. We developed an efficient entry assay using a lentiviral pseudovirus carrying the fusion (F) protein of type A or B RSV. In addition, the essential parameters were systematically optimized, including the number of transfected plasmids, storage conditions of the pseudovirus, cell types, cell numbers, virus inoculum, and time point of detection. Furthermore, the convalescent sera exhibited comparable inhibitory activity in this assay as in the authentic RSV virus neutralization assay. We established a robust pseudovirus-based entry assay for RSV, which holds excellent promise for studying entry mechanisms, evaluating viral entry inhibitors, and assessing vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiajing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Liping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Leyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Fei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Guangdong South China Vaccine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
- Greater Bay Area Innovative Vaccine Technology Development Center, Guangzhou International Bio Island Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
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8
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Forst CV, Zeng L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Vatansever S, Xu P, Song W, Tu Z, Zhang B. Multiscale network analysis identifies potential receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and reveals their tissue-specific and age-dependent expression. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1384-1402. [PMID: 36951513 PMCID: PMC10294276 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected tens of millions of individuals and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive, multiscale network analysis of the transcriptional response to the virus. In particular, we focused on key regulators, cell receptors, and host processes that were hijacked by the virus for its advantage. ACE2-controlled processes involved CD300e (a TYROBP receptor) as a key regulator and the activation of IL-2 pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. We further investigated the age dependency of such receptors in different tissues. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the gene regulatory organization during the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the tissue-specific, age-dependent expression of the cell receptors involved in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian V. Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lu Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sezen Vatansever
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Won‐Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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9
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Deffieu MS, Clément CMH, Dorobantu CM, Partiot E, Bare Y, Faklaris O, Rivière B, Ayala-Nunez NV, Baumert TF, Rondé P, Mély Y, Lucansky V, Gaudin R. Occludin stalls HCV particle dynamics apart from hepatocyte tight junctions, promoting virion internalization. Hepatology 2022; 76:1164-1179. [PMID: 35388524 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Numerous HCV entry factors have been identified, and yet information regarding their spatiotemporal dynamics is still limited. Specifically, one of the main entry factors of HCV is occludin (OCLN), a protein clustered at tight junctions (TJs), away from the HCV landing site. Thus, whether HCV particles slide toward TJs or, conversely, OCLN is recruited away from TJs remain debated. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we generated CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 edited Huh7.5.1 cells expressing endogenous levels of enhanced green fluorescent protein/OCLN and showed that incoming HCV particles recruit OCLN outside TJs, independently of claudin 1 (CLDN1) expression, another important HCV entry factor located at TJs. Using ex vivo organotypic culture of hepatic slices obtained from human liver explants, a physiologically relevant model that preserves the overall tissue architecture, we confirmed that HCV associates with OCLN away from TJs. Furthermore, we showed, by live cell imaging, that increased OCLN recruitment beneath HCV particles correlated with lower HCV motility. To decipher the mechanism underlying virus slow-down upon OCLN recruitment, we performed CRISPR knockout (KO) of CLDN1, an HCV entry factor proposed to act upstream of OCLN. Although CLDN1 KO potently inhibits HCV infection, OCLN kept accumulating underneath the particle, indicating that OCLN recruitment is CLDN1 independent. Moreover, inhibition of the phosphorylation of Ezrin, a protein involved in HCV entry that links receptors to the actin cytoskeleton, increased OCLN accumulation and correlated with more efficient HCV internalization. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data provide robust evidence that HCV particles interact with OCLN away from TJs and shed mechanistic insights regarding the manipulation of transmembrane receptor localization by extracellular virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika S Deffieu
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille M H Clément
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristina M Dorobantu
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emma Partiot
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yonis Bare
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- BCM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Rivière
- CHU Montpellier, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques-CRB, Montpellier, France
| | - Nilda Vanesa Ayala-Nunez
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Rondé
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7021 CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Institut de Recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Wu R, Fan X, Wang Y, Shen M, Zheng Y, Zhao S, Yang L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Immunity and Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833878. [PMID: 35309311 PMCID: PMC8930843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the most common cell source for stem cell therapy, play an important role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and have been widely used in clinical trials to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of a variety of proinflammatory cells, such as Th1, Th17 and M1 macrophages, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory cells, such as M2 macrophages and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in immune regulation and exhibiting immunomodulatory functions. Besides MSC-EVs are more convenient and less immunogenic than MSCs. There is growing interest in the role of MSC-EVs in liver diseases owing to the intrinsic liver tropism of MSC-EVs. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory effects of MSC-EVs and summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as a cell-free therapy in liver diseases, including NAFLD, AIH, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the potential use and limits of MSC-EVs in clinical application.
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11
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Salas JH, Urbanowicz RA, Guest JD, Frumento N, Figueroa A, Clark KE, Keck Z, Cowton VM, Cole SJ, Patel AH, Fuerst TR, Drummer HE, Major M, Tarr AW, Ball JK, Law M, Pierce BG, Foung SKH, Bailey JR. An Antigenically Diverse, Representative Panel of Envelope Glycoproteins for Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine Development. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:562-574. [PMID: 34655573 PMCID: PMC8792218 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Development of a prophylactic hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine will require accurate and reproducible measurement of neutralizing breadth of vaccine-induced antibodies. Currently available HCV panels may not adequately represent the genetic and antigenic diversity of circulating HCV strains, and the lack of standardization of these panels makes it difficult to compare neutralization results obtained in different studies. Here, we describe the selection and validation of a genetically and antigenically diverse reference panel of 15 HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpps) for neutralization assays. METHODS We chose 75 envelope (E1E2) clones to maximize representation of natural polymorphisms observed in circulating HCV isolates, and 65 of these clones generated functional HCVpps. Neutralization sensitivity of these HCVpps varied widely. HCVpps clustered into 15 distinct groups based on patterns of relative sensitivity to 7 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. We used these data to select a final panel of 15 antigenically representative HCVpps. RESULTS Both the 65 and 15 HCVpp panels span 4 tiers of neutralization sensitivity, and neutralizing breadth measurements for 7 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were nearly equivalent using either panel. Differences in neutralization sensitivity between HCVpps were independent of genetic distances between E1E2 clones. CONCLUSIONS Neutralizing breadth of HCV antibodies should be defined using viruses spanning multiple tiers of neutralization sensitivity rather than panels selected solely for genetic diversity. We propose that this multitier reference panel could be adopted as a standard for the measurement of neutralizing antibody potency and breadth, facilitating meaningful comparisons of neutralization results from vaccine studies in different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan D Guest
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexis Figueroa
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaitlyn E Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhenyong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vanessa M Cowton
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Cole
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Heidi E Drummer
- Viral Entry and Vaccines Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marian Major
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian G Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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12
