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Dalisay DS, Tenebro CP, Sabido EM, Suarez AFL, Paderog MJV, Reyes-Salarda R, Saludes JP. Marine-Derived Anticancer Agents Targeting Apoptotic Pathways: Exploring the Depths for Novel Cancer Therapies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:114. [PMID: 38535455 PMCID: PMC10972102 DOI: 10.3390/md22030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the isolation and study of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources. Several natural products have demonstrated potential as inducers of apoptosis and are currently under investigation in clinical trials. These marine-derived compounds selectively interact with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways using a variety of molecular mechanisms, resulting in cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic blebs, apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis by adjacent parenchymal cells, neoplastic cells, or macrophages. Numerous marine-derived compounds are currently undergoing rigorous examination for their potential application in cancer therapy. This review examines a total of 21 marine-derived compounds, along with their synthetic derivatives, sourced from marine organisms such as sponges, corals, tunicates, mollusks, ascidians, algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and actinobacteria. These compounds are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate their potential as apoptosis inducers for the treatment of different types of cancer. This review further examined the compound's properties and mode of action, preclinical investigations, clinical trial studies on single or combination therapy, and the prospective development of marine-derived anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralyn S. Dalisay
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
| | - Chuckcris P. Tenebro
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Edna M. Sabido
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Angelica Faith L. Suarez
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Melissa June V. Paderog
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
| | - Rikka Reyes-Salarda
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Jonel P. Saludes
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
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2
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Investigating the structure-activity relationship of marine polycyclic batzelladine alkaloids as promising inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). Comput Biol Med 2022; 147:105738. [PMID: 35777088 PMCID: PMC9212445 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over a span of two years ago, since the emergence of the first case of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China, the pandemic has crossed borders causing serious health emergencies, immense economic crisis and impacting the daily life worldwide. Despite the discovery of numerous forms of precautionary vaccines along with other recently approved orally available drugs, yet effective antiviral therapeutics are necessarily needed to hunt this virus and its variants. Historically, naturally occurring chemicals have always been considered the primary source of beneficial medications. Considering the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) as the duplicate key element of the viral cycle and its main target, in this paper, an extensive virtual screening for a focused chemical library of 15 batzelladine marine alkaloids, was virtually examined against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) using an integrated set of modern computational tools including molecular docking (MDock), molecule dynamic (MD) simulations and structure-activity relationships (SARs) as well. The molecular docking predictions had disclosed four promising compounds including batzelladines H–I (8–9) and batzelladines F-G (6–7), respectively according to their prominent ligand-protein energy scores and relevant binding affinities with the (Mpro) pocket residues. The best two chemical hits, batzelladines H–I (8–9) were further investigated thermodynamically though studying their MD simulations at 100 ns, where they showed excellent stability within the accommodated (Mpro) pocket. Moreover, SARs studies imply the crucial roles of the fused tricyclic guanidinic moieties, its degree of unsaturation, position of the N–OH functionality and the length of the side chain as a spacer linking between two active sites, which disclosed fundamental structural and pharmacophoric features for efficient protein-ligand interaction. Such interesting findings are greatly highlighting further in vitro/vivo examinations regarding those marine natural products (MNPs) and their synthetic equivalents as promising antivirals.
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3
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Rubiolo JA, Lence E, González-Bello C, Roel M, Gil-Longo J, Campos-Toimil M, Ternon E, Thomas OP, González-Cantalapiedra A, López-Alonso H, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Crambescin C1 Acts as A Possible Substrate of iNOS and eNOS Increasing Nitric Oxide Production and Inducing In Vivo Hypotensive Effect. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:694639. [PMID: 34322022 PMCID: PMC8312399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.694639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crambescins are guanidine alkaloids from the sponge Crambe crambe. Crambescin C1 (CC) induces metallothionein genes and nitric oxide (NO) is one of the triggers. We studied and compared the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico effects of some crambescine A and C analogs. HepG2 gene expression was analyzed using microarrays. Vasodilation was studied in rat aortic rings. In vivo hypotensive effect was directly measured in anesthetized rats. The targets of crambescines were studied in silico. CC and homo-crambescine C1 (HCC), but not crambescine A1 (CA), induced metallothioneins transcripts. CC increased NO production in HepG2 cells. In isolated rat aortic rings, CC and HCC induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation related to eNOS activation and an endothelium-independent relaxation related to iNOS activation, hence both compounds increase NO and reduce vascular tone. In silico analysis also points to eNOS and iNOS as targets of Crambescin C1 and source of NO increment. CC effect is mediated through crambescin binding to the active site of eNOS and iNOS. CC docking studies in iNOS and eNOS active site revealed hydrogen bonding of the hydroxylated chain with residues Glu377 and Glu361, involved in the substrate recognition, and explains its higher binding affinity than CA. The later interaction and the extra polar contacts with its pyrimidine moiety, absent in the endogenous substrate, explain its role as exogenous substrate of NOSs and NO production. Our results suggest that CC serve as a basis to develop new useful drugs when bioavailability of NO is perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Rubiolo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas-Ministerio de Ciencia, Centro Científico y Tecnológico Acuario del Río Paraná, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva de Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Emilio Lence
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Roel
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Gil-Longo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Fisiología y Farmacología de las Enfermedades Crónicas (FIFAEC), CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Ternon
- CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostel, Lugo, Spain
| | - Henar López-Alonso
