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Tremblay TL, Alata W, Slinn J, Baumann E, Delaney CE, Moreno M, Haqqani AS, Stanimirovic DB, Hill JJ. The proteome of the blood-brain barrier in rat and mouse: highly specific identification of proteins on the luminal surface of brain microvessels by in vivo glycocapture. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:23. [PMID: 38433215 PMCID: PMC10910681 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active transport of molecules into the brain from blood is regulated by receptors, transporters, and other cell surface proteins that are present on the luminal surface of endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, proteomic profiling of proteins present on the luminal endothelial cell surface of the BBB has proven challenging due to difficulty in labelling these proteins in a way that allows efficient purification of these relatively low abundance cell surface proteins. METHODS Here we describe a novel perfusion-based labelling workflow: in vivo glycocapture. This workflow relies on the oxidation of glycans present on the luminal vessel surface via perfusion of a mild oxidizing agent, followed by subsequent isolation of glycoproteins by covalent linkage of their oxidized glycans to hydrazide beads. Mass spectrometry-based identification of the isolated proteins enables high-confidence identification of endothelial cell surface proteins in rats and mice. RESULTS Using the developed workflow, 347 proteins were identified from the BBB in rat and 224 proteins in mouse, for a total of 395 proteins in both species combined. These proteins included many proteins with transporter activity (73 proteins), cell adhesion proteins (47 proteins), and transmembrane signal receptors (31 proteins). To identify proteins that are enriched in vessels relative to the entire brain, we established a vessel-enrichment score and showed that proteins with a high vessel-enrichment score are involved in vascular development functions, binding to integrins, and cell adhesion. Using publicly-available single-cell RNAseq data, we show that the proteins identified by in vivo glycocapture were more likely to be detected by scRNAseq in endothelial cells than in any other cell type. Furthermore, nearly 50% of the genes encoding cell-surface proteins that were detected by scRNAseq in endothelial cells were also identified by in vivo glycocapture. CONCLUSIONS The proteins identified by in vivo glycocapture in this work represent the most complete and specific profiling of proteins on the luminal BBB surface to date. The identified proteins reflect possible targets for the development of antibodies to improve the crossing of therapeutic proteins into the brain and will contribute to our further understanding of BBB transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy-Lynn Tremblay
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Wael Alata
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Christie E Delaney
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Maria Moreno
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Arsalan S Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Hill
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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2
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Franklin RJM, Bodini B, Goldman SA. Remyelination in the Central Nervous System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041371. [PMID: 38316552 PMCID: PMC10910446 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, while this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granule neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this work, we will (1) review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; (2) describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails, including the consequences of its failure; and (3) discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75013, France
- Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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3
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Gauthier C, El Cheikh K, Basile I, Daurat M, Morère E, Garcia M, Maynadier M, Morère A, Gary-Bobo M. Cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor: From roles and functions to targeted therapies. J Control Release 2024; 365:759-772. [PMID: 38086445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) is a ubiquitous transmembrane receptor whose main intracellular role is to direct enzymes carrying mannose 6-phosphate moieties to lysosomal compartments. Recently, the small membrane-bound portion of this receptor has appeared to be implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes. This review presents an overview of the main ligand partners and the roles of CI-M6PR in lysosomal storage diseases, neurology, immunology and cancer fields. Moreover, this membrane receptor has already been noted for its strong potential in therapeutic applications thanks to its cellular internalization activity and its ability to address pathogenic factors to lysosomes for degradation. A number of therapeutic delivery approaches using CI-M6PR, in particular with enzymes, antibodies or nanoparticles, are currently being proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Gauthier
- NanoMedSyn, Montpellier, France; IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Morère
- NanoMedSyn, Montpellier, France; IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Alain Morère
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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4
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Peng X, Liu X, Kim JY, Nguyen A, Leal J, Ghosh D. Brain-Penetrating Peptide Shuttles across the Blood-Brain Barrier and Extracellular-like Space. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2319-2336. [PMID: 38085066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Systemic delivery of therapeutics into the brain is greatly impaired by multiple biological barriers─the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the extracellular space. To address this problem, we developed a combinatorial approach to identify peptides that can shuttle and transport across both barriers. A cysteine-constrained heptapeptide M13 phage display library was iteratively panned against an established BBB model for three rounds to select for peptides that can transport across the barrier. Using next-generation DNA sequencing and in silico analysis, we identified peptides that were selectively enriched from successive rounds of panning for functional validation in vitro and in vivo. Select peptide-presenting phages exhibited efficient shuttling across the in vitro BBB model. Two clones, Pep-3 and Pep-9, exhibited higher specificity and efficiency of transcytosis than controls. We confirmed that peptides Pep-3 and Pep-9 demonstrated better diffusive transport through the extracellular matrix than gold standard nona-arginine and clinically trialed angiopep-2 peptides. In in vivo studies, we demonstrated that systemically administered Pep-3 and Pep-9 peptide-presenting phages penetrate the BBB and distribute into the brain parenchyma. In addition, free peptides Pep-3 and Pep-9 achieved higher accumulation in the brain than free angiopep-2 and may exhibit brain targeting. In summary, these in vitro and in vivo studies highlight that combinatorial phage display with a designed selection strategy can identify peptides as promising carriers, which are able to overcome the multiple biological barriers of the brain and shuttle different-sized molecules from small fluorophores to large macromolecules for improved delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Peng
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xinquan Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jae You Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alex Nguyen
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jasmim Leal
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Catalano F, Vlaar EC, Katsavelis D, Dammou Z, Huizer TF, van den Bosch JC, Hoogeveen-Westerveld M, van den Hout HJ, Oussoren E, Ruijter GJ, Schaaf G, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WP. Tagged IDS causes efficient and engraftment-independent prevention of brain pathology during lentiviral gene therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101149. [PMID: 38033460 PMCID: PMC10684800 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (OMIM 309900) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) deficiency and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, leading to progressive neurodegeneration. As intravenously infused enzyme replacement therapy cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it fails to treat brain pathology, highlighting the unmet medical need to develop alternative therapies. Here, we test modified versions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC)-mediated lentiviral gene therapy (LVGT) using IDS tagging in combination with the ubiquitous MND promoter to optimize efficacy in brain and to investigate its mechanism of action. We find that IDS tagging with IGF2 or ApoE2, but not RAP12x2, improves correction of brain heparan sulfate and neuroinflammation at clinically relevant vector copy numbers. HSPC-derived cells engrafted in brain show efficiencies highest in perivascular areas, lower in choroid plexus and meninges, and lowest in parenchyma. Importantly, the efficacy of correction was independent of the number of brain-engrafted cells. These results indicate that tagged versions of IDS can outperform untagged IDS in HSPC-LVGT for the correction of brain pathology in MPS II, and they imply both cell-mediated and tag-mediated correction mechanisms, including passage across the BBB and increased uptake, highlighting their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Catalano
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Eva C. Vlaar
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Drosos Katsavelis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Zina Dammou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa F. Huizer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C. van den Bosch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Hoogeveen-Westerveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Hannerieke J.M.P. van den Hout
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - George J.G. Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben Schaaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J.T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ans T. van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - W.W.M. Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
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6