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Onabajo OO, Wang F, Lee MH, Florez-Vargas O, Obajemu A, Tanikawa C, Vargas JM, Liao SF, Song C, Huang YH, Shen CY, Banday AR, O’Brien TR, Hu Z, Matsuda K, Prokunina-Olsson L. Intracellular Accumulation of IFN-λ4 Induces ER Stress and Results in Anti-Cirrhotic but Pro-HCV Effects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692263. [PMID: 34497603 PMCID: PMC8419317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms are inversely associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cirrhosis, two major risk factors for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To further explore these inverse associations and their molecular underpinnings, we analyzed IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms represented by the IFNL4 genotype (presence of rs368234815-dG or rs12979860-T alleles) in HCV patients: 2969 from Japan and 2931 from Taiwan. IFNL4 genotype was associated with an increased risk of HCV-related HCC (OR=1.28, 95%CI=1.07-1.52, P=0.0058) in the general population of Japanese patients, but not in Taiwanese patients who achieved treatment-induced viral clearance. IFNL4 genotype was also associated with a decreased risk of cirrhosis (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.46-0.93, P=0.018, in Taiwanese patients). We then engineered HepG2 cells to inducibly express IFN-λ4 in the presence or absence of interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1). Induction of IFN-λ4 resulted in its intracellular accumulation, mainly in lysosomes and late endosomes, and increased ER stress, leading to apoptosis and reduced proliferation. We identified the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which facilitates HCV entry into hepatocytes, as a transcript induced by IFN-λ4 but not IFN-λ3. Our results suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cirrhotic but pro-HCV associations observed for IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms are, at least in part, contributed by intracellular accumulation of IFN-λ4 causing ER stress in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O. Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Florez-Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adeola Obajemu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joselin M. Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shu-Fen Liao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A. Rouf Banday
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas R. O’Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Droste M, Thakur BK, Eliceiri BP. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and the Immune System-Lessons From Immune-Competent Mouse-Tumor Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606859. [PMID: 33391275 PMCID: PMC7772428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are important regulators of the immune response in cancer; however, most research so far has been carried out using cell culture systems. Immune-competent murine tumor models currently provide the best platform to assess proposed roles of TEVs using in vivo animal models and therefore are important for examining interactions between TEVs and the immune system. In this review, we present the current knowledge on TEVs using in vivo tumor-bearing animal models, with a focus on the role of TEVs in mediating crosstalk between tumor cells and both adaptive and innate immune cells. In particular, we address the question how animal models can clarify the reported heterogeneity of TEV effects in both anti-tumor responses and evasion of immune surveillance. The potential of TEVs in mediating direct antigen-presenting functions supports their potential as cancer vaccine therapeutics, therefore, we provide an overview of key findings of TEV trials that have the potential as novel immunotherapies, and shed light on challenges in the path toward the first in-human trials. We also highlight the important updates on the methods that continue to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of EV studies, particularly in functional animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Droste
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics II (Pediatric Nephrology), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant K Thakur
- Cancer Exosomes Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
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14
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Qing J, Wu M, Luo R, Chen J, Cao L, Zeng D, Shang L, Nong J, Wu Q, Ding BS, Chen X, Rao Z, Liu L, Lou Z. Identification of Interferon Receptor IFNAR2 As a Novel HCV Entry Factor by Using Chemical Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1232-1241. [PMID: 31972076 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing pathogen-associated patterns and secreting interferons (IFNs) into the environment, host cells perceive extracellular type I IFNs by the IFNα/β receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to stimulate downstream innate immune signaling cascades. Through the use of chemical probes, we demonstrated that IFNAR2 facilitates hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. Silencing of IFNAR2 significantly attenuated HCV proliferation. IFNAR2 binds infectious HCV virions through a direct interaction of its D2 domain with the C-terminal end of apolipoprotein E (apoE) on the viral envelope and facilitates virus entry into host cells. The antibody against the IFNAR2 D2 domain attenuates IFNAR2-apoE interaction and impairs HCV infection. The recombinant IFNAR2 protein and the chemical probe potently inhibit major HCV genotypes in various human liver cells in vitro. Moreover, the impact of a chemical probe on HCV genotype 2a is also documented in immune-compromised humanized transgenic mice. Our results not only expand the understanding of the biology of HCV entry and the virus-host relationship but also reveal a new target for the development of anti-HCV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
| | - Debin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinkai Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Cao L, Yu B, Kong D, Cong Q, Yu T, Chen Z, Hu Z, Chang H, Zhong J, Baker D, He Y. Functional expression and characterization of the envelope glycoprotein E1E2 heterodimer of hepatitis C virus. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007759. [PMID: 31116791 PMCID: PMC6530877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of Hepacivirus and belongs to the family of Flaviviridae. HCV infects millions of people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV envelope proteins, E1 and E2, play critical roles in viral cell entry and act as major epitopes for neutralizing antibodies. However, unlike other known flaviviruses, it has been challenging to study HCV envelope proteins E1E2 in the past decades as the in vitro expressed E1E2 heterodimers are usually of poor quality, making the structural and functional characterization difficult. Here we express the ectodomains of HCV E1E2 heterodimer with either an Fc-tag or a de novo designed heterodimeric tag and are able to isolate soluble E1E2 heterodimer suitable for functional and structural studies. Then we characterize the E1E2 heterodimer by electron microscopy and model the structure by the coevolution based modeling strategy with Rosetta, revealing the potential interactions between E1 and E2. Moreover, the E1E2 heterodimer is applied to examine the interactions with the known HCV receptors, neutralizing antibodies as well as the inhibition of HCV infection, confirming the functionality of the E1E2 heterodimer and the binding profiles of E1E2 with the cellular receptors. Therefore, the expressed E1E2 heterodimer would be a valuable target for both viral studies and vaccination against HCV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus that infects millions of people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has two envelope proteins, E1 and E2, which form heterodimers on viral surface and are critical for HCV cell entry. However, current studies of HCV E1E2 are often limited by the poor quality of the in vitro expressed E1E2 heterodimers. Here we express the ectodomains of HCV E1E2 with different tags, and are able to isolate soluble E1E2 ectodomains suitable for structural and functional studies. Then we generate the 3D reconstruction of E1E2 heterodimer by electron microscopy and also model the E1E2 structure by the coevolution based strategy with Rosetta, showing the potential interactions between E1 and E2. Moreover, the E1E2 heterodimer is applied to examine the interactions with the HCV cellular receptors, neutralizing antibodies as well as the inhibition of HCV infection. These results suggest that the expressed E1E2 heterodimer would be a promising target for both viral studies and vaccination against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zibo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhenzheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haishuang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Bailey JR, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK, Law M, Foung SKH. Standardized Method for the Study of Antibody Neutralization of HCV Pseudoparticles (HCVpp). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1911:441-450. [PMID: 30593644 PMCID: PMC6398441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) pseudoparticles (HCVpp) are generated by cotransfection of HCV envelope (E1 and E2) genes along with a retroviral packaging/reporter construct into HEK293T cells. Enveloped particles bearing HCV E1E2 proteins on their surface are released through a retroviral budding process into the supernatant. Viral E1E2 glycoproteins facilitate a single round of receptor-mediated entry of HCVpp into hepatoma cells, which can be quantified by reporter gene expression. These HCVpp have been employed to study mechanisms of HCV entry into hepatoma cells, as well as HCV neutralization by immune sera or HCV-specific monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Kinchen VJ, Bailey JR. Defining Breadth of Hepatitis C Virus Neutralization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1703. [PMID: 30116237 PMCID: PMC6082923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraordinary genetic diversity is a hallmark of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Therefore, accurate measurement of the breadth of antibody neutralizing activity across diverse HCV isolates is key to defining correlates of immune protection against the virus, and essential to guide vaccine development. Panels of HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) or replication-competent cell culture viruses (HCVcc) can be used to measure neutralizing breadth of antibodies. These in vitro assays have been used to define neutralizing breadth of antibodies in serum, to characterize broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and to identify mechanisms of HCV resistance to antibody neutralization. Recently, larger and more diverse panels of both HCVpp and HCVcc have been described that better represent