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Vondrak CJ, Sit B, Suwanbongkot C, Macaluso KR, Lamason RL. A conserved interaction between the effector Sca4 and host endocytic machinery suggests additional roles for Sca4 during rickettsial infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600492. [PMID: 38979345 PMCID: PMC11230260 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens deploy secreted effector proteins that manipulate diverse host machinery and pathways to promote infection. Although many effectors carry out a single specific function or interaction, there are a growing number of secreted pathogen effectors capable of interacting with multiple host factors. However, few effectors secreted by obligate intracellular Rickettsia species have been linked to multiple host targets. Here, we investigated the conserved rickettsial secreted effector Sca4, which was previously shown to interact with host vinculin to promote cell-to-cell spread in the model Rickettsia species R. parkeri . We discovered that Sca4 also binds the host cell endocytic factor clathrin heavy chain (CHC, CLTC ) via a conserved segment in the Sca4 N-terminus. Ablation of CLTC expression or chemical inhibition of endocytosis reduced R. parkeri cell-to-cell spread, indicating that clathrin promotes efficient spread between mammalian cells. This activity was independent of Sca4 and appeared restricted to the recipient host cell, suggesting that the Sca4-clathrin interaction also regulates another aspect of the infectious lifecycle. Indeed, R. parkeri lacking Sca4 or expressing a Sca4 truncation unable to bind clathrin had markedly reduced burdens in tick cells, hinting at a cell-type specific function for the Sca4-clathrin interaction. Sca4 homologs from diverse Rickettsia species also bound clathrin, suggesting that the function of this novel effector-host interaction may be broadly important for rickettsial infection. We conclude that Sca4 has multiple targets during infection and that rickettsiae may manipulate host endocytic machinery to facilitate several stages of their life cycles.
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Bonnin E, Rodrigo Riestra M, Marziali F, Mena Osuna R, Denizeau J, Maurin M, Saez JJ, Jouve M, Bonté PE, Richer W, Nevo F, Lemoine S, Girard N, Lefevre M, Borcoman E, Vincent-Salomon A, Baulande S, Moreau HD, Sedlik C, Hivroz C, Lennon-Duménil AM, Tosello Boari J, Piaggio E. CD74 supports accumulation and function of regulatory T cells in tumors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3749. [PMID: 38702311 PMCID: PMC11068745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are plastic cells playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Tregs actively adapt to the microenvironment where they reside; as a consequence, their molecular and functional profiles differ among tissues and pathologies. In tumors, the features acquired by Tregs remains poorly characterized. Here, we observe that human tumor-infiltrating Tregs selectively overexpress CD74, the MHC class II invariant chain. CD74 has been previously described as a regulator of antigen-presenting cell biology, however its function in Tregs remains unknown. CD74 genetic deletion in human primary Tregs reveals that CD74KO Tregs exhibit major defects in the organization of their actin cytoskeleton and intracellular organelles. Additionally, intratumoral CD74KO Tregs show a decreased activation, a drop in Foxp3 expression, a low accumulation in the tumor, and consistently, they are associated with accelerated tumor rejection in preclinical models in female mice. These observations are unique to tumor conditions as, at steady state, CD74KO-Treg phenotype, survival, and suppressive capacity are unaffected in vitro and in vivo. CD74 therefore emerges as a specific regulator of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and as a target to interfere with Treg anti-tumor activity.
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MESH Headings
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Female
- Mice
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bonnin
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Maria Rodrigo Riestra
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Rafael Mena Osuna
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Jordan Denizeau
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Juan Jose Saez
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Bonté
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Wilfrid Richer
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Girard
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Paris Saclay University, UVSQ, Versailles, France
- Institut du Thorax Curie Montsouris, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marine Lefevre
- Pathology Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Edith Borcoman
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Institut du Thorax Curie Montsouris, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Diagnostic and Theranostic Medicine Division, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Helene D Moreau
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sedlik
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Jimena Tosello Boari
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- INSERM U932 Immunity and Cancer, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
- Egle Therapeutics, Paris, France.
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3
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de Lavergne M, Maisonneuve L, Podsypanina K, Manoury B. The role of the antigen processing machinery in the regulation and trafficking of intracellular -Toll-like receptor molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102375. [PMID: 37562076 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system. Their expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and in particular dendritic cells (DCs), makes them critical in the induction of the adaptive immune response. In DCs, they interact with the chaperone UNC93B1 that mediates their trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes where they are cleaved by proteases and activated. All these different steps are also shared by major histocompatibility complex class-II (MHCII) molecules. Here, we will discuss the tight relationship intracellular TLRs have with the antigen processing machinery in APCs for their trafficking and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse de Lavergne
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Lucie Maisonneuve
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Katrina Podsypanina
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France.
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Lobos Patorniti N, Zulkefli KL, McAdam ME, Vargas P, Bakke O, Progida C. Rai14 is a novel interactor of Invariant chain that regulates macropinocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182180. [PMID: 37545539 PMCID: PMC10401043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii, CD74) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a chaperone and facilitates the folding and transport of MHC II chains. By assisting the assembly and subcellular targeting of MHC II complexes, Ii has a wide impact on the functions of antigen-presenting cells such as antigen processing, endocytic maturation, signal transduction, cell migration, and macropinocytosis. Ii is a multifunctional molecule that can alter endocytic traffic and has several interacting molecules. To understand more about Ii's function and to identify further Ii interactors, a yeast two-hybrid screening was performed. Retinoic Acid-Induced 14 (Rai14) was detected as a putative interaction partner, and the interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Rai14 is a poorly characterized protein, which is believed to have a role in actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling. In line with this, we found that Rai14 localizes to membrane ruffles, where it forms macropinosomes. Depletion of Rai14 in antigen-presenting cells delays MHC II internalization, affecting macropinocytic activity. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that, similar to Ii, Rai14 is a positive regulator of macropinocytosis and a negative regulator of cell migration, two antagonistic processes in antigen-presenting cells. This antagonism is known to depend on the interaction between myosin II and Ii. Here, we show that Rai14 also binds to myosin II, suggesting that Ii, myosin II, and Rai14 work together to coordinate macropinocytosis and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Bandola-Simon J, Roche PA. Regulation of MHC class II and CD86 expression by March-I in immunity and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102325. [PMID: 37075597 PMCID: PMC10330218 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The expression of MHC-II and CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) must be tightly regulated to foster antigen-specific CD4 T-cell activation and to prevent autoimmunity. Surface expression of these proteins is regulated by their dynamic ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase March-I. March-I promotes turnover of peptide-MHC-II complexes on resting APCs and termination of March-I expression promotes MHC-II and CD86 surface stability. In this review, we will highlight recent studies examining March-I function in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bandola-Simon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Paul A Roche