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Deng M, Zhou H, Liang Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Guo W, Zhao AY, Li F, Mu Y, Zhao AZ. Development of Lanzyme as the Potential Enzyme Replacement Therapy Drug for Fabry Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36671438 PMCID: PMC9855849 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive multisystemic disease characterized by lysosomal enzyme deficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is one of the most significant advancements and breakthroughs in treating FD. However, limited resources and the high cost of ERT might prevent patients from receiving prompt and effective therapy, thereby resulting in severe complications. Future progress in ERT can uncover promising treatment options. In this study, we developed and validated a recombinant enzyme (Lanzyme) based on a CHO-S cell system to provide a new potential option for FD therapy. Our results indicated that Lanzyme was heavily glycosylated, and its highest activity was similar to a commercial enzyme (Fabrazyme®). Our pharmacokinetic assessment revealed that the half-life of Lanzyme was up to 11 min, which is nearly twice that of the commercial enzyme. In vivo experiments revealed that Lanzyme treatment sharply decreased the accumulation levels of Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 in various tissues of FD model mice, with superior or comparable therapeutic effects to Fabrazyme®. Based on these data, Lanzyme may represent a new and promising treatment approach for FD. Building this enzyme production system for ERT can offer additional choice, potentially with enhanced efficacy, for the benefit of patients with FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Deng
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhicheng Liang
- The School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wanyi Guo
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - April Yuanyi Zhao
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yunping Mu
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Allan Zijian Zhao
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
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7
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Mucopolysaccharidoses and the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:76. [PMID: 36117162 PMCID: PMC9484072 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a set of genetic diseases marked by an enzymatic dysfunction in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. There are eight clinically distinct types of mucopolysaccharidosis, some with various subtypes, based on which lysosomal enzyme is deficient and symptom severity. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis can present with a variety of symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and cardiopulmonary issues. Additionally, the onset and severity of symptoms can vary depending on the specific disorder, with symptoms typically arising during early childhood. While there is currently no cure for mucopolysaccharidosis, there are clinically approved therapies for the management of clinical symptoms, such as enzyme replacement therapy. Enzyme replacement therapy is typically administered intravenously, which allows for the systemic delivery of the deficient enzymes to peripheral organ sites. However, crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to ameliorate the neurological symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis continues to remain a challenge for these large macromolecules. In this review, we discuss the transport mechanisms for the delivery of lysosomal enzymes across the BBB. Additionally, we discuss the several therapeutic approaches, both preclinical and clinical, for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidoses.
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8
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Arguello A, Mahon CS, Calvert ME, Chan D, Dugas JC, Pizzo ME, Thomsen ER, Chau R, Damo LA, Duque J, Fang M, Giese T, Kim DJ, Liang N, Nguyen HN, Solanoy H, Tsogtbaatar B, Ullman JC, Wang J, Dennis MS, Diaz D, Gunasekaran K, Henne KR, Lewcock JW, Sanchez PE, Troyer MD, Harris JM, Scearce-Levie K, Shan L, Watts RJ, Thorne RG, Henry AG, Kariolis MS. Molecular architecture determines brain delivery of a transferrin receptor–targeted lysosomal enzyme. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213038. [PMID: 35226042 PMCID: PMC8932535 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of biotherapeutics across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a challenge. Many approaches fuse biotherapeutics to platforms that bind the transferrin receptor (TfR), a brain endothelial cell target, to facilitate receptor-mediated transcytosis across the BBB. Here, we characterized the pharmacological behavior of two distinct TfR-targeted platforms fused to iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), a lysosomal enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), and compared the relative brain exposures and functional activities of both approaches in mouse models. IDS fused to a moderate-affinity, monovalent TfR-binding enzyme transport vehicle (ETV:IDS) resulted in widespread brain exposure, internalization by parenchymal cells, and significant substrate reduction in the CNS of an MPS II mouse model. In contrast, IDS fused to a standard high-affinity bivalent antibody (IgG:IDS) resulted in lower brain uptake, limited biodistribution beyond brain endothelial cells, and reduced brain substrate reduction. These results highlight important features likely to impact the clinical development of TfR-targeting platforms in MPS II and potentially other CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren Chan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Roni Chau
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Joseph Duque
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Meng Fang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tina Giese
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junhua Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Shan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Robert G. Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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10
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Kovac V, Shapiro EG, Rudser KD, Mueller BA, Eisengart JB, Delaney KA, Ahmed A, King KE, Yund BD, Cowan MJ, Raiman J, Mamak EG, Harmatz PR, Shankar SP, Ali N, Cagle SR, Wozniak JR, Lim KO, Orchard PJ, Whitley CB, Nestrasil I. Quantitative brain MRI morphology in severe and attenuated forms of mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:122-132. [PMID: 35012890 PMCID: PMC8898074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess our hypothesis that brain macrostructure is different in individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) and healthy controls (HC), we conducted a comprehensive multicenter study using a uniform quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) protocol, with analyses that account for the effects of disease phenotype, age, and cognition. METHODS Brain MRIs in 23 individuals with attenuated (MPS IA) and 38 with severe MPS I (MPS IH), aged 4-25 years, enrolled under the study protocol NCT01870375, were compared to 98 healthy controls. RESULTS Cortical and subcortical gray matter, white matter, corpus callosum, ventricular and choroid plexus volumes in MPS I significantly differed from HC. Thicker cortex, lower white matter and corpus callosum volumes were already present at the youngest MPS I participants aged 4-5 years. Age-related differences were observed in both MPS I groups, but most markedly in MPS IH, particularly in cortical gray matter metrics. IQ scores were inversely associated with ventricular volume in both MPS I groups and were positively associated with cortical thickness only in MPS IA. CONCLUSIONS Quantitatively-derived MRI measures distinguished MPS I participants from HC as well as severe from attenuated forms. Age-related neurodevelopmental trajectories in both MPS I forms differed from HC. The extent to which brain structure is altered by disease, potentially spared by treatment, and how it relates to neurocognitive dysfunction needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kovac
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Elsa G Shapiro
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Julie B Eisengart
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Delaney
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Alia Ahmed
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Kelly E King
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Brianna D Yund
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Morton J Cowan
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Julian Raiman
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Eva G Mamak
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul R Harmatz
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Suma P Shankar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nadia Ali
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey R Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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11
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McConnell HL, Mishra A. Cells of the Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview of the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:3-24. [PMID: 35733036 PMCID: PMC9987262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain is endowed with highly specialized vasculature that is both structurally and functionally unique compared to vasculature supplying peripheral organs. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by endothelial cells of the cerebral vasculature and prevents extravasation of blood products into the brain to protect neural tissue and maintain a homeostatic environment. The BBB functions as part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which is composed of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in addition to the specialized endothelial cells, mural cells, and the basement membrane. Through coordinated intercellular signaling, these cells function as a dynamic unit to tightly regulate brain blood flow, vascular function, neuroimmune responses, and waste clearance. In this chapter, we review the functions of individual NVU components, describe neurovascular coupling as a classic example of NVU function, and discuss archetypal NVU pathophysiology during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Office of Academic Development, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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12
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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D'Souza A, Dave KM, Stetler RA, S. Manickam D. Targeting the blood-brain barrier for the delivery of stroke therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:332-351. [PMID: 33497734 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of neuroprotectants have shown promise in treating ischemic stroke, yet their delivery to the brain remains a challenge. The endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are emerging as a dynamic factor in the response to neurological injury and disease, and the endothelial-neuronal matrix coupling is fundamentally neuroprotective. In this review, we discuss approaches that target the endothelium for drug delivery both across the BBB and to the BBB as a viable strategy to facilitate neuroprotective effects, using the example of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We highlight the advances in cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) used for CNS targeting and drug delivery. We also discuss the potential of engineered EVs as a potent strategy to deliver BDNF or other drug candidates to the ischemic brain, particularly when coupled with internal components like mitochondria that may increase cellular energetics in injured endothelial cells.