the diversity of circulating HCV strains, but further work is needed to expand and standardize these neutralization panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Kinchen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Ramirez S, Bukh J. Current status and future development of infectious cell-culture models for the major genotypes of hepatitis C virus: Essential tools in testing of antivirals and emerging vaccine strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:264-287. [PMID: 30059723 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the relevant scientific advances that led to the development of infectious cell culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the corresponding challenges and successes. We also provide an overview of how these systems have contributed to the study of antiviral compounds and their relevance for the development of a much-needed vaccine against this major human pathogen. An efficient infectious system to study HCV in vitro, using human hepatoma derived cells, has only been available since 2005, and was limited to a single isolate, named JFH1, until 2012. Successive developments have been slow and cumbersome, as each available system has been the result of a systematic effort for discovering adaptive mutations conferring culture replication and propagation to patient consensus clones that are inherently non-viable in vitro. High genetic heterogeneity is a paramount characteristic of this virus, and as such, it should preferably be reflected in basic, translational, and clinical studies. The limited number of efficient viral culture systems, in the context of the vast genetic diversity of HCV, continues to represent a major hindrance for the study of this virus, posing a significant barrier towards studies of antivirals (particularly of resistance) and for advancing vaccine development. Intensive research efforts, driven by isolate-specific culture adaptation, have only led to efficient full-length infectious culture systems for a few strains of HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 6. Hence research aimed at identifying novel strategies that will permit universal culture of HCV will be needed to further our understanding of this unique virus causing 400 thousand deaths annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santseharay Ramirez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) line the low shear, sinusoidal capillary channels of the liver and are the most abundant non-parenchymal hepatic cell population. LSECs do not simply form a barrier within the hepatic sinusoids but have vital physiological and immunological functions, including filtration, endocytosis, antigen presentation and leukocyte recruitment. Reflecting these multifunctional properties, LSECs display unique structural and phenotypic features that differentiate them from the capillary endothelium present within other organs. It is now clear that LSECs have a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis within the liver and in mediating the immune response during acute and chronic liver injury. In this Review, we outline how LSECs influence the immune microenvironment within the liver and discuss their contribution to immune-mediated liver diseases and the complications of fibrosis and carcinogenesis.
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20
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Regulated Entry of Hepatitis C Virus into Hepatocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050100. [PMID: 28486435 PMCID: PMC5454413 DOI: 10.3390/v9050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a model for the study of virus–host interaction and host cell responses to infection. Virus entry into hepatocytes is the first step in the HCV life cycle, and this process requires multiple receptors working together. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and claudin-1 (CLDN1), together with human cluster of differentiation (CD) 81 and occludin (OCLN), constitute the minimal set of HCV entry receptors. Nevertheless, HCV entry is a complex process involving multiple host signaling pathways that form a systematic regulatory network; this network is centrally controlled by upstream regulators epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβ-R). Further feedback regulation and cell-to-cell spread of the virus contribute to the chronic maintenance of HCV infection. A comprehensive and accurate disclosure of this critical process should provide insights into the viral entry mechanism, and offer new strategies for treatment regimens and targets for HCV therapeutics.
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21
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Li X, Ding Y, Zi M, Sun L, Zhang W, Chen S, Xu Y. CD19, from bench to bedside. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Wasilewski LN, Ray SC, Bailey JR. Hepatitis C virus resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies measured using replication-competent virus and pseudoparticles. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2883-2893. [PMID: 27667373 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of natural variation in neutralization resistance and fitness of diverse hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope (E1E2) variants will be critical to guide rational development of an HCV vaccine. This work has been hindered by inadequate genetic diversity in viral panels and by a lack of standardization of HCV entry assays. Neutralization assays generally use lentiviral pseudoparticles expressing HCV envelope proteins (HCVpp) or chimeric full-length viruses that are replication competent in cell culture (HCVcc). There have been few systematic comparisons of specific infectivities of E1E2-matched HCVcc and HCVpp, and to our knowledge, neutralization of E1E2-matched HCVpp and HCVcc has never been compared using a diverse panel of human broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) targeting distinct epitopes. Here, we describe an efficient method for introduction of naturally occurring E1E2 genes into a full-length HCV genome, producing replication-competent chimeric HCVcc. We generated diverse panels of E1E2-matched HCVcc and HCVpp and measured the entry-mediating fitness of E1E2 variants using the two systems. We also compared neutralization of E1E2-matched HCVcc and HCVpp by a diverse panel of human bNAbs targeting epitopes across E1E2. We found no correlation between specific infectivities of E1E2-matched HCVcc versus HCVpp, but found a very strong positive correlation between relative neutralization resistance of these same E1E2-matched HCVcc and HCVpp variants. These results suggest that quantitative comparisons of neutralization resistance of E1E2 variants can be made with confidence using either HCVcc or HCVpp, allowing the use of either or both systems to maximize diversity of neutralization panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Wasilewski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Lee M, Yang J, Park S, Jo E, Kim HY, Bae YS, Windisch MP. Micrococcin P1, a naturally occurring macrocyclic peptide inhibiting hepatitis C virus entry in a pan-genotypic manner. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:287-95. [PMID: 27387825 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered a major public health concern worldwide. Despite recent advances in curing chronic hepatitis C, unmet medical needs still remain, especially due to the high economic burden of therapies. Accordingly, our study aimed to identify affordable novel HCV inhibitors by screening of natural product compound libraries. We identified micrococcin P1, a macrocyclic peptide antibiotic, inhibiting HCV entry in a pan-genotypic manner with an EC50 range of 0.1-0.5 μM. Micrococcin P1 interfered with HCV entry at an attachment step. Furthermore, micrococcin P1 efficiently inhibited HCV spread by blocking cell-free infection as well as cell-to-cell transmission, without affecting the secretion of infectious virions. Interestingly, the putative molecular target of micrococcin P1 is glycoprotein E2 (IIe-630-Thr), as revealed by selection for viral drug resistance. In addition, micrococcin P1 inhibited sofosbuvir-resistant HCV strains and showed synergy in combination with selected HCV drugs, suggesting an alternative treatment paradigm for patients. In conclusion, we identified micrococcin P1 as specifically inhibiting entry of all HCV genotypes and demonstrated that micrococcin P1 potentially could add value to therapies in combination with current HCV interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungeun Lee
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Yang
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eunji Jo
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Marc P Windisch
- Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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24
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Thomas E, Liang TJ. Experimental models of hepatitis B and C - new insights and progress. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:362-74. [PMID: 27075261 PMCID: PMC5578419 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Hepatitis-causing viruses initiate disease by establishing both acute and chronic infections, and several of these viruses are specifically associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Consequently, intense research efforts have been focusing on increasing our understanding of hepatitis virus biology and on improving antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. Although valuable information on viral hepatitis emerged from careful epidemiological studies on sporadic outbreaks in humans, experimental models using cell culture, rodent and non-human primates were essential in advancing the field. Through the use of these experimental models, improvement in both the treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis has progressed rapidly; however, agents of viral hepatitis are still among the most common pathogens infecting humans. In this Review, we describe the important part that these experimental models have played in the study of viral hepatitis and led to monumental advances in our understanding and treatment of these pathogens. Ongoing developments in experimental models are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thomas
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases and Sylvester Cancer Center, Room
PAP514, Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIH, Building 10-9B16, Bethesda, Maryland
20892–1800, USA
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25