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostel, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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El-Demerdash A, Metwaly AM, Hassan A, Abd El-Aziz TM, Elkaeed EB, Eissa IH, Arafa RK, Stockand JD. Comprehensive Virtual Screening of the Antiviral Potentialities of Marine Polycyclic Guanidine Alkaloids against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Biomolecules 2021; 11:460. [PMID: 33808721 PMCID: PMC8003478 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge global expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-corona virus-2 is an extraordinary public health emergency. The unavailability of specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection necessitates the focus of all scientists in this direction. The reported antiviral activities of guanidine alkaloids encouraged us to run a comprehensive in silico binding affinity of fifteen guanidine alkaloids against five different proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which we investigated. The investigated proteins are COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) (PDB ID: 6lu7), spike glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6VYB), nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (PDB ID: 6VYO), membrane glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6M17), and a non-structural protein (nsp10) (PDB ID: 6W4H). The binding energies for all tested compounds indicated promising binding affinities. A noticeable superiority for the pentacyclic alkaloids particularly, crambescidin 786 (5) and crambescidin 826 (13) has been observed. Compound 5 exhibited very good binding affinities against Mpro (ΔG = -8.05 kcal/mol), nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (ΔG = -6.49 kcal/mol), and nsp10 (ΔG = -9.06 kcal/mol). Compound 13 showed promising binding affinities against Mpro (ΔG = -7.99 kcal/mol), spike glycoproteins (ΔG = -6.95 kcal/mol), and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (ΔG = -8.01 kcal/mol). Such promising activities might be attributed to the long ω-fatty acid chain, which may play a vital role in binding within the active sites. The correlation of c Log P with free binding energies has been calculated. Furthermore, the SAR of the active compounds has been clarified. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) studies were carried out in silico for the 15 compounds; most examined compounds showed optimal to good range levels of ADMET aqueous solubility, intestinal absorption and being unable to pass blood brain barrier (BBB), non-inhibitors of CYP2D6, non-hepatotoxic, and bind plasma protein with a percentage less than 90%. The toxicity of the tested compounds was screened in silico against five models (FDA rodent carcinogenicity, carcinogenic potency TD50, rat maximum tolerated dose, rat oral LD50, and rat chronic lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)). All compounds showed expected low toxicity against the tested models. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were also carried out to confirm the stable binding interactions of the most promising compounds, 5 and 13, with their targets. In conclusion, the examined 15 alkaloids specially 5 and 13 showed promising docking, ADMET, toxicity and MD results which open the door for further investigations for them against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Demerdash
- Metabolic Biology & Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Metwaly
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (A.H.); (R.K.A.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim H. Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Reem K. Arafa
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (A.H.); (R.K.A.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA;
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5
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Lin YC, Ribaucourt A, Moazami Y, Pierce JG. Concise Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Guanidinium Alkaloid Batzelladine D: Development of a Stereodivergent Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9850-9857. [PMID: 32396001 PMCID: PMC7685371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a stereodivergent route to (±)-batzelladine D (2), (+)-batzelladine D (2), (-)-batzelladine D (2), and a series of stereochemical analogues and explore their antimicrobial activity for the first time. The concise synthetic approach enables access to the natural products in a sequence of 8-12 steps from readily available building blocks. Highlights of the synthetic strategy include gram-scale preparation of a late stage intermediate, pinpoint stereocontrol around the tricyclic skeleton, and a modular strategy that enables analogue generation. A key bicyclic β-lactam intermediate not only serves as the key controlling element for pyrrolidine stereochemistry but also serves as a preactivated coupling partner to install the ester side chain. The stereocontrolled synthesis allowed for the investigation of the antimicrobial activity of batzelladine D, demonstrating promising activity that is more potent for non-natural stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Aubert Ribaucourt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yasamin Moazami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joshua G Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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6
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Pyeon D, Rojas VK, Price L, Kim S, Singh M, Park IW. HIV-1 Impairment via UBE3A and HIV-1 Nef Interactions Utilizing the Ubiquitin Proteasome System. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121098. [PMID: 31783587 PMCID: PMC6950590 DOI: 10.3390/v11121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular basis of HIV-1 life cycle regulation has thus far focused on viral gene stage-specificity, despite the quintessence of post-function protein elimination processes in the virus life cycle and consequent pathogenesis. Our studies demonstrated that a key pathogenic HIV-1 viral protein, Nef, interacted with ubiquitin (Ub)-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A/E6AP), suggesting that interaction between Nef and UBE3A is integral to regulation of viral and cellular protein decay and thereby the competing HIV-1 and host cell survivals. In fact, Nef and UBE3A degraded reciprocally, and UBE3A-mediated degradation of Nef was significantly more potent than Nef-triggered degradation of UBE3A. Further, UBE3A degraded not only Nef but also HIV-1 structural proteins, Gag, thus significantly inhibiting HIV-1 replication in Jurkat T cells only in the presence of Nef, indicating that interaction between Nef and UBE3Awas pivotal for UBE3A-mediated degradation of the viral proteins. Mechanistic study showed that Nef and UBE3A were specific and antagonistic to each other in regulating proteasome activity and ubiquitination of cellular proteins in general, wherein specific domains of Nef overlapping with the long terminal repeat (LTR) were essential for the observed actions. Further, Nef itself reduced the level of intracellular Gag by degrading a cardinal transcription regulator, Tat, demonstrating a broad role for Nef in the regulation of the HIV-1 life cycle. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the Nef and UBE3A complex plays a crucial role in coordinating viral protein degradation and hence HIV-1 replication, providing insights as to the nature of pathobiologic and defense strategies of HIV-1 and HIV-infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohun Pyeon
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Vivian K. Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (V.K.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Lenore Price
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (V.K.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Seongcheol Kim
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA (M.S.)
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA (M.S.)
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (V.K.R.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(817)-735-5115; Fax: +(817)-735-2610
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Kinase-Based Screening of Marine Natural Extracts Leads to the Identification of a Cytotoxic High Molecular Weight Metabolite from the Mediterranean Sponge Crambe tailliezi. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100569. [PMID: 31600933 PMCID: PMC6836018 DOI: 10.3390/md17100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) results from the activation of one or more signal transduction modules both in physiological or pathological conditions. It is now established that RCD is involved in numerous human diseases, including cancer. As regulated cell death processes can be modulated by pharmacological tools, the research reported here aims to characterize new marine compounds acting as RCD modulators. Protein kinases (PKs) are key signaling actors in various RCDs notably through the control of either mitosis (e.g., the PKs Aurora A and B) or necroptosis (e.g., RIPK1 and RIPK3). From the primary screening of 27 various extracts of marine organisms collected in the Mediterranean Sea, an extract and subsequently a purified high molecular weight compound dubbed P3, were isolated from the marine sponge Crambe tailliezi and characterized as a selective inhibitor of PKs Aurora A and B. Furthermore, P3 was shown to induce apoptosis and to decrease proliferation and mitotic index of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells.