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14
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Hanes J, Dobakova E, Majerova P. Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1448-1465. [PMID: 32178609 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316130128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics' delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Dobakova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Lin Y, Wang X, Rose KP, Dai M, Han J, Xin M, Pan D. miR-143 Regulates Lysosomal Enzyme Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier and Transforms CNS Treatment for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2161-2176. [PMID: 32610100 PMCID: PMC7544978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain maturation, cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), a key transporter for lysosomal hydrolases, decreases significantly on the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Such a phenomenon leads to poor brain penetration of therapeutic enzymes and subsequent failure in reversing neurological complications in patients with neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases (nLSDs), such as Hurler syndrome (severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I [MPS I]). In this study, we discover that upregulation of microRNA-143 (miR-143) contributes to the decline of CI-MPR on the BBB during development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that miR-143 inhibits CI-MPR expression and its transport function in human endothelial cells in vitro. Genetic removal of miR-143 in MPS I mice enhances CI-MPR expression and improves enzyme transport across the BBB, leading to brain metabolic correction, pathology normalization, and correction of neurological functional deficits 5 months after peripheral protein delivery at clinically relevant levels that derived from erythroid/megakaryocytic cells via hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy, when otherwise no improvement was observed in MPS I mice at a parallel setting. These studies not only uncover a novel role of miR-143 as an important modulator for the developmental decline of CI-MPR on the BBB, but they also demonstrate the functional significance of depleting miR-143 for "rescuing" BBB-anchored CI-MPR on advancing CNS treatment for nLSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Kevin P Rose
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mei Dai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Jingfen Han
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dao Pan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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16
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Zhang W, Liu QY, Haqqani AS, Leclerc S, Liu Z, Fauteux F, Baumann E, Delaney CE, Ly D, Star AT, Brunette E, Sodja C, Hewitt M, Sandhu JK, Stanimirovic DB. Differential expression of receptors mediating receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) in brain microvessels, brain parenchyma and peripheral tissues of the mouse and the human. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32698806 PMCID: PMC7376922 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is a principal pathway for transport of macromolecules essential for brain function across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Antibodies or peptide ligands which bind RMT receptors are often co-opted for brain delivery of biotherapeutics. Constitutively recycling transferrin receptor (TfR) is a prototype receptor utilized to shuttle therapeutic cargos across the BBB. Several other BBB-expressed receptors have been shown to mediate transcytosis of antibodies or protein ligands including insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), lipid transporters LRP1, LDLR, LRP8 and TMEM30A, solute carrier family transporter SLC3A2/CD98hc and leptin receptor (LEPR). In this study, we analyzed expression patterns of genes encoding RMT receptors in isolated brain microvessels, brain parenchyma and peripheral organs of the mouse and the human using RNA-seq approach. IGF1R, INSR and LRP8 were highly enriched in mouse brain microvessels compared to peripheral tissues. In human brain microvessels only INSR was enriched compared to either the brain or the lung. The expression levels of SLC2A1, LRP1, IGF1R, LRP8 and TFRC were significantly higher in the mouse compared to human brain microvessels. The protein expression of these receptors analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining of the brain microvessels correlated with their transcript abundance. This study provides a molecular transcriptomics map of key RMT receptors in mouse and human brain microvessels and peripheral tissues, important to translational studies of biodistribution, efficacy and safety of antibodies developed against these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandong Zhang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada.
| | - Qing Yan Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Arsalan S Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Sonia Leclerc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Ziying Liu
- Scientific Data Mining/Digital Technology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Fauteux
- Scientific Data Mining/Digital Technology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Christie E Delaney
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Dao Ly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Alexandra T Star
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Caroline Sodja
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Melissa Hewitt
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada.
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17
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Grover A, Crippen-Harmon D, Nave L, Vincelette J, Wait JCM, Melton AC, Lawrence R, Brown JR, Webster KA, Yip BK, Baridon B, Vitelli C, Rigney S, Christianson TM, Tiger PMN, Lo MJ, Holtzinger J, Shaywitz AJ, Crawford BE, Fitzpatrick PA, LeBowitz JH, Bullens S, Aoyagi-Scharber M, Bunting S, O'Neill CA, Pinkstaff J, Bagri A. Translational studies of intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes of administration for CNS cellular biodistribution for BMN 250, an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Sanfilippo type B. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:425-439. [PMID: 31942701 PMCID: PMC7066106 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BMN 250 is being developed as enzyme replacement therapy for Sanfilippo type B, a primarily neurological rare disease, in which patients have deficient lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme activity. BMN 250 is taken up in target cells by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor), which then facilitates transit to the lysosome. BMN 250 is dosed directly into the central nervous system via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route, and the objective of this work was to compare systemic intravenous (IV) and ICV delivery of BMN 250 to confirm the value of ICV dosing. We first assess the ability of enzyme to cross a potentially compromised blood-brain barrier in the Naglu-/- mouse model and then assess the potential for CI-MPR to be employed for receptor-mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier. In wild-type and Naglu-/- mice, CI-MPR expression in brain vasculature is high during the neonatal period but virtually absent by adolescence. In contrast, CI-MPR remains expressed through adolescence in non-affected non-human primate and human brain vasculature. Combined results from IV administration of BMN 250 in Naglu-/- mice and IV and ICV administration in healthy juvenile non-human primates suggest a limitation to therapeutic benefit from IV administration because enzyme distribution is restricted to brain vascular endothelial cells: enzyme does not reach target neuronal cells following IV administration, and pharmacological response following IV administration is likely restricted to clearance of substrate in endothelial cells. In contrast, ICV administration enables central nervous system enzyme replacement with biodistribution to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grover
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Lacey Nave
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jon Vincelette
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jill C M Wait
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Andrew C Melton
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jillian R Brown
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Bryan K Yip
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Brian Baridon
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Catherine Vitelli
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Sara Rigney
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Pascale M N Tiger
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Melanie J Lo
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - John Holtzinger
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Adam J Shaywitz
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Brett E Crawford
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | | | - Sherry Bullens
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Stuart Bunting
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Charles A O'Neill
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA.