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Hentzschel F, Herrmann AK, Mueller AK, Grimm D. Plasmodium meets AAV-the (un)likely marriage of parasitology and virology, and how to make the match. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2027-45. [PMID: 27117587 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of screening technologies in malaria research has substantially expanded our knowledge on cellular factors hijacked by the Plasmodium parasite in the infected host, including those that participate in the clinically silent liver stage. This rapid gain in our understanding of the hepatic interaction partners now requires a means to validate and further disentangle parasite-host networks in physiologically relevant liver model systems. Here, we outline seminal work that contributed to our present knowledge on the intrahepatic Plasmodium host factors, followed by a discussion of surrogate models of mammalian livers or hepatocytes. We finally describe how Adeno-associated viruses could be engineered and used as hepatotropic tools to dissect Plasmodium-host interactions, and to deliberately control these networks for antimalaria vaccination or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hentzschel
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Herrmann
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Motawi TMK, Sadik NAH, Shaker OG, Ghaleb MH. Elevated serum microRNA-122/222 levels are potential diagnostic biomarkers in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C but not hepatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9865-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Liu S, Zhao T, Song B, Zhou J, Wang TT. Comparative Proteomics Reveals Important Viral-Host Interactions in HCV-Infected Human Liver Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147991. [PMID: 26808496 PMCID: PMC4726516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a global threat to public health. HCV envelop protein E2 is the major component on the virus envelope, which plays an important role in virus entry and morphogenesis. Here, for the first time, we affinity purified E2 complex formed in HCV-infected human hepatoma cells and conducted comparative mass spectrometric analyses. 85 cellular proteins and three viral proteins were successfully identified in three independent trials, among which alphafetoprotein (AFP), UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) and HCV NS4B were further validated as novel E2 binding partners. Subsequent functional characterization demonstrated that gene silencing of UGT1 in human hepatoma cell line Huh7.5.1 markedly decreased the production of infectious HCV, indicating a regulatory role of UGT1 in viral lifecycle. Domain mapping experiments showed that HCV E2-NS4B interaction requires the transmembrane domains of the two proteins. Altogether, our proteomics study has uncovered key viral and cellular factors that interact with E2 and provided new insights into our understanding of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Liu
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bioscience Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 22802, United States of America
| | - Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America
| | - BenBen Song
- SLS Global Technical Support, Pall Corporation, Port Washington, New York, 11050, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15232, United States of America
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bioscience Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 22802, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
Hepatitis is damage and inflammation of the liver. It is triggered by both environmental and endogenous insults and is a platform for developing liver cirrhosis and cancer. Both innate and adaptive immune activation contribute to hepatic inflammation and disease. Viral hepatitis is the most common form of hepatitis and is typically associated with chronic viral infection. Alcohol-induced and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are two rising hepatic problems. The innate immune inflammasome signaling cascade mediates the production of essential proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. These cytokines regulate hepatic cell interaction and crosstalk of the various inflammatory pathways and influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Negash
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Villareal VA, Rodgers MA, Costello DA, Yang PL. Targeting host lipid synthesis and metabolism to inhibit dengue and hepatitis C viruses. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:110-21. [PMID: 26526588 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are necessary for every step in the replication cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and dengue virus (DENV), members of the family Flaviviridae. Recent studies have demonstrated that discrete steps in the replication cycles of these viruses can be inhibited by pharmacological agents that target host factors mediating lipid synthesis, metabolism, trafficking, and signal transduction. Despite this, targeting host lipid metabolism and trafficking as an antiviral strategy by blockade of entire pathways may be limited due to host toxicity. Knowledge of the molecular details of lipid structure and function in replication and the mechanisms whereby specific lipids are generated and trafficked to the relevant sites may enable more targeted antiviral strategies without global effects on the host cell. In this review, we discuss lipids demonstrated to be critical to the replication cycles of HCV and DENV and highlight potential areas for anti-viral development. This review article forms part of a symposium on flavivirus drug discovery in Antiviral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Villareal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deirdre A Costello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Liu S, Wang W, Brown LE, Qiu C, Lajkiewicz N, Zhao T, Zhou J, Porco JA, Wang TT. A Novel Class of Small Molecule Compounds that Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Targeting the Prohibitin-CRaf Pathway. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1600-6. [PMID: 26870784 PMCID: PMC4740292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel drug targets and affordable therapeutic agents remains a high priority in the fight against chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we report that the cellular proteins prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and 2 (PHB2) are pan-genotypic HCV entry factors functioning at a post-binding step. While predominantly found in mitochondria, PHBs localize to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes through their transmembrane domains and interact with both EGFR and CRaf. Targeting PHB by rocaglamide (Roc-A), a natural product that binds PHB1 and 2, reduced cell surface PHB1 and 2, disrupted PHB-CRaf interaction, and inhibited HCV entry at low nanomolar concentrations. A structure-activity analysis of 32 synthetic Roc-A analogs indicated that the chiral, racemic version of aglaroxin C, a natural product biosynthetically related to Roc-A, displayed improved potency and therapeutic index against HCV infection. This study reveals a new class of HCV entry inhibitors that target the PHB1/2-CRaf pathway. Cellular proteins prohibitins 1 and 2 are essential HCV entry factors that function at a post-binding step. The natural compound Roc-A potently blocks HCV infection by disrupting prohibitins-CRaf interaction The Roc-A derivative, aglaroxin C, displays improved potency and therapeutic index towards HCV infection
Current FDA-approved HCV drugs all target viral proteins. We now demonstrate that a group of small molecules, the rocaglates, potently block HCV entry at low nanomolar concentrations. Roc-A inhibits HCV entry by disrupting the important interaction between two pan-genomic HCV entry factors, PHB1 and 2, and the signaling molecule CRaf. Overall, Roc-A and related rocaglates represent a new class of compounds that hold significant therapeutic promise in treating HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Liu
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Neil Lajkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tony T Wang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA
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31
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Tawar RG, Colpitts CC, Lupberger J, El-Saghire H, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Claudins and pathogenesis of viral infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:39-46. [PMID: 25960372 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the roles of claudins in tight junction physiology. In addition, interactions between claudins and other cellular proteins have highlighted their novel roles in cell physiology. Moreover, the importance of claudins is becoming apparent in the pathophysiology of several diseases, including viral infections. Notable is the discovery of CLDN1 as an essential host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, which led to detailed characterization of CLDN1 and its association with tetraspanin CD81 for the initiation of HCV infection. CLDN1 has also been shown to facilitate dengue virus entry. Furthermore, owing to the roles of claudins in forming anatomical barriers, several viruses have been shown to alter claudin expression at the tight junction. This review summarizes the role of claudins in viral infection, with particular emphasis on HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv G Tawar
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hussein El-Saghire
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut des Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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32
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed steady and rapid progress in HCV research, which has led to the recent breakthrough in therapies against this significant human pathogen. Yet a deeper understanding of the life cycle of the virus is required to develop more affordable treatments and to advance vaccine design. HCV entry presents both a challenge for scientific research and an opportunity for alternative intervention approaches, owning to its highly complex nature and the myriad of players involved. More than half a dozen cellular proteins are implicated in HCV entry; and a more definitive picture regarding the structures of the glycoproteins is emerging. A role of apolipoproteins in HCV entry has also been established. Still, major questions remain, and the answers to these, which we summarize in this review, will hopefully close the gaps in our understanding and complete the puzzle that is HCV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Ogden
