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Lin J, MacCormack JK, Boker SM, Coan JA, Stanton SCE. The role of perceived negative partner behavior in daily snacking behavior: A dynamical systems approach. Appetite 2024; 199:107393. [PMID: 38705518 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Past work suggested that psychological stress, especially in the context of relationship stress, is associated with increased consumption of energy-dense food and when maintained for long periods of time, leads to adverse health consequences. Furthermore, this association is moderated by a variety of factors, including emotional over-eating style. That being said, few work utilized a dynamical system approach to understand the intraindividual and interindividual fluctuations within this process. The current study utilized a 14-day daily diary study, collected between January-March 2020, where participants reported their partner's negative relationship behavior and their own snacking behavior. A differential equation model was applied to the daily dairy data collected. Results showed that snacking behavior followed an undamped oscillator model while negative relationship behavior followed a damped coupled oscillator model. In other words, snacking behavior fluctuated around an equilibrium but was not coupled within dyadic partners. Negative relationship behavior fluctuated around an equilibrium and was amplified over time, coupled within dyadic partners. Furthermore, we found a two-fold association between negative relationship behavior and snacking: while the association between the displacement of negative relationship behavior and snacking was negative, change in negative relationship behavior and snacking were aligned. Thus, at any given time, one's snacking depends both on the amount of negative relationship behaviors one perceives and the dynamical state a dyad is engaging in (i.e., whether the negative relationship behavior is "exacerbating" or "resolving"). This former association was moderated by emotional over-eating style and the latter association was not. The current findings highlight the importance of examining dynamics within dyadic system and offers empirical and methodological insights for research in adult relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Lin
- University of Virginia, 485 McCormack Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, United States.
| | - Jennifer K MacCormack
- University of Virginia, 485 McCormack Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, United States
| | - Steven M Boker
- University of Virginia, 485 McCormack Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, United States
| | - James A Coan
- University of Virginia, 485 McCormack Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, United States
| | - Sarah C E Stanton
- University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Soliz-Rueda JR, Cuesta-Marti C, O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Muguerza B. Gut microbiota and eating behaviour in circadian syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00189-9. [PMID: 39095231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Eating behaviour and circadian rhythms are closely related. The type, timing, and quantity of food consumed, and host circadian rhythms, directly influence the intestinal microbiota, which in turn impacts host circadian rhythms and regulates food intake beyond homeostatic eating. This Opinion discusses the impact of food intake and circadian disruptions induced by an obesogenic environment on gut-brain axis signalling. We also explore potential mechanisms underlying the effects of altered gut microbiota on food intake behaviour and circadian rhythmicity. Understanding the crosstalk between gut microbiota, circadian rhythms, and unhealthy eating behaviour is crucial to addressing the obesity epidemic, which remains one of the biggest societal challenges of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Soliz-Rueda
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuesta-Marti
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Tarragona, Spain
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3
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Bengin E, Kırtepe A, Çınar V, Akbulut T, Russo L, Aydemir İ, Yücedal P, Aydın S, Migliaccio GM. Leptin, Ghrelin, Irisin, Asprosin and Subfatin Changes in Obese Women: Effect of Exercise and Different Nutrition Types. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1118. [PMID: 39064547 PMCID: PMC11279240 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In this study, the effects of a six-week training program and various diets on subfatin, asprosin, irisin, leptin, ghrelin and the lipid profile were investigated in overweight women. Materials and Methods: A total of 78 women voluntarily participated in the study. Groups: The study was divided into eight groups: Healthy Control, Obese Control, Obese + Vegetarian, Obese + Ketogenic, Obese + Intermittent Fasting, Obese + Exercise + Vegetarian, Obese + Exercise + Ketogenic and Obese + Exercise + Intermittent Fasting. While there was no intervention in the healthy and obese control groups, the other groups followed predetermined exercise and diet programs for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from the participants in the research group twice (before and after the interventions). An autoanalyzer was used to determine the lipid profile in the blood samples taken, and the ELISA method was used to analyze other parameters. Results: Overall, a significant difference was found in the values of weight, BMI, subfatin, ghrelin, leptin, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL as a result of the exercise and diet interventions (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in asprosin and irisin values (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, regular exercise and dietary interventions in obese women can regulate lipid profile, ghrelin, leptin and asprosin levels, and increasing irisin with exercise can activate lipid metabolism and support positive changes in lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bengin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty Sport Science, Firat University, Elazig 23200, Turkey;
| | - Abdurrahman Kırtepe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty Sport Science, Firat University, Elazig 23200, Turkey; (A.K.); (V.Ç.)
| | - Vedat Çınar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty Sport Science, Firat University, Elazig 23200, Turkey; (A.K.); (V.Ç.)
| | - Taner Akbulut
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty Sport Science, Firat University, Elazig 23200, Turkey;
| | - Luca Russo
- eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - İsa Aydemir
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Hakkari University, Hakkari 30100, Turkey;
| | - Polat Yücedal
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty Sport Science, Munzur University, Tunceli 62100, Turkey;
| | - Süleyman Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23200, Turkey;
| | - Gian Mario Migliaccio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Rome Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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4
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Chen SY, Huang YN, Lin JA, Yen GC. Effect of Indian gooseberry extract on improving methylglyoxal-associated leptin resistance in peripheral tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats. J Food Drug Anal 2024; 32:54-64. [PMID: 38526590 PMCID: PMC10962648 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased leptin resistance and methylglyoxal (MG) levels are observed in obese patients. However, whether MG deposits contribute to leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in peripheral tissues remains unclear. In addition, the edible fruit of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) contains abundant bioactive components such as vitamin C, β-glucogallin (β-glu), gallic acid (GA), and ellagic acid (EA). Water extract of Indian gooseberry fruit (WEIG) and GA has been shown to improve cognitive decline by suppressing brain MG-induced insulin resistance in rats administered a high-fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, this study investigated the functions of WEIG and GA in inhibiting MG-induced leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the peripheral tissues of HFD-fed rats. The results showed that MG, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and leptin resistance accumulation in the liver, kidney, and perinephric fat were effectively restored by elevated glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) activity after WEIG and GA administration comparable to that of alagebrium chloride (positive control) treatment in HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, WEIG and GA supplementation increased adiponectin and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the peripheral tissues of HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that MG may trigger leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in peripheral tissues, which could be abolished by WEIG and GA treatment. These results show the potential of P. emblica for functional food development and improving obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan
| | - Yue-Ning Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan
| | - Jer-An Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan
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Moazzami K, Pearce BD, Gurel NZ, Wittbrodt MT, Levantsevych OM, Huang M, Shandhi MMH, Herring I, Murrah N, Driggers E, Alkhalaf ML, Soudan M, Shallenberger L, Hankus AN, Nye JA, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Bremner JD. Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation modulates stress-induced plasma ghrelin levels: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2023; 342:85-90. [PMID: 37714385 PMCID: PMC10698687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) has emerged as a potential treatment strategy for patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin is a hormone that has been postulated to be a biomarker of stress. While the mechanisms of action of tcVNS are unclear, we hypothesized that tcVNS reduces the levels of ghrelin in response to stress. METHODS Using a randomized double-blind approach, we studied the effects of tcVNS on ghrelin levels in individuals with a history of exposure to traumatic stress. Participants received either sham (n = 29) or active tcVNS (n = 26) after exposure to acute personalized traumatic script stress and mental stress challenges (public speech, mental arithmetic) over a three day period. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the levels of ghrelin between the tcVNS and sham stimulation groups at either baseline or in the absence of trauma scripts. However, tcVNS in conjunction with personalized traumatic scripts resulted in lower ghrelin levels compared to the sham stimulation group (265.2 ± 143.6 pg/ml vs 478.7 ± 349.2 pg/ml, P = 0.01). Additionally, after completing the public speaking and mental arithmetic tests, ghrelin levels were found to be lower in the group receiving tcVNS compared to the sham group (293.3 ± 102.4 pg/ml vs 540.3 ± 203.9 pg/ml, P = 0.009). LIMITATIONS Timing of ghrelin measurements, and stimulation of only left vagus nerve. CONCLUSION tcVNS decreases ghrelin levels in response to various stressful stimuli. These findings are consistent with a growing literature that tcVNS modulates hormonal and autonomic responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moazzami
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Bradley D Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nil Z Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Oleksiy M Levantsevych
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Minxuan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Md Mobashir H Shandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Isaias Herring
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Emily Driggers
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - MhmtJamil L Alkhalaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Majd Soudan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Allison N Hankus
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amit J Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
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6
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Isherwood CM, Robertson MD, Skene DJ, Johnston JD. Daily rhythms of diabetogenic factors in men: role of type 2 diabetes and body weight. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230064. [PMID: 37855336 PMCID: PMC10620456 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. Transition from obesity to type 2 diabetes manifests in the dysregulation of hormones controlling glucose homeostasis and inflammation. As metabolism is a dynamic process that changes across 24 h, we assessed diurnal rhythmicity in a panel of 10 diabetes-related hormones. Plasma hormones were analysed every 2 h over 24 h in a controlled laboratory study with hourly isocaloric drinks during wake. To separate effects of body mass from type 2 diabetes, we recruited three groups of middle-aged men: an overweight (OW) group with type 2 diabetes and two control groups (lean and OW). Average daily concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerol and all the hormones except visfatin were significantly higher in the OW group compared to the lean group (P < 0.001). In type 2 diabetes, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 increased further (P < 0.05), whereas triacylglycerol, ghrelin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were significantly lower compared to the OW group (P < 0.001). Insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and leptin exhibited significant diurnal rhythms in all study groups (P < 0.05). Other hormones were only rhythmic in 1 or 2 groups. In every group, hormones associated with glucose regulation (insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, ghrelin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), triacylglycerol and glucose peaked in the afternoon, whereas glucagon and hormones associated with appetite and inflammation peaked at night. Thus being OW with or without type 2 diabetes significantly affected hormone concentrations but did not affect the timing of the hormonal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Isherwood