| | - Jason Pinkstaff
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Anil Bagri
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
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18
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Majerova P, Hanes J, Olesova D, Sinsky J, Pilipcinec E, Kovac A. Novel Blood-Brain Barrier Shuttle Peptides Discovered through the Phage Display Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040874. [PMID: 32079185 PMCID: PMC7070575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain is a major challenge in central nervous system drug development. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents access of biotherapeutics to their targets in the central nervous system and, therefore, prohibits the effective treatment of many neurological disorders. To find blood–brain barrier shuttle peptides that could target therapeutics to the brain, we applied a phage display technology on a primary endothelial rat cellular model. Two identified peptides from a 12 mer phage library, GLHTSATNLYLH and VAARTGEIYVPW, were selected and their permeability was validated using the in vitro BBB model. The permeability of peptides through the BBB was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). We showed higher permeability for both peptides compared to N–C reversed-sequence peptides through in vitro BBB: for peptide GLHTSATNLYLH 3.3 × 10−7 cm/s and for peptide VAARTGEIYVPW 1.5 × 10−6 cm/s. The results indicate that the peptides identified by the in vitro phage display technology could serve as transporters for the administration of biopharmaceuticals into the brain. Our results also demonstrated the importance of proper BBB model for the discovery of shuttle peptides through phage display libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Dominika Olesova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sinsky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Emil Pilipcinec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-254788100
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19
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Vera MU, Le SQ, Victoroff A, Passage MB, Brown JR, Crawford BE, Polgreen LE, Chen AH, Dickson PI. Evaluation of non-reducing end pathologic glycosaminoglycan detection method for monitoring therapeutic response to enzyme replacement therapy in human mucopolysaccharidosis I. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:91-97. [PMID: 31630958 PMCID: PMC7219480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic development and monitoring require demonstration of effects on disease phenotype. However, due to the complexity of measuring clinically-relevant effects in rare multisystem diseases, robust biomarkers are essential. For the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), the measurement of glycosaminoglycan levels is relevant as glycosaminoglycan accumulation is the primary event that occurs due to reduced lysosomal enzyme activity. Traditional dye-based assays that measure total glycosaminoglycan levels have a high background, due to a normal, baseline glycosaminoglycan content in unaffected individuals. An assay that selectively detects the disease-specific non-reducing ends of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans that remain undegraded due to deficiency of a specific enzyme in the catabolic pathway avoids the normal background, increasing sensitivity and specificity. We evaluated glycosaminoglycan content by dye-based and non-reducing end methods using urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid from MPS I human samples before and after treatment with intravenous recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase. We found that both urine total glycosaminoglycans and serum heparan sulfate derived non-reducing end levels were markedly decreased compared to baseline after 26 weeks and 52 weeks of therapy, with a significantly greater percentage reduction in serum non-reducing end (89.8% at 26 weeks and 81.3% at 52 weeks) compared to urine total glycosaminoglycans (68.3% at 26 weeks and 62.4% at 52 weeks, p < 0.001). Unexpectedly, we also observed a decrease in non-reducing end levels in cerebrospinal fluid in all five subjects for whom samples were collected (mean 41.8% reduction, p = 0.01). The non-reducing ends in cerebrospinal fluid showed a positive correlation with serum non-reducing end levels in the subjects (r2 = 0.65, p = 0.005). Results suggest utility of the non-reducing end assay in evaluating a therapeutic response in MPS I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin U Vera
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Steven Q Le
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Merry B Passage
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lynda E Polgreen
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Agnes H Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Kishnani PS, Sun B, Koeberl DD. Gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:R31-R41. [PMID: 31227835 PMCID: PMC6796997 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is the development of gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). GSD results from the deficiency of specific enzymes involved in the storage and retrieval of glucose in the body. Broadly, GSDs can be divided into types that affect liver or muscle or both tissues. For example, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency in GSD type Ia (GSD Ia) affects primarily the liver and kidney, while acid α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency in GSD II causes primarily muscle disease. The lack of specific therapy for the GSDs has driven efforts to develop new therapies for these conditions. Gene therapy needs to replace deficient enzymes in target tissues, which has guided the planning of gene therapy experiments. Gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has demonstrated appropriate tropism for target tissues, including the liver, heart and skeletal muscle in animal models for GSD. AAV vectors transduced liver and kidney in GSD Ia and striated muscle in GSD II mice to replace the deficient enzyme in each disease. Gene therapy has been advanced to early phase clinical trials for the replacement of G6Pase in GSD Ia and GAA in GSD II (Pompe disease). Other GSDs have been treated in proof-of-concept studies, including GSD III, IV and V. The future of gene therapy appears promising for the GSDs, promising to provide more efficacious therapy for these disorders in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kishnani PS, Koeberl DD. Liver depot gene therapy for Pompe disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:288. [PMID: 31392200 PMCID: PMC6642935 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for Pompe disease has advanced to early phase clinical trials, based upon proof-of-concept data indicating that gene therapy could surpass the benefits of the current standard of care, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). ERT requires frequent infusions of large quantities of recombinant human acid α-glucosidase (GAA), whereas gene therapy involves a single infusion of a vector that stably transduces tissues to continuously produce GAA. Liver-specific expression of GAA with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector established stable GAA secretion from the liver accompanied by receptor-mediated uptake of GAA, which corrected the deficiency of GAA and cleared the majority of accumulated glycogen in the heart and skeletal muscle. Liver depot gene therapy was equivalent to ERT at a dose of the AAV vector that could be administered in an early phase clinical trial. Furthermore, high-level expression of GAA has decreased glycogen stored in the brain. A unique advantage of liver-specific expression stems from the induction of immune tolerance to GAA following AAV vector administration, thereby suppressing anti-GAA antibodies that otherwise interfere with efficacy. A Phase I clinical trial of AAV vector-mediated liver depot gene therapy has been initiated based upon promising preclinical data (NCT03533673). Overall, gene therapy promises to address limits of currently available ERT, if clinical translation currently underway is successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Haney MJ, Klyachko NL, Harrison EB, Zhao Y, Kabanov AV, Batrakova EV. TPP1 Delivery to Lysosomes with Extracellular Vesicles and their Enhanced Brain Distribution in the Animal Model of Batten Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801271. [PMID: 30997751 PMCID: PMC6584948 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising natural nanocarriers for delivery of various types of therapeutics. Earlier engineered EV-based formulations for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer are reported. Herein, the use of macrophage-derived EVs for brain delivery of a soluble lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase-1, TPP1, to treat a lysosomal storage disorder, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses 2 (CLN2) or Batten disease, is investigated. TPP1 is loaded into EVs using two methods: i) transfection of parental EV-producing macrophages with TPP1-encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) or ii) incorporation therapeutic protein TPP1 into naive empty EVs. For the former approach, EVs released by pretransfected macrophages contain the active enzyme and TPP1-encoding pDNA. To achieve high loading efficiency by the latter approach, sonication or permeabilization of EV membranes with saponin is utilized. Both methods provide proficient incorporation of functional TPP1 into EVs (EV-TPP1). EVs significantly increase stability of TPP1 against protease degradation and provide efficient TPP1 delivery to target cells in in vitro model of CLN2. The majority of EV-TPP1 (≈70%) is delivered to target organelles, lysosomes. Finally, a robust brain accumulation of EV carriers and increased lifespan is recorded in late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) mouse model following intraperitoneal administration of EV-TPP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Deparment of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Emily B Harrison