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8
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Nagasawa K, Shimokawa J. Identification of Target Protein for Batzelladines as CD4. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Ueda H. Polycyclic Guanidine Natural Products: Total Synthesis of Batzelladines. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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10
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Che Nordin MA, Teow SY. Review of Current Cell-Penetrating Antibody Developments for HIV-1 Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020335. [PMID: 29415435 PMCID: PMC6017373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 has significantly reduced the global mortality and morbidity caused by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the therapeutic strategy of HAART that targets multiple viral proteins may render off-target toxicity and more importantly results in drug-resistant escape mutants. These have been the main challenges for HAART and refinement of this therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. Antibody-mediated treatments are emerging therapeutic modalities for various diseases. Most therapeutic antibodies have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mainly for targeting cancers. Previous studies have also demonstrated the promising effect of therapeutic antibodies against HIV-1, but there are several limitations in this therapy, particularly when the viral targets are intracellular proteins. The conventional antibodies do not cross the cell membrane, hence, the pathogenic intracellular proteins cannot be targeted with this classical therapeutic approach. Over the years, the advancement of antibody engineering has permitted the therapeutic antibodies to comprehensively target both extra- and intra-cellular proteins in various infections and diseases. This review aims to update on the current progress in the development of antibody-based treatment against intracellular targets in HIV-1 infection. We also attempt to highlight the challenges and limitations in the development of antibody-based therapeutic modalities against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Alif Che Nordin
- Kulliyyah of Medicine and Health Sciences (KMHS), Kolej Universiti INSANIAH, 09300 Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Sin-Yeang Teow
- Sunway Institute for Healthcare Development (SIHD), School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences (SHMS), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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11
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El-Demerdash A, Atanasov AG, Bishayee A, Abdel-Mogib M, Hooper JNA, Al-Mourabit A. Batzella, Crambe and Monanchora: Highly Prolific Marine Sponge Genera Yielding Compounds with Potential Applications for Cancer and Other Therapeutic Areas. Nutrients 2018; 10:E33. [PMID: 29301302 PMCID: PMC5793261 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline and guanidine-derived alkaloids present distinct groups of marine secondary metabolites with structural diversity that displayed potentialities in biological research. A considerable number of these molecular architectures had been recorded from marine sponges belonging to different marine genera, including Batzella, Crambe, Monanchora, Clathria, Ptilocaulis and New Caledonian starfishes Fromia monilis and Celerina heffernani. In this review, we aim to comprehensively cover the chemodiversity and the bioactivities landmarks centered around the chemical constituents exclusively isolated from these three marine genera including Batzella, Crambe and Monanchora over the period 1981-2017, paying a special attention to the polycyclic guanidinic compounds and their proposed biomimetic landmarks. It is concluded that these marine sponge genera represent a rich source of novel compounds with potential applications for cancer and other therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Demerdash
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Mamdouh Abdel-Mogib
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - John N A Hooper
- Queensland Museum, P.O. Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD BC 4101, Australia.
| | - Ali Al-Mourabit
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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12
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Shi Y, Moazami Y, Pierce JG. Structure, synthesis and biological properties of the pentacyclic guanidinium alkaloids. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2817-2824. [PMID: 28404523 PMCID: PMC5494716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pentacyclic guanidinium alkaloids (PGAs) are a family of marine natural products that possess a polycyclic guanidine-containing core and a long alkyl chain tethered spermidine-derived tail that is rarely observed in other natural products. These natural products exhibit potent activities on a wide range of organisms and therefore have attracted the attention of many synthetic chemists; however, the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of PGAs remain largely elusive. Herein we summarize the structure, synthesis, toxicity and mechanisms of action of PGAs and highlight their potential as chemical probes and/or therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yasamin Moazami
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Joshua G Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Pandey D, Podder A, Pandit M, Latha N. CD4-gp120 interaction interface - a gateway for HIV-1 infection in human: molecular network, modeling and docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2631-2644. [PMID: 27545652 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1227722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The major causative agent for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 is a predominant subtype of HIV which counts on human cellular mechanism virtually in every aspect of its life cycle. Binding of viral envelope glycoprotein-gp120 with human cell surface CD4 receptor triggers the early infection stage of HIV-1. This study focuses on the interaction interface between these two proteins that play a crucial role for viral infectivity. The CD4-gp120 interaction interface has been studied through a comprehensive protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) analysis and highlighted as a useful step towards identifying potential therapeutic drug targets against HIV-1 infection. We prioritized gp41, Nef and Tat proteins of HIV-1 as valuable drug targets at early stage of viral infection. Lack of crystal structure has made it difficult to understand the biological implication of these proteins during disease progression. Here, computational protein modeling techniques and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to generate three-dimensional models of these targets. Besides, molecular docking was initiated to determine the desirability of these target proteins for already available HIV-1 specific drugs which indicates the usefulness of these protein structures to identify an effective drug combination therapy against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Pandey
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Avijit Podder
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Mansi Pandit
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
| | - Narayanan Latha
- a Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility , Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi , Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021 , India
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Abstract
The Mediterranean marine sponge Crambe crambe is the source of two families of guanidine alkaloids known as crambescins and crambescidins. Some of the biological effects of crambescidins have been previously reported while crambescins have undergone little study. Taking this into account, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to examine the effect of crambescin-C1 (CC1) on human tumor hepatocarcinoma cells HepG2 followed by validation experiments to confirm its predicted biological activities. We report herein that, while crambescin-A1 has a minor effect on these cells, CC1 protects them against oxidative injury by means of metallothionein induction even at low concentrations. Additionally, at high doses, CC1 arrests the HepG2 cell cycle in G0/G1 and thus inhibits tumor cell proliferation. The findings presented here provide the first detailed approach regarding the different effects of crambescins on tumor cells and provide a basis for future studies on other possible cellular mechanisms related to these bioactivities.