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
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6
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Vera-Montecinos A, Rodríguez-Mias R, Vila È, Villén J, Ramos B. Analysis of networks in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia: Relevance of altered immune response. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1003557. [PMID: 37033658 PMCID: PMC10076656 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has a crucial role in cognitive functioning and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. However, limited information of altered protein networks is available in this region in schizophrenia. We performed a proteomic analysis using single-shot liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of grey matter of postmortem DLPFC in chronic schizophrenia subjects (n = 20) and unaffected subjects (n = 20) followed by bioinformatic analysis to identify altered protein networks in schizophrenia (PXD024939 identifier in ProteomeXchange repository). Our results displayed a proteome profile in the DLPFC of 1989 proteins. 43 proteins were found significantly altered in schizophrenia. Analysis of this panel showed an enrichment of biological processes implicated in vesicle-mediated transport, processing and antigen presentation via MHC class II, intracellular transport and selenium metabolism. The enriched identified pathways were MHC class II antigen presentation, vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi ER retrograde transport, Nef mediated CD8 downregulation and the immune system. All these enriched categories were found to be downregulated. Furthermore, our network analyses showed crosstalk between proteins involved in MHC class II antigen presentation, membrane trafficking, Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport, Nef-mediated CD8 downregulation and the immune system with only one module built by 13 proteins. RAB7A showed eight interactions with proteins of all these pathways. Our results provide an altered molecular network involved in immune response in the DLPFC in schizophrenia with a central role of RAB7A. These results suggest that RAB7A or other proteins of this network could be potential targets for novel pharmacological strategies in schizophrenia for improving cognitive and negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- América Vera-Montecinos
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ricard Rodríguez-Mias
- Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Èlia Vila
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Belén Ramos
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
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7
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Lim HJ, Wubben JM, Garcia CP, Cruz-Gomez S, Deng J, Mak JY, Hachani A, Anderson RJ, Painter GF, Goyette J, Amarasinghe SL, Ritchie ME, Roquilly A, Fairlie DP, Gaus K, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA, McWilliam HE. A specialized tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in MR1 controls antigen presentation to MAIT cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213489. [PMID: 36129434 PMCID: PMC9499830 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 is a highly conserved microbial immune-detection system in mammals. It captures vitamin B-related metabolite antigens from diverse microbes and presents them at the cell surface to stimulate MR1-restricted lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 presentation and MAIT cell recognition mediate homeostasis through host defense and tissue repair. The cellular mechanisms regulating MR1 cell surface expression are critical to its function and MAIT cell recognition, yet they are poorly defined. Here, we report that human MR1 is equipped with a tyrosine-based motif in its cytoplasmic domain that mediates low affinity binding with the endocytic adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex. This interaction controls the kinetics of MR1 internalization from the cell surface and minimizes recycling. We propose MR1 uses AP2 endocytosis to define the duration of antigen presentation to MAIT cells and the detection of a microbial metabolic signature by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta M. Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian Pinero Garcia
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastian Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieru Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shanika L. Amarasinghe
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Jose A. Villadangos:
| | - Hamish E.G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence to Hamish E.G. McWilliam:
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8
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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9
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Kawasaki T, Ikegawa M, Kawai T. Antigen Presentation in the Lung. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860915. [PMID: 35615351 PMCID: PMC9124800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to environmental and infectious agents such as dust, viruses, fungi, and bacteria that invade the lungs upon breathing. The lungs are equipped with an immune defense mechanism that involves a wide variety of immunological cells to eliminate these agents. Various types of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MACs) function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that engulf pathogens through endocytosis or phagocytosis and degrade proteins derived from them into peptide fragments. During this process, DCs and MACs present the peptides on their major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) or MHC-II protein complex to naïve CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively. In addition to these cells, recent evidence supports that antigen-specific effector and memory T cells are activated by other lung cells such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and monocytes through antigen presentation. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of antigen presentation by APCs in the lungs and their contribution to immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taro Kawai
- *Correspondence: Takumi Kawasaki, ; Taro Kawai,
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10
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Farzi R, Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Azadi A, Shamekh A, Hemmat N, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. The role of antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153848. [PMID: 35338971 PMCID: PMC8941975 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the three lethal coronavirus outbreaks in the recent two decades and a serious threat to global health all over the world. The principal feature of the COVID-19 infection is the so-called "cytokine storm" exaggerated molecular response to virus distribution, which plays massive tissue and organ injury roles. Immunological treatments, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, have been suggested as the main approaches in treating and preventing this disease. Therefore, a proper investigation of the roles of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the aforementioned immunological responses appears essential. The present review will provide detailed information about APCs' role in the infection and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Farzi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Azadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Khwatenge CN, Pate M, Miller LC, Sang Y. Immunometabolic Dysregulation at the Intersection of Obesity and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732913. [PMID: 34737743 PMCID: PMC8560738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevails worldwide to an increasing effect. For example, up to 42% of American adults are considered obese. Obese individuals are prone to a variety of complications of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Recent meta-analyses of clinical studies in patient cohorts in the ongoing coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicate that the presence of obesity and relevant disorders is linked to a more severe prognosis of COVID-19. Given the significance of obesity in COVID-19 progression, we provide a review of host metabolic and immune responses in the immunometabolic dysregulation exaggerated by obesity and the viral infection that develops into a severe course of COVID-19. Moreover, sequela studies of individuals 6 months after having COVID-19 show a higher risk of metabolic comorbidities including obesity, diabetes, and kidney disease. These collectively implicate an inter-systemic dimension to understanding the association between obesity and COVID-19 and suggest an interdisciplinary intervention for relief of obesity-COVID-19 complications beyond the phase of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins N Khwatenge
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Marquette Pate