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA ; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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33
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Lin LT, Chung CY, Hsu WC, Chang SP, Hung TC, Shields J, Russell RS, Lin CC, Li CF, Yen MH, Tyrrell DLJ, Lin CC, Richardson CD. Saikosaponin b2 is a naturally occurring terpenoid that efficiently inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. J Hepatol 2015; 62:541-8. [PMID: 25450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unavailable and cost-effective antivirals that prevent HCV infection and re-infection, such as in the transplant setting, do not exist. In a search for novel and economical prophylactic agents, we examined the antiviral activity of saikosaponins (SSa, SSb2, SSc, and SSd) from Bupleurum kaoi root (BK) as entry inhibitors against HCV infection. METHODS Infectious HCV culture systems were used to examine the effect of saikosaponins on the complete virus life cycle (entry, RNA replication/translation, and particle production). Antiviral activity against various HCV genotypes, clinical isolates, and infection of primary human hepatocytes were also evaluated. RESULTS BK and the saikosaponins potently inhibited HCV infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These natural agents targeted early steps of the viral life cycle, while leaving replication/translation, egress, and spread relatively unaffected. In particular, we identified SSb2 as an efficient inhibitor of early HCV entry, including neutralization of virus particles, preventing viral attachment, and inhibiting viral entry/fusion. Binding analysis, using soluble viral glycoproteins, demonstrated that SSb2 acted on HCV E2. Moreover, SSb2 inhibited infection by several genotypic strains and prevented binding of serum-derived HCV onto hepatoma cells. Finally, treatment with the compound blocked HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Due to its potency, SSb2 may be of value for development as an antagonist of HCV entry and could be explored as prophylactic treatment during the course of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Yao Chung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chan Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Pang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Hung
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Justin Shields
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Chih-Chan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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34
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Resistance to hepatitis C virus: potential genetic and immunological determinants. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:451-60. [PMID: 25703062 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of individuals who were highly exposed but seronegative (HESN) for HIV infection led to the discovery that homozygosity for the Δ32 deletion mutation in the CCR5 gene prevents viral entry into target cells, and is associated with resistance to infection. Additionally, evidence for protective immunity has been noted in some HESN groups, such as sex workers in The Gambia. Population studies of individuals at high risk for hepatitis C virus infection suggest that an HESN phenotype exists. The body of evidence, which suggests that protective immunity allows clearance of hepatitis C virus without seroconversion is growing. Furthermore, proof-of-principle evidence from in-vitro studies shows that genetic polymorphisms can confer resistance to establishment of infection. This Review discusses the possibility that genetic mutations confer resistance against hepatitis C virus, and also explores evidence for protective immunity, including via genetically programmed variations in host responses. The data generally strengthens the notion that investigations of naturally arising polymorphisms within the hepatitis C virus interactome, and genetic association studies of well characterised HESN individuals, could identify potential targets for vaccine design and inform novel therapies.
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Chou ML, Burnouf T, Chang SP, Hung TC, Lin CC, Richardson CD, Lin LT. TnBP⁄Triton X-45 treatment of plasma for transfusion efficiently inactivates hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117800. [PMID: 25658612 PMCID: PMC4320006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by clinical plasma remains high in countries with a high prevalence of hepatitis C, justifying the implementation of viral inactivation treatments. In this study, we assessed the extent of inactivation of HCV during minipool solvent/detergent (SD; 1% TnBP / 1% Triton X-45) treatment of human plasma. Luciferase-tagged infectious cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) particles were used to spike human plasma prior to treatment by SD at 31 ± 0.5°C for 30 min. Samples were taken before and after SD treatment and filtered on a Sep-Pak Plus C18 cartridge to remove the SD agents. Risk of cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT cell viability assay. Viral infectivity was analyzed based on the luciferase signals, 50% tissue culture infectious dose viral titer, and immunofluorescence staining for HCV NS5A protein. Total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride contents were determined before and after SD treatment and C18 cartridge filtration. Binding analysis, using patient-derived HCV clinical isolates, was also examined to validate the efficacy of the inactivation by SD. SD treatment effectively inactivated HCVcc within 30 min, as demonstrated by the baseline level of reporter signals, total loss of viral infectivity, and absence of viral protein NS5A. SD specifically targeted HCV particles to render them inactive, with essentially no effect on plasma protein content and hemostatic function. More importantly, the efficacy of the SD inactivation method was confirmed against various genotypes of patient-derived HCV clinical isolates and against HCVcc infection of primary human hepatocytes. Therefore, treatment by 1% TnBP / 1% Triton X-45 at 31°C is highly efficient to inactivate HCV in plasma for transfusion, showing its capacity to enhance the safety of therapeutic plasma products. We propose that the methodology used here to study HCV infectivity can be valuable in the validation of viral inactivation and removal processes of human plasma-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Pang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Hung
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Christopher D. Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Levin A, Neufeldt CJ, Pang D, Wilson K, Loewen-Dobler D, Joyce MA, Wozniak RW, Tyrrell DLJ. Functional characterization of nuclear localization and export signals in hepatitis C virus proteins and their role in the membranous web. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114629. [PMID: 25485706 PMCID: PMC4259358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive strand RNA virus of the Flavivirus family that replicates in the cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes. Previously, several nuclear localization signals (NLS) and nuclear export signals (NES) have been identified in HCV proteins, however, there is little evidence that these proteins travel into the nucleus during infection. We have recently shown that nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins (termed nucleoporins or Nups) are present in the membranous web and are required during HCV infection. In this study, we identify a total of 11 NLS and NES sequences in various HCV proteins. We show direct interactions between HCV proteins and importin α5 (IPOA5/kapα1), importin β3 (IPO5/kap β3), and exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) both in-vitro and in cell culture. These interactions can be disrupted using peptides containing the specific NLS or NES sequences of HCV proteins. Moreover, using a synchronized infection system, we show that these peptides inhibit HCV infection during distinct phases of the HCV life cycle. The inhibitory effects of these peptides place them in two groups. The first group binds IPOA5 and inhibits infection during the replication stage of HCV life cycle. The second group binds IPO5 and is active during both early replication and early assembly. This work delineates the entire life cycle of HCV and the active involvement of NLS sequences during HCV replication and assembly. Given the abundance of NLS sequences within HCV proteins, our previous finding that Nups play a role in HCV infection, and the relocation of the NLS double-GFP reporter in HCV infected cells, this work supports our previous hypothesis that NPC-like structures and nuclear transport factors function in the membranous web to create an environment conducive to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Levin
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (AL); (RWW); (DLJT)
| | | | - Daniel Pang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristen Wilson
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darci Loewen-Dobler
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A. Joyce
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard W. Wozniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (AL); (RWW); (DLJT)
| | - D. Lorne J Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (AL); (RWW); (DLJT)
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is curable by therapy. The antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C has been based for decades on the use of interferon (IFN)-α, combined with ribavirin. More recently, new therapeutic approaches that target essential components of the HCV life cycle have been developed, including direct-acting antiviral (DAA) and host-targeted agents (HTA). A new standard-of-care treatment has been approved in 2011 for patients infected with HCV genotype 1, based on a triple combination of pegylated IFN-α, ribavirin, and either telaprevir or boceprevir, two inhibitors of the HCV protease. New triple and quadruple combination therapies including pegylated IFN-α, ribavirin, and one or two DAAs/HTAs, respectively, are currently being evaluated in Phase II and III clinical trials. In addition, various options for all-oral, IFN-free regimens are currently being evaluated. This chapter describes the characteristics of the different drugs used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and those currently in development and provides an overview of the current and future standard-of-care treatments of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and D, Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.