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Abstract
Naturally occurring guanidine derivatives frequently display medicinally useful properties. Among them, the higher order pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, the dragmacidins, the crambescidins/batzelladines, and the saxitoxins/tetradotoxins have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods over the past decades. We provide here an overview of the syntheses of these cyclic guanidine-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ma
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Saptarshi De
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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16
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Abstract
Monanchocidin A is a recently isolated pentacyclic guanidinium alkaloid that contains an unusual highly oxidized morpholinone fragment. Herein we report a rapid synthesis of this heterocyclic scaffold and confirm its structure. The key reaction involves an acid promoted hemiketalization/hemiaminalization of an α-hydroxyamide and α-ketoaldehyde that proceeds with exclusive regioselectivity and high diastereoselectivity to form the natural scaffold in moderate to high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Yang X, Bai G, Lin H, Wang D. Facile solid phase synthesis of N-cycloguanidinyl-formyl peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dürr R, Keppler O, Christ F, Crespan E, Garbelli A, Maga G, Dietrich U. Targeting Cellular Cofactors in HIV Therapy. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Witkowski W, Verhasselt B. Contributions of HIV-1 Nef to immune dysregulation in HIV-infected patients: a therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1345-56. [PMID: 23967871 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.830712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV accessory protein Nef is a factor responsible for many of the viral pathogenic effects. Progression to AIDS is dramatically delayed and in some well-documented cases completely abolished on infection with naturally occurring HIV strains lacking intact nef sequences in their genomes. The topic of this review is the contribution of Nef to the immune pathology as a possible target in HIV-infected patients. AREAS COVERED An overview of known Nef functions accounting for its role in pathogenesis is presented, emphasizing interactions with dendritic cells and macrophages, and Nef-induced exosome secretion, all involved in immune dysregulation during the course of HIV infection. Current approaches to Nef inhibition by different classes of compounds are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Blocking Nef for therapeutic purposes is a challenging endeavor mainly due to intrinsic properties of this HIV accessory protein. Nef has multiple interfaces to interact with host proteins and lacks a catalytic domain. Potential benefits arising from the development of successful inhibitors could however prove beneficial for reducing gradual deterioration of immune system in chronically infected patients in absence of functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Witkowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology of Ghent University , Gent , Belgium +32 93323658 ; +32 93323659 ;
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Laforge M, Limou S, Harper F, Casartelli N, Rodrigues V, Silvestre R, Haloui H, Zagury JF, Senik A, Estaquier J. DRAM triggers lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death in CD4(+) T cells infected with HIV. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003328. [PMID: 23658518 PMCID: PMC3642063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive HIV infection of CD4+ T cells leads to a caspase-independent cell death pathway associated with lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cathepsin release, resulting in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Herein, we demonstrate that HIV infection induces damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM) expression in a p53-dependent manner. Knocking down the expression of DRAM and p53 genes with specific siRNAs inhibited autophagy and LMP. However, inhibition of Atg5 and Beclin genes that prevents autophagy had a minor effect on LMP and cell death. The knock down of DRAM gene inhibited cytochrome C release, MOMP and cell death. However, knocking down DRAM, we increased viral infection and production. Our study shows for the first time the involvement of DRAM in host-pathogen interactions, which may represent a mechanism of defense via the elimination of infected cells. Lysosomes are acidic organelles capable of digesting macromolecules and regulating autophagy. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, productive viral infections are associated with lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) and programmed cell death (PCD). At a molecular level, the tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53), which is a key player in the detection of DNA damage, acts also as a sensor of pathogen replication. Activation of p53 has been considered to be an altruistic cell suicide mechanism that limits viral infection. Here, we provide new evidence that damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), a p53 target gene, regulates both LMP and PCD of HIV-infected CD4 T cells. Whereas the inhibition of DRAM or p53 prevents autophagy in infected cells, the inhibition of the autophagy machinery has a minor role in this context. As a consequence, the silencing of DRAM leads to increased HIV viral infection. This is the first report describing the role of DRAM in the context of host-pathogen interaction. Whereas it is to the advantage of the pathogens to preserve their hosts and thus facilitate their multiplication and dissemination, hosts have developed altruistic cellular processes to defend themself and limit the spread of the infectious agent in multicellular organisms. We propose that the ancestral DRAM protein represents a mechanism of self-defense, inducing elimination of infected cells through LMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Limou
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Francis Harper
- FRE 2937-Génétique Moléculaire et Intégration des Fonctions Cellulaires, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Houda Haloui
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Zagury
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Anna Senik
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Jin YJ, Cai CY, Mezei M, Ohlmeyer M, Sanchez R, Burakoff SJ. Identification of a novel binding site between HIV type 1 Nef C-terminal flexible loop and AP2 required for Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:725-31. [PMID: 23151229 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is an accessory protein necessary for HIV-1 virulence and rapid AIDS development. Nef promotes viral replication and infection by connecting CD4 and several other cell surface receptors to the clathrin adaptor protein AP2, resulting in the internalization and degradation of the receptors interacting with Nef. We investigated how Nef can mediate constitutive receptor endocytosis through the interaction of the dileucine motif in its C-terminal flexible loop (C-loop) with AP2, whereas AP2 binding of the transmembrane receptors usually results in an equilibrated (recycled) endocytosis. Our results indicated that in addition to the dileucine motif, there is a second motif in the Nef C-loop involved in the Nef-AP2 interaction. Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation was impaired when the residue in the hydrophobic region in the Nef C-loop (LL165HPMSLHGM173) was mutated to a basic residue K/R or an acidic residue E/D or to the rigid residue P, or when M168L170, L170H171, or G172M173 was mutated to AA. A pull-down assay indicated that AP2 was not coprecipitated with Nef mutants that did not downregulate CD4. Molecular modeling of the Nef C-terminal flexible loop in complex with AP2 suggests that M168L170 occupies a pocket in the AP2 σ2 subunit. Our data suggest a new model in the Nef-AP2 interaction in which the hydrophobic region in the Nef C-loop with the dileucine (L164L165) motif and M168L170 motif binds to AP2(σ2), while the acidic motif E174 and D175 binds to AP2(α), which explains how Nef through the flexible loop connects CD4 to AP2 for constitutive CD4 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiu Jin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Yi Cai