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Tobys D, Kowalski LM, Cziudaj E, Müller S, Zentis P, Pach E, Zigrino P, Blaeske T, Höning S. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by knockdown of AP-2 leads to alterations in the plasma membrane proteome. Traffic 2020; 22:6-22. [PMID: 33225555 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a central pathway for the internalization of proteins from the cell surface, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the plasma membrane protein composition. A key component for the formation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is AP-2, as it sequesters cargo membrane proteins, recruits a multitude of other endocytic factors and initiates clathrin polymerization. Here, we inhibited CME by depletion of AP-2 and explored the consequences for the plasma membrane proteome. Quantitative analysis revealed accumulation of major constituents of the endosomal-lysosomal system reflecting a block in retrieval by compensatory CME. The noticeable enrichment of integrins and blockage of their turnover resulted in severely impaired cell migration. Rare proteins such as the anti-cancer drug target CA9 and tumor markers (CD73, CD164, CD302) were significantly enriched. The AP-2 knockdown attenuated the global endocytic capacity, but clathrin-independent entry pathways were still operating, as indicated by persistent internalization of specific membrane-spanning and GPI-anchored receptors (PVR, IGF1R, CD55, TNAP). We hypothesize that blocking AP-2 function and thus inhibiting CME may be a novel approach to identify new druggable targets, or to increase their residence time at the plasma membrane, thereby increasing the probability for efficient therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tobys
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Kowalski
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Cziudaj
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Zentis
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Pach
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Blaeske
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Margiotta A, Frei DM, Sendstad IH, Janssen L, Neefjes J, Bakke O. Invariant chain regulates endosomal fusion and maturation through an interaction with the SNARE Vti1b. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244624. [PMID: 32907852 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The invariant chain (Ii, also known as CD74) is a multifunctional regulator of adaptive immune responses and is responsible for sorting major histocompatibility complex class I and class II (MHCI and MHCII, respectively) molecules, as well as other Ii-associated molecules, to a specific endosomal pathway. When Ii is expressed, endosomal maturation and proteolytic degradation of proteins are delayed and, in non-antigen presenting cells, the endosomal size increases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this are not known. We identified that a SNARE, Vti1b, is essential for regulating these Ii-induced effects. Vti1b binds to Ii and is localized at the contact sites of fusing Ii-positive endosomes. Furthermore, truncated Ii lacking the cytoplasmic tail, which is not internalized from the plasma membrane, relocates Vti1b to the plasma membrane. Knockout of Ii in an antigen-presenting cell line was found to speed up endosomal maturation, whereas silencing of Vti1b inhibits the Ii-induced maturation delay. Our results suggest that Ii, by interacting with the SNARE Vti1b in antigen-presenting cells, directs specific Ii-associated SNARE-mediated fusion in the early part of the endosomal pathway that leads to a slower endosomal maturation for efficient antigen processing and MHC antigen loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominik M Frei
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lennert Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Taefehshokr N, Taefehshokr S, Hemmat N, Heit B. Covid-19: Perspectives on Innate Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580641. [PMID: 33101306 PMCID: PMC7554241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 infection achieved pandemic status on March 11, 2020. As of September 8, 2020 it has caused over 890,000 mortalities world-wide. Coronaviral infections are enabled by potent immunoevasory mechanisms that target multiple aspects of innate immunity, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) able to induce a cytokine storm, impair interferon responses, and suppress antigen presentation on both MHC class I and class II. Understanding the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its immunoevasion approaches will improve our understanding of pathogenesis, virus clearance, and contribute toward vaccine and immunotherepeutic design and evaluation. This review discusses the known host innate immune response and immune evasion mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Hepatic Stellate Cells and Hepatocytes as Liver Antigen-Presenting Cells during B. abortus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070527. [PMID: 32629846 PMCID: PMC7399813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brucellosis, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the induction of liver fibrosis has been elucidated recently. Here, we study how the infection modulates the antigen-presenting capacity of LX-2 cells. Brucella abortus infection induces the upregulation of class II transactivator protein (CIITA) with concomitant MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells in a manner that is independent from the expression of the type 4 secretion system (T4SS). In concordance, B. abortus infection increases the phagocytic ability of LX-2 cells and induces MHC-II-restricted antigen processing and presentation. In view of the ability of B. abortus-infected LX-2 cells to produce monocyte-attracting factors, we tested the capacity of culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes on MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells. Culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes do not induce MHC-I and -II expression. However, these supernatants inhibit MHC-II expression induced by IFN-γ in an IL-10 dependent mechanism. Since hepatocytes constitute the most abundant epithelial cell in the liver, experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of these cells in antigen presentation in the context of B. abortus infection. Our results indicated that B. abortus-infected hepatocytes have an increased MHC-I expression, but MHC-II levels remain at basal levels. Overall, B. abortus infection induces MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells, increasing the antigen presentation. Nevertheless, this response could be modulated by resident or infiltrating monocytes/macrophages.
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16
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Endocytic Adaptor Proteins in Health and Disease: Lessons from Model Organisms and Human Mutations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111345. [PMID: 31671891 PMCID: PMC6912373 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to exchange material and information with their environment. This is largely achieved via cell-surface receptors which mediate processes ranging from nutrient uptake to signaling responses. Consequently, their surface levels have to be dynamically controlled. Endocytosis constitutes a powerful mechanism to regulate the surface proteome and to recycle vesicular transmembrane proteins that strand at the plasma membrane after exocytosis. For efficient internalization, the cargo proteins need to be linked to the endocytic machinery via adaptor proteins such as the heterotetrameric endocytic adaptor complex AP-2 and a variety of mostly monomeric endocytic adaptors. In line with the importance of endocytosis for nutrient uptake, cell signaling and neurotransmission, animal models and human mutations have revealed that defects in these adaptors are associated with several diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to encephalopathies. This review will discuss the physiological functions of the so far known adaptor proteins and will provide a comprehensive overview of their links to human diseases.
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17
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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18
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Abstract
The entry of pathogens into nonphagocytic host cells has received much attention in the past three decades, revealing a vast array of strategies employed by bacteria and viruses. A method of internalization that has been extensively studied in the context of viral infections is the use of the clathrin-mediated pathway. More recently, a role for clathrin in the entry of some intracellular bacterial pathogens was discovered. Classically, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was thought to accommodate internalization only of particles smaller than 150 nm; however, this was challenged upon the discovery that Listeria monocytogenes requires clathrin to enter eukaryotic cells. Now, with discoveries that clathrin is required during other stages of some bacterial infections, another paradigm shift is occurring. There is a more diverse impact of clathrin during infection than previously thought. Much of the recent data describing clathrin utilization in processes such as bacterial attachment, cell-to-cell spread and intracellular growth may be due to newly discovered divergent roles of clathrin in the cell. Not only does clathrin act to facilitate endocytosis from the plasma membrane, but it also participates in budding from endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and in mitosis. Here, the manipulation of clathrin processes by bacterial pathogens, including its traditional role during invasion and alternative ways in which clathrin supports bacterial infection, is discussed. Researching clathrin in the context of bacterial infections will reveal new insights that inform our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and allow researchers to fully appreciate the diverse roles of clathrin in the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Latomanski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Javitt A, Barnea E, Kramer MP, Wolf-Levy H, Levin Y, Admon A, Merbl Y. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Alter the Immunopeptidome Landscape by Modulation of HLA-B Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30833945 PMCID: PMC6387973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation on HLA molecules is a major mechanism by which the immune system monitors self and non-self-recognition. Importantly, HLA-I presentation has gained much attention through its role in eliciting anti-tumor immunity. Several determinants controlling the peptides presented on HLA have been uncovered, mainly through the study of model substrates and large-scale immunopeptidome analyses. These determinants include the relative abundances of proteins in the cell, the stability or turnover rate of these proteins and the binding affinities of a given peptide to the HLA haplotypes found in a cell. However, the regulatory principles involved in selection and regulation of specific antigens in response to tumor pro-inflammatory signals remain largely unknown. Here, we chose to examine the effect that TNFα and IFNγ stimulation may exert on the immunopeptidome landscape of lung cancer cells. We show that the expression of many of the proteins involved in the class I antigen presentation pathway are changed by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, we could show that increased expression of the HLA-B allomorph drives a significant change in HLA-bound antigens, independently of the significant changes observed in the cellular proteome. Finally, we observed increased HLA-B levels in correlation with tumor infiltration across the TCGA lung cancer cohorts. Taken together, our results suggest that the immunopeptidome landscape should be examined in the context of anti-tumor immunity whereby signals in the microenvironment may be critical in shaping and modulating this important aspect of host-tumor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Javitt
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Eilon Barnea
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Hila Wolf-Levy
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
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20
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Temme S, Temme N, Koch N. Assembly, Intracellular Transport, and Release of MHC Class II Peptide Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:297-314. [PMID: 31147949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules play a pivotal role for the induction and maintenance of immune responses against pathogens, but are also implicated in pathological conditions like autoimmune diseases or rejection of transplanted organs. Human antigen-presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are, with the exception of DRα, composed of highly polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of α- and β-chains results in a multitude of MHC-II αβ-heterodimers of the same isotype, but also isotype-mixed MHC class II molecules have been identified. Invariant chain chaperones the assembly of MHC-II molecules within the endoplasmatic reticulum and also facilitates the intracellular transport to MHC class II loading compartments (MIICs). MHC-II molecules are loaded with antigenic peptides and shuttled to the cell surface for inspection by CD4 T-cells. Alternatively, class-II molecules enriched on intraluminal vesicles can be released via exosomes into the extracellular space. Since some of the αβ-combinations may yield mismatched nonfunctional heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are transported to MIICs and found on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. We present techniques to inspect assembly, intracellular transport, cell surface expression, and exosomal release of MHC class II heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Temme
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nadine Temme
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Zapata L, Pich O, Serrano L, Kondrashov FA, Ossowski S, Schaefer MH. Negative selection in tumor genome evolution acts on essential cellular functions and the immunopeptidome. Genome Biol 2018; 19:67. [PMID: 29855388 PMCID: PMC5984361 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural selection shapes cancer genomes. Previous studies used signatures of positive selection to identify genes driving malignant transformation. However, the contribution of negative selection against somatic mutations that affect essential tumor functions or specific domains remains a controversial topic. Results Here, we analyze 7546 individual exomes from 26 tumor types from TCGA data to explore the portion of the cancer exome under negative selection. Although we find most of the genes neutrally evolving in a pan-cancer framework, we identify essential cancer genes and immune-exposed protein regions under significant negative selection. Moreover, our simulations suggest that the amount of negative selection is underestimated. We therefore choose an empirical approach to identify genes, functions, and protein regions under negative selection. We find that expression and mutation status of negatively selected genes is indicative of patient survival. Processes that are most strongly conserved are those that play fundamental cellular roles such as protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, and molecular transport. Intriguingly, we observe strong signals of selection in the immunopeptidome and proteins controlling peptide exposition, highlighting the importance of immune surveillance evasion. Additionally, tumor type-specific immune activity correlates with the strength of negative selection on human epitopes. Conclusions In summary, our results show that negative selection is a hallmark of cell essentiality and immune response in cancer. The functional domains identified could be exploited therapeutically, ultimately allowing for the development of novel cancer treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-018-1434-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Zapata
- Genomic and Epigenomic Variation in Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Oriol Pich
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Design of Biological Systems Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fyodor A Kondrashov
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Genomic and Epigenomic Variation in Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Martin H Schaefer
- Design of Biological Systems Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Gogoi M, Ravikumar V, Dixit NM, Chakravortty D. Salmonella escapes antigen presentation through K63 ubiquitination mediated endosomal proteolysis of MHC II via modulation of endosomal acidification in dendritic cells. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4775126. [PMID: 29293966 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell response is vital for successful clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Efficient antigen presentation is crucial for effective CD4+ T-cell response. Previous study has reported that Salmonella abrogates antigen presentation capacity of dendritic cells in order to escape host adaptive immune response. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of Salmonella-mediated downregulation of the total cellular Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II pool in dendritic cells. Infected dendritic cells show upregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase, MARCH1 expression and K63-linked ubiquitination of MHC II. Salmonella infection also enhances the internalisation of ubiquitin-tagged MHC II molecules that are subsequently degraded by endosomal proteases. In addition, Salmonella regulates the activation of endosomal proteases by lowering the pH of endosomes. In infected dendritic cells, Salmonella delays NOX2 recruitment to the phagosomes thereby preventing its alkalinisation. NOX2 is a significant part of innate immune response against pathogens as it is responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. In this study, we have demonstrated how Salmonella evades MHC II-mediated adaptive immune response in dendritic cells through enhanced endosomal proteolysis. To escape host CD4+T response, Salmonella delays NOX2 recruitment, an innate immune response element to the phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Visweswaran Ravikumar
- Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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24
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Abstract
Unlike B cells, CD8-positive and CD4-positive T cells of the adaptive immune system do not recognize intact foreign proteins but instead recognize polypeptide fragments of potential antigens. These antigenic peptides are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells bound to MHC class I and MHC class II proteins. Here, we review the basics of antigen acquisition by antigen presenting cells, antigen proteolysis into polypeptide fragments, antigenic peptide binding to MHC proteins, and surface display of both MHC class I-peptide and MHC class II-peptide complexes.