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Deparment of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Florendo M, Figacz A, Srinageshwar B, Sharma A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092238. [PMID: 30177605 PMCID: PMC6225146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are one of the smallest and most precise nanomolecules available today, which have promising applications for the treatment of brain diseases. Each aspect of the dendrimer (core, size or generation, size of cavities, and surface functional groups) can be precisely modulated to yield a variety of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and genes to brain cells in vitro or in vivo. Two of the most important criteria to consider when using PAMAM dendrimers for neuroscience applications is their safety profile and their potential to be prepared in a reproducible manner. Based on these criteria, features of PAMAM dendrimers are described to help the neuroscience researcher to judiciously choose the right type of dendrimer and the appropriate method for loading the drug to form a safe and effective delivery system to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Insights on Localized and Systemic Delivery of Redox-Based Therapeutics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2468457. [PMID: 29636836 PMCID: PMC5832094 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2468457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are indispensable in cellular physiology and signaling. Overproduction of these reactive species or failure to maintain their levels within the physiological range results in cellular redox dysfunction, often termed cellular oxidative stress. Redox dysfunction in turn is at the molecular basis of disease etiology and progression. Accordingly, antioxidant intervention to restore redox homeostasis has been pursued as a therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders among many others. Despite preliminary success in cellular and animal models, redox-based interventions have virtually been ineffective in clinical trials. We propose the fundamental reason for their failure is a flawed delivery approach. Namely, systemic delivery for a geographically local disease limits the effectiveness of the antioxidant. We take a critical look at the literature and evaluate successful and unsuccessful approaches to translation of redox intervention to the clinical arena, including dose, patient selection, and delivery approach. We argue that when interpreting a failed antioxidant-based clinical trial, it is crucial to take into account these variables and importantly, whether the drug had an effect on the redox status. Finally, we propose that local and targeted delivery hold promise to translate redox-based therapies from the bench to the bedside.
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25
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McMurran CE, Kodali S, Young A, Franklin RJ. Clinical implications of myelin regeneration in the central nervous system. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:111-123. [PMID: 29285954 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1421458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amongst strategies to repair the brain, myelin repair offers genuine cause for optimism. Myelin, which sheaths most axons in the central nervous system (CNS), is vital for normal neurological function, as demonstrated by the functional deficits that accrue when it is absent in a range of debilitating myelin diseases. Following demyelination, post-mortem and imaging studies have shown that extensive regeneration of myelin is possible in the human brain. Over recent decades preclinical research has given us a strong understanding of the biology of myelin regeneration, opening up several exciting therapeutic opportunities that are on the cusp of clinical translation. Areas covered: This review discusses diseases that compromise the function of myelin, the endogenous capacity of the CNS to regenerate myelin, and why this sometimes fails. We then outline the extensive progress that has been made towards therapies that promote the regeneration of myelin. Expert commentary: Finally, a commentary on the first examples of these therapies to reach human patients and the evidence base that supports them, giving our opinion on where attention should be focused going forward is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E McMurran
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Srikirti Kodali
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Young
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Robin Jm Franklin
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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26
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Siupka P, Hersom MN, Lykke-Hartmann K, Johnsen KB, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T, Abbott NJ, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Bidirectional apical-basal traffic of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor in brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2598-2613. [PMID: 28337939 PMCID: PMC5531359 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17700665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain capillary endothelium mediates the exchange of nutrients between blood and brain parenchyma. This barrier function of the brain capillaries also limits passage of pharmaceuticals from blood to brain, which hinders treatment of several neurological disorders. Receptor-mediated transport has been suggested as a potential pharmaceutical delivery route across the brain endothelium, e.g. reports have shown that the transferrin receptor (TfR) facilitates transcytosis of TfR antibodies, but it is not known whether this recycling receptor itself traffics from apical to basal membrane in the process. Here, we elucidate the endosomal trafficking of the retrograde transported cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR300) in primary cultures of brain endothelial cells (BECs) of porcine and bovine origin. Receptor expression and localisation of MPR300 in the endo-lysosomal system and trafficking of internalised receptor are analysed. We also demonstrate that MPR300 can undergo bidirectional apical-basal trafficking in primary BECs in co-culture with astrocytes. This is, to our knowledge, the first detailed study of retrograde transported receptor trafficking in BECs, and the study demonstrates that MPR300 can be transported from the luminal to abluminal membrane and reverse. Such trafficking of MPR300 suggests that retrograde transported receptors in general may provide a mechanism for transport of pharmaceuticals into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Siupka
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Ns Hersom
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,3 Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper B Johnsen
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,4 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,5 Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louiza B Thomsen
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,4 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,5 Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,4 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - N Joan Abbott
- 6 Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Birger Brodin
- 2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark.,3 Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,2 Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Emerging therapies for neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 152:166-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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Meng Y, Wiseman JA, Nemtsova Y, Moore DF, Guevarra J, Reuhl K, Banks WA, Daneman R, Sleat DE, Lobel P. A Basic ApoE-Based Peptide Mediator to Deliver Proteins across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Long-Term Efficacy, Toxicity, and Mechanism. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1531-1543. [PMID: 28456380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated delivery of protein therapeutics from the bloodstream into the brain using a mouse model of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL), a lysosomal disease due to deficiencies in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). Supraphysiological levels of TPP1 are delivered to the mouse brain by acute intravenous injection when co-administered with K16ApoE, a peptide that in trans mediates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Chronic treatment of LINCL mice with TPP1 and K16ApoE extended the lifespan from 126 to >294 days, diminished pathology, and slowed locomotor dysfunction. K16ApoE enhanced uptake of a fixable biotin tracer by brain endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that its mechanism involves stimulation of endocytosis. Pharmacokinetic experiments indicated that K16ApoE functions without disrupting the BBB, with minimal effects on overall clearance or uptake by the liver and kidney. K16ApoE has a narrow therapeutic index, with toxicity manifested as lethargy and/or death in mice. To address this, we evaluated variant peptides but found that efficacy and toxicity are associated, suggesting that desired and adverse effects are mechanistically related. Toxicity currently precludes direct clinical application of peptide-mediated delivery in its present form but it remains a useful approach to proof-of-principle studies for biologic therapies to the brain in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32050, China
| | - Jennifer A Wiseman
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuliya Nemtsova
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dirk F Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jenieve Guevarra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kenneth Reuhl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Peter Lobel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Abstract
Diseases of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are among the most prevalent and disabling, yet least appreciated, conditions in neurology. In recent years, it has become clear that besides the overtly glial disorders of oligodendrocyte loss and myelin failure, such as the leukodystrophies and inflammatory demyelinations, a number of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders may also be causally linked to glial dysfunction and derive from astrocytic as well as oligodendrocytic pathology. The relative contribution of glial dysfunction to many of these disorders may be so great as to allow their treatment by the delivery of allogeneic glial progenitor cells, the precursors to both astroglia and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Given the development of new methods for producing and isolating these cells from pluripotent stem cells, both the myelin disorders and appropriate glial-based neurodegenerative conditions may now be compelling targets for cell-based therapy. As such, glial cell-based therapies may offer potential benefit to a broader range of diseases than ever before contemplated, including disorders such as Huntington's disease and the motor neuron degeneration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which have traditionally been considered neuronal in nature.