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M Denise Robertson
- Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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7
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Civelek E, Ozturk Civelek D, Akyel YK, Kaleli Durman D, Okyar A. Circadian Dysfunction in Adipose Tissue: Chronotherapy in Metabolic Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1077. [PMID: 37626963 PMCID: PMC10452180 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Essential for survival and reproduction, the circadian timing system (CTS) regulates adaptation to cyclical changes such as the light/dark cycle, temperature change, and food availability. The regulation of energy homeostasis possesses rhythmic properties that correspond to constantly fluctuating needs for energy production and consumption. Adipose tissue is mainly responsible for energy storage and, thus, operates as one of the principal components of energy homeostasis regulation. In accordance with its roles in energy homeostasis, alterations in adipose tissue's physiological processes are associated with numerous pathologies, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These alterations also include changes in circadian rhythm. In the current review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding the circadian rhythmicity of adipogenesis, lipolysis, adipokine secretion, browning, and non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue and to evaluate possible links between those alterations and metabolic diseases. Based on this evaluation, potential therapeutic approaches, as well as clock genes as potential therapeutic targets, are also discussed in the context of chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Dilek Ozturk Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Deniz Kaleli Durman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
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8
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Bijnens S, Depoortere I. Controlled light exposure and intermittent fasting as treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome and gut microbiome dysregulation in night shift workers. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114103. [PMID: 36731762 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clocks are entrained by environmental time cues, such as the light-dark cycle and the feeding-fasting cycle. In modern society, circadian misalignment is increasingly more common under the guise of shift work. Shift workers, accounting for roughly 20% of the workforce population, are more susceptible to metabolic disease. Exposure to artificial light at night and eating at inappropriate times of the day uncouples the central and peripheral circadian clocks. This internal circadian desynchrony is believed to be one of the culprits leading to metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss how alterations in the rhythm of gut microbiota and their metabolites during chronodisruption send conflicting signals to the host, which may ultimately contribute to disturbed metabolic processes. We propose two behavioral interventions to improve health in shift workers. Firstly, by carefully timing the moments of exposure to blue light, and hence shifting the melatonin peak, to improve sleep quality of daytime sleeping episodes. Secondly, by timing the daily time window of caloric intake to the biological morning, to properly align the feeding-fasting cycle with the light-dark cycle and to reduce the risk of metabolic disease. These interventions can be a first step in reducing the worldwide burden of health problems associated with shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bijnens
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Aukan MI, Coutinho S, Pedersen SA, Simpson MR, Martins C. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13531. [PMID: 36416279 PMCID: PMC10078575 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Andre Pedersen
- Library Section for Research Support, Data and Analysis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Lagunes-Cruz A, González-González S, García-Aviles JE, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Mendez-Hernández R, Chavarría-Krauser A, Morin JP, Arriaga-Avila V, Buijs RM, Guevara-Guzmán R. Circadian modulation of microglial physiological processes and immune responses. Glia 2023; 71:155-167. [PMID: 35971989 PMCID: PMC10087862 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is considered the central nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages that establish an innate immune response against pathogens and toxins. However, the recent studies have shown that microglial gene and protein expression follows a circadian pattern; several immune activation markers and clock genes are expressed rhythmically without the need for an immune stimulus. Furthermore, microglia responds to an immune challenge with different magnitudes depending on the time of the day. This review examines the circadian control of microglia function and the possible physiological implications. For example, we discuss that synaptic prune is performed in the cortex at a certain moment of the day. We also consider the implications of daily microglial function for maintaining biological rhythms like general activity, body temperature, and food intake. We conclude that the developmental stage, brain region, and pathological state are not the only factors to consider for the evaluation of microglial functions; instead, emerging evidence indicates that circadian time as an essential aspect for a better understanding of the role of microglia in CNS physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Lagunes-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Shellye González-González
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Enrique García-Aviles
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Rebeca Mendez-Hernández
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría-Krauser
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pascal Morin
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Virginia Arriaga-Avila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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11
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are natural rhythms that widely exist in all creatures, and regulate the processes and physiological functions of various biochemical reactions. The circadian clock is critical for cancer occurrence and progression. Its function is regulated by metabolic activities, and the expression and transcription of various genes. This review summarizes the composition of the circadian clock; the biological basis for its function; its relationship with, and mechanisms in, cancer; its various functions in different cancers; the effects of anti-tumor treatment; and potential therapeutic targets. Research in this area is expected to advance understanding of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) in tumor diseases, and contribute to the development of new anti-tumor treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chenliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jian Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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12
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Islam S, Islam T, Nahar Z, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Altered serum adiponectin and interleukin-8 levels are associated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: A case-control study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276619. [PMID: 36409748 PMCID: PMC9678262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental health condition that results in several obstacles including disabilities, loss of productivity, and economic burdens on both patients and society. Etiopathogenesis of MDD involves several factors such as sociodemographic, genetic, and biological determinants. However, any suitable biomarkers for risk assessment of depression have not been established yet. Alterations of cytokine are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology and severity of the depressive disorder. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum adiponectin and interleukin-8 (IL-8) among MDD patients in Bangladesh. METHODS We recruited a total of 63 MDD patients and 94 age-sex matched healthy controls (HCs) in the present study. MDD patients were enrolled from a tertiary care teaching hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and HCs from surrounding parts of Dhaka city. A psychiatrist assessed all the study participants following the criteria mentioned in the DSM-5. We applied the Hamilton depression (Ham-D) rating scale to assess the depression severity. Serum adiponectin and IL-8 levels were determined using ELISA kits (BosterBio, USA). RESULTS The mean serum concentration of adiponectin was decreased (30.67±4.43 μg/mL vs. 53.81±5.37 μg/mL), and the IL-8 level was increased (160.93±14.84 pg/mL vs. 88.68±6.33 pg/mL) in MDD patients compared to HCs. Sex-specific scatters plot graphs showed the distribution of adiponectin and IL-8 levels with Ham-D scores in MDD patients. Also, ROC curve analysis demonstrated good predictive performances of serum adiponectin and IL-8 for MDD with the area under the curve (AUC) as 0.895 and 0.806, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study findings suggest that alterations of serum adiponectin and IL-8 levels in MDD patients might be involved in the disease process. Therefore, we can use these changes of cytokines in serum levels as early risk assessment tools for depression. The present study findings should be considered preliminary. We propose further interventional studies to evaluate the exact role of adiponectin and IL-8 in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabil Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Towhidul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zabun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wada T, Yamamoto Y, Takasugi Y, Ishii H, Uchiyama T, Saitoh K, Suzuki M, Uchiyama M, Yoshitane H, Fukada Y, Shimba S. Adiponectin regulates the circadian rhythm of glucose and lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol 2022; 254:121-133. [PMID: 35662074 PMCID: PMC9354065 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a cytokine secreted from adipocytes and regulates metabolism. Although serum adiponectin levels show diurnal variations, it is not clear if the effects of adiponectin are time-dependent. Therefore, this study conducted locomotor activity analyses and various metabolic studies using the adiponectin knockout (APN (-/-)) and the APN (+/+) mice to understand whether adiponectin regulates the circadian rhythm of glucose and lipid metabolism. We observed that the adiponectin gene deficiency does not affect the rhythmicity of core circadian clock genes expression in several peripheral tissues. In contrast, the adiponectin gene deficiency alters the circadian rhythms of liver and serum lipid levels and results in the loss of the time dependency of very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride secretion from the liver. In addition, the whole-body glucose tolerance of the APN (-/-) mice was normal at CT10 but reduced at CT22, compared to the APN (+/+) mice. The decreased glucose tolerance at CT22 was associated with insulin hyposecretion in vivo. In contrast, the gluconeogenesis activity was higher in the APN (-/-) mice than in the APN (+/+) mice throughout the day. These results indicate that adiponectin regulates part of the circadian rhythm of metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Wada
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Takasugi
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirotake Ishii
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taketo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Saitoh
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Adachi Hospital, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Yoshitane
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shimba
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Shimba:
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14