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Steven J. Burakoff
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Martín V, Vale C, Bondu S, Thomas OP, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Differential effects of crambescins and crambescidin 816 in voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in neurons. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:169-78. [PMID: 23270282 DOI: 10.1021/tx3004483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Crambescins and crambescidins are two families of guanidine alkaloids from the marine sponge Crambe crambe. Although very little information about their biological effect has been reported, it is known that crambescidin 816 (Cramb816) blocks calcium channels in a neuroblastoma X glioma cell line. Taking this into account, and the fact that ion channels are frequent targets for natural toxins, we examined the effect of Cramb816 and three compounds from the crambescin family, norcrambescin A2 (NcrambA2), crambescin A2 (CrambA2), and crambescin C1 (CrambC1), in the main voltage-dependent ion channels in neurons: sodium, potassium, and calcium channels. Electrophysiological recordings of voltage gated sodium, potassium, and calcium currents, in the presence of these guanidine alkaloids, were performed in cortical neurons from embryonic mice. Different effects were discovered: crambescins inhibited K(+) currents with the following potency: NcrambA2 > CrambC1 > CrambA2, while Cramb816 lacked an effect. Only CrambC1 and Cramb816 partially blocked Na(+) total current. However, Cramb816 partially blocked Ca(2+) , while NcrambA2 did not. Since the blocking effect of Cramb816 on calcium currents has not been previously reported in detail, we further pharmacologically isolated the two main fractions of HVA Ca(2+) channels in neurons and investigated the Cramb816 effect on them. Here, we revealed that Cav1 or L-type calcium channels are the main target for Cramb816. These two families of guanidine alkaloids clearly showed a structure-activity relationship with the crambescins acting on voltage-gated potassium channels, while Cramb816 blocks the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1 with higher potency than nifedipine. The novel evidence that Cramb816 partially blocked CaV and NaV channels in neurons suggests that this compound might be involved in decreasing the neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. The findings presented here provide the first detailed approach on the different effects of crambescin and crambescidin compounds in voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in neurons and thus provide a basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo, Spain
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23
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Gao P, Leng P, Sun Q, Wang X, Ge Z, Li R. Novel atom-economic reaction: comprehensive utilization of S-alkylisothiouronium salt in the synthesis of thioethers and guanidinium salts. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42503g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Bondu S, Genta-Jouve G, Leirόs M, Vale C, Guigonis JM, Botana LM, Thomas OP. Additional bioactive guanidine alkaloids from the Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Vithayathil R, Hooy RM, Cocco MJ, Weiss GA. The scope of phage display for membrane proteins. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:499-510. [PMID: 22037583 PMCID: PMC3230673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous examples of phage display applied to soluble proteins demonstrate the power of the technique for protein engineering, affinity reagent discovery and structure-function studies. Recent reports have expanded phage display to include membrane proteins (MPs). The scope and limitations of MP display remain undefined. Therefore, we report data from the phage display of representative types of membrane-associated proteins including plasma, nuclear, peripheral, single and multipass. The peripheral MP neuromodulin displays robustly with packaging by conventional M13-KO7 helper phage. The monotopic MP Nogo-66 can also display on the phage surface, if packaged by the modified M13-KO7(+) helper phage. The modified phage coat of KO7(+) can better mimic the zwitterionic character of the plasma membrane. Four examples of putatively α-helical, integral MPs failed to express as fusions to an anchoring phage coat protein and therefore did not display on the phage surface. However, the β-barrel MPs ShuA (Shigella heme uptake A) and MOMP (major outer membrane protein), which pass through the membrane 22 and 16 times, respectively, can display surprisingly well on the surfaces of both conventional and KO7(+) phages. The results provide a guide for protein engineering and large-scale mutagenesis enabled by the phage display of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Vithayathil
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard M. Hooy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Melanie J. Cocco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chutiwitoonchai N, Hiyoshi M, Mwimanzi P, Ueno T, Adachi A, Ode H, Sato H, Fackler OT, Okada S, Suzu S. The identification of a small molecule compound that reduces HIV-1 Nef-mediated viral infectivity enhancement. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27696. [PMID: 22110726 PMCID: PMC3217016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nef is a multifunctional HIV-1 protein that accelerates progression to AIDS, and enhances the infectivity of progeny viruses through a mechanism that is not yet understood. Here, we show that the small molecule compound 2c reduces Nef-mediated viral infectivity enhancement. When added to viral producer cells, 2c did not affect the efficiency of viral production itself. However, the infectivity of the viruses produced in the presence of 2c was significantly lower than that of control viruses. Importantly, an inhibitory effect was observed with Nef(+) wild-type viruses, but not with viruses produced in the absence of Nef or in the presence of proline-rich PxxP motif-disrupted Nef, both of which displayed significantly reduced intrinsic infectivity. Meanwhile, the overexpression of the SH3 domain of the tyrosine kinase Hck, which binds to a PxxP motif in Nef, also reduced viral infectivity. Importantly, 2c inhibited Hck SH3-Nef binding, which was more marked when Nef was pre-incubated with 2c prior to its incubation with Hck, indicating that both Hck SH3 and 2c directly bind to Nef and that their binding sites overlap. These results imply that both 2c and the Hck SH3 domain inhibit the interaction of Nef with an unidentified host protein and thereby reduce Nef-mediated infectivity enhancement. The first inhibitory compound 2c is therefore a valuable chemical probe for revealing the underlying molecular mechanism by which Nef enhances the infectivity of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Mwimanzi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oliver T. Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seiji Okada