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25
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Pérez-Montesinos G, López-Ortega O, Piedra-Reyes J, Bonifaz LC, Moreno J. Dynamic Changes in the Intracellular Association of Selected Rab Small GTPases with MHC Class II and DM during Dendritic Cell Maturation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:340. [PMID: 28396666 PMCID: PMC5367080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing for presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules requires the latter to travel through the endocytic pathway together with its chaperons: the invariant chain (Ii) and DM. Nevertheless, the nature of the compartments where MHCII molecules travel to acquire peptides lacks definition regarding molecules involved in intracellular vesicular trafficking, such as Rab small GTPases. We aimed to define which Rab proteins are present during the intracellular transport of MHCII, DM, and Ii through the endocytic pathway on their route to the cell surface during dendritic cell (DC) maturation. We examined, by means of three-color confocal microscopy, the association of MHCII, DM, and Ii with Rab5, Rab7, Rab9, and Rab11 during the maturation of bone marrow-derived or spleen DC in response to LPS as an inflammatory stimulus. Prior to the stage of immature DC, MHCII migrated from diffuse small cytoplasmic vesicles, predominantly Rab5+Rab7- and Rab5+Rab7+ into a pericentriolar Rab5+Rab7+Rab9+ cluster, with Rab11+ areas. As DC reached the mature phenotype, MHCII left the pericentriolar endocytic compartments toward the cell surface in Rab11+ and Rab9+Rab11+ vesicles. The invariant chain and MHCII transport pathways were not identical. DM and MHCII appeared to arrive to pericentriolar endocytic compartments of immature DC through partially different routes. The association of MHCII molecules with distinct Rab GTPases during DC maturation suggests that after leaving the biosynthetic pathway, MHCII sequentially traffic from typical early endosomes to multivesicular late endosomes to finally arrive at the cell surface in Rab11+ recycling-type endosomes. In immature DCs, DM encounters transiently MHCII in the Rab5+Rab7+Rab9+ compartments, to remain there in mature DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibrán Pérez-Montesinos
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Centro Dermatológico “Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua”, Secretaría de Salud del Distrito Federal, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Orestes López-Ortega
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Jessica Piedra-Reyes
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Laura C. Bonifaz
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - José Moreno
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Centro México Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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Scheiblhofer S, Laimer J, Machado Y, Weiss R, Thalhamer J. Influence of protein fold stability on immunogenicity and its implications for vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:479-489. [PMID: 28290225 PMCID: PMC5490637 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1306441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In modern vaccinology and immunotherapy, recombinant proteins more and more replace whole organisms to induce protective or curative immune responses. Structural stability of proteins is of crucial importance for efficient presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, which plays a decisive role for triggering strong immune reactions. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss structural stability as a key factor for modulating the potency of recombinant vaccines and its importance for antigen proteolysis, presentation, and stimulation of B and T cells. Moreover, the impact of fold stability on downstream events determining the differentiation of T cells into effector cells is reviewed. We summarize studies investigating the impact of protein fold stability on the outcome of the immune response and provide an overview on computational methods to estimate the effects of point mutations on protein stability. Expert commentary: Based on this information, the rational design of up-to-date vaccines is discussed. A model for predicting immunogenicity of proteins based on their conformational stability at different pH values is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Josef Laimer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Yoan Machado
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Invariant Chain Complexes and Clusters as Platforms for MIF Signaling. Cells 2017; 6:cells6010006. [PMID: 28208600 PMCID: PMC5371871 DOI: 10.3390/cells6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii/CD74) has been identified as a surface receptor for migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Most cells that express Ii also synthesize major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules, which depend on Ii as a chaperone and a targeting factor. The assembly of nonameric complexes consisting of one Ii trimer and three MHC II molecules (each of which is a heterodimer) has been regarded as a prerequisite for efficient delivery to the cell surface. Due to rapid endocytosis, however, only low levels of Ii-MHC II complexes are displayed on the cell surface of professional antigen presenting cells and very little free Ii trimers. The association of Ii and MHC II has been reported to block the interaction with MIF, thus questioning the role of surface Ii as a receptor for MIF on MHC II-expressing cells. Recent work offers a potential solution to this conundrum: Many Ii-complexes at the cell surface appear to be under-saturated with MHC II, leaving unoccupied Ii subunits as potential binding sites for MIF. Some of this work also sheds light on novel aspects of signal transduction by Ii-bound MIF in B-lymphocytes: membrane raft association of Ii-MHC II complexes enables MIF to target Ii-MHC II to antigen-clustered B-cell-receptors (BCR) and to foster BCR-driven signaling and intracellular trafficking.
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Jans J, elMoussaoui H, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Actin- and clathrin-dependent mechanisms regulate interferon gamma release after stimulation of human immune cells with respiratory syncytial virus. Virol J 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 27004689 PMCID: PMC4802911 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause recurrent and severe respiratory tract infections. Cytoskeletal proteins are often involved during viral infections, either for cell entry or the initiation of the immune response. The importance of actin and clathrin dynamics for cell entry and the initiation of the cellular immune response against RSV in human immune cells is not known yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry of RSV and the subsequent effect on T cell activation and interferon gamma release in human immune cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified monocytes were isolated from healthy adults and stimulated in vitro with RSV. Actin and clathrin dynamics were inhibited with respectively cytochalasin D and chlorpromazine. T cell receptor signaling was inhibited with cyclosporin A. Flow cytometry was used to determine the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry and T cell activation by RSV. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to investigate the contribution of actin and clathrin on the release of interferon gamma. Results Cell entry, virus gene transcription and interferon gamma release are actin-dependent. Post-endocytic processes like the increased expression of major histocompatibility complex II on monocytes , T cell activation and the release of interferon gamma are clathrin-dependent. Finally, T cell receptor signaling affects T cell activation, whereas soluble interleukin 18 is dispensable. Conclusion Analysis of cell entry and interferon gamma release after infection with RSV reveals the importance of actin- and clathrin-dependent signaling in human immune cells. Insights into the cellular biology of the human immune response against respiratory syncytial virus will provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and may prove useful in the development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hicham elMoussaoui
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Schulz AM, Stutte S, Hogl S, Luckashenak N, Dudziak D, Leroy C, Forné I, Imhof A, Müller SA, Brakebusch CH, Lichtenthaler SF, Brocker T. Cdc42-dependent actin dynamics controls maturation and secretory activity of dendritic cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:553-67. [PMID: 26553928 PMCID: PMC4639873 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 control of actin dynamics keeps DCs in an immature state, and loss of Cdc42 activity facilitates secretion and rapid up-regulation of intracellular molecules to the cell surface, which shows that Cdc42 contributes to DC immunogenicity by regulating the DC actin cytoskeleton. Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is a member of the Rho guanosine triphosphatase family and has pivotal functions in actin organization, cell migration, and proliferation. To further study the molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell (DC) regulation by Cdc42, we used Cdc42-deficient DCs. Cdc42 deficiency renders DCs phenotypically mature as they up-regulate the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 from intracellular storages to the cell surface. Cdc42 knockout DCs also accumulate high amounts of invariant chain–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes at the cell surface, which cannot efficiently present peptide antigens (Ag’s) for priming of Ag-specific CD4 T cells. Proteome analyses showed a significant reduction in lysosomal MHC class II–processing proteins, such as cathepsins, which are lost from DCs by enhanced secretion. As these effects on DCs can be mimicked by chemical actin disruption, our results propose that Cdc42 control of actin dynamics keeps DCs in an immature state, and cessation of Cdc42 activity during DC maturation facilitates secretion as well as rapid up-regulation of intracellular molecules to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schulz
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Stutte
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hogl
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nancy Luckashenak
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Céline Leroy
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Molecular Pathology Section, Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, 81377 Munich, Germany Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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31
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Robinson MS. Forty Years of Clathrin-coated Vesicles. Traffic 2015; 16:1210-38. [PMID: 26403691 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purification of coated vesicles and the discovery of clathrin by Barbara Pearse in 1975 was a landmark in cell biology. Over the past 40 years, work from many labs has uncovered the molecular details of clathrin and its associated proteins, including how they assemble into a coated vesicle and how they select cargo. Unexpected connections have been found with signalling, development, neuronal transmission, infection, immunity and genetic disorders. But there are still a number of unanswered questions, including how clathrin-mediated trafficking is regulated and how the machinery evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Protease recognition sites in Bet v 1a are cryptic, explaining its slow processing relevant to its allergenicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12707. [PMID: 26235974 PMCID: PMC4522599 DOI: 10.1038/srep12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a high similarity with homologous protein families, only few proteins trigger an allergic immune response with characteristic TH2 polarization. This puzzling observation is illustrated by the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a and its hypoallergenic protein isoforms, e.g., Bet v 1d. Given the key role of proteolytic processing in antigen presentation and T cell polarization, we investigated the recognition of Bet v 1 isoforms by the relevant protease cathepsin S. We found that at moderately acidic pH values Bet v 1a bound to cathepsin S with significantly lower affinity and was more slowly cleaved than its hypoallergenic isoform Bet v 1d. Only at pH values ≤4.5 the known proteolytic cleavage sites in Bet v 1a became accessible, resulting in a strong increase in affinity towards cathepsin S. Antigen processing and class II MHC loading occurs at moderately acidic compartments where processing of Bet v 1a and Bet v 1d differs distinctly. This difference translates into low and high density class II MHC loading and subsequently in TH2 and TH1 polarization, respectively.