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Taleb Z, Karpowicz P. Circadian regulation of digestive and metabolic tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C306-C321. [PMID: 35675638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a self-sustained molecular timekeeper that drives 24-h (circadian) rhythms in animals. The clock governs important aspects of behavior and physiology including wake/sleep activity cycles that regulate the activity of metabolic and digestive systems. Light/dark cycles (photoperiod) and cycles in the time of feeding synchronize the circadian clock to the surrounding environment, providing an anticipatory benefit that promotes digestive health. The availability of animal models targeting the genetic components of the circadian clock has made it possible to investigate the circadian clock's role in cellular functions. Circadian clock genes have been shown to regulate the physiological function of hepatocytes, gastrointestinal cells, and adipocytes; disruption of the circadian clock leads to the exacerbation of liver diseases and liver cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, and obesity. Previous findings provide strong evidence that the circadian clock plays an integral role in digestive/metabolic disease pathogenesis, hence, the circadian clock is a necessary component in metabolic and digestive health and homeostasis. Circadian rhythms and circadian clock function provide an opportunity to improve the prevention and treatment of digestive and metabolic diseases by aligning digestive system tissue with the 24-h day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Taleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip Karpowicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Pardak P, Filip R, Woliński J. The Impact of Sleep-Disordered Breathing on Ghrelin, Obestatin, and Leptin Profiles in Patients with Obesity or Overweight. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072032. [PMID: 35407646 PMCID: PMC8999926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The impact of concomitant obesity and sleep disorders on neuropeptides related to energy balance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the nocturnal profile of total ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin in patients with elevated BMI and to investigate the impact of breathing-related sleep disorders on these hormone levels. Methods: The study involved 58 patients with suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients underwent anthropometric and sleep examination and measurements of night ghrelin, leptin, and obestatin levels. Results: In patients with OSA (n = 46), recognized on the basis of sleep examination outcomes, the correlation of anthropometric measurements with parameters of sleep disorders and ghrelin levels was observed, contrary to the control group (n = 12). In the OSA group, levels of ghrelin were significantly lower than in the control group at 5:00 and 7:00. Levels of leptin in the OSA group were also lower than those in the control groups (not statistically significant). Profiles of obestatin in both groups were similar. Conclusions: Our results confirm the relationship between obesity and sleep-disordered breathing. Both these disorders affect ghrelin levels—parameters of obesity negatively correlate with hormone concentration, and OSA seems to lower ghrelin values in the second half of the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pardak
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-866-46-07
| | - Rafał Filip
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology & Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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16
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Multi-Modal Regulation of Circadian Physiology by Interactive Features of Biological Clocks. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010021. [PMID: 35053019 PMCID: PMC8772734 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological timing mechanism that generates nearly 24 h rhythms of physiology and behaviors, including sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Evolutionarily, the endogenous clock is thought to confer living organisms, including humans, with survival benefits by adapting internal rhythms to the day and night cycles of the local environment. Mirroring the evolutionary fitness bestowed by the circadian clock, daily mismatches between the internal body clock and environmental cycles, such as irregular work (e.g., night shift work) and life schedules (e.g., jet lag, mistimed eating), have been recognized to increase the risk of cardiac, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, increasing numbers of studies with cellular and animal models have detected the presence of functional circadian oscillators at multiple levels, ranging from individual neurons and fibroblasts to brain and peripheral organs. These oscillators are tightly coupled to timely modulate cellular and bodily responses to physiological and metabolic cues. In this review, we will discuss the roles of central and peripheral clocks in physiology and diseases, highlighting the dynamic regulatory interactions between circadian timing systems and multiple metabolic factors.
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17
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Desmet L, Thijs T, Segers A, Verbeke K, Depoortere I. Chronodisruption by chronic jetlag impacts metabolic and gastrointestinal homeostasis in male mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13703. [PMID: 34107165 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronodisruption desynchronizes peripheral clocks and leads to metabolic diseases. Feeding cues are important synchronizers of peripheral clocks and influence rhythmic oscillations in intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. We investigated whether chronic jetlag, mimicking frequent time zone travelling, affected the diurnal fluctuations in faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, that feed back to the gut clock to regulate rhythmicity in gut function. METHODS Rhythms in faecal SCFAs levels and in the expression of clock genes and epithelial markers were measured in the colonic mucosa of control and jetlagged mice. The entraining effect of SCFAs on the rhythm in clock gene mRNA expression was studied in primary colonic crypts. The role of the circadian clock in epithelial marker expression was studied in Arntl-/- mice. RESULTS Chronic jetlag increased body weight gain and abolished the day/night food intake pattern which resulted in a phase-delay in the rhythm of faecal SCFAs that paralleled the shift in the expression of mucosal clock genes. This effect was mimicked by stimulation of primary colonic crypts from control mice with SCFAs. Jetlag abolished the rhythm in Tnfα, proglucagon and ghrelin expression but not in the expression of tight junction markers. Only a dampening in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 but not in ghrelin levels was observed. Rhythms in ghrelin but not proglucagon mRNA expression were abolished in Arntl-/- mice. CONCLUSION The altered food intake pattern during chronodisruption corresponds with the changes in rhythmicity of SCFA levels that entrain clock genes to affect rhythms in mRNA expression of gut epithelial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Desmet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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18
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Corella-Salazar DA, Domínguez-Avila JA, Montiel-Herrera M, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Salazar-López NJ, Serafín-García MS, Olivas-Orozco GI, Molina-Corral FJ, González-Aguilar GA. Sub-chronic consumption of a phenolic-rich avocado paste extract induces GLP-1-, leptin-, and adiponectin-mediated satiety in Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13957. [PMID: 34605050 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avocado paste (AP) is a phenolic-rich byproduct of avocado oil extraction. The effects of sub-chronic consumption of diets supplemented with an AP phenolic extract (PE) were analyzed. A standard diet (SD), high-fat diet (HFD), and these supplemented with PE (SD + PE and HFD + PE) were used. Significantly increased satiety was observed in PE-supplemented groups, according to less food consumption (-15% in SD + PE vs. SD, and -11% in HFD + PE vs. HFD), without changes in weight gain or percentage of adipose tissue. PE-supplemented groups had an increased plasma concentration ( + 16% in SD + PE vs. SD, and +26% in HFD + PE vs. HFD) and relative mRNA expression (+74% in SD + PE vs. SD, and +46% in HFD + PE vs. HFD) of GLP-1; an increase in plasma leptin and adiponectin was independent of their mRNA expression. Our results suggest that AP-derived PE exerts a satiety effect in vivo, possibly mediated by GLP-1, leptin, and adiponectin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Minimizing food waste is a top priority in most of the world, thus, researchers seek methods to reintroduce industrial fruit and vegetable byproducts into the food processing chain. The present work highlights the potential of avocado byproducts as sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, whose sub-chronic consumption (8 weeks) exerts a satiety action in vivo. Avocado farming is resource-intensive, making it of relevance to producers and processing industries to avoid discarding its byproducts as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Abraham Domínguez-Avila
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | | | - Norma J Salazar-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina de Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Isela Olivas-Orozco
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de la Zona Templada, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Corral
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de la Zona Templada, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
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19
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Yuen F, Thirumalai A, Fernando FA, Swerdloff RS, Liu PY, Pak Y, Hull L, Bross R, Blithe DL, Long JE, Page ST, Wang C. Comparison of metabolic effects of the progestational androgens dimethandrolone undecanoate and 11β-MNTDC in healthy men. Andrology 2021; 9:1526-1539. [PMID: 33908182 PMCID: PMC8560544 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethandrolone (DMA) and 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) are two novel compounds with both androgenic and progestational activity that are under investigation as potential male hormonal contraceptives. Their metabolic effects have never been compared in men. OBJECTIVE Assess for changes in insulin sensitivity and adiponectin and compare the metabolic effects of these two novel androgens. MATERIALS/METHODS In two clinical trials of DMA undecanoate (DMAU) and 11β-MNT dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), oral prodrugs of DMA and 11β-MNT, healthy men received drug, or placebo for 28 days. Insulin and adiponectin assays were performed on stored samples. Mixed model analyses were performed to compare the effects of the two drugs. Student's t test, or the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate, was used to evaluate for an effect of active drug versus placebo. RESULTS Class effects were seen, with decrease in HDL-C and SHBG, and increase in weight and hematocrit, with no statistically significant differences between the two compounds. No changes in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or HOMA-IR were seen with either compound. There was a slight decrease in adiponectin with DMAU that was not seen with 11β-MNTDC. An increase in LDL-C was seen with 11β-MNTDC but not with DMAU. DISCUSSION There were no significant changes in insulin resistance after 28 days of oral administration of these novel androgens despite a mild increase in weight. There may be subtle differences in their metabolic impacts that should be explored in future studies. CONCLUSION Changes in metabolic parameters should be carefully monitored when investigating androgenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Arthi Thirumalai
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Frances A. Fernando
- Contraceptive Development Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Ronald S. Swerdloff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Peter Y. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Youngju Pak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Laura Hull
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Rachelle Bross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
| | - Diana L. Blithe
- Contraceptive Development Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Jill E. Long
- Contraceptive Development Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Stephanie T. Page
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, USA
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20
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The Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Obesity-Implications for the Regulation of Energy Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061839. [PMID: 34072172 PMCID: PMC8226753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms that control food intake. Food ingestion triggers several physiological responses in the digestive system, including the release of gastrointestinal hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are involved in appetite signalling. Disturbed regulation of gut hormone release may affect energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the gut hormone balance during the pre- and postprandial state in obesity and the alterations in the diurnal dynamics of their plasma levels. We further discuss how obesity may affect nutrient sensors on enteroendocrine cells that sense the luminal content and provoke alterations in their secretory profile. Gastric bypass surgery elicits one of the most favorable metabolic outcomes in obese patients. We summarize the effect of different strategies to induce weight loss on gut enteroendocrine function. Although the mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, restoring the gut hormone balance in obesity by targeting nutrient sensors or by combination therapy with gut peptide mimetics represents a novel strategy to ameliorate obesity.