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Diaz JE, Lin CS, Kunishiro K, Feld BK, Avrantinis SK, Bronson J, Greaves J, Saven JG, Weiss GA. Computational design and selections for an engineered, thermostable terpene synthase. Protein Sci 2011; 20:1597-606. [PMID: 21739507 PMCID: PMC3190154 DOI: 10.1002/pro.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids include structurally diverse antibiotics, flavorings, and fragrances. Engineering terpene synthases for control over the synthesis of such compounds represents a long sought goal. We report computational design, selections, and assays of a thermostable mutant of tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) for the catalysis of carbocation cyclization reactions at elevated temperatures. Selection for thermostability included proteolytic digestion followed by capture of intact proteins. Unlike the wild-type enzyme, the mutant TEAS retains enzymatic activity at 65°C. The thermostable terpene synthase variant denatures above 80°C, approximately twice the temperature of the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Chun-Shi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Kazuyoshi Kunishiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Birte K Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Sara K Avrantinis
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jonathan Bronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John Greaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
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28
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Breuer S, Schievink SI, Schulte A, Blankenfeldt W, Fackler OT, Geyer M. Molecular design, functional characterization and structural basis of a protein inhibitor against the HIV-1 pathogenicity factor Nef. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20033. [PMID: 21625496 PMCID: PMC3098852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased spread of HIV-1 and rapid emergence of drug resistance warrants development of novel antiviral strategies. Nef, a critical viral pathogenicity factor that interacts with host cell factors but lacks enzymatic activity, is not targeted by current antiviral measures. Here we inhibit Nef function by simultaneously blocking several highly conserved protein interaction surfaces. This strategy, referred to as “wrapping Nef”, is based on structure-function analyses that led to the identification of four target sites: (i) SH3 domain interaction, (ii) interference with protein transport processes, (iii) CD4 binding and (iv) targeting to lipid membranes. Screening combinations of Nef-interacting domains, we developed a series of small Nef interacting proteins (NIs) composed of an SH3 domain optimized for binding to Nef, fused to a sequence motif of the CD4 cytoplasmic tail and combined with a prenylation signal for membrane association. NIs bind to Nef in the low nM affinity range, associate with Nef in human cells and specifically interfere with key biological activities of Nef. Structure determination of the Nef-inhibitor complex reveals the molecular basis for binding specificity. These results establish Nef-NI interfaces as promising leads for the development of potent Nef inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Breuer
- Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
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29
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Discovery of new antimalarial chemotypes through chemical methodology and library development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6775-80. [PMID: 21498685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017666108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to expand the stereochemical and structural complexity of chemical libraries used in drug discovery, the Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University has established an infrastructure to translate methodologies accessing diverse chemotypes into arrayed libraries for biological evaluation. In a collaborative effort, the NIH Chemical Genomics Center determined IC(50)'s for Plasmodium falciparum viability for each of 2,070 members of the CMLD-BU compound collection using quantitative high-throughput screening across five parasite lines of distinct geographic origin. Three compound classes displaying either differential or comprehensive antimalarial activity across the lines were identified, and the nascent structure activity relationships (SAR) from this experiment used to initiate optimization of these chemotypes for further development.
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Abstract
The Nef protein of HIV-1 is important for AIDS pathogenesis, but it is not targeted by current antiviral strategies. Here, we describe a single-domain antibody (sdAb) that binds to HIV-1 Nef with a high affinity (K(d) = 2 × 10(-9)M) and inhibited critical biologic activities of Nef both in vitro and in vivo. First, it interfered with the CD4 down-regulation activity of a broad panel of nef alleles through inhibition of the Nef effects on CD4 internalization from the cell surface. Second, it was able to interfere with the association of Nef with the cellular p21-activated kinase 2 as well as with the resulting inhibitory effect of Nef on actin remodeling. Third, it counteracted the Nef-dependent enhancement of virion infectivity and inhibited the positive effect of Nef on virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Fourth, anti-Nef sdAb rescued Nef-mediated thymic CD4(+) T-cell maturation defects and peripheral CD4(+) T-cell activation in the CD4C/HIV-1(Nef) transgenic mouse model. Because all these Nef functions have been implicated in Nef effects on pathogenesis, this anti-Nef sdAb may represent an efficient tool to elucidate the molecular functions of Nef in the virus life cycle and could now help to develop new strategies for the control of AIDS.
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31
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Bratkovic T. Progress in phage display: evolution of the technique and its application. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:749-67. [PMID: 20196239 PMCID: PMC11115567 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phage display, the presentation of (poly)peptides as fusions to capsid proteins on the surface of bacterial viruses, celebrates its 25th birthday in 2010. The technique, coupled with in vitro selection, enables rapid identification and optimization of proteins based on their structural or functional properties. In the last two decades, it has advanced tremendously and has become widely accepted by the scientific community. This by no means exhaustive review aims to inform the reader of the key modifications in phage display. Novel display formats, innovative library designs and screening strategies are discussed. I will also briefly review some recent uses of the technology to illustrate its incredible versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Bratkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The guanidine group defines chemical and physicochemical properties of many compounds of medical interest and guanidine-containing derivatives constitute a very important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the most important pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of simple guanidine derivatives, cyclic analogues of guanidines as well as peptides, peptidomimetics and peptoids incorporating arginine. METHODS The review presents both the recent patent literature and original papers dealing with guanidine derivatives that show interesting biological activity and emphasizes the newest developing drugs. CONCLUSION Recent achievements in the synthesis of guanidine-containing molecules with diverse chemical, biochemical and pharmacological properties make them of great importance to the design and development of novel drugs acting at CNS, anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, inhibitors of NO synthase, antithrombotic, antidiabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as guanidinium-based transporters and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdansk, Poland.