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Douam F, Dao Thi VL, Maurin G, Fresquet J, Mompelat D, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. Critical interaction between E1 and E2 glycoproteins determines binding and fusion properties of hepatitis C virus during cell entry. Hepatology 2014; 59:776-88. [PMID: 24038151 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are important mediators for productive cell entry. However, knowledge about their structure, intra- or intermolecular dialogs, and conformational changes is scarce, limiting the design of therapeutic strategies targeting E1E2. Here we sought to investigate how certain domains of E1 and E2 have coevolved to optimize their interactions to promote efficient HCV entry. For this purpose we generated chimeric E1E2 heterodimers derived from two HCV 1a strains to identify and characterize crosstalk between their domains. We found an E1E2 combination that drastically impaired the infectivity of cell culture-derived HCV particles, whereas the reciprocal E1E2 combination led to increased infectivity. Using HCV pseudoparticle assays, we confirmed the opposing entry phenotypes of these heterodimers. By mutagenesis analysis, we identified a particular crosstalk between three amino acids of E1 and the domain III of E2. Its modulation leads to either a full restoration of the functionality of the suboptimal heterodimer or a destabilization of the functional heterodimer. Interestingly, we found that this crosstalk modulates E1E2 binding to HCV entry receptors SR-BI and CD81. In addition, we found for the first time that E1E2 complexes can interact with the first extracellular loop of Claudin-1, whereas soluble E2 did not. These results highlight the critical role of E1 in the modulation of HCV binding to receptors. Finally, we demonstrated that this crosstalk is involved in membrane fusion. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a multifunctional and crucial interaction between E1 and E2 for HCV entry into cells. Our study highlights the role of E1 as a modulator of HCV binding to receptors and membrane fusion, underlining its potential as an antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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CD81-receptor associations--impact for hepatitis C virus entry and antiviral therapies. Viruses 2014; 6:875-92. [PMID: 24553110 PMCID: PMC3939486 DOI: 10.3390/v6020875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are integral transmembrane proteins organized in microdomains displaying specific and direct interactions with other tetraspanins and molecular partners. Among them, CD81 has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. CD81 also plays a crucial role in pathogen entry into host cells, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes. HCV is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV entry into hepatocytes is a complex process that requires the coordinated interaction of viral and host factors for the initiation of infection, including CD81, scavenger receptor BI, claudin-1, occludin, membrane-bound host cell kinases, Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRas), CD63 and transferrin receptor 1. Furthermore, recent data in HCV model systems have demonstrated that targeting critical components of tetraspanins and associated cell membrane proteins open new avenues to prevent and treat viral infection.
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40
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Fénéant L, Levy S, Cocquerel L. CD81 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Viruses 2014; 6:535-72. [PMID: 24509809 PMCID: PMC3939471 DOI: 10.3390/v6020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a global public health problem affecting over 160 million individuals worldwide. Its symptoms include chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus mainly targeting liver cells and for which the initiation of infection occurs through a complex multistep process involving a series of specific cellular entry factors. This process is likely mediated through the formation of a tightly orchestrated complex of HCV entry factors at the plasma membrane. Among HCV entry factors, the tetraspanin CD81 is one of the best characterized and it is undoubtedly a key player in the HCV lifecycle. In this review, we detail the current knowledge on the involvement of CD81 in the HCV lifecycle, as well as in the immune response to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fénéant
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, CCSR, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which HCV infects hepatocytes and replicates has been paramount for identifying therapeutic targets and developing the highly efficacious antiviral drugs from which we benefit today. The earliest stage of HCV infection is viral entry, a process in which a complex interplay is thought to occur between host molecules (including glycosaminoglycans, low-density lipoprotein receptor, CD81, SR-B1, CLDN1, OCLN, EGF receptor, ephrin type A receptor 2 and transferrin receptor 1) and envelope viral glycoproteins E1 and E2. The wealth of experimental data produced in the field of HCV entry is summarized in a proposed mechanism, updated to include the most recently published data on the topic. Compounds with putative entry-blocking and/or entry-inhibiting activity in vitro and in vivo are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Bocchetta
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Emma Burlone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Hypervariable region 1 deletion and required adaptive envelope mutations confer decreased dependency on scavenger receptor class B type I and low-density lipoprotein receptor for hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2013; 88:1725-39. [PMID: 24257605 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02017-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of envelope protein 2 (E2) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) serves important yet undefined roles in the viral life cycle. We previously showed that the viability of HVR1-deleted JFH1-based recombinants with Core-NS2 of H77 (H77(ΔHVR1), genotype 1a) and S52 (S52(ΔHVR1), genotype 3a) in Huh7.5 cells was rescued by E2 substitutions N476D/S733F and an E1 substitution, A369V, respectively; HVR1-deleted J6 (J6(ΔHVR1), genotype 2a) was fully viable. In single-cycle production assays, where HCV RNA was transfected into entry-deficient Huh7-derived S29 cells with low CD81 expression, we found no effect of HVR1 deletion on replication or particle release for H77 and S52. HCV pseudoparticle assays in Huh7.5 cells showed that HVR1 deletion decreased entry by 20- to 100-fold for H77, J6, and S52; N476D/S733F restored entry for H77(ΔHVR1), while A369V further impaired S52(ΔHVR1) entry. We investigated receptor usage by antibody blocking and receptor silencing in Huh7.5 cells, followed by inoculation of parental and HVR1-deleted HCV recombinants. Compared to parental viruses, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) dependency was decreased for H77(ΔHVR1/N476D/S733F), H77(N476D/S733F), S52(ΔHVR1/A369V), and S52(A369V), but not for J6(ΔHVR1). Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) dependency was decreased for HVR1-deleted viruses, but not for H77(N476D/S733F) and S52(A369V). Soluble LDLr neutralization revealed strong inhibition of parental HCV but limited effect against HVR1-deleted viruses. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-specific HCV neutralization was similar for H77, J6, and S52 viruses with and without HVR1. In conclusion, HVR1 and HVR1-related adaptive envelope mutations appeared to be involved in LDLr and SR-BI dependency, respectively. Also, LDLr served ApoE-independent but HVR1-dependent functions in HCV entry.