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21
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Templeman I, Smith HA, Walhin JP, Middleton B, Gonzalez JT, Karagounis LG, Johnston JD, Betts JA. Unacylated ghrelin, leptin, and appetite display diurnal rhythmicity in lean adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1534-1543. [PMID: 33703941 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00920.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols typically remove the effects of behavioral/environmental cues to examine endogenous circadian rhythms, yet this may not reflect rhythms of appetite regulation in the real world. It is therefore important to understand these rhythms within the same subjects under controlled diurnal conditions of light, sleep, and feeding. Ten healthy adults (9 M/1 F, means ±SD: age, 30 ± 10 yr; body mass index, 24.1 ± 2.7 kg·m-2) rested supine in the laboratory for 37 h. All data were collected during the final 24 h of this period (i.e., 0800-0800 h). Participants were fed hourly isocaloric liquid meal replacements alongside appetite assessments during waking before a sleep opportunity from 2200 to 0700 h. Hourly blood samples were collected throughout the 24-h period. Dim light melatonin onset occurred at 2318 ± 46 min. A diurnal rhythm in mean plasma unacylated ghrelin concentration was identified (P = 0.04), with the acrophase occurring shortly after waking (0819), falling to a nadir in the evening with a relative amplitude of 9%. Plasma leptin concentration also exhibited a diurnal rhythm (P < 0.01), with the acrophase occurring shortly after lights-out (0032 h) and the lowest concentrations at midday. The amplitude for this rhythm was 25%. Diurnal rhythms were established in all dimensions of appetite except for sweet preference (P = 0.29), with both hunger (2103 h) and prospective food consumption (1955 h) reaching their peak in the evening before falling to their nadir shortly after waking. Under controlled diurnal conditions, simultaneous measurement of leptin, unacylated ghrelin, and subjective appetite over a 24-h period revealed rhythmicity in appetite regulation in lean, healthy humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Simultaneous assessment of subjective appetite, unacylated ghrelin, and leptin was carried out over a continuous 37-h protocol for the first time under conditions of controlled light, sleep, and feeding in healthy, lean adults. Rhythms were observed in unacylated ghrelin, leptin, and components of subjective appetite, such as hunger, prospective consumption, and fullness. Concurrent measurement of rhythms in these variables is important to fully understand the temporal relationships between components of appetite as well as the influence of diurnal factors such as sleep, light, and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Templeman
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Harry A Smith
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Benita Middleton
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Health Science, Translation Research, Vevey, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Many molecular, physiological and behavioural processes display distinct 24-hour rhythms that are directed by the circadian system. The master clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus region of the hypothalamus, is synchronized or entrained by the light-dark cycle and, in turn, synchronizes clocks present in peripheral tissues and organs. Other environmental cues, most importantly feeding time, also synchronize peripheral clocks. In this way, the circadian system can prepare the body for predictable environmental changes such as the availability of nutrients during the normal feeding period. This Review summarizes existing knowledge about the diurnal regulation of gastrointestinal processes by circadian clocks present in the digestive tract and its accessory organs. The circadian control of gastrointestinal digestion, motility, hormones and barrier function as well as of the gut microbiota are discussed. An overview is given of the interplay between different circadian clocks in the digestive system that regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid and bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the bidirectional interaction between the master clock and peripheral clocks in the digestive system, encompassing different entraining factors, is described. Finally, the possible behavioural adjustments or pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of chronodisruption are outlined.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to present the latest findings on the role of the circadian clock in the control of metabolism, and the therapeutic potential of chronotherapy to regulate energy homeostasis in humans. RECENT FINDINGS We summarized the recent advances related to circadian clock regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. In peripheral organs, mitochondrial oxidative capacity and lipolysis show circadian pattern in humans, and rhythms disruption may be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Indeed, circadian desynchrony affects food intake, insulin sensitivity, and increases the risk of developing metabolic disease. Time-targeted strategies, which aim to synchronize external cues with the molecular clock to improve metabolic outcomes, have positive effects on metabolism in humans, with several studies showing that time-targeted feeding improves body weight loss and glucose tolerance. SUMMARY The interest in time-targeted strategies to prevent or manage metabolic disturbances has grown this past year with encouraging health benefits. To maximize the therapeutic effect of these strategies, further research is warranted to delineate the molecular regulation of metabolic processes controlled by the clock and especially its modulation in contexts such as aging, sex differences, or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan A Pendergrast
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fu J, Wang Y, Tan S, Wang J. Effects of Banana Resistant Starch on the Biochemical Indexes and Intestinal Flora of Obese Rats Induced by a High-Fat Diet and Their Correlation Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:575724. [PMID: 33585429 PMCID: PMC7873301 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.575724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of banana resistant starch (BRS) on obesity-related metabolic and intestinal flora were investigated in a high-fat diet-induced obesity model. After 6 weeks of intervention, the glucolipid metabolism index [blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)], hormone index [leptin (LEP), insulin (INS), ghrelin, adiponectin (ADP), and thyroxine (T4)], and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses were performed for each group to explore the regulating effect of intestinal flora and the mechanism of weight loss in obese rats. The results showed that (1) BRS intervention significantly reduced the levels of GLU, TG, TC, LDL-C, LEP, and INS (p < 0.01) and increased the contents of ghrelin (p < 0.05) and ADP (p < 0.01). (2) BRS could improve the diversity of intestinal flora and regulate the overall structure of intestinal microorganisms, mainly by upregulating the Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio and the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and downregulating the relative abundances of Deferribacteres and Tenericutes (at the phylum level). BRS could inhibit the proliferation of Turicibacter, Romboutsia, and Oligella and increase the abundances of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae (at the genus level). (3) Some significant correlations were observed between the gut microbiota and biomarkers. Turicibacter, Romboutsia, and Oligella were positively correlated with GLU, TG, TC, LEP, and INS and negatively correlated with ghrelin and ADP. Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Akkermansia were negatively correlated with GLU, TG, and TC. Conclusion: BRS had promising effects on weight loss, which could be associated with the improvement in host metabolism by regulating intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simin Tan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Saeidi A, Haghighi MM, Kolahdouzi S, Daraei A, Abderrahmane AB, Essop MF, Laher I, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. The effects of physical activity on adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity across the lifespan: A narrative review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13090. [PMID: 32662238 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of physical activity (PA) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight and obesity. Approximately 90 investigations including randomized control, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that reported on the effects of a single session of PA (acute) or long-term PA (chronic) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity were reviewed. The findings support the notion that there is consensus on the benefits of chronic exercise training-regardless of the mode (resistance vs. aerobic), intensity and cohort (healthy vs. diabetes)-on adipokine levels (such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1 and leptin). However, several confounding factors (frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise) can alter the magnitude of the effects of an acute exercise session. Available evidence suggests that PA, as a part of routine lifestyle behaviour, improves obesity complications by modulating adipokine levels. However, additional research is needed to help identify the most effective interventions to elicit the most beneficial changes in adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mosalman Haghighi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Cardiology Centre, The University of Sydney, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarkawt Kolahdouzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Rennes, France
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Schellekens H, Torres-Fuentes C, van de Wouw M, Long-Smith CM, Mitchell A, Strain C, Berding K, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Golubeva AV, Arboleya S, Verpaalen M, Pusceddu MM, Murphy A, Fouhy F, Murphy K, Ross P, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacterium longum counters the effects of obesity: Partial successful translation from rodent to human. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103176. [PMID: 33349590 PMCID: PMC7838052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor in the development of obesity. Certain probiotic strains have shown anti-obesity effects. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Bifidobacterium longum APC1472 has anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and whether B. longum APC1472 supplementation reduces body-mass index (BMI) in healthy overweight/obese individuals as the primary outcome. B. longum APC1472 effects on waist-to-hip ratio (W/H ratio) and on obesity-associated plasma biomarkers were analysed as secondary outcomes. Methods B. longum APC1472 was administered to HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice in drinking water for 16 weeks. In the human intervention trial, participants received B. longum APC1472 or placebo supplementation for 12 weeks, during which primary and secondary outcomes were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Findings B. longum APC1472 supplementation was associated with decreased bodyweight, fat depots accumulation and increased glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. While, in healthy overweight/obese adults, the supplementation of B. longum APC1472 strain did not change primary outcomes of BMI (0.03, 95% CI [-0.4, 0.3]) or W/H ratio (0.003, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.01]), a positive effect on the secondary outcome of fasting blood glucose levels was found (-0.299, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.09]). Interpretation This study shows a positive translational effect of B. longum APC1472 on fasting blood glucose from a preclinical mouse model of obesity to a human intervention study in otherwise healthy overweight and obese individuals. This highlights the promising potential of B. longum APC1472 to be developed as a valuable supplement in reducing specific markers of obesity. Funding This research was funded in part by Science Foundation Ireland in the form of a Research Centre grant (SFI/12/RC/2273) to APC Microbiome Ireland and by a research grant from Cremo