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33
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34
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Laville R, Thomas OP, Berrué F, Marquez D, Vacelet J, Amade P. Bioactive guanidine alkaloids from two Caribbean marine sponges. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1589-1594. [PMID: 19743809 DOI: 10.1021/np900244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven new guanidine alkaloids (1-7) together with the known batzelladines A, F, H, and L, ptilomycalin A, and fromiamycalin were isolated from the Caribbean marine sponges Monanchora arbuscula and Clathria calla. Molecular structures were assigned on the basis of detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometry data, and bioactivities of the alkaloids were evaluated against human cancer cell lines and malaria protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Laville
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, LCMBA UMR 6001 CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, France
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35
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Majumdar S, Hajduczki A, Mendez AS, Weiss GA. Phage display of functional, full-length human and viral membrane proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5937-40. [PMID: 18667306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phage display of protein and peptide libraries offers a powerful technology for the selection and isolation of ligands and receptors. To date, the technique has been considered limited to soluble, non-membrane proteins. We report two examples of phage display of full-length, folded and functional membrane proteins. Consistent display required the recently reported KO7(+) helper phage. The two proteins, full-length caveolin-1 and HIV gp41, display well on the surface of the phage, and maintain their binding activities as shown by in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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36
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Seaton KE, Smith CD. N-Myristoyltransferase isozymes exhibit differential specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Nef. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:288-296. [PMID: 18089753 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myristoylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteins Gag and Nef by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a key process in retroviral replication and virulence, yet remains incompletely characterized. Therefore, the roles of the two isozymes, NMT1 and NMT2, in myristoylating Gag and Nef were examined using biochemical and molecular approaches. Fluorescently labelled peptides corresponding to the N terminus of HIV-1 Gag or Nef were myristoylated by recombinant human NMT1 and NMT2. Kinetic analyses indicated that NMT1 and NMT2 had 30- and 130-fold lower K(m )values for Nef than Gag, respectively. Values for K(cat) indicated that, once Gag or Nef binds to the enzyme, myristoylation by NMT1 and NMT2 proceeds at comparable rates. Furthermore, the catalytic efficiencies for the processing of Gag by NMT1 and NMT2 were equivalent. In contrast, NMT2 had approximately 5-fold higher catalytic efficiency for the myristoylation of Nef than NMT1. Competition experiments confirmed that the Nef peptide acts as a competitive inhibitor for the myristoylation of Gag. Experiments using full-length recombinant Nef protein also indicated a lower K(m) for Nef myristoylation by NMT2 than NMT1. Small interfering RNAs were used to selectively deplete NMT1 and/or NMT2 from HEK293T cells expressing a recombinant Nef-sgGFP fusion protein. Depletion of NMT1 had minimal effect on the intracellular distribution of Nef-sgGFP, whereas depletion of NMT2 altered distribution to a diffuse, widespread pattern, mimicking that of a myristoylation-deficient mutant of Nef-sgGFP. Together, these findings indicate that Nef is preferentially myristoylated by NMT2, suggesting that selective inhibition of NMT2 may provide a novel means of blocking HIV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Charles D Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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37
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Batzelladine alkaloids from the caribbean sponge Monanchora unguifera and the significant activities against HIV-1 and AIDS opportunistic infectious pathogens. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Nilsson BL, Overman LE. Concise synthesis of guanidine-containing heterocycles using the Biginelli reaction. J Org Chem 2007; 71:7706-14. [PMID: 16995677 PMCID: PMC2535792 DOI: 10.1021/jo061199m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two general methods for the synthesis of 2-imino-5-carboxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidines were developed using the three-component Biginelli reaction. The first method utilizes pyrazole carboxamidine, a beta-ketoester, and an aldehyde in an initial Biginelli reaction. After Boc protection, these products undergo aminolysis and acidic deprotection to generate 2-imino-5-carboxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidines in a four-step sequence. The second method utilizes a triazone-protected guanidine, a beta-ketoester, and an aldehyde in a Biginelli reaction. Acidic cleavage of the triazone yields 2-imino-5-carboxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidines in a two-step sequence. We also describe the further elaboration of several of these products using a tethered Biginelli reaction to give triazaacenaphthalene structures similar to those found in crambescidin and batzelladine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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39
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Gassner NC, Tamble CM, Bock JE, Cotton N, White KN, Tenney K, St. Onge RP, Proctor MJ, Giaever G, Davis RW, Crews P, Holman TR, Lokey RS. Accelerating the discovery of biologically active small molecules using a high-throughput yeast halo assay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:383-90. [PMID: 17291044 PMCID: PMC2533267 DOI: 10.1021/np060555t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a powerful model system for the study of basic eukaryotic cell biology, has been used increasingly as a screening tool for the identification of bioactive small molecules. We have developed a novel yeast toxicity screen that is easily automated and compatible with high-throughput screening robotics. The new screen is quantitative and allows inhibitory potencies to be determined, since the diffusion of the sample provides a concentration gradient and a corresponding toxicity halo. The efficacy of this new screen was illustrated by testing materials including 3104 compounds from the NCI libraries, 167 marine sponge crude extracts, and 149 crude marine-derived fungal extracts. There were 46 active compounds among the NCI set. One very active extract was selected for bioactivity-guided fractionation, resulting in the identification of crambescidin 800 as a potent antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip Crews
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
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40
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Hassan Khan MT, Ather A. Potentials of phenolic molecules of natural origin and their derivatives as anti-HIV agents. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2007; 13:223-64. [PMID: 17875479 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several phenolic molecules and their derivatives from natural sources display promising anti-HIV-1 activities. The anti-HIV compounds have been organized in this review according to their mechanism of action in the life cycle of HIV. We also mentioned some findings using in silico approaches, like virtual screening, docking, neural network, etc., and even the chemogenomics and/or functional genomics approaches could be useful for the quick identifying promising new lead anti-HIV molecules without having any other unwanted pharmacological effects. Plants having large amount of phenolic compounds, can be considered as strong sources of molecules for the treatment of HIV-1. Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the bio- and chemo-diversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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41