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Bush CO, Pokrovskii MV, Saito R, Morganelli P, Canales E, Clarke MO, Lazerwith SE, Golde J, Reid BG, Babaoglu K, Pagratis N, Zhong W, Delaney WE, Paulson MS, Beran RKF. A small-molecule inhibitor of hepatitis C virus infectivity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:386-96. [PMID: 24165192 PMCID: PMC3910743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02083-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging goals of hepatitis C virus (HCV) research is to develop well-tolerated regimens with high cure rates across a variety of patient populations. Such a regimen will likely require a combination of at least two distinct direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Combining two or more DAAs with different resistance profiles increases the number of mutations required for viral breakthrough. Currently, most DAAs inhibit HCV replication. We recently reported that the combination of two distinct classes of HCV inhibitors, entry inhibitors and replication inhibitors, prolonged reductions in extracellular HCV in persistently infected cells. We therefore sought to identify new inhibitors targeting aspects of the HCV replication cycle other than RNA replication. We report here the discovery of the first small-molecule HCV infectivity inhibitor, GS-563253, also called HCV infectivity inhibitor 1 (HCV II-1). HCV II-1 is a substituted tetrahydroquinoline that selectively inhibits genotype 1 and 2 HCVs with low-nanomolar 50% effective concentrations. It was identified through a high-throughput screen and subsequent chemical optimization. HCV II-1 only permits the production and release of noninfectious HCV particles from cells. Moreover, infectious HCV is rapidly inactivated in its presence. HCV II-1 resistance mutations map to HCV E2. In addition, HCV-II prevents HCV endosomal fusion, suggesting that it either locks the viral envelope in its prefusion state or promotes a viral envelope conformation change incapable of fusion. Importantly, the discovery of HCV II-1 opens up a new class of HCV inhibitors that prolong viral suppression by HCV replication inhibitors in persistently infected cell cultures.
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Zhou X, Zeng Y, Li J, Guo Y, Fu Y, He J, Sun S, Zhou Y. A novel helper-dependent adenovirus-based cell culture model for Hepatitis C virus replication and production. Virol J 2013; 10:273. [PMID: 23987099 PMCID: PMC3765914 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background By using the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2a JFH-1 or its chimeric strains, a HCV infection system has been previously developed through several methods– such as in vitro-transcribed JFH1-RNA transfection or stable transfection of the JFH1 cDNA into human hepatoma Huh-7 cell line or its derivatives. However, other reliable methods for delivery of the HCV genome into cells are still worth trying. The helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) is devoid of all viral coding sequences and has a package capacity of 37 kb, which is suitably large for the delivery of the HCV genome. Here we report a new method for delivery of the HCV genome into Huh-7 and HepG2 cells by using the HDAd vector. Results Our results demonstrated that the infection of Huh-7 cells with the HDAdJFH1 virus led to efficient HCV replication and virion production. We found that the HCV viral RNA levels could reach 107 copies per milliliter (ml) in the culture medium. HDAdJFH1-infected Huh-7 cells could be cultured for 8 passages with the culture medium remaining infectious for naïve Huh-7 cells throughout this period. This infection system proved effective for evaluating the anti-HCV effects of IFN-α in Huh-7 cells. Co-infection of HepG2 cells with the HDAdJFH1 and HDAdmiR-122 virus also resulted in HCV expression and replication. Conclusion This is the first report of an HDAd-based strategy for HCV replication and production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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45
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Cross-linking of CD81 by HCV-E2 protein inhibits human intrahepatic plasmacytoid dendritic cells response to CpG-ODN. Cell Immunol 2013; 284:98-103. [PMID: 23954883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are reported to be defective in HCV-infected patients, the mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. We isolated liver derived mononuclear cells (LMNCs) and pDCs from normal liver tissues of benign tumor dissections and liver transplant donors. Isolated pDCs and LMNCs were cultured with precoated HCV envelop protein E2 (HCV-E2) or anti-CD81 mAb in the presence of CpG-ODN. Our results show that cross-linking of CD81 by either HCV-E2 or anti-CD81 mAb inhibits IFN-α secretion in CpG-induced pDCs; down-regulates HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 expression in pDCs; and suppresses CpG-ODN induced proliferation and survival of pDCs. The blockade of CD81 by soluble anti-CD81 antibody restores pDCs response to CpG-ODN. These results suggest that HCV E2 protein interacts with CD81 to inhibit pDC maturation, activation, and IFN-α production, and may thereby contribute to the impaired innate anti-viral immune response in HCV infection.