S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | - Avery Mitchell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Verpaalen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Amy Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering & Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tetzel L, Guyard M. Saving the lower limb with GlassBONE™ - Successful surgical revision of pseudarthrosis after infected open proximal tibia fracture type IIIC with bioactive glass grafting - A case report. Trauma Case Rep 2020; 31:100382. [PMID: 33426259 PMCID: PMC7779823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The management of bone defect due to trauma or surgical debridement is a current problem in orthopedic trauma surgery, often complicated by infection and bone nonunion. The graft is one of the most challenging variables in surgical treatment. Bioactive Glass (BAG) as a biocompatible and osteogenic product is a promising bone substitute showing good results in maxillo-facial-, spine surgery and treatment of osteomyelitis. Surprisingly, there is very little data on BAG use in trauma surgery. Case presentation A 51-year-old male patient, involved in a motorcycle accident, suffered an open proximal tibia fracture, type IIIC, of the left leg. Patient was admitted in January of 2013 to a general orthopedic department for surgical treatment. After several surgical revisions due to infection, vascular damage, and bone nonunion, the patient was successfully treated with Masquelet therapy followed by GlassBONE™ grafting (GlassBONE™ 45S5; Norarker). The patient demonstrated excellent results over the course of a two-year follow-up. Conclusions In our experience, GlassBONE™ 45S5 has proven to be an effective bone substitute even in difficult grafting conditions, including multiple surgical revisions for bone nonunion and infection. In our case, at the end of 2 years and 3 months of follow-up, the patient reported no pain, and had no signs of infection. Bone union and full weight bearing was achieved. This case report is oriented by the CARE guidelines for clinical case reports; the patient gave consent for publication. GlassBONE™ 45S5 has proven to be an effective bone substitute even in difficult grafting conditions. Bone nonunion was successfully treated with Masquelet therapy followed by GlassBONE™ grafting. Bone loss due to fracture or surgical debridement is a current problem in orthopedic trauma surgery. Bone fractures are the most widespread trauma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tetzel
- Orthopedic Department, University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Guyard
- Orthopedic Department, Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Lyon, France
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28
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Diet, Stress and Mental Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082428. [PMID: 32823562 PMCID: PMC7468813 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There has long been an interest in the effects of diet on mental health, and the interaction of the two with stress; however, the nature of these relationships is not well understood. Although associations between diet, obesity and the related metabolic syndrome (MetS), stress, and mental disorders exist, causal pathways have not been established. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the relationship between diet, stress, obesity and psychiatric disorders related to stress. Results: Diet and obesity can affect mood through direct effects, or stress-related mental disorders could lead to changes in diet habits that affect weight. Alternatively, common factors such as stress or predisposition could lead to both obesity and stress-related mental disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specific aspects of diet can lead to acute changes in mood as well as stimulate inflammation, which has led to efforts to assess polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) as a treatment for depression. Bidirectional relationships between these different factors are also likely. Finally, there has been increased attention recently on the relationship between the gut and the brain, with the realization that the gut microbiome has an influence on brain function and probably also mood and behavior, introducing another way diet can influence mental health and disorders. Brain areas and neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are involved in both mood and appetite likely play a role in mediating this relationship. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between diet, stress and mood and behavior could have important implications for the treatment of both stress-related mental disorders and obesity.
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Kim D, Choe HK, Kim K. Ultradian Rhythms in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Kisspeptin Neurons and Developmental Processes. Mol Cells 2020; 43:600-606. [PMID: 32489185 PMCID: PMC7398798 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous physiological processes in nature have multiple oscillations within 24 h, that is, ultradian rhythms. Compared to the circadian rhythm, which has a period of approximately one day, these short oscillations range from seconds to hours, and the mechanisms underlying ultradian rhythms remain largely unknown. This review aims to explore and emphasize the implications of ultradian rhythms and their underlying regulations. Reproduction and developmental processes show ultradian rhythms, and these physiological systems can be regulated by short biological rhythms. Specifically, we recently uncovered synchronized calcium oscillations in the organotypic culture of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARN) kisspeptin neurons that regulate reproduction. Synchronized calcium oscillations were dependent on voltage-gated ion channel-mediated action potentials and were repressed by chemogenetic inhibition, suggesting that the network within the ARN and between the kisspeptin population mediates the oscillation. This minireview describes that ultradian rhythms are a general theme that underlies biological features, with special reference to calcium oscillations in the hypothalamic ARN from a developmental perspective. We expect that more attention to these oscillations might provide insight into physiological or developmental mechanisms, since many oscillatory features in nature still remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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Duszka K, Gregor A, Reichel MW, Baierl A, Fahrngruber C, König J. Visual stimulation with food pictures in the regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient deposition, a potential contributor to the obesity crisis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232099. [PMID: 32330183 PMCID: PMC7182185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Food cues affect hunger and nutritional choices. Omnipresent stimulation with palatable food contributes to the epidemics of obesity. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of food cues on appetite-related hormones and to assess the functionality of the secreted hormones on macronutrient uptake in healthy subjects. Additionally, we aimed at verifying differences in the response of total and active ghrelin to stimulation with food pictures and to a meal followed by the stimulation. We were also interested in the identification of factors contributing to response to food cues. We recruited healthy, non-obese participants for two independent cross-over studies. During the first study, the subjects were presented random non-food pictures on the first day and pictures of foods on the second day of the study. Throughout the second study, following the picture session, the participants were additionally asked to drink a milkshake. Concentrations of blood glucose, triglycerides and hunger-related hormones were measured. The results showed that concentrations of several hormones measured in the blood are interdependent. In the case of ghrelin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) as well as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), this co-occurrence relies on the visual cues. Regulation of total ghrelin concentration following food stimulation is highly individual and responders showed upregulated total ghrelin, while the concentration of active ghrelin decreases following a meal. Protein content and colour intensity of food pictures reversely correlated with participants’ rating of the pictures. We conclude that observation of food pictures influences the concentration of several appetite-related hormones. The close link of visual clues to physiological responses is likely of clinical relevance. Additionally, the protein content of displayed foods and green colour intensity in pictures may serve as a predictor of subjective attractiveness of the presented meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - András Gregor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Baierl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hudec M, Dankova P, Solc R, Bettazova N, Cerna M. Epigenetic Regulation of Circadian Rhythm and Its Possible Role in Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3005. [PMID: 32344535 PMCID: PMC7215839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the relationship between circadian rhythms and their influence on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythms are controlled by internal molecular feedback loops that synchronize the organism with the external environment. These loops are affected by genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors include polymorphisms and mutations of circadian genes. The expression of circadian genes is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that change from prenatal development to old age. Epigenetic modifications are influenced by the external environment. Most of these modifications are affected by our own life style. Irregular circadian rhythm and low quality of sleep have been shown to increase the risk of developing T2DM and other metabolic disorders. Here, we attempt to provide a wide description of mutual relationships between epigenetic regulation, circadian rhythm, aging process and highlight new evidences that show possible therapeutic advance in the field of chrono-medicine which will be more important in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hudec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (N.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Pavlina Dankova
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University; Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Roman Solc
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University; Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Nardjas Bettazova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (N.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Marie Cerna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (N.B.); (M.C.)
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32
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Circadian regulation of appetite and time restricted feeding. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112873. [PMID: 32194073 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system plays an important role in the temporal regulation of metabolic processes as well as food intake to ensure energy efficiency. The 'master' clock is located within the superchiasmatic nucleus and receives input from the retina so that it can be entrained by the light:dark cycle. In turn, the master clock entrains other clocks in the central nervous system, including areas involved in energy homeostasis such as the arcuate nucleus, and the periphery (e.g. adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract). This master clock is reinforced by other zeitgebers such as the timing of food intake and activity. If these zeitgebers desynchronise, such as occurs in high fat diet-induced obesity or shift work conditions, it can lead to a misalignment of circadian clocks, disruption of metabolic processes and the development of metabolic disorders. The timing of food intake is a strong zeitgeber, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore time restricted feeding offers potential for the treatment of diet and shift work induced metabolic disorders. This review will focus on the role of the circadian system in food intake regulation and the effect of environment factors, such as high fat diet feeding or shift work, on the temporal regulation of food intake along with the benefits of time restricted feeding.