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Zhou MT, Qin Y, Li M, Chen C, Chen X, Shu HB, Guo L. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Roles of Peroxisome-associated Proteins in Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2535-49. [PMID: 26124285 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with whole-cell proteomic analysis, subcellular proteomic analysis is advantageous not only for the increased coverage of low abundance proteins but also for generating organelle-specific data containing information regarding dynamic protein movement. In the present study, peroxisome-enriched fractions from Sendai virus (SeV)-infected or uninfected HepG2 cells were obtained and subjected to quantitative proteomics analysis. We identified 311 proteins that were significantly changed by SeV infection. Among these altered proteins, 25 are immune response-related proteins. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that SeV infection inhibits cell cycle-related proteins and membrane attack complex-related proteins, all of which are beneficial for the survival and replication of SeV within host cells. Using Luciferase reporter assays on several innate immune-related reporters, we performed functional analysis on 11 candidate proteins. We identified LGALS3BP and CALU as potential negative regulators of the virus-induced activation of the type I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Tian Zhou
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences
| | - Yue Qin
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University
| | - Mi Li
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University
| | - Chen Chen
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences
| | - Xi Chen
- ¶Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University;
| | - Lin Guo
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences;
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Hennies CM, Lehn MA, Janssen EM. Quantitating MHC class II trafficking in primary dendritic cells using imaging flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:18-28. [PMID: 25967952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of antigenic peptides in MHC class II (MHCII) on dendritic cells (DCs) is the first step in the activation of antigen-specific CD4(+)T cells. The expression of surface MHCII-peptide complexes is tightly regulated as the frequency of MHCII-peptide complexes can affect the magnitude, as well as the phenotype of the ensuing CD4(+)T cell response. The surface MHCII-peptide levels are determined by the balance between expression of newly generated complexes, complex internalization, and their subsequent re-emergence or degradation. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin these processes are still poorly understood. Here we describe a multispectral imaging flow cytometry assay to visualize MHCII trafficking that can be used as a tool to dissect the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII homeostasis in primary mouse and human DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Garafalo SD, Luth ES, Moss BJ, Monteiro MI, Malkin E, Juo P. The AP2 clathrin adaptor protein complex regulates the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors in the ventral nerve cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1887-900. [PMID: 25788288 PMCID: PMC4436833 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of glutamate receptor trafficking controls synaptic strength and plasticity. This study takes advantage of viable, null mutations in subunits of the clathrin adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex in Caenorhabditis elegans to reveal a novel and unexpected AP2-dependent trafficking step for glutamate receptors early in the secretory pathway. Regulation of glutamate receptor (GluR) abundance at synapses by clathrin-mediated endocytosis can control synaptic strength and plasticity. We take advantage of viable, null mutations in subunits of the clathrin adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex in Caenorhabditis elegans to characterize the in vivo role of AP2 in GluR trafficking. In contrast to our predictions for an endocytic adaptor, we found that levels of the GluR GLR-1 are decreased at synapses in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of animals with mutations in the AP2 subunits APM-2/μ2, APA-2/α, or APS-2/σ2. Rescue experiments indicate that APM-2/μ2 functions in glr-1–expressing interneurons and the mature nervous system to promote GLR-1 levels in the VNC. Genetic analyses suggest that APM-2/μ2 acts upstream of GLR-1 endocytosis in the VNC. Consistent with this, GLR-1 accumulates in cell bodies of apm-2 mutants. However, GLR-1 does not appear to accumulate at the plasma membrane of the cell body as expected, but instead accumulates in intracellular compartments including Syntaxin-13– and RAB-14–labeled endosomes. This study reveals a novel role for the AP2 clathrin adaptor in promoting the abundance of GluRs at synapses in vivo, and implicates AP2 in the regulation of GluR trafficking at an early step in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Garafalo
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Eric S Luth
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology
| | - Benjamin J Moss
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Michael I Monteiro
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Emily Malkin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology
| | - Peter Juo
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology
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Xu F, Ye H, Liu X, Chen F, Ding X, Chen X, Li L. The intracellular localization and association of porcine Ia-associated invariant chain with the MHC class I-related porcine neonatal Fc receptor for IgG. Gene 2015; 559:9-15. [PMID: 25592816 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG from mother to young and is involved in antigen presentation. FcRn is structurally similar to MHC class I, but its intracellular trafficking pathway is much more analogous to that of MHC class II. Ia-associated invariant chain (Ii) molecules play an additional role in directing MHC class II trafficking within the endocytic compartments by physical association with MHC class II. This study addresses the question of whether pig Ii chain plays this important role in FcRn trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum. Red or green fluorescent protein-fused Ii or FcRn was constructed, and the intracellular localization of pig Ii with FcRn was detected using confocal microscopy. Immunoprecipitation and western blotting were used to test for their association. The results indicate that pig Ii chain specifically interacts with both FcRn H chain alone and FcRn-β2m complex, and the CLIP in Ii was required for FcRn-Ii association. A truncated FcRn deletion in the cytoplasmic tail changed the intracellular localization of FcRn. However, the truncated FcRn can still combine Ii. This indicated that the cytoplasmic tail of FcRn fails to affect FcRn association with Ii. These results suggest that association of FcRn with Ii chain is relevant, and appreciation of this process is important to the understanding of how IgG is transported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Hong Ye
- AnHui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230061, China.
| | - Xuelan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Fangfang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoling Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xingyong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Lvmu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:203-16. [PMID: 25720354 DOI: 10.1038/nri3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules (peptide-MHC class II) are constitutively expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages and thymic epithelial cells, and are presented to antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms of antigen uptake, the nature of the antigen processing compartments and the lifetime of cell surface peptide-MHC class II complexes can vary depending on the type of APC. It is likely that these differences are important for the function of each distinct APC subset in the generation of effective adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we describe our current knowledge of the mechanisms of uptake and processing of antigens, the intracellular formation of peptide-MHC class II complexes, the intracellular trafficking of peptide-MHC class II complexes to the APC plasma membrane and their ultimate degradation.