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31
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Shi Q, Haenen GR, Maas L, Arlt VM, Spina D, Vasquez YR, Moonen E, Veith C, Van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RWL. Inflammation-associated extracellular β-glucuronidase alters cellular responses to the chemical carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2261-2273. [PMID: 26438400 PMCID: PMC4982897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils infiltrate tissues during inflammation, and when activated, they release β-glucuronidase. Since inflammation is associated with carcinogenesis, we investigated how extracellular β-glucuronidase changed the in vitro cellular response to the chemical carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P). For this we exposed human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cells to B[a]P in the presence or absence of β-glucuronidase. β-Glucuronidase reduced B[a]P-induced expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 at 6 h after exposure, which did not depend on β-glucuronidase activity, because the inhibitor D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone monohydrate did not antagonize the effect of β-glucuronidase. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of β-glucuronidase on CYP expression was dependent on signalling via the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF2R, a known receptor for β-glucuronidase), because co-incubation with the IGF2R inhibitor mannose-6-phosphate completely abolished the effect of β-glucuronidase. Extracellular β-glucuronidase also reduced the formation of several B[a]P metabolites and B[a]P-DNA adducts. Interestingly, at 24 h of exposure, β-glucuronidase significantly enhanced CYP expression, probably because β-glucuronidase de-glucuronidated B[a]P metabolites, which continued to trigger the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ah receptor) and induced expression of CYP1A1 (in both cell lines) and CYP1B1 (in A549 only). Consequently, significantly higher concentrations of B[a]P metabolites and DNA adducts were found in β-glucuronidase-treated cells at 24 h. DNA adduct levels peaked at 48 h in cells that were exposed to B[a]P and treated with β-glucuronidase. Overall, these data show that β-glucuronidase alters the cellular response to B[a]P and ultimately enhances B[a]P-induced DNA adduct levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G. R. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Maas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V. M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental and Health, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public Health England, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - D. Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Y. Riffo Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - E. Moonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Veith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F. J. Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R. W. L. Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Prions efficiently cross the intestinal barrier after oral administration: Study of the bioavailability, and cellular and tissue distribution in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32338. [PMID: 27573341 PMCID: PMC5004172 DOI: 10.1038/srep32338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural forms of prion diseases frequently originate by oral (p.o.) infection. However, quantitative information on the gastro-intestinal (GI) absorption of prions (i.e. the bioavailability and subsequent biodistribution) is mostly unknown. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the fate of prions after oral administration, using highly purified radiolabeled PrP(Sc). The results showed a bi-phasic reduction of PrP(Sc) with time in the GI, except for the ileum and colon which showed sustained increases peaking at 3-6 hr, respectively. Plasma and whole blood (125)I-PrP(Sc) reached maximal levels by 30 min and 3 hr, respectively, and blood levels were constantly higher than plasma. Upon crossing the GI-tract (125)I-PrP(Sc) became associated to blood cells, suggesting that binding to cells decreased the biological clearance of the agent. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that oligomeric (125)I-PrP(Sc) were transported from the intestinal tract, and protein misfolding cyclic amplification showed that PrP(Sc) in organs and blood retained the typical prion self-replicating ability. Pharmacokinetic analysis found the oral bioavailability of (125)I-PrP(Sc) to be 33.6%. Interestingly, (125)I-PrP(Sc) reached the brain in a quantity equivalent to the minimum amount needed to initiate prion disease. Our findings provide a comprehensive and quantitative study of the fate of prions upon oral infection.
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Leuzzi V, Rossi L, Gabucci C, Nardecchia F, Magnani M. Erythrocyte-mediated delivery of recombinant enzymes. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:519-30. [PMID: 27026098 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to clone, express and purify recombinant enzymes have originated the opportunity to dispose of a virtually infinite array of proteins that could be used in the clinics to treat several inherited and acquired pathological conditions. However, the direct administration of these recombinant proteins faces some intrinsic difficulties, such as degradation by circulating proteases and/or inactivation by the patient immune system. The use of drug delivery systems may overcome these limitations. Concerning recombinant enzyme therapy, the present review will mainly focus on the exploitation of erythrocytes as a carrier system for enzymes removing potentially noxious metabolites from the circulation, either as limiting treatment strategy for auxotrophic tumours or as a detoxing approach for some intoxication type inherited metabolic disorders. Moreover, the possibility of using RBCs as a potential delivering system addressing the enzymes to the monocyte-macrophages of reticular endothelial system for the treatment of diseases associated with this cell lineage, e.g. lysosome storage diseases, will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via deiSabelli 108, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Claudia Gabucci
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Nardecchia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via deiSabelli 108, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
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Osorio MJ, Goldman SA. Glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood leukodystrophies. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:476-88. [PMID: 27170209 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The childhood leukodystrophies comprise a group of hereditary disorders characterized by the absence, malformation or destruction of myelin. These disorders share common clinical, radiological and pathological features, despite their diverse molecular and genetic etiologies. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the major affected cell populations, and are either structurally impaired or metabolically compromised through cell-intrinsic pathology, or are the victims of mis-accumulated toxic byproducts of metabolic derangement. In either case, glial cell replacement using implanted tissue or pluripotent stem cell-derived human neural or glial progenitor cells may comprise a promising strategy for both structural remyelination and metabolic rescue. A broad variety of pediatric white matter disorders, including the primary hypomyelinating disorders, the lysosomal storage disorders, and the broader group of non-lysosomal metabolic leukodystrophies, may all be appropriate candidates for glial progenitor cell-based treatment. Nonetheless, a variety of specific challenges remain before this therapeutic strategy can be applied to children. These include timely diagnosis, before irreparable neuronal injury has ensued; understanding the natural history of the targeted disease; defining the optimal cell phenotype for each disorder; achieving safe and scalable cellular compositions; designing age-appropriate controlled clinical trials; and for autologous therapy of genetic disorders, achieving the safe genetic editing of pluripotent stem cells. Yet these challenges notwithstanding, the promise of glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood myelin disorders offers hope to the many victims of this otherwise largely untreatable class of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joana Osorio
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Urayama A, Grubb JH, Sly WS, Banks WA. Pharmacologic manipulation of lysosomal enzyme transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:476-86. [PMID: 26661222 PMCID: PMC4794098 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15614589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adult blood-brain barrier, unlike the neonatal blood-brain barrier, does not transport lysosomal enzymes into brain, making enzyme replacement therapy ineffective in treating the central nervous system symptoms of lysosomal storage diseases. However, enzyme transport can be re-induced with alpha-adrenergics. Here, we examined agents that are known to alter the blood-brain barrier transport of large molecules or to induce lysosomal enzyme transport across the blood-brain barrier ((±)epinephrine, insulin, retinoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide) in 2-week-old and adult mice. In 2-week-old adolescent mice, all these pharmacologic agents increased brain and heart uptake of phosphorylated human β-glucuronidase. In 8-week-old adult mice, manipulations with (±)epinephrine, insulin, and retinoic acid were significantly effective on uptake by brain and heart. The increased uptake of phosphorylated human β-glucuronidase was inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate for the agents (±)epinephrine and retinoic acid and by L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester for the agent lipopolysaccharide in neonatal and adult mice. An in situ brain perfusion study revealed that retinoic acid directly modulated the transport of phosphorylated human β-glucuronidase across the blood-brain barrier. The present study indicates that there are multiple opportunities to at least transiently induce phosphorylated human β-glucuronidase transport at the adult blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Grubb