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Moreno JP, Crowley SJ, Alfano CA, Thompson D. Physiological mechanisms underlying children's circannual growth patterns and their contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12973. [PMID: 31737994 PMCID: PMC7002188 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies since the 1990s have demonstrated that children increase their body mass index at a faster rate during summer months compared with the school year, leading some to conclude that the out-of-school summer environment is responsible. Other studies, however, have suggested that seasonality may play a role in children's height and weight changes across the year. This article reviews evidence for seasonal differences in the rate of children's height and weight gain and proposes potential physiological mechanisms that may explain these seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette P Moreno
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythm Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH), Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Bogdanov VB, Bogdanova OV, Dexpert S, Delgado I, Beyer H, Aubert A, Dilharreguy B, Beau C, Forestier D, Ledaguenel P, Magne E, Aouizerate B, Layé S, Ferreira G, Felger J, Pagnoni G, Capuron L. Reward-related brain activity and behavior are associated with peripheral ghrelin levels in obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 112:104520. [PMID: 31786481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While excessive food consumption represents a key factor in the development of obesity, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Ghrelin, a gut-brain hormone involved in the regulation of appetite, is impaired in obesity. In addition to its role in eating behavior, this hormone was shown to affect brain regions controlling reward, including the striatum and prefrontal cortex, and there is strong evidence of impaired reward processing in obesity. The present study investigated the possibility that disrupted reward-related brain activity in obesity relates to ghrelin deficiency. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen severely obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2) and fifteen healthy non-obese control subjects (BMI < 30 kg/m2) were recruited. A guessing-task paradigm, previously shown to activate the ventral striatum, was used to assess reward-related brain neural activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of circulating ghrelin. RESULTS Significant activations in the ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and extrastriate visual cortex were elicited by the fMRI task in both obese and control subjects. In addition, greater reward-related activations were present in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and precuneus/posterior cingulate of obese subjects compared to controls. Obese subjects exhibited longer choice times after repeated reward and lower circulating ghrelin levels than lean controls. Reduced ghrelin levels significantly predicted slower post-reward choices and reward-related hyperactivity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in obese subjects. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of association between circulating ghrelin and reward-related brain activity in obesity and encourages further exploration of the role of ghrelin system in altered eating behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B Bogdanov
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat, Laboratoire Génie Civil et Bâtiment, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Olena V Bogdanova
- INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, F-69676, Bron, France
| | - Sandra Dexpert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ines Delgado
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Helen Beyer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Aubert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Cédric Beau
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Damien Forestier
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Patrick Ledaguenel
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Eric Magne
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Felger
- Dpt of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pagnoni
- Dept of Neural, Biomedical, and Metabolic Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucile Capuron
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Tsang AH, Koch CE, Kiehn JT, Schmidt CX, Oster H. An adipokine feedback regulating diurnal food intake rhythms in mice. eLife 2020; 9:55388. [PMID: 32644041 PMCID: PMC7375813 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous circadian clocks have evolved to anticipate 24 hr rhythms in environmental demands. Recent studies suggest that circadian rhythm disruption is a major risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders in humans. Conversely, alterations in energy state can disrupt circadian rhythms of behavior and physiology, creating a vicious circle of metabolic dysfunction. How peripheral energy state affects diurnal food intake, however, is still poorly understood. We here show that the adipokine adiponectin (ADIPOQ) regulates diurnal feeding rhythms through clocks in energy regulatory centers of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Adipoq-deficient mice show increased rest phase food intake associated with disrupted transcript rhythms of clock and appetite-regulating genes in the MBH. ADIPOQ regulates MBH clocks via AdipoR1-mediated upregulation of the core clock gene Bmal1. BMAL1, in turn, controls expression of orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the MBH. Together, these data reveal a systemic metabolic circuit to regulate central circadian clocks and energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Tsang
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany,Institute of Neurobiology, University of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Oster
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany,Institute of Neurobiology, University of LübeckLübeckGermany
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Ji Y, Elkin K, Yip J, Guan L, Han W, Ding Y. From circadian clocks to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:1107-1112. [PMID: 31645151 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1684899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The circadian rhythm is an integral regulator of various endocrine processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, hormonal regulation, and metabolism. In addition to metabolic, genetic, and environmental factors, a dysregulated circadian rhythm resulting from lifestyle changes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An accumulating body of evidence also supports strong association between NAFLD and metabolic disorder, the pathogenesis of which is related to periodic fluctuations in hormonal homeostasis. It is clear that endocrine and circadian rhythms are tightly interconnected. Generally, the circadian rhythm regulates flux patterns of physiological functions. The present review will discuss the modulation of bodily processes by the circadian rhythm with specific attention to the regulation of NAFLD by leptin and related hormones.Areas covered: PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for articles related to concomitant occurrence of NAFLD and T2DM between January 1995 and September 2019. Areas covered included epidemiological, physiology and pathophysiology aspects.Expert opinion: NAFLD and NASH are increasingly prevalent and may be largely mitigated with effective lifestyle modification and, potentially, circadian rhythm stabilization. Improved knowledge of the specific pathogenesis of NAFLD in addition to enhanced diagnostic screening tools and prediction of future disease burden is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James Yip
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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Uygun B, Kiyici S, Ozmen S, Gul Z, Sigirli D, Cavun S. The Association Between Olfaction and Taste Functions with Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Levels in Obese Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:452-457. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Uygun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinem Kiyici
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Suay Ozmen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zulfiye Gul
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sigirli
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinan Cavun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Zwennes CTC, Loth CA. "Moments of Failure": Coping With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Sleep Deprivation, and Being Overweight: A Qualitative Hermeneutic-Phenomenological Investigation Into Participant Perspectives. J Addict Nurs 2019; 30:185-192. [PMID: 31478966 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have to cope with additional comorbid disorders. In daily practice, practitioners observe that ADHD not only causes a decline in participants' quality of life, but the presence of sleep and eating disorders also has an impact on daily functioning. The aims of this study are to give meaning to the experiences of participants who are living with ADHD and sleep deprivation and are overweight and to provide additional knowledge and data that will inform integrated treatment in the long term. The following research questions were formulated: METHOD: A qualitative design based on a Parse research method provided the best research framework to answer our questions. The method aims for data saturation, employing six steps in which data collection alternates with data analysis. This iterative process with double hermeneutics enlarges participants' perspectives on their experiences. RESULTS Participants' daily life is continuously influenced by their experiences with (binge) eating, irregular sleeping patterns, and loss of emotional control. These complex phenomena are often caused by their ADHD, because of underdeveloped coping skills. An everyday struggle with life and difficulty making choices are the leading themes in participant narratives. Continuous feelings of failure, referred to in this report as everyday "failure moments," cause negative self-esteem and negative body image. According to participants, standardized care should include opportunities for participants to tell their life stories as well as an individualized analysis of how ADHD core symptoms affect daily decision making, taking into account sleeping and eating patterns. CONCLUSION The experience of failure moments, the struggle with making choices, and negative self-esteem and body image all develop in a different way for each participant. When professionals treat participants by solely focusing on the core symptoms using a one-dimensional cognitive behavioral approach, they may overlook underlying (biological) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinderella T C Zwennes