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Michelet X, Garg S, Wolf BJ, Tuli A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Brenner MB. MHC Class II Presentation Is Controlled by the Lysosomal Small GTPase, Arl8b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2079-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hauser JT, Lindner R. Coalescence of B cell receptor and invariant chain MHC II in a raft-like membrane domain. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:843-55. [PMID: 25024398 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0713-353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCR binds antigen for processing and subsequent presentation on MHC II molecules. Polyvalent antigen induces BCR clustering and targeting to endocytic processing compartments, which are also accessed by Ii-MHC II. Here, we report that clustered BCR is able to team up with Ii-MHC II already at the plasma membrane of mouse B-lymphocytes. Colocalization of BCR and Ii-MHC II on the cell surface required clustering of both types of molecules. The clustering of only one type did not trigger the recruitment of the other. Ii-bound MIF (a ligand of Ii) also colocalized with clustered BCR upon oligomerization of MIF on the surface of the B cell. Abundant surface molecules, such as B220 or TfnR, did not cocluster with the BCR. Some membrane raft-associated molecules, such as peptide-loaded MHC II, coclustered with the BCR, whereas others, such as GM1, did not. The formation of a BCR- and Ii-MHC II-containing membrane domain by antibody-mediated clustering was independent of F-actin and led to the coendocytosis of its constituents. With a rapid Brij 98 extraction method, it was possible to capture this membrane domain biochemically as a DRM. Ii and clustered BCR were present on the same DRM, as shown by immunoisolation. The coalescence of BCR and Ii-MHC II increased tyrosine phosphorylation, indicative of enhanced BCR signaling. Our work suggests a novel role for MIF and Ii-MHC II in BCR-mediated antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Hauser
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Lindner
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
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Kimpler LA, Glosson NL, Downs D, Gonyo P, May NA, Hudson AW. Adaptor protein complexes AP-1 and AP-3 are required by the HHV-7 Immunoevasin U21 for rerouting of class I MHC molecules to the lysosomal compartment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99139. [PMID: 24901711 PMCID: PMC4047081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) U21 gene product binds to class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and reroutes them to a lysosomal compartment. Trafficking of integral membrane proteins to lysosomes is mediated through cytoplasmic sorting signals that recruit heterotetrameric clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes, which in turn mediate protein sorting in post-Golgi vesicular transport. Since U21 can mediate rerouting of class I molecules to lysosomes even when lacking its cytoplasmic tail, we hypothesize the existence of a cellular protein that contains the lysosomal sorting information required to escort class I molecules to the lysosomal compartment. If such a protein exists, we expect that it might recruit clathrin adaptor protein complexes as a means of lysosomal sorting. Here we describe experiments demonstrating that the μ adaptins from AP-1 and AP-3 are involved in U21-mediated trafficking of class I molecules to lysosomes. These experiments support the idea that a cellular protein(s) is necessary for U21-mediated lysosomal sorting of class I molecules. We also examine the impact of transient versus chronic knockdown of these adaptor protein complexes, and show that the few remaining μ subunits in the cells are eventually able to reroute class I molecules to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Kimpler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Glosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deanna Downs
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patrick Gonyo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. May
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amy W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gleeson PA. The role of endosomes in innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:64-72. [PMID: 24631355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the immune system is critical for the generation of effective immune responses to a range of pathogens, as well as for protection against unwanted responses. The regulation of many immune response pathways are directly dependent on the organisation and activities of intracellular endosomal compartments associated with cargo sorting, membrane trafficking and signalling. Over the last 5-10 years, the appreciation of the important contribution of the endosomal system has expanded dramatically to include antigen presentation of MHC class I, MHC class II and CD1 molecules, as well as the regulation of antigen receptor signalling and pattern recognition receptor signalling of the innate immune system. This review summarises some of the very diverse and key roles played by endosomes in generating effective innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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42
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Fortin JS, Cloutier M, Thibodeau J. Exposing the Specific Roles of the Invariant Chain Isoforms in Shaping the MHC Class II Peptidome. Front Immunol 2013; 4:443. [PMID: 24379812 PMCID: PMC3861868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide repertoire (peptidome) associated with MHC class II molecules (MHCIIs) is influenced by the polymorphic nature of the peptide binding groove but also by cell-intrinsic factors. The invariant chain (Ii) chaperones MHCIIs, affecting their folding and trafficking. Recent discoveries relating to Ii functions have provided insights as to how it edits the MHCII peptidome. In humans, the Ii gene encodes four different isoforms for which structure-function analyses have highlighted common properties but also some non-redundant roles. Another layer of complexity arises from the fact that Ii heterotrimerizes, a characteristic that has the potential to affect the maturation of associated MHCIIs in many different ways, depending on the isoform combinations. Here, we emphasize the peptide editing properties of Ii and discuss the impact of the various isoforms on the MHCII peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Simon Fortin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Maryse Cloutier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
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ten Broeke T, Wubbolts R, Stoorvogel W. MHC class II antigen presentation by dendritic cells regulated through endosomal sorting. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016873. [PMID: 24296169 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells present antigenic peptides in association with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) to naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss how antigen presentation is regulated through intracellular processing and trafficking of MHCII. Newly synthesized MHCII is chaperoned by the invariant chain to endosomes, where peptides from endocytosed pathogens can bind. In nonactivated dendritic cells, peptide-loaded MHCII is ubiquitinated and consequently sorted by the ESCRT machinery to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, ultimately leading to lysosomal degradation. Ubiquitination of newly synthesized MHCII is blocked when dendritic cells are activated, now allowing its transfer to the cell surface. This mode of regulation for MHCII is a prime example of how molecular processing and sorting at multivesicular bodies can determine the expression of signaling receptors at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine ten Broeke
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Internalizing MHC class II-peptide complexes are ubiquitinated in early endosomes and targeted for lysosomal degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20188-93. [PMID: 24277838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312994110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) continuously generate and turnover antigenic peptide-MHC class II complexes (pMHC-II). pMHC-II generation is a complex process that involves many well-characterized MHC-II biosynthetic intermediates; however, the mechanisms leading to MHC-II turnover/degradation are poorly understood. We now show that pMHC-II complexes undergoing clathrin-independent endocytosis from the DC surface are efficiently ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase March-I in early endosomes, whereas biosynthetically immature MHC-II-Invariant chain (Ii) complexes are not. The inability of MHC-II-Ii to serve as a March-I substrate is a consequence of Ii sorting motifs that divert the MHC-II-Ii complex away from March-I(+) early endosomes. When these sorting motifs are mutated, or when clathrin-mediated endocytosis is inhibited, MHC-II-Ii complexes internalize by using a clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway and are now ubiquitinated as efficiently as pMHC-II complexes. These data show that the selective ubiquitination of internalizing surface pMHC-II in March-I(+) early endosomes promotes degradation of "old" pMHC-II and spares forms of MHC-II that have not yet loaded antigenic peptides or have not yet reached the DC surface.