- Lysosomal Research, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Keep RF, Xiang J. Modifying blood-brain barrier transport to bring hope for patients with lysosomal storage diseases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:474-5. [PMID: 26661227 PMCID: PMC4794100 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15615358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cell Therapy for Pediatric Disorders of Glia. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Alpha Adrenergic Induction of Transport of Lysosomal Enzyme across the Blood-Brain Barrier. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142347. [PMID: 26545208 PMCID: PMC4636227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The impermeability of the adult blood-brain barrier (BBB) to lysosomal enzymes impedes the ability to treat the central nervous system manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases. Here, we found that simultaneous stimulation of the alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoreceptor restores in adult mice the high rate of transport for the lysosomal enzyme P-GUS that is seen in neonates but lost with development. Beta adrenergics, other monoamines, and acetylcholine did not restore this transport. A high dose (500 microg/mouse) of clonidine, a strong alpha2 and weak alpha1 agonist, was able to act as monotherapy in the stimulation of P-GUS transport. Neither use of alpha1 plus alpha2 agonists nor the high dose clonidine disrupted the BBB to albumin. In situ brain perfusion and immunohistochemistry studies indicated that adrengerics act on transporters already at the luminal surface of brain endothelial cells. These results show that adrenergic stimulation, including monotherapy with clonidine, could be key for CNS enzyme replacement therapy.
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Damme M, Stroobants S, Lüdemann M, Rothaug M, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Beck HC, Ericsson A, Andersson C, Fogh J, D'Hooge R, Saftig P, Blanz J. Chronic enzyme replacement therapy ameliorates neuropathology in alpha-mannosidosis mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:987-1001. [PMID: 26817023 PMCID: PMC4693626 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lysosomal storage disease alpha-mannosidosis is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal acid hydrolase alpha-mannosidase (LAMAN) leading to lysosomal accumulation of neutral mannose-linked oligosaccharides throughout the body, including the brain. Clinical findings in alpha-mannosidosis include skeletal malformations, intellectual disabilities and hearing impairment. To date, no curative treatment is available. We previously developed a beneficial enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) regimen for alpha-mannosidase knockout mice, a valid mouse model for the human disease. However, humoral immune responses against the injected recombinant human alpha-mannosidase (rhLAMAN) precluded long-term studies and chronic treatment. METHODS Here, we describe the generation of an immune-tolerant alpha-mannosidosis mouse model that allowed chronic injection of rhLAMAN by transgenic expression of a catalytically inactive variant of human LAMAN in the knockout background. RESULTS Chronic ERT of rhLAMAN revealed pronounced effects on primary substrate storage throughout the brain, normalization of lysosomal enzyme activities and morphology as well as a decrease in microglia activation. The positive effect of long-term ERT on neuronal lysosomal function was reflected by an improvement of cognitive deficits and exploratory activity. in vivo and in vitro uptake measurements indicate rapid clearance of rhLAMAN from circulation and a broad uptake into different cell types of the nervous system. INTERPRETATION Our data contribute to the understanding of neurological disorders treatment by demonstrating that lysosomal enzymes such as rhLAMAN can penetrate into the brain and is able to ameliorate neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute University of Kiel D-24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology University of Leuven B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Meike Lüdemann
- Biochemical Institute University of Kiel D-24098 Kiel Germany
| | | | | | - Hans Christian Beck
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology Centre for Clinical Proteomics Odense University Hospital Sdr Boulevard 29 DK-5000 Odense C Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Fogh
- Zymenex A/S Roskildevej 12C 3400 Hillerød Denmark
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology University of Leuven B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute University of Kiel D-24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Judith Blanz
- Biochemical Institute University of Kiel D-24098 Kiel Germany
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Acosta W, Ayala J, Dolan MC, Cramer CL. RTB Lectin: a novel receptor-independent delivery system for lysosomal enzyme replacement therapies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14144. [PMID: 26382970 PMCID: PMC4585660 DOI: 10.1038/srep14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapies have revolutionized patient treatment for multiple rare lysosomal storage diseases but show limited effectiveness for addressing pathologies in "hard-to-treat" organs and tissues including brain and bone. Here we investigate the plant lectin RTB as a novel carrier for human lysosomal enzymes. RTB enters mammalian cells by multiple mechanisms including both adsorptive-mediated and receptor-mediated endocytosis, and thus provides access to a broader array of organs and cells. Fusion proteins comprised of RTB and human α-L-iduronidase, the corrective enzyme for Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, were produced using a tobacco-based expression system. Fusion products retained both lectin selectivity and enzyme activity, were efficiently endocytosed into human fibroblasts, and corrected the disease phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis patient fibroblasts in vitro. RTB-mediated delivery was independent of high-mannose and mannose-6-phosphate receptors, which are exploited for delivery of currently approved lysosomal enzyme therapeutics. Thus, the RTB carrier may support distinct in vivo pharmacodynamics with potential to address hard-to-treat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Acosta
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jorge Ayala
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- BioStrategies LC, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Maureen C. Dolan
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Carole L. Cramer
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- BioStrategies LC, State University, Arkansas, USA
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41
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Lu JY, Nelvagal HR, Wang L, Birnbaum SG, Cooper JD, Hofmann SL. Intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy improves motor function and survival in a preclinical mouse model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:98-105. [PMID: 25982063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of related hereditary lysosomal storage disorders characterized by progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system resulting in dementia, loss of motor skills, seizures and blindness. A characteristic intralysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent storage material occurs in the brain and other tissues. Three major forms and nearly a dozen minor forms of NCL are recognized. Infantile-onset NCL (CLN1 disease) is caused by severe deficiency in a soluble lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1) and no therapy beyond supportive care is available. Homozygous Ppt1 knockout mice reproduce the known features of the disease, developing signs of motor dysfunction at 5 months of age and death around 8 months. Direct delivery of lysosomal enzymes to the cerebrospinal fluid is an approach that has gained traction in small and large animal models of several other neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases, and has advanced to clinical trials. In the current study, Ppt1 knockout mice were treated with purified recombinant human PPT1 enzyme delivered to the lumbar intrathecal space on each of three consecutive days at 6 weeks of age. Untreated PPT1 knockout mice and wild-type mice served as additional controls. Four enzyme concentration levels (0, 2.6, 5.3 and 10.6 mg/ml of specific activity 20 U/mg) were administered in a volume of 80 μl infused over 8 min. Each group consisted of 16-20 mice. The treatment was well tolerated. Disease-specific survival was 233, 267, 272, and 284days for each of the four treatment groups, respectively, and the effect of