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Dixon N, Wong LS, Geerlings TH, Micklefield J. Cellular targets of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:1288-310. [DOI: 10.1039/b616808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Nagasawa K, Shimokawa J, Iijima Y, Hashimoto Y, Chiba H, Tanaka H. Synthesis and Biological Activities on Batzelladine Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-s(k)31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Shimokawa J, Ishiwata T, Shirai K, Koshino H, Tanatani A, Nakata T, Hashimoto Y, Nagasawa K. Total synthesis of (+)-batzelladine A and (-)-batzelladine D, and identification of their target protein. Chemistry 2006; 11:6878-88. [PMID: 16161173 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric total synthesis of batzelladine A (1) and batzelladine D (2) has been achieved. Our synthesis of batzelladines features 1) stereoselective construction of the cyclic guanidine system by means of successive 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and subsequent cyclization, 2) direct esterification of the bicyclic carboxylic acid 35 with the guanidine alcohol 8 or 59 to construct the whole carbon skeleton of batzelladines, and 3) one-step formation of the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde 53 from the primary alcohol 47 with tetra-n-propylammoniumperruthenate (TPAP), providing an efficient route to the left-hand bicyclic guanidine alcohol of batzelladine A (1). With the synthetic compounds 1 and 2 in hand, their target protein was examined by using immobilized CD4 and gp120 affinity gels. The results indicated that batzelladines A (1) and D (2) bind specifically to CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimokawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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44
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Zuo Y, Matsusaka T, Zhong J, Ma J, Ma LJ, Hanna Z, Jolicoeur P, Fogo AB, Ichikawa I. HIV-1 genes vpr and nef synergistically damage podocytes, leading to glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2832-43. [PMID: 16988066 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005080878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the causative gene for HIV-1 associated nephropathy, a paradigmatic podocytopathy. A previous study demonstrated that transgenic expression of nonstructural HIV-1 genes selectively in podocytes in mice with FVB/N genetic background resulted in podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis. In this study, transgenic mice that expressed individual HIV-1 genes in podocytes were generated. Five of six transgenic mice that expressed vpr developed podocyte damage and glomerulosclerosis. Analysis of an established vpr transgenic line revealed that transgenic mice on FVB/N but not on C57BL/6 genetic background developed podocyte injury by 8 wk of age, with later glomerulosclerosis. Four of 11 transgenic mice that expressed nef also developed podocyte injury. One transgenic line was established from the nef founder mouse with the mildest phenotype. Transgenic mice in this line developed mesangial expansion at 3 wk of age and mild focal podocyte damage at 10 wk of age. Mating with FVB/N mice did not augment nephropathy. None of the transgenic mice that expressed vif, tat, rev, or vpu in podocytes, even with the FVB/N genetic background, developed podocyte injury. For testing effects of simultaneous expression of vpr and nef, these two lines were mated. All nef:vpr double-transgenic mice showed severe podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis by 4 wk of age. In contrast, all vpr or nef single-transgenic mice in the same litter uniformly showed no or much milder podocyte injury. These findings indicate that vpr and nef each can induce podocyte injury with a prominent synergistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Zuo
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MCN C4204, Nashville, TN 37232-3584, USA
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45
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Cohen F, Overman LE. Enantioselective total synthesis of batzelladine F and definition of its structure. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:2604-8. [PMID: 16492044 PMCID: PMC2535800 DOI: 10.1021/ja057433s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Batzelladine F (1) was synthesized in enantioselective and stereoselective fashion in 15 steps (longest linear sequence) and 1.7% overall yield from two readily available enantioenriched beta-hydroxy esters, methyl (R)-3-hydroxydecanoate and methyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Tethered Biginelli condensations are used to assemble both tricyclic guanidine fragments, with the second tethered Biginelli condensation (14 + 16 --> 17) also being employed to join the guanidine fragments. Three diastereomers of batzelladine F, 2-4, were prepared also. A combination of HPLC, optical rotation and CD spectroscopy was employed to distinguish stereoisomers 1-4, proving that 1 is the correct structure of the hexacyclic marine alkaloid batzelladine F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2025, USA
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46
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Olszewski A, Weiss GA. Library versus library recognition and inhibition of the HIV-1 Nef allelome. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:12178-9. [PMID: 16131168 DOI: 10.1021/ja053316l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of drug-resistant viruses renders essentially all small-molecule antiviral treatments ineffective. We demonstrate an in vitro library versus library approach to identify small molecules targeting a broad spectrum of HIV-1 Nef protein variants. The technique could provide more effective antiviral therapies. First, a library of clinically derived Nef allelic variants, termed an allelome, was selected for function by binding to Nef ligands p53, actin, or p56lck. Next, a library of small-molecule inhibitors challenged the Nef allelome in competition assays. In contrast to single-variant inhibition, structurally simpler molecules could better inhibit the Nef allelome. Additionally, Nef sequences selected for binding to p53 resembled sequences from patients with a rapid progression to AIDS phenotype. Thus, the allelome versus small-molecule library approach offers a route for improving antiviral drug discovery and elucidating fundamental mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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48
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Aron ZD, Overman LE. Total synthesis and properties of the crambescidin core zwitterionic acid and crambescidin 359. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3380-90. [PMID: 15755156 DOI: 10.1021/ja042875+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the crambescidin core acid 9, crambescidins 359 (8) and 431 (7), and the properties of the crambescidin core are described. A key step of the synthetic route to guanidinium carboxylate 9 is Pd(0) catalyzed cleavage of the ester side chain of pentacyclic cinnamyl ester 15. This ester is also employed to prepare a small library of crambescidin alkaloid analogues that differ in their C14 side chain. The zwitterionic guanidinium carboxylate 9 was shown to readily decarboxylate to form crambescidin 359 (8). Decarboxylation of crambescidin core acid 9 was fastest under basic conditions. In the presence of base, up to eight deuterium atoms can be incorporated into the pentacyclic crambescidin core. Both deuterium incorporation and decarboxylation of crambescidin core acid 9 are the result of facile ring opening of the spirocyclic ether rings of the pentacyclic guanidinium moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Aron
- Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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