- Cinderella T. C. Zwennes, MANP/CA, Outpatient Clinic for Addiction Treatment and Mental Health at Alphen a/d Rijn, The Netherlands. Christien A. Loth, PhD, MANP, MN, LOTH Nursing Consultancy, Outpatient Clinic for Mental Health and Addictions, Groenlo, and Addictions Treatment at St-GGZVS/MANP Mental Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Suarez AN, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Regulation of Memory Function by Feeding-Relevant Biological Systems: Following the Breadcrumbs to the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:101. [PMID: 31057368 PMCID: PMC6482164 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) controls fundamental learning and memory processes, including memory for visuospatial navigation (spatial memory) and flexible memory for facts and autobiographical events (declarative memory). Emerging evidence reveals that hippocampal-dependent memory function is regulated by various peripheral biological systems that are traditionally known for their roles in appetite and body weight regulation. Here, we argue that these effects are consistent with a framework that it is evolutionarily advantageous to encode and recall critical features surrounding feeding behavior, including the spatial location of a food source, social factors, post-absorptive processing, and other episodic elements of a meal. We review evidence that gut-to-brain communication from the vagus nerve and from feeding-relevant endocrine systems, including ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), promote hippocampal-dependent spatial and declarative memory via neurotrophic and neurogenic mechanisms. The collective literature reviewed herein supports a model in which various stages of feeding behavior and hippocampal-dependent memory function are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Crew RC, Mark PJ, Waddell BJ. Obesity Disrupts Rhythmic Clock Gene Expression in Maternal Adipose Tissue during Rat Pregnancy. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 33:289-301. [PMID: 29761750 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418772499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy causes numerous maternal and fetal health complications, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity has previously been linked to disruption of the intrinsic adipose clock gene network that is crucial for normal metabolic function. This adipose clock also undergoes major change as part of the maternal metabolic adaptation to pregnancy, but whether this is affected by maternal obesity is unknown. Consequently, in this study we tested the hypothesis that obesity disturbs rhythmic gene expression in maternal adipose tissue across pregnancy. A rat model of maternal obesity was established by cafeteria (CAF) feeding, and adipose expression of clock genes and associated nuclear receptors ( Ppars and Pgc1α) was measured across days 15-16 and 21-22 of gestation (term = 23 days). CAF feeding suppressed the mesor and/or amplitude of adipose tissue clock genes (most notably Bmal1, Per2, and Rev-erbα) relative to chow-fed controls (CON) across both days of gestation. On day 15, the CAF diet also induced adipose Pparα, Pparδ, and Pgc1α rhythmicity but repressed that of Pparγ, while expression of Pparα, Pparδ, and Pgc1α was reduced at select time points. CAF mothers were hyperleptinemic at both stages of gestation, and at day 21 this effect was time-of-day dependent. Fetal plasma leptin exhibited clear rhythmicity, albeit with low amplitude, but interestingly these levels were unaffected by CAF feeding. Our data show that maternal obesity disrupts rhythmic expression of clock and metabolic genes in maternal adipose tissue and leads to maternal but not fetal hyperleptinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Germain N, Cuenco J, Ling Y, Minnion JS, Bageacu S, Grouselle D, Estour B, Galusca B. Ghrelin acylation by ghrelin- O-acyltransferase can occur in healthy part of oncological liver in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G366-G371. [PMID: 30576216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00143.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation of ghrelin is controlled by the enzyme ghrelin- O-acyl transferase (GOAT). In humans, localization of this acylation is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to explore GOAT localization and activation in the human liver by evaluating both bioactive and non-bioactive ghrelin in the bloodstream entering and leaving the liver and to simultaneously evaluate GOAT mRNA expression in the liver. A healthy part of oncologic hepatic tissue collected from nine patients undergoing hepatectomy was used to evaluate GOAT mRNA expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Simultaneously, blood from the portal vein, the suprahepatic vein, the subclavicular vein, and the radial artery was also sampled to assay total and acylated ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin level was significantly increased in the suprahepatic vein compared with the portal vein level (385 ± 42 ng/ml vs. 268 ± 24 ng/ml, P = 0.04). Suprahepatic-to-portal vein ratio for acylated ghrelin (acylation ratio) is 1.4 ± 0.1. Mean expression of GOAT mRNA in the liver, expressed as 2-∆Ct·µg total RNA-1·1 µl of liver tissue-1 was at 0.042 ± 0.021 arbitrary units. GOAT mRNA expression in the liver was correlated with acylated-to-total ghrelin ratio in the suprahepatic vein ( P = 0.016, R = 0.75) and with the acylation liver ratio ( P = 0.05, R = 0.61). Blood concentration of acylated ghrelin was found significantly increased after its passage through the liver, suggesting that acylation can occur in the liver. RT-qPCR data confirmed the presence of GOAT in the liver, with a positive correlation between GOAT expression and acylated ghrelin liver ratio. This study strongly suggests that the liver is a site of ghrelin acylation in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the activation of ghrelin by the enzyme ghrelin- O-acyl transferase (GOAT) is yet well demonstrated, its localization, especially in humans, remains poorly understood. We explored GOAT localization and activation in the human liver by simultaneously evaluating both bioactive and non-bioactive ghrelin in the bloodstream entering and leaving the liver and also GOAT mRNA expression in the liver. We therefore showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that GOAT localized in the liver is active and takes part in ghrelin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Joyceline Cuenco
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - Yiin Ling
- EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - James S Minnion
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - Serban Bageacu
- Division of Gut Surgery, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR 894 INSERM Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris Descartes University , Paris , France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
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Possible association of ghrelin/obestatin balance with cardiometabolic risk in obese subjects with Helicobacter pylori. Endocr Regul 2018; 52:101-109. [PMID: 29715187 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common gastric infection associated with extragastric conditions. The association between H. pylori infection and obesity is unclear. H. pylori may affect gut hormones involved in food intake and energy expenditure. The aim of this study is to evaluate ghrelin/obestatin balance and leptin in obese subjects with H. pylori infection. METHODS Sixty healthy volunteers were divided into: obese and non-obese groups. Each group was divided into H. Pylori positive or H. pylori negative. Anthropometric parameters, H. pylori status, serum glucose, insulin level, and lipid profile were estimated with calculation of Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Serum levels of ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin were evaluated. RESULTS Significant increase was found in serum glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR ratio in obese subjects with positive H. pylori as compared to other groups. H. pylori positive obese subjects showed significantly increased ghrelin, ghrelin/obestatin balance, and leptin with a significant decrease in obestatin as compared to negative subjects. Ghrelin/obestatin ratio positively correlated with weight, body mass index, waist, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density cholesterol and also with H. pylori antigen in the same group. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that ghrelin, obestatin, and leptin are affected by presence of H. pylori seropositivity in obese subjects. The higher ghrelin levels and ghrelin/obestatin ratio with lowered obestatin could be considered as a gastro-protective effect against inflammation induced by H. pylori.
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Cyr KJ, Avaldi OM, Wikswo JP. Circadian hormone control in a human-on-a-chip: In vitro biology's ignored component? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1714-1731. [PMID: 29065796 PMCID: PMC5832251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-Chips (OoCs) are poised to reshape dramatically the study of biology by replicating in vivo the function of individual and coupled human organs. Such microphysiological systems (MPS) have already recreated complex physiological responses necessary to simulate human organ function not evident in two-dimensional in vitro biological experiments. OoC researchers hope to streamline pharmaceutical development, accelerate toxicology studies, limit animal testing, and provide new insights beyond the capability of current biological models. However, to develop a physiologically accurate Human-on-a-Chip, i.e., an MPS homunculus that functions as an interconnected, whole-body, model organ system, one must couple individual OoCs with proper fluidic and metabolic scaling. This will enable the study of the effects of organ-organ interactions on the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Critical to these efforts will be the recapitulation of the complex physiological signals that regulate the endocrine, metabolic, and digestive systems. To date, with the exception of research focused on reproductive organs on chips, most OoC research ignores homuncular endocrine regulation, in particular the circadian rhythms that modulate the function of all organ systems. We outline the importance of cyclic endocrine regulation and the role that it may play in the development of MPS homunculi for the pharmacology, toxicology, and systems biology communities. Moreover, we discuss the critical end-organ hormone interactions that are most relevant for a typical coupled-OoC system, and the possible research applications of a missing endocrine system MicroFormulator (MES-µF) that could impose biological rhythms on in vitro models. By linking OoCs together through chemical messenger systems, advanced physiological phenomena relevant to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies can be replicated. The concept of a MES-µF could be applied to other standard cell-culture systems such as well plates, thereby extending the concept of circadian hormonal regulation to much of in vitro biology. Impact statement Historically, cyclic endocrine modulation has been largely ignored within in vitro cell culture, in part because cultured cells typically have their media changed every day or two, precluding hourly adjustment of hormone concentrations to simulate circadian rhythms. As the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) community strives for greater physiological realism, the contribution of hormonal oscillations toward regulation of organ systems has been examined only in the context of reproductive organs, and circadian variation of the breadth of other hormones on most organs remains unaddressed. We illustrate the importance of cyclic endocrine modulation and the role that it plays within individual organ systems. The study of cyclic endocrine modulation within OoC systems will help advance OoC research to the point where it can reliably replicate in vitro key regulatory components of human physiology. This will help translate OoC work into pharmaceutical applications and connect the OoC community with the greater pharmacology and physiology communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cyr
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - Omero M. Avaldi
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, 37235, USA
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Melatonin Supplementation Lowers Oxidative Stress and Regulates Adipokines in Obese Patients on a Calorie-Restricted Diet. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8494107. [PMID: 29142618 PMCID: PMC5632922 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8494107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major global health problems. Melatonin deficiency has been demonstrated to correlate with obesity. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress and adipokine levels in obese patients on a calorie-restricted diet. Thirty obese patients were supplemented with a daily dose of 10 mg of melatonin (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) for 30 days with a calorie-restricted diet. Serum levels of melatonin, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), adiponectin, omentin-1, leptin, and resistin, as well as erythrocytic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and Zn/Cu-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, were measured at baseline and after supplementation. Significant body weight reduction was observed only in the melatonin group. After melatonin supplementation, the adiponectin and omentin-1 levels and GPx activities statistically increased, whereas the MDA concentrations were reduced. In the placebo group, a significant rise in the HNE and a drop in the melatonin concentrations were found. The results show evidence of increased oxidative stress accompanying calorie restriction. Melatonin supplementation facilitated body weight reduction, improved the antioxidant defense, and regulated adipokine secretion. The findings strongly suggest that melatonin should be considered in obesity management. This trial is registered with CTRI/2017/07/009093.