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46
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Omran MH, Nabil W, Youssef SS, El-Sayed M, El Awady MK. Heterogeneity and new epitopes of hepatitis C virus genotype 4. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e10521. [PMID: 24130599 PMCID: PMC3796197 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was found to have a major role in human liver disease by its ability to face the host-cell defenses and the immune system. Heterogeneity of HCV was the key for its adaptation to its host and represented a significant hurdle for the development of both effective vaccines as well as for novel therapeutic interventions. OBJECTIVES Due to the heterogeneity of HCV virus because of both high replication and high mutation rate in vivo, this study was conducted to analyze different isolates of Egyptian patients of genotype 4, of the most mutant regions of the virus (E1 and E2) as they played an important role in viral persistence by escaping from the immune system of the host body. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted through PCR amplification of E1 and E2 regions, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, calculating synonyms and non-synonyms substitutions, finding the possible glycosylation sites and different epitope domains. RESULTS The present work figured out that the heterogeneity of the quasispecies of our local strains 4a was high showing up 15% diversity. This study also showed four glycosylation sites that play an important role in the entry of the virus and protein folding. Besides, different epitpoes were identified in different regions of the E1 and E2 domains; a finding which would help in determining the neutralizing and non- neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS This study would help in understanding the driving forces of genetic diversity and would be fundamental for representing potential candidate targets for antibodies and the development of vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza H. Omran
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author: Moataza H. Omran, Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo, Egypt. Tel: +20-1223735450, Fax: +20-233370931, E-mail: ,
| | - Wael Nabil
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S. Youssef
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa K. El Awady
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang X, Sang M, Ho W. Hepatic stellate cells, liver innate immunity, and hepatitis C virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:112-5. [PMID: 23855305 PMCID: PMC3937257 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can cause liver damage, ranging from mild to more severe conditions, such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a key event in HCV-induced liver fibrosis. HSCs express several HCV coreceptors that interact with HCV proteins, promoting liver fibrogenesis. In addition, HSCs have the ability to engulf apoptotic bodies of hepatocytes induced by HCV and trigger a profibrogenic response. Recent studies have suggested that HSCs may play a novel role in the liver innate immunity. HSCs enhanced differentiation and accumulation of regulatory T cells. HSCs-activated natural killer cells could produce γ-interferon that inhibits HCV replication. Importantly, HSCs possess functional Toll-like receptor-3 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I that can be activated by their ligands (poly I :C, 5'ppp-dsRNA), leading to the induction of interferon and inhibition of HCV replication in hepatocytes. These new observations highlight the importance of HSCs in liver immunity against HCV, which is the focus of this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Wang
- The Center for Animal Experiment and ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, China,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jieliang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Min Sang
- The Center for Animal Experiment and ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- The Center for Animal Experiment and ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, China,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Hepatitis C viral entry inhibitors prolong viral suppression by replication inhibitors in persistently-infected Huh7 cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65273. [PMID: 23755208 PMCID: PMC3670904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to treat HCV patients are focused on developing antiviral combinations that lead to the eradication of infection. Thus, it is important to identify optimal combinations from the various viral inhibitor classes. Based on viral dynamic models, HCV entry inhibitors are predicted to reduce viral load in a monophasic manner reflecting the slow death rate of infected hepatocytes (t1/2 = 2–70 days) and the protection of naïve, un-infected cells from HCV infection. In contrast, replication inhibitors are predicted to reduce viral load in a biphasic manner. The initial rapid reduction phase is due to the inhibition of virus production and elimination of plasma virus (t1/2∼3 hours). The second, slower reduction phase results from the elimination of infected hepatocytes. Here we sought to compare the ability of HCV entry and replication inhibitors as well as combinations thereof to reduce HCV infection in persistently-infected Huh7 cells. Treatment with 5×EC50 of entry inhibitors anti-CD81 Ab or EI-1 resulted in modest (≤1 log10 RNA copies/ml), monophasic declines in viral levels during 3 weeks of treatment. In contrast, treatment with 5×EC50 of the replication inhibitors BILN-2016 or BMS-790052 reduced extracellular virus levels more potently (∼2 log10 RNA copies/ml) over time in a biphasic manner. However, this was followed by a slow rise to steady-state virus levels due to the emergence of resistance mutations. Combining an entry inhibitor with a replication inhibitor did not substantially enhance the rate of virus reduction. However, entry/replication inhibitor and replication/replication inhibitor combinations reduced viral levels further than monotherapies (up to 3 log10 RNA copies/ml) and prolonged this reduction relative to monotherapies. Our results demonstrated that HCV entry inhibitors combined with replication inhibitors can prolong antiviral suppression, likely due to the delay of viral resistance emergence.
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Sarhan MA, Chen AY, Michalak TI. Differential expression of candidate virus receptors in human T lymphocytes prone or resistant to infection with patient-derived hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62159. [PMID: 23626783 PMCID: PMC3633843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence implies that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects not only the liver but also the immune system. A lymphocyte-specific CD5 molecule was recently identified as essential for infection of T cells with native, patient-derived HCV. To assess whether the proposed hepatocyte receptors may also contribute to HCV lymphotropism, expression of scavenger receptor-class B type 1 (SR-B1), claudin-1 (CLDN-1), claudin-6 (CLDN-6), occludin (OCLN), CD5 and CD81 was examined by real-time RT-PCR and the respective proteins quantified by immunoblotting in HCV-prone and resistant T cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), primary T cells and their subsets, and compared to hepatoma Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells. SR-B1 protein was found in T and hepatoma cell lines but not in PBMC or primary T lymphocytes, CLDN-1 in HCV-resistant PM1 T cell line and hepatoma cells only, while CLDN-6 equally in the cells investigated. OCLN protein occurred in HCV-susceptible Molt4 and Jurkat T cells and its traces in primary T cells, but not in PBMC. CD5 was displayed by HCV-prone T cell lines, primary T cells and PBMC, but not by non-susceptible T and hepatoma cell lines, while CD81 in all cell types except HepG2. Knocking-down OCLN in virus-prone T cell line inhibited HCV infection, while de novo infection downregulated OCLN and CD81, and upregulated CD5 without modifying SR-B1 expression. Overall, while no association between SR-B1, CLDN-1 or CLDN-6 and the susceptibility to HCV was found, CD5 and CD81 expression coincided with virus lymphotropism and that of OCLN with permissiveness of T cell lines but unlikely primary T cells. This study narrowed the range of factors potentially utilized by HCV to infect T lymphocytes amongst those uncovered using laboratory HCV and Huh7.5 cells. Together with the demonstrated role for CD5 in HCV lymphotropism, the findings indicate that virus utilizes different molecules to enter hepatocytes and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Sarhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Annie Y. Chen
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Tomasz I. Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Temporal analysis of hepatitis C virus cell entry with occludin directed blocking antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003244. [PMID: 23555257 PMCID: PMC3605286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. A better understanding of its life cycle, including the process of host cell entry, is important for the development of HCV therapies and model systems. Based on the requirement for numerous host factors, including the two tight junction proteins claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN), HCV cell entry has been proposed to be a multi-step process. The lack of OCLN-specific inhibitors has prevented a comprehensive analysis of this process. To study the role of OCLN in HCV cell entry, we created OCLN mutants whose HCV cell entry activities could be inhibited by antibodies. These mutants were expressed in polarized HepG2 cells engineered to support the complete HCV life cycle by CD81 and miR-122 expression and synchronized infection assays were performed to define the kinetics of HCV cell entry. During these studies, OCLN utilization differences between HCV isolates were observed, supporting a model that HCV directly interacts with OCLN. In HepG2 cells, both HCV cell entry and tight junction formation were impaired by OCLN silencing and restored by expression of antibody regulatable OCLN mutant. Synchronized infection assays showed that glycosaminoglycans and SR-BI mediated host cell binding, while CD81, CLDN1 and OCLN all acted sequentially at a post-binding stage prior to endosomal acidification. These results fit a model where the tight junction region is the last to be encountered by the virion prior to internalization. HCV is a serious public health problem. Although new treatments have recently become available, it is clear that effective therapies will require combinations of inhibitors targeting diverse stages of the viral life cycle. While the HCV cell entry process is considered a suitable antiviral target, a lack of understanding of this process has hampered the development of inhibitors. It is widely accepted that HCV cell entry requires many cellular proteins that are used in a nonredundant and sequential manner. However, a critical piece of information supporting this model – the determination of when OCLN is used during this process – could not be addressed due to a lack of reagents that specifically target this protein. In this study, we derive mutant OCLN proteins whose HCV cell entry activity can be blocked by incubation with an antibody. These mutants allowed us to show that OCLN is used very late in the HCV cell entry process, which fits a model in which tight junction components are required later in the process than more exposed factors. Furthermore, our studies suggest that HCV virions may interact directly with OCLN, which has thus far not been demonstrated experimentally.
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