treatment was highly significant (p<0.0001). The timing of motor deterioration was also delayed. Neuropathology was improved as evidenced by decreased autofluorescent storage material in the spinal cord and a decrease in CD68 staining in the cortex and spinal cord. The improvements in motor function and survival are similar to results reported for preclinical studies involving other lysosomal storage disorders, such as CLN2/TPP1 deficiency, for which intraventricular ERT is being offered in clinical trials. If ERT delivery to the CSF proves to be efficacious in these disorders, PPT1 deficiency may also be amenable to this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yun Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's Health Partners Centre for Neurodegeneration, James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - Shari G Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's Health Partners Centre for Neurodegeneration, James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sandra L Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for Parkinson's disease therapy. J Control Release 2015; 207:18-30. [PMID: 25836593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1232] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized vesicles that have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles in the past few years. Exosomes are comprised of natural lipid bilayers with the abundance of adhesive proteins that readily interact with cellular membranes. We posit that exosomes secreted by monocytes and macrophages can provide an unprecedented opportunity to avoid entrapment in mononuclear phagocytes (as a part of the host immune system), and at the same time enhance delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells ultimately increasing drug therapeutic efficacy. In light of this, we developed a new exosomal-based delivery system for a potent antioxidant, catalase, to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Catalase was loaded into exosomes ex vivo using different methods: the incubation at room temperature, permeabilization with saponin, freeze-thaw cycles, sonication, or extrusion. The size of the obtained catalase-loaded exosomes (exoCAT) was in the range of 100-200nm. A reformation of exosomes upon sonication and extrusion, or permeabilization with saponin resulted in high loading efficiency, sustained release, and catalase preservation against proteases degradation. Exosomes were readily taken up by neuronal cells in vitro. A considerable amount of exosomes was detected in PD mouse brain following intranasal administration. ExoCAT provided significant neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo models of PD. Overall, exosome-based catalase formulations have a potential to be a versatile strategy to treat inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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45
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Aronovich EL, Hackett PB. Lysosomal storage disease: gene therapy on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:83-93. [PMID: 25410058 PMCID: PMC4312729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most lysosomal storage disorders affect the nervous system as well as other tissues and organs of the body. Previously, the complexities of these diseases, particularly in treating neurologic abnormalities, were too great to surmount. However, based on recent developments there are realistic expectations that effective therapies are coming soon. Gene therapy offers the possibility of affordable, comprehensive treatment associated with these diseases currently not provided by standards of care. With a focus on correction of neurologic disease by systemic gene therapy of mucopolysaccharidoses types I and IIIA, we review some of the major recent advances in viral and non-viral vectors, methods of their delivery and strategies leading to correction of both the nervous and somatic tissues as well as evaluation of functional correction of neurologic manifestations in animal models. We discuss two questions: what systemic gene therapy strategies work best for correction of both somatic and neurologic abnormalities in a lysosomal storage disorder and is there evidence that targeting peripheral tissues (e.g., in the liver) has a future for ameliorating neurologic disease in patients?
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Aronovich
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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46
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A Hitchhiker's guide to the blood-brain barrier: in trans delivery of a therapeutic enzyme. Mol Ther 2014; 22:483-484. [PMID: 24584077 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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47
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GDNF-transfected macrophages produce potent neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106867. [PMID: 25229627 PMCID: PMC4167552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) projecting to the striatum. Currently, there are no treatments that can halt or reverse the course of PD; only palliative therapies, such as replacement strategies for missing neurotransmitters, exist. Thus, the successful brain delivery of neurotrophic factors that promote neuronal survival and reverse the disease progression is crucial. We demonstrated earlier systemically administered autologous macrophages can deliver nanoformulated antioxidant, catalase, to the SNpc providing potent anti-inflammatory effects in PD mouse models. Here we evaluated genetically-modified macrophages for active targeted brain delivery of glial cell-line derived neurotropic factor (GDNF). To capitalize on the beneficial properties afforded by alternatively activated macrophages, transfected with GDNF-encoded pDNA cells were further differentiated toward regenerative M2 phenotype. A systemic administration of GDNF-expressing macrophages significantly ameliorated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in PD mice. Behavioral studies confirmed neuroprotective effects of the macrophage-based drug delivery system. One of the suggested mechanisms of therapeutic effects is the release of exosomes containing the expressed neurotropic factor followed by the efficient GDNF transfer to target neurons. Such formulations can serve as a new technology based on cell-mediated active delivery of therapeutic proteins that attenuate and reverse progression of PD, and ultimately provide hope for those patients who are already significantly disabled by the disease.
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Quiviger M, Arfi A, Mansard D, Delacotte L, Pastor M, Scherman D, Marie C. High and prolonged sulfamidase secretion by the liver of MPS-IIIA mice following hydrodynamic tail vein delivery of antibiotic-free pFAR4 plasmid vector. Gene Ther 2014; 21:1001-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Agile delivery of protein therapeutics to CNS. J Control Release 2014; 190:637-63. [PMID: 24956489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic proteins have shown potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Challenge to deliver these protein molecules to the brain is well known. Proteins administered through parenteral routes are often excluded from the brain because of their poor bioavailability and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Barriers also exist to proteins administered through non-parenteral routes that bypass the BBB. Several strategies have shown promise in delivering proteins to the brain. This review, first, describes the physiology and pathology of the BBB that underscore the rationale and needs of each strategy to be applied. Second, major classes of protein therapeutics along with some key factors that affect their delivery outcomes are presented. Third, different routes of protein administration (parenteral, central intracerebroventricular and intraparenchymal, intranasal and intrathecal) are discussed along with key barriers to CNS delivery associated with each route. Finally, current delivery strategies involving chemical modification of proteins and use of particle-based carriers are overviewed using examples from literature and our own work. Whereas most of these studies are in the early stage, some provide proof of mechanism of increased protein delivery to the brain in relevant models of CNS diseases, while in few cases proof of concept had been attained in clinical studies. This review will be useful to broad audience of students, academicians and industry professionals who consider critical issues of protein delivery to the brain and aim developing and studying effective brain delivery systems for protein therapeutics.
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Baldo G, Giugliani R, Matte U. Lysosomal enzymes may cross the blood-brain-barrier by pinocytosis: implications for enzyme replacement therapy. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:478-80. [PMID: 24560457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we hypothesized that the water-soluble lysosomal enzymes may cross the blood-brain-barrier and reach the brain using the mechanism of unspecific fluid-phase endocytosis. We also highlight studies that show that, at higher serum concentrations, a fraction of these proteins can reach the brain after intravenous injection, and we suggest some experiments to study this hypothesis. Finally we discuss the implications of this for treatments such as enzyme replacement of lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Baldo
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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