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Moghadam AA, Moran TH, Dailey MJ. Alterations in circadian and meal-induced gut peptide levels in lean and obese rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1786-1794. [PMID: 29191090 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gut hormone signaling are a likely contributing factor to the metabolic disturbances associated with overweight/obesity as they coordinate the timing of feeding behavior, absorption, and utilization of nutrients. These hormones are released in response to food intake, or follow a circadian or anticipatory pattern of secretion that is independent of nutrient stimulation. The aim of this study was to identify the degree to which high-fat diet-induced obesity would alter the daily rhythm of gut peptide plasma levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], peptide YY [PYY], insulin or amylin [AMY]) or meal-induced levels in the middle of the light or dark cycle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (OBESE) or chow (LEAN), implanted with jugular catheters, and blood samples were taken every 2 h throughout the light/dark cycle while freely feeding or after an Ensure liquid meal. We found that even when OBESE and LEAN animals ate the same kcals and have a similar pattern of food intake, there is a difference in both the levels and rhythm of plasma gut peptides. GLP-1 and PYY are higher during the light cycle in LEAN animals and AMY is higher in the OBESE group throughout the light/dark cycle. There was also a differential response of plasma gut signals after the Ensure meal, even though the composition and amount of intake of the meal were the same in both groups. These changes occur prior to the high-fat diet induced loss of glycemic control and may be a target for early intervention. Impact statement The aim of this study was to test if obesity would alter the daily rhythm of gut peptides or meal-induced levels in the middle of the light or dark cycle. We found that even when animals are eating the same amount (in kcal) of food that the obese animals have altered daily rhythms and meal-induced gut peptide levels. In particular, we are the first to show that obesity induces increases in peptide YY levels during the light cycle and amylin remains high throughout the light and dark cycle in obese animals. These changes occurred prior to a loss of glycemic control. Thus, the rhythm of gut peptides could be used as an early indicator of later and more serious metabolic disturbances and may be a target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Moghadam
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10591, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan J Dailey
- 3 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with an oestrogenic activity that is widely produced for the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resin, and thermal paper. Its ubiquitous presence in the environment contributes to broad and continuous human exposure, which has been associated with deleterious health effects. Despite numerous controversial discussions and a lack of consensus about BPA's safety, growing evidence indicates that BPA exposure positively correlates with an increased risk of developing obesity. An updated analysis of the epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies indicates that BPA should be considered an obesogenic environmental compound. Precisely, BPA exposure during all life stages correlates with increased body weight and/or body mass index. Developmental periods that include prenatal, infancy, and childhood appear to be critical windows with increased sensitivity to BPA effects. Finally, blood analysis and in vitro data clearly demonstrate that BPA promotes adipogenesis, lipid and glucose dysregulation, and adipose tissue inflammation, thus contributing to the pathophysiology of obesity. Future prevention efforts should now be employed to avoid BPA exposure, and more research to determine in depth the critical time windows, doses, and impact of long-term exposure of BPA is warranted in order to clarify its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Legeay
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, IRIS-IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, IRIS-IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
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Belinova L, Kahleova H, Malinska H, Topolcan O, Windrichova J, Oliyarnyk O, Kazdova L, Hill M, Pelikanova T. The effect of meal frequency in a reduced-energy regimen on the gastrointestinal and appetite hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised crossover study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174820. [PMID: 28369078 PMCID: PMC5378398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appetite and gastrointestinal hormones (GIHs) participate in energy homeostasis, feeding behavior and regulation of body weight. We demonstrated previously the superior effect of a hypocaloric diet regimen with lower meal frequency (B2) on body weight, hepatic fat content, insulin sensitivity and feelings of hunger compared to the same diet divided into six smaller meals a day (A6). Studies with isoenergetic diet regimens indicate that lower meal frequency should also have an effect on fasting and postprandial responses of GIHs. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the effect of two hypocaloric diet regimens on fasting levels of appetite and GIHs and on their postprandial responses after a standard meal. It was hypothesized that lower meal frequency in a reduced-energy regimen leading to greater body weight reduction and reduced hunger would be associated with decreased plasma concentrations of GIHs: gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), peptide YY(PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and leptin and increased plasma concentration of ghrelin. The postprandial response of satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY and PP) and postprandial suppression of ghrelin will be improved. Methods In a randomized crossover study, 54 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) underwent both regimens. The concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, PP, PYY, amylin, leptin and ghrelin were determined using multiplex immunoanalyses. Results Fasting leptin and GIP decreased in response to both regimens with no difference between the treatments (p = 0.37 and p = 0.83, respectively). Fasting ghrelin decreased in A6 and increased in B2 (with difference between regimens p = 0.023). Fasting PP increased in B2with no significant difference between regimens (p = 0.17). Neither GLP-1 nor PYY did change in either regimen. The decrease in body weight correlated negatively with changes in fasting ghrelin (r = -0.4, p<0.043) and the postprandial reduction of ghrelin correlated positively with its fasting level (r = 0.9, p<0.001). The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. Conclusions Both hypocaloric diet regimens reduced fasting leptin and GIP and postprandial response of GIP comparably. The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. Eating only breakfast and lunch increased fasting plasma ghrelin more than the same caloric restriction split into six meals. The changes in fasting ghrelin correlated negatively with the decrease in body weight. These results suggest that for type 2 diabetic patients on a hypocaloric diet, eating larger breakfast and lunch may be more efficient than six smaller meals during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Belinova
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Hana Kahleova
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malinska
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jindra Windrichova
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdova
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Pelikanova
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Labarthe A, Tolle V. [Ghrelin: a gastric hormone at the crossroad between growth and appetite regulation]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:237-257. [PMID: 28327282 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide hormone synthesized within the gastrointestinal tract. Initially identified as the endogenous ligand of the GHS-R1a (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a), ghrelin is a powerful stimulator of growth hormone (GH) secretion. At the crossroad between nutrition, growth and long-term energy metabolism, ghrelin also plays a unique role as the first identified gastric hormone increasing appetite and adiposity. However, the role of the ghrelin/GHS-R system in the physiology of growth, feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis needs to be better understood. Utilization of pharmacological tools and complementary animal models with deficiency in preproghrelin, ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT - the enzyme that acylates ghrelin -) or GHS-R in situations of chronic undernutrition or high fat diet gives a more precise overview of the role of ghrelin in the pathophysiology of eating and metabolic disorders.
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Keenan KP, Hoe CM, Mixson L, McCoy CL, Coleman JB, Mattson BA, Ballam GA, Gumprecht LA, Soper KA. Diabesity: A Polygenic Model of Dietary-Induced Obesity from Ad Libitum Overfeeding of Sprague–Dawley Rats and Its Modulation by Moderate and Marked Dietary Restriction. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 33:650-74. [PMID: 16207639 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500311222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of ad libitum (AL) overfeeding and moderate or marked dietary restriction (DR) on the pathogenesis of a metabolic syndrome of diabesity comprised of age-related degenerative diseases and obesity in a outbred stock of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats [Crl:CD (SD) IGS BR]. SD rats were fed Purina Certified Rodent Diet AL (group 1), DR at 72–79% of AL (group 2), DR at 68–72% of AL (group 3) or DR at 47–48% of AL (group 4) for 106 weeks. Interim necropsies were performed at 13, 26, and 53 weeks, after a 7-day 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-filled minipump implantation. Body weights, organ weights, carcass analysis, in-life data including estrous cyclicity, and histopathology were determined. At 6–7 weeks of age SD rats had 6% body fat. AL-feeding resulted in hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and dietary-induced obesity (DIO) by study week 14, with 25% body fat that progressed to 36–42% body fat by 106 weeks. As early as 14 weeks, key biomarkers developed for spontaneous nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and degenerative changes in multiple organ systems. Early endocrine disruption was indicated by changes in metabolic and endocrine profiles and the early development and progression of lesions in the pituitary, pancreatic islets, adrenals, thyroids, parathyroids, liver, kidneys, and other tissues. Reproductive senescence was seen by 9 months with declines in estrous cyclicity and pathological changes in the reproductive organs of both sexes fed AL or moderate DR, but not marked DR. The diabesity syndrome in AL-fed, DIO SD rats was readily modulated or prevented by moderate to marked DR. Moderate DR of balanced diets resulted in a better toxicology model by significantly improving survival, controlling adult body weight and obesity, reducing the onset, severity, and morbidity of age-related renal, endocrine, metabolic, and cardiac diseases. Moderate DR feeding reduces study-to-study variability, increases treatment exposure time, and increases the ability to distinguish true treatment effects from spontaneous aging. The structural and metabolic differences between the phenotypes of DIO and DR SD rats indicated changes of polygenic expression over time in this outbred stock. AL-overfeeding of SD rats produces a needed model of DIO and diabesity that needs further study of its patterns of polygenic expression and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Keenan
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Biometrics, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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