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Coxiella burnetii effector protein subverts clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking for pathogen vacuole biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4770-9. [PMID: 24248335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309195110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful macrophage colonization by Coxiella burnetii, the cause of human Q fever, requires pathogen-directed biogenesis of a large, growth-permissive parasitophorous vacuole (PV) with phagolysosomal characteristics. The vesicular trafficking pathways co-opted by C. burnetii for PV development are poorly defined; however, it is predicted that effector proteins delivered to the cytosol by a defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) type 4B secretion system are required for membrane recruitment. Here, we describe involvement of clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking in PV generation and the engagement of this pathway by the C. burnetii type 4B secretion system substrate Coxiella vacuolar protein A (CvpA). CvpA contains multiple dileucine [DERQ]XXXL[LI] and tyrosine (YXXΦ)-based endocytic sorting motifs like those recognized by the clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes AP1, AP2, and AP3. A C. burnetii ΔcvpA mutant exhibited significant defects in replication and PV development, confirming the importance of CvpA in infection. Ectopically expressed mCherry-CvpA localized to tubular and vesicular domains of pericentrosomal recycling endosomes positive for Rab11 and transferrin receptor, and CvpA membrane interactions were lost upon mutation of endocytic sorting motifs. Consistent with CvpA engagement of the endocytic recycling system, ectopic expression reduced uptake of transferrin. In pull-down assays, peptides containing CvpA-sorting motifs and full-length CvpA interacted with AP2 subunits and clathrin heavy chain. Furthermore, depletion of AP2 or clathrin by siRNA treatment significantly inhibited C. burnetii replication. Thus, our results reveal the importance of clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking in C. burnetii infection and define a role for CvpA in subverting these transport mechanisms.
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Bosch B, Berger AC, Khandelwal S, Heipertz EL, Scharf B, Santambrogio L, Roche PA. Disruption of multivesicular body vesicles does not affect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-peptide complex formation and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24286-92. [PMID: 23846690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen processing compartments in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have well known characteristics of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). However, the importance of MVB integrity to APC function remains unknown. In this study, we have altered the ultrastructure of the MVB by perturbing cholesterol content genetically through the use of a deletion of the lipid transporter Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1). Immunofluorescence and electron microscopic analyses reveal that the antigen processing compartments in NPC1(-/-) dendritic cells (DCs) have an abnormal ultrastructure in that the organelles are enlarged and the intraluminal vesicles are almost completely absent and those remaining are completely disorganized. MHC-II is restricted to the limiting membrane of these enlarged MVBs where it colocalizes with the peptide editor H2-DM. Curiously, proteolytic removal of the chaperone protein Invariant chain from MHC-II, degradation of internalized foreign antigens, and antigenic-peptide binding to nascent MHC-II are normal in NPC1(-/-) DCs. Antigen-pulsed NPC1(-/-) DCs are able to effectively activate antigen-specific CD4 T cells in vitro, and immunization of NPC1(-/-) mice reveals surprisingly normal CD4 T cell activation in vivo. Our data thus reveal that the localization of MHC-II on the intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular antigen processing compartments is not required for efficient antigen presentation by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Bosch
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lee BL, Moon JE, Shu JH, Yuan L, Newman ZR, Schekman R, Barton GM. UNC93B1 mediates differential trafficking of endosomal TLRs. eLife 2013; 2:e00291. [PMID: 23426999 PMCID: PMC3576711 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNC93B1, a multipass transmembrane protein required for TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13 function, controls trafficking of TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endolysosomes. The mechanisms by which UNC93B1 mediates these regulatory effects remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that UNC93B1 enters the secretory pathway and directly controls the packaging of TLRs into COPII vesicles that bud from the ER. Unlike other COPII loading factors, UNC93B1 remains associated with the TLRs through post-Golgi sorting steps. Unexpectedly, these steps are different among endosomal TLRs. TLR9 requires UNC93B1-mediated recruitment of adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) for delivery to endolysosomes while TLR7, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13 utilize alternative trafficking pathways. Thus, our study describes a mechanism for differential sorting of endosomal TLRs by UNC93B1, which may explain the distinct roles played by these receptors in certain autoimmune diseases.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00291.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina L Lee
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States
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48
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Jackson NP, Kang YH, Lapaque N, Janssen H, Trowsdale J, Kelly AP. Salmonella polarises peptide-MHC-II presentation towards an unconventional Type B CD4+ T-cell response. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:897-906. [PMID: 23319341 PMCID: PMC3816330 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Distinct peptide-MHC-II complexes, recognised by Type A and B CD4(+) T-cell subsets, are generated when antigen is loaded in different intracellular compartments. Conventional Type A T cells recognize their peptide epitope regardless of the route of processing, whereas unconventional Type B T cells only recognise exogenously supplied peptide. Type B T cells are implicated in autoimmune conditions and may break tolerance by escaping negative selection. Here we show that Salmonella differentially influences presentation of antigen to Type A and B T cells. Infection of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) reduced presentation of antigen to Type A T cells but enhanced presentation of exogenous peptide to Type B T cells. Exposure to S. Typhimurium was sufficient to enhance Type B T-cell activation. Salmonella Typhimurium infection reduced surface expression of MHC-II, by an invariant chain-independent trafficking mechanism, resulting in accumulation of MHC-II in multi-vesicular bodies. Reduced MHC-II surface expression in S. Typhimurium-infected BMDCs correlated with reduced antigen presentation to Type A T cells. Salmonella infection is implicated in reactive arthritis. Therefore, polarisation of antigen presentation towards a Type B response by Salmonella may be a predisposing factor in autoimmune conditions such as reactive arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola P Jackson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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49
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Niu YS, Cai ZZ, Lu Y, Wang MX, Liang S, Zhou F, Miao YG. Characterization of adaptor protein complex-1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 82:84-95. [PMID: 23300124 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the function of adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) in the silkworm, we characterized AP-1 in the silkworm by RNAi technique and co-localization methods. As a result, AP-1 was found to exist as cytosolic form and membrane-bound form distinguished by phosphate status, showing molecular mass difference. There was relatively more cytosolic form of AP-1 than its membrane-bound counterpart in the silkworm. However, AP-1 distributed predominantly as cytosolic form in BmN cells. Interruption of AP-1 expression via DsRNA was more efficient in BmN cells than in the insect larval, which led to a tendency to dissociation between subcellular organelles like the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria. Environmental condition changes like relatively higher temperature and treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide can lead to expression variance of AP-1 both in mRNA and protein level. In BmN cells, both the heavy chain γ and light chain σ could clearly co-localize with AP-1 β, mostly forming pits in cytoplasm. Two isoforms of AP-1 σ corresponded to distinct subcellular distribution pattern, possibly due to C-terminal amino acids difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-shan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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50
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Assembly of matched alpha/beta subunits to HLA class II peptide receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23329505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Human antigen presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are composed of polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of polymorphic α- and β-chains results in cis (encoded on the same chromosome) or trans (encoded on different chromosomes) combinations. Since some of the α-β combinations may yield mismatched non-functional α-β heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are found on the cell surface of antigen presenting cells. We have developed a combination of biochemical techniques for inspection of the assembly and intracellular transport of isotype matched and mismatched class II heterodimers.
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